Cuttlefish. Practical homeopathic medicine The most important representatives of the class of cephalopods and their practical significance
Class Cephalopoda
Cephalopods are the most highly organized molluscs. They are rightly called the "primates" of the sea among invertebrates for the perfection of their adaptations to life in the marine environment and the complexity of their behavior. These are mainly large predatory marine animals that are able to actively swim in the water column. These include squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus (Fig. 234). Their body consists of a torso and head, and the leg is transformed into tentacles located on the head around the mouth, and a special motor funnel on the ventral side of the body (Fig. 234, A). Hence the name - cephalopods. It has been proved that part of the tentacles of cephalopods is formed due to the head appendages.
In most modern cephalopods, the shell is absent or rudimentary. Only the genus Nautilus (Nautilus) has a spirally twisted shell, divided into chambers (Fig. 235).
Only 650 species belong to modern cephalopods, and there are about 11 thousand fossil species. This is an ancient group of mollusks known from the Cambrian. Extinct species of cephalopods were predominantly testate and had an external or internal shell (Fig. 236).
Cephalopods are characterized by many progressive features of organization in connection with the active lifestyle of marine predators. At the same time, they retain some primitive features that testify to their ancient origin.
External structure. Features of the external structure of cephalopods are diverse due to the different lifestyles. Their sizes range from a few centimeters to 18 m in some squids. Nektonic cephalopods are usually torpedo-shaped (most squids), benthic cephalopods are bag-shaped (many octopuses), nektobenthic are flattened (cuttlefish). Planktonic species are small in size, have a gelatinous buoyant body. The body shape of planktonic cephalopods can be narrow or similar to jellyfish, and sometimes spherical (squid, octopus). Benthopelagic cephalopods have a shell divided into chambers.
The body of a cephalopod consists of a head and a body. The leg is modified into tentacles and a funnel. On the head is a mouth surrounded by tentacles, and large eyes. The tentacles are formed by the head appendages and the leg. These are food trapping organs. The primitive cephalopod - boat (Nautilus) has an indefinite number of tentacles (about 90); they are smooth, worm-like. In higher cephalopods, the tentacles are long, with powerful muscles and bear large suckers on the inner surface. The number of tentacles is 8-10. Cephalopods with 10 tentacles have two tentacles - trapping, longer, with suckers at widened ends,
Rice. 234. Cephalopods: A - nautilus Nautilus, B - octopus Benthoctopus; 1 - tentacles, 2 - funnel, 3 - hood, 4 - eye
Rice. 235. Nautilus Nautilus pompilius with a sawn shell (according to Owen): 1 - head hood, 2 - tentacles, 3 - funnel, 4 - eye, 5 - mantle, 6 - visceral sac, 7 - chambers, 8 - partition between shell chambers, 9 - siphon
Rice. 236. Scheme of the structure of cephalopod shells in the sagittal section (from Gescheler): A - Sepia, B - Belosepia, C - Belemnites, D - Spirulirostra, E - Spirula, E - Ostracoteuthis, G - Ommastrephes, H - Loligopsis (C, D, E - fossils); 1 - proostracum, 2 - dorsal edge of the siphon tube, 3 - ventral edge of the siphon tube, 4 - collection of phragmocone chambers, 5 - rostrum, 6 - siphon cavity
Rice. 237. Cuttlefish mantle cavity - Sepia (according to Pfoursheller): 1 - short tentacles, 2 - trapping tentacles, 3 - mouth, 4 - funnel opening, 5 - funnel, 6 - cartilaginous pits of cufflinks, 7 - anus, 8 - renal papillae, 9 - genital papilla, 10 - gills, 11 - fin, 72 - cut line of the mantle, 13 - mantle, 14 - cartilaginous tubercles of cufflinks, 15 - mantle ganglion
and the remaining eight tentacles are shorter (squid, cuttlefish). Seabed octopuses have eight tentacles of the same length. They serve the octopus not only to capture food, but also to move along the bottom. In male octopuses, one tentacle is modified into a sexual (hectocotyl) and serves to transfer the reproductive products into the mantle cavity of the female.
Funnel - a derivative of the leg in cephalopods, serves for a "reactive" way of movement. Through the funnel, water is forcefully pushed out of the mantle cavity of the mollusk, and its body moves reactively in the opposite direction. At the boat, the funnel has not grown together on the ventral side and resembles the sole of the foot of crawling mollusks rolled into a tube. The proof that the tentacles and funnel of cephalopods are leg derivatives is their innervation from the pedal ganglia and the embryonic anlage of these organs on the ventral side of the embryo. But, as already noted, some of the tentacles of cephalopods are derivatives of the head appendages.
The mantle on the ventral side forms, as it were, a pocket - a mantle cavity that opens outwards with a transverse slit (Fig. 237). A funnel protrudes from this gap. On the inner surface of the mantle there are cartilaginous protrusions - cufflinks that fit tightly into the cartilaginous recesses on the body of the mollusk, and the mantle is, as it were, fastened to the body.
The mantle cavity and funnel together provide jet propulsion. When the muscles of the mantle relax, water enters through the gap into the mantle cavity, and when it contracts, the cavity closes with cufflinks and the water is pushed out through the funnel. The funnel is able to bend to the right, to the left and even back, which provides a different direction of movement. The role of the steering wheel is additionally performed by tentacles and fins - the skin folds of the body. Types of movement in cephalopods are diverse. Octopuses often move on tentacles and rarely swim. In cuttlefish, in addition to the funnel, a circular fin serves for movement. Some deep-sea umbrella-shaped octopuses have a membrane between the tentacles - umbrella and can move due to its contractions, like jellyfish.
The shell in modern cephalopods is rudimentary or absent. In ancient extinct cephalopods, the shell was well developed. Only one extant genus, Nautilus, has retained a developed shell. The shell of Nautilus in fossil forms also has significant morphological and functional features, in contrast to the shells of other mollusks. This is not only a protective device, but also a hydrostatic apparatus. The nautilus has a spirally twisted shell divided by partitions into chambers. The body of the mollusk is located only in the last chamber, which opens outwards with the mouth. The remaining chambers are filled with gas and chamber fluid, which ensures the buoyancy of the body of the mollusk. Through
holes in the partitions between the chambers of the shell passes the siphon - the posterior process of the body. Siphon cells are able to release gases. When surfacing, the mollusk emits gases, displacing the chamber fluid from the chambers; when lowering to the bottom, the mollusk fills the shell chambers with chamber fluid. The mover of the nautilus is a funnel, and the shell maintains its body in suspension in the water. Fossil nautilids had a shell similar to that of the modern nautilus. Completely extinct cephalopods - ammonites also had an external, spirally twisted shell with chambers, but their partitions between the chambers had a wavy structure, which increased the strength of the shell. That is why ammonites could reach very large sizes, up to 2 m in diameter. In another group of extinct cephalopods, the belemnites (Belemnoidea), the shell was internal, overgrown with skin. Belemnites in appearance resembled shellless squids, but in their body there was a conical shell, divided into chambers. The top of the shell ended with a point - the rostrum. Rostrums of belemnite shells are often found in Cretaceous deposits and are called "devil's fingers". Some modern shellless cephalopods have rudiments of the inner shell. Thus, in cuttlefish, a calcareous plate is preserved on the back under the skin, which has a chamber structure on the cut (238, B). Only in spirula (Spirula) under the skin is a fully developed spirally twisted shell (Fig. 238, A), and in squid under the skin only a horny plate has survived from the shell. In females of modern cephalopods - argonauts (Argonauta), a brood chamber is developed, resembling a spiral shell in shape. But this is only a superficial resemblance. The brood chamber is distinguished by the epithelium of the tentacles, is very thin and is designed to protect the developing eggs.
covers. The skin is represented by a single layer of epithelium and a layer of connective tissue. The skin contains pigment cells called chromatophores. Cephalopods are characterized by the ability to quickly change color. This mechanism is controlled by the nervous system and is carried out by changing the shape
Rice. 238. Rudiments of a shell in cephalopods (according to Natalie and Dogel): A - spirula (Spirula); 1 - funnel, 2 - mantle cavity, 3 - anus, 4 - excretory opening, 5 - luminous organ, 6 - fin, 7 - shell, 8 - siphon; B - Sepia shell; 1 - septa, 2 - lateral margin, 3 - siphon fossa, 4 - rostrum, 5 - rudiment of siphon, 6 - posterior margin of proostracum
pigment cells. So, for example, cuttlefish, swimming over sandy ground, takes on a light color, and over rocky ground - dark. .At the same time, pigment cells with dark and light pigment in her skin alternately contract and expand. If you cut the optic nerves of a mollusk, then it loses its ability to change color. Due to the connective tissue of the skin, cartilage is formed: in cufflinks, the bases of the tentacles, around the brain.
Protective devices. Cephalopods, having lost the shell in the process of evolution, acquired other protective devices. Firstly, fast movement saves many of them from predators. In addition, they can defend themselves with tentacles and a "beak", which is a modified jaw. Large squids and octopuses can fight with large marine animals, such as sperm whales. Sedentary and small forms have a protective coloration and the ability to quickly change color. And finally, some cephalopods, such as cuttlefish, have an ink sac, the duct of which opens into the hindgut. Spraying the ink liquid into the water causes a kind of smoke screen that allows the mollusk to hide from predators to a safe place. Cuttlefish ink gland pigment is used to make high-quality artistic ink.
The internal structure of cephalopods
Digestive system cephalopods bear the features of specialization in feeding on animal food (Fig. 239). They feed mainly on fish, crabs and bivalves. They seize prey with tentacles and kill with jaws and poison. Despite their large size, cephalopods can only eat liquid food, as they have a very narrow esophagus that passes through the brain, enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. Cephalopods have adaptations for grinding food. To gnaw their prey, they use hard horny jaws, similar to the beak of a parrot. In the pharynx, food is rubbed by the radula and abundantly moistened with saliva. The ducts of 1-2 pairs of salivary glands flow into the pharynx, which secrete enzymes that break down proteins and polysaccharides. The second posterior pair of salivary glands secretes poison. Liquid food from the pharynx through the narrow esophagus enters the endodermal stomach, where the ducts of the steam liver flow, which produces a variety of digestive enzymes. The hepatic ducts are lined with small additional glands, the totality of which is called the pancreas. The enzymes of this gland act on polysaccharides,
and hence this gland is functionally distinct from the mammalian pancreas. The stomach of cephalopods is usually with a blind saccular process, which increases its volume, which allows them to absorb a large portion of food. Like other predatory animals, they eat a lot and relatively rarely. The small midgut departs from the stomach, which then passes into the hind intestine, which opens with an anus into the mantle cavity. In many cephalopods, the duct of the ink gland flows into the hindgut, the secret of which has a protective value.
