Classification of inventories. Inventories (IPZ) Classification of inventories
CONCEPT, CLASSIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INVENTORY INVENTORIES
The concept of inventories
Actual cost inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement (free of charge) is determined based on their current market value as of the date of posting, and industrial reserves received under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds - based on the value of the property transferred or to be transferred organization. The value of property transferred or to be transferred by an entity is determined by reference to the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the entity would normally determine the value of similar property.
Evaluation of inventories, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is made in rubles by converting foreign currency at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the date of acceptance for accounting of reserves under the contract.
Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting on off-balance accounts in the assessment provided for in the contract.
When inventory is released into production or otherwise disposed of, these inventories can be assessed in one of the following ways:
-at the cost of each unit;
-at the average cost;
-at the cost of the first inventory acquisitions (FIFO method);
-at the cost of the latest inventory acquisitions (LIFO method).
The use of one of the listed methods for a specific name is determined in the accounting policy of the organization and is carried out during the reporting year.
By cost of each unit evaluate production stocks used by the organization in a special way (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other. For example, at processing enterprises, the cost of each type of processed livestock (cattle, small cattle, pigs) is determined.
Average cost is determined for each type (group) of stocks by dividing the total cost of the type (group) of stocks by their number, respectively, consisting of the cost and the amount of the balance of stocks at the beginning of the month and received in this month.
This method of assessing material resources is traditional for domestic accounting practice. During the reporting month, material resources are written off for production, as a rule