Nervous system cephalopods is the most highly developed among molluscs. The nerve ganglia form a large peripharyngeal cluster - the brain (Fig. 240), enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule. There are additional ganglia. The composition of the brain primarily includes: a pair of large cerebral ganglia that innervate the head, and a pair of visceral ganglia that send nerve cords to the internal organs. On the sides of the cerebral ganglia are additional large optic ganglia that innervate the eyes. Long nerves depart from the visceral ganglia to two stellate mantle ganglia, which develop in cephalopods in connection with the function of the mantle in their jet mode of movement. The composition of the brain of cephalopods includes, in addition to cerebral and visceral pedal ganglia, which are subdivided into paired ganglia of tentacles (brachial) and funnels (infudibular). The primitive nervous system, similar to the ladder system of lateral nerves and monoplacophorans, is preserved only in Nautilus. It is represented by nerve cords forming a peripharyngeal ring without ganglia and a pedal arch. Nerve cords are covered with nerve cells. This structure of the nervous system indicates the ancient origin of cephalopods from primitive shell mollusks.
sense organs cephalopods are well developed. Their eyes, which are of the greatest importance for orientation in space and hunting for prey, reach a particularly complex development. In Nautilus, the eyes have a simple structure in the form of a deep eye fossa (Fig. 241, A), while in the rest of the cephalopods, the eyes are complex - in the form of an eye bubble and resemble the structure of the eye in mammals. This is an interesting example of convergence between invertebrates and vertebrates. Figure 241, B shows the eye of a cuttlefish. From above, the eyeball is covered with the cornea, in which there is an opening into the anterior chamber of the eye. The connection of the anterior cavity of the eye with the external environment protects the eyes of cephalopods from the action of high pressure at great depths. The iris forms an opening - the pupil. Light through the pupil enters the spherical lens formed by the epithelial body - the upper shell of the eye bubble. The accommodation of the eye in cephalopods is different,
Rice. 239. Digestive system of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (according to Reseler and Lamprecht): 1 - pharynx, 2 - common salivary duct, 3 - salivary ducts, 4 - posterior salivary gland, 5 - esophagus, 6 - head aorta, 7 - liver, 8 - pancreas, 9 - stomach, 10 - blind sac of the stomach, 11 - small intestine, 12 - hepatic duct, 13 - rectum, 14 - ink sac duct, 15 - anus, 16 - head cartilaginous capsule (cut), 17 - statocyst , 18 - nerve ring (cut)
Rice. 240. Nervous system of cephalopods: 1 - brain, 2 - optic ganglia, 3 - mantle ganglia, 4 - intestinal ganglion, 5 - nerve cords in tentacles
Rice. 241. Eyes of cephalopods: A - Nautilus, B - Sepia (according to Gensen); 1 - cavity of the eye fossa, 2 - retina, 3 - optic nerves, 4 - cornea, 5 - lens, 6 - anterior chamber of the eye, 7 - iris, 8 - ciliary muscle, 9 - vitreous body, 10 - ophthalmic processes of the cartilage capsule, 11 - optic ganglion, 12 - sclera, 13 - openings of the eye chamber, 14 - epithelial body
than in mammals: not by changing the curvature of the lens, but by approaching or moving away from the retina (similar to focusing a camera). Special ciliary muscles approach the lens, setting it in motion. The cavity of the eyeball is filled with a vitreous body, which has a light-refracting function. The bottom of the eye is lined with visual - retinal and pigment - cells. This is the retina of the eye. A short optic nerve departs from it to the optic ganglion. The eyes, together with the optic ganglia, are surrounded by a cartilaginous capsule. Deep-sea cephalopods have luminous organs on their bodies, built according to the type of eyes.
Organs of balance- Statocysts are located in the cartilaginous capsule of the brain. The organs of smell are represented by olfactory pits under the eyes or osphradia typical of mollusks at the base of the gills - in nautilus. The organs of taste are concentrated on the inner side of the ends of the tentacles. Octopuses, for example, use their tentacles to distinguish between edible and inedible objects. On the skin of cephalopods, there are many tactile and light-sensitive cells. In search of prey, they are guided by a combination of visual, tactile and taste sensations.
Respiratory system represented by ctenidia. Most modern cephalopods have two, while the nautilus has four. They are located in the mantle cavity on the sides of the body. The flow of water in the mantle cavity, which ensures gas exchange, is determined by the rhythmic contraction of the muscles of the mantle and the function of the funnel through which water is pushed out. During the jet mode of movement, the flow of water in the mantle cavity accelerates, and the intensity of respiration increases.
Circulatory system cephalopods almost closed (Fig. 242). In connection with active movement, they have well-developed coelom and blood vessels and, accordingly, parenchymality is poorly expressed. Unlike other mollusks, they do not suffer from hypokenia - poor mobility. The speed of blood movement in them is ensured by the work of a well-developed heart, consisting of a ventricle and two (or four - in Nautilus) atria, as well as pulsating sections of blood vessels. The heart is surrounded by a large pericardial cavity
Rice. 242. Circulatory system of cephalopods (from Abrikosov): 1 - heart, 2 - aorta, 3, 4 - veins, 5 - branchial vessels, 6 - branchial hearts, 7, 8 - portal system of the kidneys, 9 - branchial veins
which performs many functions of the whole. From the ventricle of the heart depart the head aorta - forward and splanchnic aorta - back. The head aorta branches into arteries that supply blood to the head and tentacles. Vessels depart from the splanchnic aorta to the internal organs. Blood from the head and internal organs is collected in the vena cava, located longitudinally in the lower part of the body. The vena cava subdivides into two (or four in Nautilus) afferent gill vessels, which form contracting extensions - gill "hearts" that promote gill blood circulation. The afferent gill vessels lie close to the kidneys, forming small blind protrusions into the tissue of the kidneys, which contributes to the release of venous blood from metabolic products. In the gill capillaries, blood is oxidized, which then enters the efferent gill vessels, which flow into the atria. Partially, blood from the capillaries of veins and arteries flows into small gaps, and therefore the circulatory system of cephalopods should be considered almost closed. The blood of cephalopods contains a respiratory pigment - hemocyanin, which includes copper, therefore, when oxidized, the blood turns blue.
excretory system represented by two or four (in Nautilus) kidneys. With their inner ends they open into the pericardial sac (pericardium), and with their outer ends into the mantle cavity. Excretion products enter the kidneys from the gill veins and from the extensive pericardial cavity. Additionally, the excretory function is performed by the pericardial glands formed by the wall of the pericardium.
Reproductive system, reproduction and development. Cephalopods are dioecious animals. In some species, sexual dimorphism is well expressed, for example, in the argonaut (Argonauta). The female argonaut is larger than the male (Fig. 243) and during the breeding season she secretes a thin-walled parchment-like brood chamber around the body with the help of special glands on the tentacles for carrying eggs, similar to a spiral shell. The male argonaut is several times smaller than the female and has a special elongated sexual tentacle, which is filled during the breeding season with sexual products.
Gonads and genital ducts unpaired. An exception is the nautilus, which has preserved paired ducts extending from the unpaired gonad. In males, the vas deferens passes into the spermatophore bag, where the spermatozoa stick together into special packages - spermatophores. In cuttlefish, the spermatophore is shaped like a checker; its cavity is filled with spermatozoa, and the outlet is closed with a complex plug. During the breeding season, the male cuttlefish, with the help of a sexual tentacle with a spoon-shaped end, transfers the spermatophore into the mantle cavity of the female.
Rice. 243. Mollusk Argonaut (Argonauta): A - female, B - male; 1 - funnel, 2 - eye, 3 - shell, 4 - hectocotyl, 5 - funnel, 6 - eye (according to Dogel)
Cephalopods usually lay their eggs at the bottom. In some species, care for offspring is observed. So, the female argonaut bears eggs in the brood chamber, and the octopuses guard the clutch of eggs, which are placed in shelters made of stones or in caves. Development is direct, without metamorphosis. The eggs hatch into small, fully formed cephalopods.
Modern cephalopods belong to two subclasses: the subclass Nautilida (Nautiloidea) and the subclass Coleoidea (Coleoidea). Extinct subclasses include: subclass Ammonites (Ammonoidea), subclass Bactrites (Bactritoidea) and subclass Belemnites (Belemnoidea).
Subclass Nautilida (Nautiloidea)
Modern nautilids include one order Nautilida. It is represented by only one genus Nautilus, to which only a few species belong. The distribution area of Nautilus is limited to the tropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Fossil nautilids number over 2,500 species. This is an ancient group of cephalopods known from the Cambrian.
Nautilids have many primitive features: the presence of an external multi-chambered shell, an unfused funnel, numerous tentacles without suckers, and manifestation of metamerism (four ctenidia, four kidneys, four atria). The similarity of nautilids with lower shell molluscs is manifested in the structure of the nervous system from cords without isolated ganglia, as well as in the structure of coelomoducts.
Nautilus is a benthopelagic cephalopod. It floats in the water column in a "reactive" way, pushing the water out of the funnel. The multi-chamber shell provides buoyancy of its body and lowering to the bottom. Nautilus has long been an object of fishing because of the beautiful mother-of-pearl shell. Nautilus shells have been used to make many fine jewelry pieces.
Subclass Coleoidea (Coleoidea)
Coleoidea is Latin for "hard". These are hard-skinned molluscs without a shell. Coleoidea is a thriving group of modern cephalopods, includes four orders, which include about 650 species.
Common features of the subclass are: lack of a developed shell, fused funnel, tentacles with suckers.
Unlike nautilids, they have only two ctenidia, two kidneys, and two atria. Coleoidea have a highly developed nervous system and sensory organs. The following three orders are characterized by the largest number of species.
Squad Cuttlefish (Sepiida). The most characteristic representatives of the order are cuttlefish (Sepia) and spirula (Spirula) with rudiments of the inner shell. They have 10 tentacles, two of which are agility. These are nektobenthic animals, they stay at the bottom and are able to actively swim.
Order Squid (Teuthida). This includes many commercial squids: Todarodes, Loligo, etc. Squids sometimes retain a rudiment
shells in the form of a horny plate under the skin on the back. They have 10 tentacles, like the previous unit. These are mainly nektonic animals that actively swim in the water column and have a torpedo-shaped body (Fig. 244).
Order Octopus (Octopoda). This is an evolutionarily advanced group of cephalopods without traces of a shell. They have eight tentacles. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Males develop a sexual tentacle - hectocotylus. This includes a variety of octopuses (Fig. 245). Most octopuses lead a benthic lifestyle. But among them there are nektonic and even planktonic forms. The Octopoda order includes the genus Argonauta - an argonaut, in which the female allocates a special brood chamber.
Rice. 244. Squid Loligo (from Dogel)
Rice. 245. Octopus (male) Ocythoe (according to Pelzner): 1 - tentacles, 2 - funnel, 3 - hectocotyl, 4 - sac, 5 - terminal thread
The practical importance of cephalopods
Cephalopods are food animals. The meat of cuttlefish, squid and octopus is used for food. The world catch of cephalopods currently reaches more than 1600 thousand tons. in year. Cuttlefish and some octopuses are also harvested for ink liquid, which is used to make natural ink and top quality inks.
Paleontology and phylogeny of cephalopods
The most ancient group of cephalopods is considered to be nautilids, whose fossil shells are already known from Cambrian deposits. Primitive nautilids had a low conical shell with only a few chambers and a wide siphon. Cephalopods are thought to have evolved from ancient, creeping shellfish with simple conical shells and flat soles like some fossil monoplacophorans. Apparently, a significant aromorphosis in the emergence of cephalopods consisted in the appearance of the first partitions and chambers in the shell, which marked the beginning of the development of their hydrostatic apparatus and determined the possibility of floating up, breaking away from the bottom. Apparently, the formation of a funnel and tentacles occurred in parallel. The shells of the ancient nautilids were varied in shape: long conical and flat spirally twisted with a different number of chambers. Among them there were also giants up to 4-5 m (Endoceras), which led a benthic lifestyle. Nautilids have undergone several periods of prosperity and extinction in the process of historical development and have survived to the present day, although they are now represented by only one genus of Nautilus.
In the Devonian, in parallel with nautilids, a special group of cephalopods begins to occur - bactrites (Bactritoidea), smaller in size and less specialized than nautilids. It is assumed that this group of cephalopods descended from a common yet unknown ancestors with nautilids. Bactrites turned out to be an evolutionarily promising group. They gave rise to two branches of cephalopod development: ammonites and belemnites.
A subclass of ammonites (Ammonoidea) appeared in the Devonian and died out at the end of the Cretaceous. During their heyday, ammonites successfully competed with nautilids, whose numbers at that time were noticeably declining. It is difficult for us to judge the advantages of the internal organization of ammonites only from fossil shells. But the ammonite shell was more perfect,
Rice. 246. Fossil cephalopods: A - ammonite, B - belemnite
than nautilids: lighter and stronger. The partitions between the chambers in ammonites were not smooth, but wavy, and the lines of the partitions on the shell were zigzag, which increased the strength of the shell. Ammonite shells were spirally twisted. More often, whorls of ammonite shell spirals were located in the same plane, and less often they had the form of a turbospiral (Fig. 246, A). According to some imprints of the body of ammonite fossils, it can be assumed that they had up to 10 tentacles, perhaps there were two ctenidia, beak-shaped jaws, and an ink bag. This indicates that the ammonites apparently experienced oligomerization of metameric organs. According to paleontological data, ammonites were ecologically more diverse than nautilids, and included nektonic, benthic, and planktonic forms. Most ammonites were small, but there were also giants with a shell diameter of up to 2 m. Ammonites were one of the most numerous marine animals in the Mesozoic, and their fossil shells serve as guiding forms in geology for determining the age of layers.
Another branch of cephalopod evolution, hypothetically derived from bactrites, was represented by a subclass of belemnites (Belemnoidea). Belemnites appeared in the Triassic, flourished in the Cretaceous and died out at the beginning of the Cenozoic era. In their external appearance, they are already closer to the modern subclass Coleoidea. In body shape, they resemble modern squids (Fig. 246, B). However, belemnites differed significantly from them in the presence of a heavy shell, which was overgrown with a mantle. The shell of belemnites was conical, multi-chambered, covered with skin. Remains of shells and especially their terminal finger-like rostrums, which are figuratively called "devil's fingers", have been preserved in geological deposits. Belemnites were often very large: their length reached several meters. The extinction of ammonites and belemnites was probably due to increased competition with bony fish. And now, in the Cenozoic, a new group of cephalopods enters the arena of life - coleoids (subclass Coleoidea), devoid of shells, with fast jet propulsion, with a sophisticated nervous system and sensory organs. It was they who became the "primates" of the sea and could compete on equal terms as predators with fish. This group of cephalopods appeared
in the Cretaceous, but reached its highest peak in the Cenozoic era. There is reason to believe that the Coleoidea have common origins with the Belemnites.
Ecological radiation of cephalopods. The ecological radiation of cephalopods is shown in Figure 247. From primitive testate benthopelagic forms capable of surfacing thanks to the hydrostatic apparatus, several paths of ecological specialization have been determined. The most ancient ecological directions were associated with the radiation of nautilids and ammonites, which swam at different depths and formed specialized shell forms of benthopelagic cephalopods. From benthopelagic forms, there is a transition to bentonekton (such as belemnites). Their shell becomes internal, and its function of the swimming apparatus weakens. Instead, they develop the main mover - a funnel. Later they gave rise to shellless forms. The latter undergo intense ecological radiation, having formed nektobenthic, nektonic, benthic, and planktonic forms.
The main representatives of the nekton are squids, but there are also fast-swimming octopuses and cuttlefish with a narrow torpedo-shaped body. The composition of the nektobenthos mainly includes cuttlefish, often swimming
Rice. 247. Ecological radiation of cephalopods
or lying on the bottom, to bentonekton - octopuses that crawl along the bottom more than swim. Plankton include umbellate, or gelatinous, octopuses, rod-shaped squids.
from cold soaks. Diseases of the cornea. Redness, there is blepharospasm, ptosis. Sepia is more sensitive, blepharospasm and pain are sharply increased in the light.
Muscular asthenopia; black dots in the field of view; asthenic inflammation in uterine disorders. Venous congestion in the fundus.
Worse eye symptoms in evening and morning.
EARS
Pain in right ear. Herpes behind ears and back of neck. Pain as from skin ulcers. Swelling of the ear with eruptions.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuralgias worse on waking, evening pains, worse during menstruation. Paresthesia.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Very good for colds. Pneumonia with prolonged course, congestion of the lungs with suffocation and violent palpitation of the heart. Shortness of breath, worse after sleep;
ease of movement. Congestive pleurisy. Whooping cough.
NOSE
Thick green discharge, thick plugs and crusts. Early polynoses. Dryness, crusting in the nose. Perspiration in the nasopharynx. Yellowish saddle spot on the back
nose. Atrophic catarrh with greenish crusts in the anterior part of the nose and pain at the root of the nose. Chronic rhinitis, especially nasopharyngitis, when discharge in
in the form of thick lumps flows down the back of the throat and the patient is forced to expectorate it through the mouth. Herpetic eruptions around the nose.
COUGH
Dry, harassing cough that seems to come from the stomach. Taste of rotten eggs on cough. Cough in the morning, with copious sputum, salty in taste.
Cough caused by a tickling sensation in the larynx or chest.
THROAT
Often hoarseness with complete loss of voice in the morning.
RIB CAGE
Oppression of the chest in the morning and evening.
HEART AND CIRCULATION
The stress has passed, and the pressure is bad. Then another stress can improve the condition - a paradox. With blood pressure does exercises.
Heart attacks. Pulsation in all arteries of the body. Feeling of trembling with flushes of blood. Stagnation in the portal vein system. Varicose veins. Often the feeling
that the heart does not fit in the chest. Fainting easily sets in.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Lack of female sex hormones.
Pathology of the adrenal cortex: insufficiency of the cortex or predisposition to this pathology.
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Hahnemann described 360 gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms worse by 11 am. For gastrointestinal symptoms
Sepia will complain of weakness, malaise, will say that if she does not eat, she will die. Dyspepsia with bloating and sour belching. Burning in the epigastric region.
MOUTH
Bitterness in the mouth. The tongue is white. Tongue coated but cleared during menstruation. Swelling and fissures of the lower lip. Herpetic eruptions on the lips, around the mouth.
. smack. Salty, putrid.
TEETH
Pain in teeth from 6 pm to midnight; worse lying down.
STOMACH
Feeling of sudden weakness, not relieved by eating. tobacco dyspepsia. Various (sour, rotten, etc.). Nausea in the morning before eating.
Nausea from the smell or sight of food. Nausea worse when lying on side. Tendency to vomit after eating.
APPETITE
Wolf hunger + fast saturation.
. addictions.
Sour. Often undersalt food. The food seems too salty. Often drawn to flour and alcohol. Desire for vinegar, sour, marinades.
. disgust.
They do not tolerate fish in any form. Aversion to fat.
STOMACH
Flatulence with headache. The liver is inflamed and painful; relieved lying on right side. Lots of brown spots on belly. Feeling relaxed and
drawing down feeling in abdomen. Overflow, congestion in the liver system. Heaviness in the liver. A painful strip about 10 cm wide in the form of a belt goes around the hypochondria.
ANUS AND RECTUM
Bleeding on stool, with sensation of fullness in the rectum. Hemorrhoids with bleeding; sensation of fullness in the rectum, as if distended
foreign body. This foreign body is the cause of false urges to descend. Almost constant leakage from the anus. Pain penetrating the rectum
and vagina. More often constipation. Constipation: copious hard stools; sensation of a ball in the rectum, cannot push; violent tenesmus and pain shooting upwards.
Stools in the form of dark brown, round balls stuck together with mucus. Even soft stools are difficult to pass. Constipation with prolapse of rectum and/or uterus.
Diarrhea is an intestinal reaction to an acute inflammatory process in the uterus. However, constipation is the main complaint. Constipation with frequent sterile urination.
pregnancy. Diarrhea in children, aggravated by boiled milk, with rapid emaciation.
URINARY SYSTEM
Involuntary urination during first sleep. Chronic cystitis, retardation of urination, with a downward dragging sensation above the pubis.
Urine offensive, with mucus, urates. Red sand in the urine adhering to the walls of the vessel.
WOMEN'S
Lack of female sex hormones. Frigidity (often marital duties are unpleasant to Sepia). Reduced sex. desire, aversion to sex.
Gonorrhea (the best remedy in the period of subsidence - the opinion of old doctors).
Primary infertility (often the cause of primary infertility is not the pathology of the ovaries, but the pathology of the adrenal cortex). A tendency to miscarriage.
Prolapse of the pelvic organs. One of the most important remedies in the defeat of the uterus. Feelings of pressure on the bottom of the pelvic organs with a desire to press the area
perineum from the outside; for this he crosses his legs. Overflow, congestion in the uterus. Gnawing pain in uterus; tension feeling of fullness, heaviness in the uterus.
It is difficult for the patient to stand. Sepia has burning in the uterus, itching of the vulva. Sepia - Drawing pains down, radiating to the sacrum. May just be complaints of pain
in the sacrum. Upon careful analysis, it turns out that this is not pain, but irradiation of pain from the uterus. The pain is very strong, breathtaking. Pulling feeling, for sure
internal organs are about to fall out through the vagina. Sensation of protrusion through the genital slit, so it is hard to stand, you have to either walk (likes to dance) or lie down.
If Sepia is sitting, he crosses his legs. Sepia - the uterus on examination is dense, painful, enlarged, often infantile, especially in girls.
As a rule, it is displaced backwards, with a very dense neck. Prolapse, prolapse of the uterus. Leucorrhea offensive, often yellow-green, irritating, with great itching.
Violent stitching pains going up into the vagina, from the uterus to the navel. Soreness of the vagina, especially after intercourse.
MENSTRUATION
Menstruation is not the same, i.e. they can be scarce and plentiful, there may be a different duration of cycles. Menses or late and scanty,
irregular, or early and profuse, with sharp constrictive pain. Hot flushes during menopause, with a sense of weakness and increased perspiration.
Aggravation of all symptoms during menopause.
MILK GLANDS
Breast cancer. Small, very hard knots. The pain may radiate to the back and armpits. Reduced milk production, prescribed to enhance
lactation. The most appropriate appointment regimen: 5 days in a row, if there is a result, then 1 day break, then 2 times a week.
Often women have foul-smelling diaper rash under the mammary glands.
PREGNANCY.BIRTH
Varicose veins during pregnancy. Kent's "constipation in pregnancy" Sepia is number I. The cause of constipation is the uterus presses on the rectum. Nausea of pregnancy.
BACK
Weakness in the lumbar region. Pain extending to the back. Cold feeling between shoulder blades. Hirsutism. Lumbar pain radiating to the uterus and
end in cramps in the uterus. Flushes of heat from back to head.
LIMB
Weakness and stiffness. Restlessness in the limbs, twitching and violent contractions day and night.
. Legs. Stiffness in the lower limbs, feeling of tension, as if they were shortened. Varicose veins. Heel pain. Legs and feet become cold.
Perspiration of feet, worse on fingers, with intolerable odour.
MODALITIES
. Worse. In the morning, as the congestion increases during the night. Heat. Stuffy wet weather. Peace. Night. By 11 am. In the afternoon hours and in the evenings. From washing.
When washing. From dampness and cold. After sweating. Before the storm. From intense physical activity. From various types of sweet flour, alcohol, although
often drawn to it. Aggravation from milk, especially boiled milk.
. It is better. Loads. Motion. Physical exercise. pressure. Outdoors. With full and new moon. After bleeding, i.e. need to unload the system
"open faucet" The warmth of the bed. Hot applications. When stretching the limbs. up. From swimming in cold water. After sleep.
External morphology of sepia; mantle cavity and mantle complex of organs; organs of the visceral (visceral) sac.
Work 1. External sepia morphology(fig.215). Two parts of the body are easily distinguished - the head and the trunk, separated from each other by the cervical interception. The area of the body represented by the head can be called anterior, but it is more correct to consider it oral; it corresponds to the ventral side of the body of other molluscs; the opposite, aboral end corresponds to the dorsal side, but is usually referred to as the posterior. Bilateral symmetry is well expressed.
Rice. 215. Appearance of a sepia cuttlefish from the dorsal side:
1
- left trapping hand (the right hand is drawn into the tentacle bag); 2
- head: 3
- front dorsal protrusion of the mantle; 4,-
torso; 5
- fin; 6
- leading edge of mangins; 7
- eye; 8
- the hand of the fourth pair; 9
- 10 -
hands of the third and second pair; 11
- first pair of hands
The quadrangular head bears five tentacles, called arms, arranged in a crown around the mouth opening. Of these, four pairs are relatively short, muscular outgrowths; on the side facing the oral opening, they are provided along the entire length with numerous disc-shaped suckers. With their help, the animal is firmly fixed. The first pair are the tentacles located on the dorsal side, the fourth - on the ventral side. The fifth pair of tentacles are trapping hands; they are considerably longer, bear suckers only at the distal widened end, and may be retracted into special sacs at their base. With the help of these hands prey is captured. The bases of the arms surround an oval-shaped platform, in the center of which there is a mouth opening.
On the sides of the head lies a pair of large eyes of complex structure; behind them are small olfactory pits.
The back part of the body, the torso is oval in shape. dorsal
its side forms a small protrusion directed forward, covering the back of the head. On both sides and along the rear edge of the body, fins stretch - muscular skin folds. At the base of the head lies the inlet of the mantle cavity; it is closed by a roller located on the inside of the dorsal protrusion of the body (back button, or cufflink).
The shell is strongly reduced; the rest of it in the form of a large oval calcareous plate lies on the dorsal side of the body under the skin. It gives firmness to the entire dorsal surface of the body.
Rice. 216. Sepia female with open mantle cavity; ventral view:
1
- the first pair of hands; 2
- 3
- hands of the second and third pair; 4
- right trapping hand; 5
- the hand of the fourth pair; 6
- 7
- details of the structure of the trapping hand (6 -
suckers, 7
- marginal fold of distal expansion); 8 -
olfactory fossa; 9
- fossa of the abdominal closing apparatus; 10
- mantle ganglion, translucent through the integument; 11
- tubercle of the abdominal closing apparatus (cufflink); 12 -
muscle - funnel retractor; 13
- mantle; 14
- right lobe of additional nidamental gland; 15
- nidamental gland: 16
- thickness of the mantle; 17 -
fin; 18
- an ink sac visible under the integument of the visceral sac; 19
- its duct; 20 -
opening of the left nidamental gland; 21
- middle lobe of the accessory nidamental gland; 22
- inner edge of gill axis; 23
- sexual opening; 24
- left renal orifice: 25
- left ctenidium (gill); 26
- anus at the end of the anal papilla: 27
- 29
- funnel ( 27
- back section 28
- anterior section 29
- front hole); 30
- mouth opening 31
- suction cups
Working process. 1. Familiarize yourself with the appearance of sepia; consider the most important features of external morphology: body parts, their shape and location; hands, eyes, olfactory pits and mouth opening on the head; fins and back cufflink. 2. Remove the sink and familiarize yourself with its appearance. To do this, cut the skin on the dorsal side of the body along the medial line with a scalpel.
Work 2. Mantle cavity and mantle complex of organs. The body of the sepia is surrounded by a mantle: on the dorsal side it is fused with the body of the mollusk, and on the abdominal side it forms a mantle cavity, in which the organs included in the mantle are located.
complex, and visceral sac (Fig. 216). On the ventral side, on the border between the head and the body, there is an entrance to the mantle cavity in the form of a narrow slit through which the cavity communicates with the external environment.
Rice. 217. Internal sac of a female after removal of integuments; ventral view:
1
- 3 -
distal end of the digestive system 1
- anus, 2
- abdominal anal lobe, 3
- lateral anal lobe); 4
- right renal orifice; . 5
- ink bag duct; 6
- rectum; 7 -8
-gill ( 7
- gill petals, 8
- inner edge of the gill axis); 9
- opening of the right nidamental gland; 10
- gill heart; 11
- nidamental gland; 12
- abdominal renal sac; 13
- stomach; 14
- posterior small intestine 15 -
ovary; 16 -
ink bag: 17
- lateral abdominal vein; 18
- oviduct: 19 -
blind sac of the stomach; 20
- pericardial gland; 21
- left lobe of the accessory nidamental gland; 22 -
ovoid gland; 23
- genital papilla; 24
- female genital opening: 25 - left renal papilla; 26
-anal papilla
The center of the anterior half of the mantle cavity is occupied by an organ called the funnel because of its funnel-shaped shape. The tapered end of the vorogka faces forward and opens outwards with a hole. The second opening is at the posterior end, opening into the mantle cavity. There is a pair of crescent-shaped recesses on the posterior expanded section of the funnel on its sides. They correspond to a pair of cartilaginous thickenings on the inner surface of adjacent sections of the mantle (buttons, or cufflinks). The thickenings enter the recesses, fasten the mantle to the funnel and lock the mantle cavity. Thickenings and depressions together form the ventral closing apparatus of the mantle.
The funnel serves as a swimming organ. The muscles of the mantle, contracting, press the mantle to the body and forcefully push water out of the mantle cavity through the hole in the funnel. The body of the mollusk receives a push in the opposite direction, from front to back. Closing devices (dorsal and abdominal cufflinks) prevent water from escaping from the mantle cavity. Water comes out only through the funnel. Then the gap opens and water rushes into the mantle cavity. A special valve in the funnel closes the outlet of the funnel and prevents water from flowing back. This ensures the directed movement of water - from the mantle cavity through the funnel to the outside.
days, bipinnate formations (Fig. 217). Each of them is formed by a gill axis and two rows of folded petals. The opium side (where the axis is located) of the gill is attached to the mantle; opposite free ends of gill filaments facing forward. In the place of the pairwise connection of the gill filaments (along the axis), a longitudinal canal passes, which communicates with the mantle cavity by numerous holes. Rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the mantle, which ensure the movement of the animal with the help of the funnel, simultaneously cause the circulation of water, washing the gill filaments from all sides. Along the edges of each gill lobe are afferent and efferent blood vessels.
The anal opening is located medially behind the funnel, at the end of the long anal papilla (papilla) (see Fig. 216). The anus is covered by the lobes surrounding it. Close to the base of the anal papilla to the right and to the left of it lie the renal papillae, which open with the external openings of the kidneys. Asymmetrically, on the left between the gill and the renal opening lies the genital papilla with the genital opening.
Rice. 218. Digestive system of sepia: view from the ventral side:
1
- 4
- pharynx ( 1
- throat. 2
- common salivary duct 3
- salivary duct 4
- posterior salivary gland); 5
- esophagus; 6
- aorta; 7
- liver; 8 -
pancreas; 9
- 10
- stomach (9
- proper stomach 10 -
blind bag); 11
- small intestine; 12
- hepatic duct; 13
- rectum; 14
- ink bag duct; 15
- anus; 16 -
transected head capsule: 17
-cavity of the statocyst capsule; 18
- severed nerve ring
Funnel, ctenidia and outlets of internal organs - anal, renal, genital - with the corresponding papillae make up the mantle complex of organs.
Working process. To study the mantle complex of organs. Ⅰ. Open the mantle cavity. Place the cuttlefish with the back side down. Cut the mantle on the ventral side along the median line, starting from the front edge. Take the edges of the incision to
sides and pin with pins to the bottom of the tub. 2. Consider the appearance and arrangement of the organs of the mantle complex in the sequence: funnel, abdominal cufflinks, ctenidium, anal, renal and genital openings with the corresponding papillae. 3. Cut out and examine in alcohol under a magnifying glass one ctenidium.
Work 3. Organs of the visceral (visceral) sac. The wall of the visceral sac delimits the mantle cavity from the dorsal side.
Rice. 219. Schematic representation of the respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems of sepia; view from the ventral side. The contours of the abdominal renal sacs are shown with a broken line:
1
- head aorta; 2
- right external renal opening; 3
- right renopericardial foramen; 4 -
the space between the renal sacs through which the intestine passes; 5
- in- a heart (5 -
ventricle. 6 -
right atrium); 7-11
- respiratory organ 7
- ctenidium, 8
- gill vein 9 -
gill petals, 10 -
gill artery, 11
- gill heart); 12
- non-ricardial gland; 13
- venous appendages; 14
- 20
- sections of the circulatory system (14 -
right lateral abdominal vein 15
- abdominal aorta 16 -
posterior artery, 17
- ink sac vein 18
- anal artery 19
- left pudendal vein 20
- left vena cava); 21
- left renal sac; 22 -
cephalic vein
Digestive system(Fig. 218). The mouth opening (see above) leads to a muscular pharynx. Inside the pharynx, two horny jaws, dorsal and ventral, are curved so that they resemble the beak of a parrot in shape. Strong muscles are attached to the jaws. The tongue protruding into the cavity of the pharynx is covered with a radula, or grater. It also opens the ducts of the salivary glands.
The esophagus departs from the pharynx - a long tube leading to a voluminous muscular stomach, divided into two sections: the stomach itself and the blind sac. From the front of the stomach, near the confluence of the esophagus, the small intestine departs, followed by the rectum. The latter ends with an anus opening into the mantle cavity on the anal papilla.
On both sides of the esophagus are the right and left lobes of the digestive gland-liver. The hepatic duct from each lobe goes back and opens into the blind sac
stomach. The ducts are covered by the groin-shaped pancreas; the secret of the latter enters the gaps of the proto-seams.
At the back of the visceral sac is a voluminous ink sac (see Fig. 217) - a gland that secretes a liquid black like ink. A long duct extending from it goes forward and opens into the lumen of the rectum near the anus. In the glandular part of the sac, epithelial cells are filled with black pigment - melanin. From here, melanin enters the second section of the bag - a reservoir, from where it can be thrown out through the rectum.
excretory system(rice, 219). The kidneys in the form of large elongated sacs are located on the ventral side of the visceral sac on both sides of the rectum. (In females, they are covered on the ventral side by the nidamental glands; see Fig. 217.) Short ureters in the form of renal papillae are directed forward and open into the mantle cavity with renal openings. On the dorsal side, the dorsal unpaired renal sac connects both pouches.
The rencipericardial opening, which connects the kidney to the pericardial coelom, lies on the dorsal wall of each kidney, behind the base of the ureter.
Circulatory system(see fig. 219). The three-chambered heart, consisting of a ventricle and a pair of atria, lies in the pericardium. The saccular ventricle is shifted slightly to the right. The head aorta extending from its anterior end is directed forward, passes over the esophagus between the lobes of the liver and is connected with the head and tentacles. From the back of the ventricle, the abdominal (splanchnic) artery departs, supplying blood (r) to the intestines. The third artery, the genital artery, departs from the anterior side of the ventricle, goes around it and goes to the gonad.
On the sides of the ventricle lie the atria associated with it. They receive blood from the gill veins (efferent vessels) located above the axis in the gill; they collect blood oxidized in the capillaries of the gills.
In front of the visceral sac, next to the head aorta, lies the cephalic vein, which carries venous blood from the anterior part of the body. It divides into two vena cava, going to the ctenides. From the back of the body, venous blood is carried out by the abdominal vein. The venous cut enters the gills.
At the base of the gill behind the atrium lies the gill (or venous) heart - a rounded sac. With its contractions, the gill heart pushes venous blood coming from the vena cava into the gill artery (bringing vessel). Only oxidized blood enters the heart. The circulatory system is almost closed; arteries with the help of capillaries with their own walls are directly connected with the veins.
Nervous system . The sepia ganglia are very curly and closely spaced. They form a common ganglionic mass, divided into two sections - above and below the esophagus. A complex system of nerves departs from the ganglia to various parts of the body.
The sense organs are well developed - the eyes, the olfactory fossae, the tongue papilla (the organ of taste), the hands as organs of touch, and a pair of statocysts. The latter are enclosed within the cartilaginous head capsule and serve as balance organs.
reproductive system. In males and females, the reproductive system is represented by an unpaired gonad and a single genital duct that opens outwards with a genital opening located on the left half of the abdominal side.
Females also have nidamental glands located on the ventral side of the visceral sac. A pair of larger glands lies somewhat further back. In addition to them, in front there is an additional three-lobed nidamental gland, one middle lobe (see Fig. 216) and two lateral (see Fig. 217). The mucous secretion of the nidamental glands is secreted to the right and left of the midline of the body and forms the outer shells of the eggs.
Working process. 1. Get acquainted with the appearance of the internal organs and their location. Turn the cuttlefish with the ventral side to the bottom of the bath. The internal organs are covered by the bottom of the shell bag. Through its transparent integument one can see: a large dark brown liver in front and an visceral sac in the back. Through the wall of the latter shine through: gonad, ink sac, kidneys. 2. Expose the internal organs. Remove the bottom of the sink bag. Examine and then remove the large unpaired dorsal renal sac. Cut off the scalp on the dorsal side, expose the cartilaginous hungry capsule, dissect its dorsal wall along the midline, push the edges of the incision apart. 3. Dissect and examine the organs of the anterior part of the digestive system - the pharynx, esophagus, stomach with a blind sac. 4. Open the sac. Flip the sepia on the ventral side; up. Remove the covers of the visceral sac, being careful not to damage the ink sac (in case of failure, rinse the preparation thoroughly). 5. Familiarize yourself with the appearance and location of the ink sac, with its duct, and, in case of dissection of the female, with the nidamental glands - large to additional. 6. Consider the posterior part of the digestive system. Bring the scalpel handle under the back edge of the ink sac and separate it from the visceral sac. Consider the small and rectum, anal papilla with anus. 7. To study the circulatory system - the heart (ventricle and atria), gill hearts, posterior head aorta. Turn the cuttlefish back side up and look at the front
head aorta. 8. Turn the sepia again on the dorsal side and examine the organs of the female reproductive system - the gonad, the thin-walled sac in the back of the body, and the nidamental glands - towards the anterior end.
Species: Sepia apama = Giant Australian cuttlefish
The giant Australian cuttlefish can reach 50 centimeters in length and is considered the largest cuttlefish in the world. Its weight can reach from 3 to 10 kilograms. There is sexual dimorphism in size - males always outnumber females in size.
The Giant Australian Cuttlefish is an endemic Australian species. It lives exclusively in coastal waters in the south, southwest and southeast coasts of Australia, from the coast of Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. And there is a giant Australian cuttlefish at depths of up to about 100 meters, but even more often prefers shallow water.
The giant Australian cuttlefish has a body slightly flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction, which is decorated with a wide leathery fold on the sides. Here, on the sides of the body, there are also fins - the main organ of their movement in the water. The head end of the urvkatica is adorned with 10 tentacles. Of these, 2 tentacles are grasping, they are the longest, although they can be completely retracted into special sac-like pits under the eyes. The remaining 8 tentacles are short, and all are located around the mouth, framing it. All tentacles are equipped with suction cups that are very necessary for the animal. There is a difference in the structure of the tentacles of cuttlefish of both sexes. So in a male, unlike females, the 4th tentacle serves to fertilize females.
The respiratory organ of cuttlefish is the gills. On the dorsal side of the body under the mantle, there is a porous calcareous shell, which looks like a plate, which gives the animal a fixed body shape. The eyes are similar in structure and visual acuity to human eyes. Cuttlefish, if necessary, are able to change the shape of the lens. Their mouth, like that of other cephalopods, consists of a strong beak, which is shaped like the beak of birds, especially a parrot, there are also jaws and a tongue.
Speaking about the features of the internal structure of cuttlefish, it remains unclear why nature endowed these creatures with 3 hearts. In this case, one is responsible for the blood supply to the nervous system, and the other two are responsible for the coordinated work of the gills. And the blood of cuttlefish is not red, but blue. The blue color of blood is caused by the presence of a special pigment called hemocyanin in it. Hemocyanin, like hemoglobin in vertebrates, is responsible for the transport of oxygen.
The giant Australian cuttlefish is known for its unique ability to instantly change its color, which can depend both on the mood of the animal and the characteristics of the environment. The coloration of males changes greatly during the mating season. This becomes possible due to the presence of a special pigment in the cells of the body, which is responsible for their stretching or contraction, depending on the signals from the nervous system. During the mating season or during an attack on prey, their color acquires a metallic sheen and is covered with bright luminous dots.
An interesting feature of this species is that during the mating season, males can sometimes pretend to be females in order to try to outwit a stronger rival and try to get closer to the female. If they succeed in this maneuver, they mate with her very quickly and retreat until the dominant male has figured out what's what ...
Giant squids use their ink stores as a defense against predators. In case of danger, the squid releases an ink cloud either directly into the “face” of the enemy, after which, under its cover, they quickly hide away, or a little to the side. At the same time, the spot often takes on such a shape that it becomes a bit similar in shape to the cuttlefish itself, and this, albeit for a short time, distracts the attention of the predator from the cuttlefish's own person.
The giant Australian cuttlefish is predominantly nocturnal. They spend most of their time hiding among kelp beds, rocky reefs, or simply burrowing into the seabed. Cuttlefish are homebodies, they spend almost all their active time on a small territory, not exceeding 500 m2. Therefore, they spend most of the food energy absorbed by them not on motor activity, but on their own growth.
The giant cuttlefish is very curious and is not averse to even playing, which is often used by divers. Despite their relatively peaceful nature and cute appearance, cuttlefish are dexterous predators, extracting various small mollusks and crustaceans, fish, sea worms and even small cuttlefish for food. Cuttlefish go hunting at night, attacking prey from an ambush, grabbing it with two long tentacle arms.
By their nature, cuttlefish are solitary, and only during the breeding season, which falls on June-August, they often gather in large groups. One such favorite place for marriage dates is False Bay, located in the northern part of Spencer Bay. At this time, it is simply teeming with giant cuttlefish, and at this time there are almost 1 individual per 1 m2. This is where the fun begins. The largest and strongest males begin to care for the females. They "put on" a bright wedding dress and begin to wave their long "arms" in front of their chosen one. At the same time, they drive away smaller and younger males. Then they are forced to go for a deceptive maneuver, changing their bright cavalier outfit to "ladies" and under the guise of "females" they try to make their way through the "vigilant guard" to the females. And if the dominant male is distracted for a few moments, the werewolf immediately quickly acquires his bright male color in front of the female and mates with her, transferring his spermatophores to her with the help of the 4th “hand”, and quickly swims away from trouble.
After some time, females lay eggs under stones or in other hard-to-reach places, enclosed in a thick shell. After that, they die. And the cubs are born, depending on the temperature of the water, after 3-5 months, having a body length of about 2.5 centimeters. Outwardly, they are very similar to adults, and at this age they feed only on plankton.
The meat of the giant cuttlefish is edible and is widely used in cooking as food. Cuttlefish ink is still used in painting today. Therefore, large-scale capture of this species for export is currently underway, because of which the giant cuttlefish is already at risk of declining numbers. Now the capture of the giant Australian cuttlefish in False Bay in Australia is prohibited.
Sepia officinalis— Pharmacy cuttlefish
belongs to the class of cephalopods.
The drug is prepared from trituration of dried
the liquid contents of the ink bag.
CHARACTERISTIC
The current use of sepia in
medicine we owe to Hahnemann.
Some of the ancient doctors (Dioscorides,
Pliny and Marcellus, writes Teste) used either meat or eggs,
or even just a bone of the skeleton of this animal with "leucorrhoea, gonorrhea, cystitis,
sand in the urine, bladder spasms, baldness, freckles and
certain types of eczema", which seems surprising in the light of the
tests.
Sepia is one of the remedies described in "Chronic Diseases"
it has been tested by Goullon, von Gersdorff, Gross, Hartlaub and Wahle.
Sepia is predominantly (but not exclusively) a feminine remedy.
It affects the reproductive system of both men and women and a range of
symptoms from other organs.
Teste describes the type that Sepia is suitable for as follows:
young people of both sexes, or rather, people of reproductive age
(from puberty to the critical period), fragile physique,
with clear, white or pink skin, light or red
hair, with a nervous and lympho-nervous temperament, extremely
excitable, anxious and emotional, especially subject to strong
sexual arousal or exhausted by sexual excesses.
Hering describes the following types:
1) People with dark hair, rigid muscles and a soft, docile
character.
2) Women during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation.
3) Children who catch cold easily when the weather changes.
4) Scrofulous patients.
5) Men prone to alcohol abuse and sexual excesses.
6) Irritable women with a big belly, a yellow "saddle" on
nose, leukophlegmatic constitution, and debility arising from
the slightest tension.
According to Bahr, these are: "Excitable, plethoric people, prone to
congestions." Farrington adds that Sepia patients are quite sensitive
to any impressions and that dark hair is by no means
obligatory sign.
He gives a fuller description: edematous, lethargic people (significantly
less often - emaciated) with yellow or dirty yellow, as well as brown skin,
covered with spots; with excessive sweating, especially in the genital area,
armpits and on the back; hot flushes; headache for
in the morning; they wake up with stiffness in the muscles and a feeling of fatigue;
susceptible to diseases of the genital organs; in general, patients are weak and
painful, with weak connective tissue, lethargic, they easily
paresis occurs.
Sepia affects the vital forces as much as it affects the tissues of the body.
The upward spread of Sepia symptoms is one of its
key symptoms.
The patient experiences a feeling of constant pressure in the vagina,
which forces her to cross her legs to avoid prolapse.
The feeling of weakness and emptiness is one of the main characteristics of Sepia.
There are some features of the mental state of Sepia,
that need to be remembered.
1) Anxiety: with flushes of heat to the face and head, fear of misfortune,
real or fictional; stronger in the evening.
2) Strong sadness and tears, fear of loneliness, fear of men, meetings with
friends (combined with diseases of the uterus).
3) Indifference, even to one's own family, work, the dearest and closest people.
4) Greed and avarice.
5) Lethargy.
Sepia patients cry when asked to describe their symptoms.
Patients are very sensitive and do not tolerate when they point out shortcomings.
Another characteristic of Sepia is "frequent fainting",
weakness after getting wet; due to extreme heat or cold; while driving
in the crew; when kneeling in church.
Lorbacher describes three important references to Sepia that are little known:
1) pre-stroke state;
2) whooping cough that lasts endlessly;
3) congestive pleurisy.
"Stiffness" is the hallmark of Sepia: stiffness in
limbs worse after sleep; stiffness in the uterus.
Sepia is indicated by open fontanelles in children.
Aggravation from kneeling is a very characteristic sign.
PSYCHE
Sadness and depression with tears. Melancholy and gloominess.
Anguish and restlessness, sometimes with flushes of heat, mostly in the evening.
(during a walk in the open air) and sometimes in bed.
Anxiety, restlessness. Fear of being alone.
Increased nervousness, sensitivity to the slightest sound.
Great anxiety about one's health and household chores.
thoughtfulness. Timidity.
Decline of spirit, up to disgust for life.
Indifference to everything around, even to relationships with other people.
Aversion to usual work.
Violent disturbances caused by irritation.
Increased excitability in the company.
Patients are touchy and capricious, increased irritability,
grumpiness, desire to make caustic remarks.
Weak memory. Absent-mindedness.
Tendency to make mistakes in speaking and writing.
Inability to intellectual work. Slow perception.
Difficulty perceiving, thoughts flow slowly.
Speaks slowly.
TYPE
Dark hair, pale face, rash on the face (forehead, nose and lips).
Does not tolerate the smell of tobacco smoke.
TROPICITY
In general, the left half of the body is more affected; right arm and leg;
eyelids; inner ear; heightened hearing.
Pain : in region of liver; in the center of the lower half of the abdomen; in the left shoulder blade;
in the back and lower back, in the armpits; in the axillaries
lymph nodes (especially stabbing pain), upper and lower
limbs and their joints, in the right lumbar region with the strongest
pressure or pushing; nails turn yellow.
CLINIC
Acne. Amenorrhea. Anorexia. Anosmia. Apoplexy. Ascariasis. Beli.
Warts. Bulimia. Phlebeurysm. Freckles. Impact
alcohol. Hair loss. Herpes. Headache. Gonorrhea. Delirium.
Dermatomycosis. Dysmenorrhea. Dyspepsia. Jaundice. Constipation. Fetid
runny nose. Toothache. Itching. Hysteria. Sciatica. Whooping cough. annular
herpes. Condylomas. Migraine. Corns. Menstrual disorders.
Neuralgia. Urinary incontinence. Nosebleeds. Baldness. Dyspnea.
Belching. Peritonsillar abscess. Life changes. Dandruff. Sand in
urine. Liver spots. Pityriasis. Pleurisy. Bad appetite. Prolapse
(prolapse) of the vagina, uterus, rectum. Mental disorders.
Psoriasis. Ptosis (omission). Cancer. Rectal cancer. Vomit. erysipelatous
inflammation. Seborrhea. Palpitation. Synovitis of the knee.
Spermatorrhoea. Sterility. Nausea. Fissures of the rectum. Seal
pylorus. Phimosis. Furuncles. Chloasma. Chorea. Chronic urethritis
gonorrheal origin. Cystitis. Eczema. Ulcers. Barley.
GENERAL SYMPTOMS
A short walk causes fatigue.
Greater sensitivity to cold air.
Sphincters and all smooth muscles are weakened.
Hot flashes spread from bottom to top and end in sweat, fainting
and a feeling of weakness.
Sensation as if all objects were moving.
Sensation as if she were floating in the air.
Sensation as if internal organs were turned inside out.
As if she were standing ankle-deep in cold water.
Like being poured with hot water.
Sensation as if she could feel every muscle, every nerve on her right
side of the body, from shoulder to foot.
Sensation of a lump in the internal organs.
Weakness in general or in certain parts of the body.
Bleeding from internal organs.
Clonic and tonic convulsions, catalepsy, restlessness
all over body, aversion to washing.
Sensations: a lump in the internal organs; pain as if the affected part
body is about to burst, as if it is being squeezed or crushed.
Cramping or pressing pain in internal or external parts; feeling
voids in any part of the body, especially when accompanied by
fainting state; twitching in the muscles of any part of the body,
for example, it can be felt in the head when talking, etc.; blows, beating
or throbbing in the internal organs; pressure, as from a heavy weight;
vibration in the form of a dull tingling or a feeling that the body is "humming".
Great swelling of the whole body, with shallow respiration, but no thirst.
Feeling of heaviness and sluggishness in the body.
Attacks of weakness and hysterical or other forms of fainting.
Fainting. Tiredness with trembling.
Lack of energy, sometimes only on waking.
The patient gets tired quickly when walking in the open air.
The patient catches a cold easily, there is an increased
sensitive to cold air, especially north wind.
Feverish shivering, fainting, and later coryza (after getting wet).
Anxiety attacks and hysterical spasms.
Shooting and stitching pains in the limbs and other parts of the body.
Burning pain in various parts of the body.
Pain that is relieved by external heat.
Paroxysmal pain accompanied by trembling.
Twisting pain, especially when straining the affected limb,
and also at night, in the warmth of the bed.
Rheumatic pain with swelling of the affected part; it is accompanied
sweating, chills or trembling alternating with heat.
Irritation causes significant disturbances.
Soreness and tenderness of the whole body.
LEATHER
Yellow, as in jaundice; abrasions or cracks in the skin that penetrate deep into
fabrics, with deterioration after washing; frequently recurring rash, especially
when the patient has a predisposition to the appearance of cracks.
Ulceration at the site of the rash, bedsores, necrosis. Eczema.
Ulcers suppurate, pus is abundantly secreted; the edges of the ulcer are edematous, in the bottom
its - excess granulation.
The discharge has a salty taste.
Increased skin sensitivity.
Soreness and weeping of the skin on the folds of the joints.
Itching in various parts of the body (face, arms, hands, back, hips)
joints, abdomen, genitals), which is replaced by a burning sensation.
Itching and papular rash in the joints.
Excoriations, especially on the skin around the joints.
Dry, itchy eruption, like scabies.
Brown or burgundy or reddish patches of cold sores
on the skin. Ring-shaped peeling (annular herpes).
Moist, crusty herpetic eruptions, with itching and burning.
Boils and boils with bloody contents.
fibrous seals.
Vesicular rash resembling pemphigus.
Itching, burning and sharp shooting pain and burning or sometimes painless
ulcers (over the joints and on the tips of the fingers and toes).
Calluses causing shooting pains.
Liver spots.
Warts: on the neck, with keratinization in the center; small; itchy; flat on
hands and face; large, dense warts that have a granular surface;
dark and painless (large keratinized wart on abdomen).
DREAM
Extreme sleepiness during the day or desire to go to bed early in the evening.
Coma sleep every third day.
The patient sleeps late; complains that he cannot sleep; sleeps for a long time
in the morning; often wakes up at night; sleepy in the morning; insomnia before midnight;
drowsiness without sleep. Wakes up at 3 am and cannot go back to sleep.
Sleeplessness due to overexcitation.
Wakes up early and lies awake for long periods.
Frequent awakenings for no apparent reason.
Superficial sleep with strong "boiling" of blood, constant tossing,
fantastic, disturbing, frightening dreams.
Often shudders and cries out in fright in sleep.
The sleeper seems to be called by name.
Unrefreshing sleep; in the morning there is a feeling as if the patient did not get enough sleep.
Sweet dreams.
Talking, crying and twitching of limbs during sleep.
Delirium at night.
Wandering pain, anguish and feverish heat, with excitement all over the body,
toothache, colic, cough, and many other nightly complaints.
FEVER
At night the pulse is well filled and fast, then intermittent; afternoon
delayed. The speed of the pulse increases with movement and with anger.
Pulsation of all blood vessels.
Trembling (chillness) with pain. Sensation of coldness in parts.
Lack of vitality.
Frequent shivering, especially when outdoors in the evening; with any movement.
Hot flashes occur at regular intervals, especially
afternoon and evening, sitting or outdoors,
usually accompanied by thirst or flushing of the face.
(Transient) hot flashes, especially when sitting or walking
in the open air, also when angry or having an important conversation.
Attacks of heat with thirst (and trembling).
Thirst is worse during chill than during fever.
Prolonged heat with reddening of the face and intense thirst.
Fever with thirst, trembling, pain in limbs, icy coldness in
hands and feet and numbness of the fingers.
increased sweating; the patient sweats easily; some may sweat
body parts; sweating is accompanied by anxiety and restlessness;
sweat with a sour or offensive odor.
Internal chill with external heat.
Sweats while sitting. Profuse sweat on slightest movement
(more after than during charging). Only the upper part of the body perspires.
Night sweat, sometimes cold (on chest, back and thighs).
Sweats in the morning, sometimes sweat has a sour smell.
Intermittent fever followed by intense heat and
semi-conscious state, followed by profuse sweating.
HEAD
Tendency to take colds of the head, especially after being dry,
cold wind or when the head gets wet.
Involuntary trembling and tremors in the head.
Confusion of thoughts, which does not allow doing mental work.
Headache attacks with nausea, vomiting, shooting or boring
pain that causes screaming.
Headache occurs every morning.
Headache that prevents the patient from opening her eyes.
Headache with increased sexual excitability.
Headache when shaking or moving head, and every time
step, with sensation as if the brain were convulsing.
Unilateral headache, sometimes in the evening after lying down
bed; pain is preceded by heaviness in the head.
Migraine attacks, burning pain spreads from inside out in one
half of the head (more often in the left) with nausea (and vomiting) and squeezing
sensation in the eyes; worse indoors and when walking fast; better on
fresh air and in the supine position on the affected side.
Boring headache from inside out; starts in the first half
day and continues until the evening; aggravated by movement and inclination;
decreases at rest, when eyes are closed, from external pressure, during sleep.
Heaviness in the head.
Pressive pain over the eyes in daylight, as if the head were about to
will explode and the eyes will fall out, with nausea.
A strong feeling of pressure in the head, sometimes when bending over, as if still
a little and it will explode.
Drawing and tearing in the head, inside and out, sometimes one-sided.
Sharp, shooting headache, often on one side or in the forehead.
Shooting pains, especially over the left eye, which makes the patient scream.
Headache at onset of menstruation, with scanty discharge.
Headache in the form of violent shocks.
Throbbing headache, especially in the occiput (which begins
in the morning and aggravated in the evening, at the slightest movement, when turning
eyeballs when lying on back; weakens when closing the eyes and at rest).
A rush of blood to the Head.
Violent congestions of blood to head with heat, especially when bending over.
Pulling the head tightly with a bandage reduces pain.
Fainting when sitting upright or kneeling.
Involuntary twitching of the head back and forth, especially in the first
half a day, in a sitting position. This can be seen in hysteria.
Sensation of coldness in the vertex, which is aggravated by moving the head
and inclinations, weakens in rest and in the open air.
Sensation as if the head were constricted. Sensation as if the brain were crushed.
Sensation as if head would explode.
Sensation as if waves of pain were rolling through the head and hitting
about the frontal bone.
Sensation as if something were rolling in the head, with vertigo.
Stitching, as if with needles, pain in the head.
DIZZINESS
Attacks of vertigo, especially when walking in the open air, when
writes something or even at the slightest movement of his hands.
Vertigo, with a feeling that everything around is moving or in
something is bouncing around in my head.
Vertigo in the morning on rising from bed, or in the afternoon.
Vertigo, as if intoxicated.
HEAD OUTSIDE
Involuntary twitching of the head back and forth, especially in the first
half a day and in a sitting position.
Long-lasting non-closing fontanelles, head twitching, pallor
and pasty face, pain in stomach, and passing green, loose stools.
The patient sweats in the head, the sweat has a sour smell; sweating
accompanied by weakness and semi-consciousness, aggravated
in the evening, before going to bed.
Soreness of the hair roots; as if her hair was cut very short.
The surface of the head is cold. Mobility of the skin of the skull.
The scalp and hair roots are extremely sensitive to touch.
Itching of the scalp (nose and eyes).
Rash on vertex and back of head; skin dry, offensive, itchy,
tingling and fissures extending beyond the ears, as well as with
pain when scratching them.
Tumor localized on one side of the head, above the temple, with itching,
feeling of coldness and tearing pain; aggravated by touch
better when lying on it or after rising from bed.
Moist crusts on the head.
Areas of baldness on the skull, favus of the scalp.
Hair loss.
Small red pimples on forehead, rough skin.
Swelling of the scalp, especially in the forehead.
FACE
Jaundice of the face. Face yellow (including sclera).
Saddle-shaped yellow spots on nose and cheeks. The face is pale and swollen.
Pale and pasty, with blue circles under the eyes; eyes turn red and
become dim.
Exhausted face. Violent heat in the region of the face.
Erysipelatous inflammation and pastosity of one half of the face (due to a tooth,
affected by caries).
Inflammation and swelling of the face, with groups of yellow, scaly pimples.
Herpes with desquamation of the skin of the face.
Warts on the face. Black pores on the face.
The appearance of acne before menstruation.
Itching and rash on the face and forehead, sometimes just hyperemic or rough skin.
The skin on the forehead is pasty.
Tumors on the forehead. Drawing pain in the face.
Spasmodic and tearing pains in the bones of the facial skull.
Neuralgic pain (in left side of face from tobacco abuse).
Dryness and peeling of the lips. Tension in the lower lip.
Puffiness under the lip. Yellow herpetic eruptions around the mouth.
Moist, crusty eruptions on the red border of the lips and chin.
Painful ulcers on the inner surface of the lips.
Congestion and soreness of the submaxillary glands.
EYES
Heaviness and ptosis of the upper eyelids. Itching and burning in eyes and lids.
Stinging in the eyes by candlelight in the evening.
Burning sensation in the eyes, especially in the morning on waking.
Inflammation of the eyes, with reddening of the sclera and shooting pains.
Inflammation, redness and swelling of the eyelids with styes.
Pustules on the cornea. Fungus haematodes on the cornea.
Eyebrow scabs.
Glassy, watery eyes in the evening.
Dry scabs on eyelids, especially on waking in the morning.
Yellow sclera.
Pain in the eyelids in the morning on waking, as if the eyelids were too heavy,
as if the patient did not have the strength to keep his eyes open.
Eyelids red, swollen; barley.
Lachrymation, especially in the morning, or agglutination of the eyelids at night.
Trembling and twitching of the eyelids.
Paralysis of the eyelids, with inability to lift them, especially at night (and in the evening).
When reading and writing, everything merges in the eyes. Presbyopia.
Weak vision, as in amaurosis, with constriction of the pupils.
The appearance of a veil, black spots, dots, flashes and streaks of light before the eyes.
Cannot tolerate light reflected from bright objects.
Green halo around the candle in the evening.
Great sensitivity of the eyes to daylight.
Cold water relieves eye symptoms.
Sensation as if the eyeballs were about to fall out of the sockets.
Sensation of heaviness over the eyes.
As if the eyes had disappeared, and cold air was escaping from the sockets.
Sensation of pressure on the eyeballs.
Bruised feeling in the eyes. Sensation as if a grain of sand were in the eye.
Sensation as if eyes were on fire.
Sensation as if the eyelids were contracted and did not completely close the eyeballs.
Sensation as if eyelids were too heavy and would not open.
EARS
Ear pain. Shooting pain in ears.
Stinging pain in left ear. Sore pain in the ears.
Swelling and purulent discharge from the external ear.
Herpes on the earlobe, behind the ear and on the back of the neck.
Discharge of liquid pus from the ear, with itching.
Extremely acute hearing, the patient hears music especially well.
Hearing loss. Sudden deafness, as if caused by cerumen.
Buzzing and roaring in ears.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Itching and soreness in the larynx and throat.
Sensation of dryness in the larynx.
Hoarseness with coryza. Sensation of dryness in the trachea.
Feeling of suffocation. Dancing and running do not cause shortness of breath.
Characteristic dyspnoea in the evening.
Stormy weather causes a feeling of suffocation.
BREAST
Shortness of breath, chest tightness, and shallow breathing when walking and lifting
up stairs, as well as when lying in bed, in the evening and at night.
Pain in the side of the chest when breathing or coughing.
Stitching pain in the left side of the chest and in the scapula with
breathing and coughing. Chest tightness caused by accumulation of mucus or
expectoration of too much sputum.
Pain in the chest on movement.
Pressure in the chest, especially in bed in the evening.
Heaviness, feeling of fullness and tension in the chest.
Sore pain in chest. Spasms in the chest.
Itching and tickling in the chest. Feeling of emptiness in the chest.
Shooting pain and tingling in the chest, in the sides
chest; sometimes during inhalation or coughing, but may also be in the background
mental stress.
Brown spots on the skin of the chest.
Chest symptoms disappear or improve from
hand pressure on the chest.
Feeling of heaviness in the sides.
Sensation as if the ribs were broken and the sharp points were digging into the soft tissue.
Sensation as if chest were empty, with sensation of pain.
COUGH
Cough caused by a tickling sensation in the larynx or chest.
Dry cough that seems to come from the stomach, especially in
bed in the evening (before midnight), and is often accompanied by nausea and
bitter vomiting.
Cough with expectoration after chill.
Cough disturbs either only during the day, or it wakes the patient at night.
The expectoration is white and copious.
Cough: with copious expectoration of sputum, mostly putrid or
salty in taste, often only in the morning or evening; often
accompanied by murmur, weakness, and raw pain in the chest.
Cough with phlegm in the morning and without phlegm in the evening; with sputum at night and
lack of sputum during the day; very bad cough in the morning on waking
with expectoration of large quantities of sputum, which has an unpleasant taste.
Nocturnal cough with screaming, choking and retching.
Whooping-cough-like cough.
Spasmodic coughing fits (similar to whooping cough) caused by
a tickling sensation in the chest or a tickling sensation,
spread from the larynx to the stomach, and expectoration of sputum only
morning, evening and night (greenish-gray pus or milky white, viscous
sputum, sometimes unpleasantly sweetish), which has to be swallowed.
Cough worse lying on left side; from sour.
Cough excited by tickling, accompanied by constipation.
Difficulty expectorating (or having to swallow raised
sputum). Greenish-yellow purulent sputum.
Expectoration of blood while lying down.
Bloody expectoration during cough in the morning and evening, with expectoration.
slime during the day. Sharp shooting pains in the chest or back during coughing.
Sensation as if a cough were rising from the abdomen and stomach.
THROAT
Sore throat with enlargement of cervical glands.
Pressure as from a plug in the throat, sore or shooting pains in the throat.
swallowing time. Pressure in throat in region of tonsils, with sensation as if
the patient's tie is too tight.
Twitching sensation in throat.
Swelling and inflammation of the esophageal mucosa.
Inflammation, swelling and suppuration of the tonsils.
Dryness in the throat, with tension and scratching. Sticky feeling in throat.
Accumulation of mucus in the throat and on the palate.
Rawness and burning in fauces, aggravated by dry cough.
Expectoration of mucus, especially in the morning.
Discharge of bloody mucus on coughing.
Feeling of a plug in the throat. Sensation as if throat were filled with mucus.
NOSE
Swelling and inflammation of the nose, especially the tip.
Scabs on the tip of the nose.
The inside of the nostrils are covered with ulcers and scabs.
Thick mucus in nose.
Nosebleeds and bleeding, often on blowing your nose,
the slightest overheating, from a blow to the nose, even a slight one.
Violent bleeding from the nose, especially during menstruation.
Sharpening or dulling of the sense of smell; yellow "saddle" on the bridge of the nose.
Fetid odor from the nose.
Fetid runny nose, when blowing your nose, large pieces of yellow-
green mucus or yellow-green pieces of mucous membrane with blood.
Dry runny nose. Dry coryza, especially in left nostril.
Dry mucus that causes nasal congestion.
Profuse liquid discharge with sneezing, pain in occiput and drawing pains.
in the limbs.
Inflammation and swelling of the nasal mucosa.
Nosebleeds can start from a bruise, from being in a warm
room, or from suppressed menstruation.
HEART AND CIRCULATION
Sensation as if the heart had stopped.
Violent effervescence of the blood, even at night, with throbbing all over the body.
Effervescence (congestion) of blood in the chest and palpitation of the heart.
Intermittent heartbeat.
Palpitations : in the evening in bed, with pulsation of all arteries; at
digestion of food; with stitching pain in left side of chest.
From time to time the patient feels a strong jolt in the heart.
Wakes up with violent heartbeat.
Nervous palpitations are ameliorated by walking fast.
MOUTH
Bad breath. Swelling of the inner surface of the mouth.
Dryness of the mouth, lips and tongue. Salty saliva.
Pain in tongue and palate, as if burned.
Abrasions on the tongue. Vesicles on the tongue.
The tongue is coated with white. Soreness of the tip of the tongue.
Gums as if burned, as if they were starting to fester.
Burning sensation of tongue and mouth.
. smack. Putrid or sour taste in the mouth. Taste: bitter
sour, slimy, offensive, mostly in the morning.
TEETH
Toothache occurs with pressure, touching the teeth, from
conversation or the slightest breath of cold air.
Toothache at night, with great excitement.
Pulsating, drawing, or shooting toothache, which is sometimes
spreads to the ear (especially after eating, drinking, or when
the patient takes something cold in his mouth), on his hands or fingers.
Burning and throbbing toothache extending to the ear during
pregnancy, was accompanied by shallow breathing, swelling of the face
and submandibular glands; aggravated by cold draft,
from touching the teeth, from talking.
Toothache, with violent effervescence and throbbing all over the body.
Tearing pain felt as a jolt in the teeth.
Teeth become dull, loose, bleed easily, and caries develops in them.
The gums are dark red.
Swelling, abrasions, ulcers and frequent bleeding from the gums.
Sensation of a hollow in the molar, as if it were swollen and longer.
Cold water relieves dental symptoms.
STOMACH
Feeling of emptiness in the epigastric region, under the xiphoid process; This
very weak feeling of emptiness, which is not filled with anything; this symptom
can be a complication of any disease, with violations
menstrual cycle, etc.
The feeling of emptiness disappears during dinner.
Frequent belching, mostly sour or bitter, with a smell
rotten eggs or the taste of food.
Painful belching, in which blood enters the mouth.
Belching, especially after drinking or eating, or preceded by a sensation
"twisting" in the stomach.
Acidity, with disgust for life.
Nausea, sometimes on empty stomach in the morning, relieved after use
a small amount of food.
Nausea with bitter taste and eructation.
Nausea in a moving train. Nausea and vomiting after eating.
Vomiting of bile and food (morning, with headache).
Vomiting of bile and food during pregnancy; gagging
so strong that the pressure rises.
Pain in stomach after eating, sometimes in the evening.
Violent pain in the cardia when food passes into the stomach.
Pain in the epigastric region when walking.
Pressure in stomach, as if a stone were in it, especially when eating,
after meals or at night.
Cramps in stomach and chest.
Vomiting of milky white serum (in pregnant women).
Vomiting at night with headache.
Tearing and boring pain in the region of the cardia,
extending to the waist.
Cutting and drilling, directed from the stomach to the spine.
Pressive and shooting in the fossa of the heart and in the region of the stomach.
Burning sensation in the epigastric region and cardiac fossa.
Painful sensitivity and feeling of emptiness in the stomach.
As if something were swirling in the stomach and rising up the throat.
Sensation of pain in the cavity of the stomach.
As if there was a foreign body in the stomach. Scraping sensation in stomach.
Pulsation in the epigastric region during eating: the more she eats,
the stronger the pulsation.
Unpleasant belching with nausea after fatty food.
Weak digestion.
After eating: sour sensation in the mouth, frequent belching, scratching and burning
in the throat, throbbing in the heart fossa, hiccups, bloating, sweat,
fever, palpitations, headache, nausea, vomiting, pain
in the stomach, etc.
APPETITE
Too salty taste of food. Adipsia, or excessive thirst, especially
morning and evening, sometimes with anorexia.
Increased appetite. Bulimia with feeling of emptiness in the stomach.
Aversion to food or simply unwillingness to eat, especially meat and milk
(which cause diarrhea).
. addictions.
Passionate desire for wine, vinegar.
. disgust.
For beer.
STOMACH
Sluggish liver. Pain in the liver when riding in a carriage.
Dull, throbbing, and shooting pains in region of liver.
Boring pain or tension and shooting pain in hypochondria,
especially when moving.
Shooting pain in left hypochondrium.
Attacks of constricting pain in the right hypochondrium.
Pain in the hypogastric region at night, in the supine position, decreased
after urination.
Abdominal pain; in bed, in the morning.
Pressure and heaviness in the abdomen, with a sense of fullness, as if
stomach is about to explode.
The strongest stretching of the anterior abdominal wall.
Heaviness in the abdomen and induration. Consolidation of the pyloric region.
Abdominal enlargement (in women who have recently given birth).
Swelling of the anterior abdominal wall.
Cramps in abdomen, with sensation as if claws had dug into it, as if
bowel twisted.
Acute colic, especially after exercise or at night,
with the urge to defecate.
Boring, cutting and dull pain in the abdomen.
Pain in the intestines, as from a bruise. Cold in the stomach.
Burning sensation and shooting pain in the abdomen, especially in the left side,
which sometimes extends to the thigh.
Feeling of emptiness in the abdomen. Sharp shooting pain in the groin.
Brownish spots on the skin of the abdomen.
Peristalsis and rumbling in the abdomen, especially after eating.
Excess formation of gases and dynamic intestinal obstruction.
As if a palm-wide belt was tightly tightened around the waist.
Sensation as if liver would burst.
Sensation as if all the entrails in the abdomen were turning over.
Feeling of heaviness in the abdomen.
Sensation as if loops of bowels were drawn together into a ball.
Sensation of something sticky in the abdomen. Sensation of something alive in the stomach.
ANUS AND RECTUM
Constipation during pregnancy.
Ineffective urge to defecate or pass only mucus and flatus.
Delayed inefficient defecation, feces resemble sheep.
The stool is scanty, accompanied by straining and tenesmus.
Feces are too soft.
Difficulty passing stools, although they are soft.
The stool comes out with great difficulty, it seems as if it does not pass, due to
obstruction in the anus or rectum (like a lump or a potato).
Difficult stool, with feeling of heaviness in the abdomen.
Gelatinous stools (small amount, defecation accompanied by
cramping pain and tenesmus).
Exhausting diarrhea.
Greenish diarrhoea, often with a putrid or sour smell, especially in children.
Diarrhea after drinking boiled milk.
White or brownish stools.
Discharge of blood during bowel movements.
Constricting pain and sprain, itching, tingling, burning and shooting
pain in anus and rectum.
Leakage of fluid from the anus.
Mucous discharge from the rectum, with shooting and tearing pain.
Anus and rectum affected, with sharp and shooting pains, pain
shoots up into the stomach.
Prolapse of the rectum, especially during stool.
Sensation of weakness in the rectum, which comes on in bed.
Congestion in the region of the anus. Lethargy of the bowels.
Bulging hemorrhoids (when walking; bleeding when walking).
Bleeding from hemorrhoids.
Abrasions between the buttocks. Contractive pain in the perineum.
Ring of warts around the anus.
Feeling of heaviness or lump in the anus.
URINARY SYSTEM
All urinary tracts are in a state of irritation,
cystitis and urethritis may begin.
Frequent (and ineffective) urge to urinate (due to pressure on
bladder and tension in the hypogastrium).
Dull pain in bladder.
Passing urine at night (has to get up often).
Involuntary emission of urine at night, especially shortly after falling asleep.
Urine intensely colored, blood-red.
Cloudy urine with red, sandy sediment or sediment
like brick dust.
Urine with a white sediment and a thin film on the surface.
Profuse offensive urine with white sediment.
Urine with bloody sediment.
The sediment in the urine resembles clay, as if clay had been fired at the bottom of the vessel.
The urine is very offensive and cannot be kept in the room.
Cramps in the bladder, burning in the bladder and urethra.
Burning in urethra, especially when urinating.
Sharp and shooting pain in the urethra.
Mucus discharge from the urethra, as in chronic gonorrhea.
Sensation as if the bladder were so full that the bottom
rises above the forehead.
Sensation as if urine were dripping from the bladder.
Sensation as if the bladder and other urinary organs were being squeezed hard.
WOMEN'S
Abrasions on the vulva and between the thighs; sometimes before
menstruation (soreness and redness of the labia majora and perineum).
Severe dryness and soreness of the vulva and vagina
when touched, especially after menstruation.
Internal and external heat in the genitals. Narrowing and pain in the vagina.
Swelling, redness and weeping eruption with itching on the labia minora.
Struggling in the uterus, which makes it difficult to breathe.
Sensation of pressure, as if internal organs were about to be squeezed out.
vagina (with shortness of breath).
Pain in groin on both sides, and straining, with constipation, but no leucorrhoea;
heavy and unrefreshing sleep, coldness all over the body, languid tongue.
Violent stitching pain in the vagina, radiating upward.
Vaginal prolapse. Prolapse of uterus with congestion and yellow leucorrhoea.
Prolapse with deviation of the fundus of the uterus to the left, causing numbness of the left
half of the body and pain; better lying down, especially on right side;
soreness of the cervix.
The patient is forced to cross her legs to avoid prolapse.
Induration of the neck with burning, shooting and stitching pains.
Metrorrhagia during menopause or pregnancy.
Dull, violent pain in ovaries, especially left. Sterility.
Leucorrhea yellow, greenish, red, liquid, or purulent and offensive,
sometimes with bloating or shooting pains in the vagina.
Leukorrhea instead of menstruation.
Milky white leucorrhoea, with soreness of vulva.
Itching and corrosive leucorrhoea.
Sudden hot flushes during menopause, patient instantly
covered with sweat, this is accompanied by weakness and a tendency to fainting.
Sensation as if everything would flow out through the vulva.
Sensation as if the contents of the uterus were about to fall out.
Sensation as if the uterus were being squeezed by claws.
Sensation as if external genitalia were enlarged.
Sensation as if something heavy were being pushed out of the vagina.
MENSTRUATION
Very profuse menses.
Menses suppressed, very weak or premature
(appear only in the morning).
Cases in which young mothers who are no longer breastfeeding
menstruation does not appear, in combination with bloating.
Colic before menses. The appearance of acne before menstruation.
During menstruation: irritability, melancholy, toothache,
headache, nosebleeds, pain and fatigue in the limbs
or spasms, colic, and downward pressure.
Tearing pain in the back during menstruation, accompanied by
chills, fever, thirst, and chest cramps.
Toothache during menses.
During menstruation, vision deteriorates; improvement in lying position.
MILK GLANDS
Shooting pain in the mammary glands.
Sore pain in the nipples (which bleed; it seems that they are about to
ulcers appear). Fissure at the top of the nipple.
Sealing of the mammary glands, areas of fibrous sealing, stabbing
pain, soreness, burning pain.
Sensation as if breasts were enlarged.
PREGNANCY. BIRTH.
A tendency to miscarriage.
Sepia is indicated for a tendency to miscarriages; say that "to all women,
Pain in the abdomen, the patient is overly sensitive to the movements of the child.
Spontaneous abortion after the fifth month of pregnancy.
Tendency to spontaneous abortions between the fifth and seventh months.
Retained placenta after miscarriage.
The feeling of "dropping" is common in pregnancy;
besides it, Sepia helps with many other disorders associated with
pregnancy, such as: morning sickness, vomiting of food and bile through
in the morning; vomiting of milky fluid and increased pressure from exertion.
Nausea even at the thought of eating, and feeling of great heaviness in the anus.
Constipation during pregnancy.
Yellow-brown spots on the face during pregnancy.
Abdominal pain in pregnant women.
Violent itching in the genitals, provoking miscarriage.
Long-lasting, offensive, corrosive lochia.
Struggling in the uterus. Violations during pregnancy, vomiting.
MEN'S
Profuse sweat on genitals, especially on scrotum.
Itching of the skin in the genital area.
Itching eruptions on the glans and foreskin.
An abundance of small velvety gonorrheal warts along the edge of the foreskin.
Pseudogonorrhoea with sour-salty odor of discharge.
Ulcers on the head and foreskin. Pain in testicles.
Cutting pain in testicles. swelling of the scrotum. Weakness in the genitals.
Increased sexual desire with frequent erections (prolonged
erections at night). Frequent wet dreams.
Secretion of prostatic fluid, after urination and during
difficult defecation.
Mental, mental and physical exhaustion after intercourse and wet dreams.
Both sexes complain after intercourse.
LYMPH GLANDS
Enlargement and suppuration of the lymph nodes.
Congestion of blood to the lymph nodes.
Enlargement and suppuration of the axillary lymph nodes.
MUSCLES
Muscle twitching.
JOINTS
Stiffness and lack of mobility of the joints.
NECK
Eczematous eruptions on the neck and behind the ears.
Burgundy spots on the neck and under the chin.
Furuncles on the neck.
Rigidity of the muscles of the back of the neck.
BACK
Sweat on back and under armpits.
Moist eruptions on the skin of the armpits.
Stiffness in the loins and neck.
Pain in the back and small of the back, with burning and tearing.
Pulsation in the back. Weakness in the small of the back when walking.
Stitching, pressing, boring, tearing and spasmodic pain in the back.
Rigidity of the muscles of the back and back of the neck.
Pain in the back and lower back, combined with stiffness; weakens when walking.
Tearing pain in the back during menstruation, accompanied by chilliness,
heat, thirst, and cramps in the chest.
Dull monotonous pain in the lumbar and sacral regions,
extending to the thighs and legs.
Pain as if sprained over the hips
joints, appearing in the evening in bed and in the afternoon.
Trembling in the back. Brownish spots on the back.
Reddish herpetic spots over the hip joints and along
both sides of the neck.
Stitches behind and slightly above right hip joint;
the patient cannot lie on her right side, the joint is painful on palpation.
Stitching pain in back when coughing. Itching eruptions on the back.
Tendency to stretch the back.
Sensation of an icy hand between the shoulder blades.
The back is numb, as if the patient had been sitting in an uncomfortable position for a long time and
can neither turn nor rise.
Sudden pain in the back, as if struck with a hammer.
Pain in the back, as from subcutaneous ulceration.
Sensation as if something would break in the back.
Sensation of pressure and stitching in right shoulder blade.
LIMB
Drawing pain in limbs.
Drawing and tearing (paralytic pain) in limbs and joints.
(with weakness). Heaviness in the limbs. Arthritis-like pain in joints.
Tension in the limbs, with a sensation as if they were too short.
Limbs go numb easily, especially after physical labor.
Limbs get swollen easily (both arms and legs), especially after exercise
physical labor. Stiffness and lack of mobility of the joints.
Dislocations, sprains and fractures easily occur.
Trembling and twitching in limbs day and night.
Sensation of restlessness and throbbing in all limbs, the patient does not
feels comfortable in any position.
Often there is a desire to stretch.
Lack of stability in the limbs.
Hands and feet cold and damp. Nail deformity. Pain under the nails.
Sensation as if the limbs were about to fail.
Trembling and twitching in limbs day and night.
. Arms. Sensation of dislocation in the shoulder joint. Twisting pain
(as if dislocated) in the shoulder joint, especially when something
picks up or holds. Lethargy in the hands. Feeling of stiffness and coldness
hands as if they were paralyzed. Drawing paralytic pain in arms and
shoulder joints, covering the fingers. Swelling and suppuration
axillary lymph nodes. Shooting pain in arms, wrists and
fingers when tired and moving them. Painful tension in
hands, elbows and fingers, as if caused by spasms. Dense
edema of inflammatory origin, the skin in the zone of which is intense red, with
marble pattern, localized in the middle of the hand. Pustules on the skin of the hands
causing severe itching. Stiffness in the joints of the elbows and hands.
Brownish spots, herpes on the skin, itching scabs on the elbows (with peeling).
Itching vesicles on dorsum of hands and tips of fingers. Itching and crusting on the hands
(soldiers itch). Herpes on back of hands. Swelling of the hands with vesicular rash
reminiscent of vesicles. Shooting pain in wrists on movement
hands. Burning heat in the palms. Cold sweat on hands. Malignant
scabies and crusts on the hands. Drawing and shooting pains in the joints of the fingers,
like arthritis. Dislocations in the joints. Painless ulcers over the joints
and at your fingertips. Tingling in the fingertips that wakes
the patient when she falls asleep, after which she sleeps well all night.
Warts on the hands and fingers, on the lateral surfaces of the fingers, calluses.
Cracks in the fingers. Nail deformity. Panaritium with pulsation and
shooting pain.
. Legs. Feet are numb. Sensation of bruising in the right hip
joint. Sensation as if the patient's legs had been beaten. Feeling like bones
legs rot. Sensation as if a mouse were running up the leg. After sleep
stiffness in the legs. Pain as if bruised in right hip joint.
Pain in thighs, tearing and shooting. Pain in the buttocks and thighs
arising after she has been sitting for some time. Spasms in
buttocks at night in bed, when stretching the limbs. Paralytic
weakness in the legs, especially after great mental disturbances. stiffness
in the legs, reaching the hip joints, after the patient
sat for a short time. Coldness in the legs and feet (especially
evening in bed). Swelling of the legs and feet (worse when sitting or
standing; better when walking). Cramps in thighs when walking. Tearing and
sharp shooting pain or tremors in the femur and tibia,
from which the patient screams. Furuncles on thighs. Pulling, tearing and
shooting pains in knees, thighs and heels. Soreness and swelling of the knees.
Synovitis of the knee. Stiffness in the knees and ankles
joints. Cramps in calves, sometimes at night. Feeling restless in the legs
every evening (with goosebumps). Itching pimples on legs and instep.
Drawing pain in legs and thumbs. Shooting pain in
tibia and instep of the foot. Feeling like it's running down your legs
mouse. Jerking in feet during sleep. Ulcers on instep.
Stiffness in the heels and joints of the foot, as from spasms. Burning and
tingling in the feet. Tingling and numbness in the soles. Abundant
or, on the contrary, suppressed (offensive) sweat on the feet (provoking
pain between fingers). Burning pain in heels. Tension in Achilles
tendons. Ulcers on the heels that develop from vesicles with caustic
content. Painless ulcers over joints and on fingertips
legs. Calluses on feet causing shooting pains. Nail deformity.
MODALITIES
Many symptoms may either increase or decrease with rest and movement.
. Worse. When touched (with the exception of back pain, which
weakens on palpation). pressure. From rubbing. From scratching
From concussions. When the patient stumbles. From the slightest blow. From
overload. When moving with your hands. in the supine position on the left side and
back. Many symptoms are aggravated by sitting. When tilted.
In a standing position. When climbing stairs. from mental labor. After
sexual excesses. After noon. In the evening. From cold air.
With an east wind. In hot and humid weather. Before the storm. From washing
(Sepia is called the "washerwomen's medicine" - H. C. Alien). After sleep. At
falling asleep. Right after falling asleep. During and immediately after meals.
Milk. Fatty and sour foods. After intercourse. Early in the morning. In the first
half a day. Upon awakening. When inhaling. In company. Under normal
women's complaints. due to fluid loss. From masturbation. From music.
. It is better. When unbuttoning clothes. When lying on the right side.
Sitting cross-legged improves the condition. Outdoors.
In heat, the temperature coinciding with the temperature of the body. In the warmth of the bed.
From hot applications. When stretching the limbs. When moving. At
physical stress. Drinking cold water. Alone. During
fast walking.
ETIOLOGY
Anger or irritation. bruises. Falls. Concussions. Injuries. Overload
(dyspepsia). Snowfall. Tobacco (neuralgia). Wash. Getting wet. Alcohol.
Boiled milk (diarrhea). Pork fat.
RELATIONSHIPS
Antidotes for Sepia are:
Smell - Nitri spiritus dulcis, Asonitum, Antimonium crudum, Antimonium
tartaricum, Rhus.
Sepia is an antidote for: Calcarea carbonica, Mercurius, Natrum
muriaticum, Natrum phosphoricum, Phosphorus, Sarsaparilla, Sulphur.
Not compatible with: Lachesis.
Additional: Natrum muriaticum (cuttlefish lives in salt water),
Natrum carbonicum and other sodium salts; Sulfur.
She follows well Nitricum asidum.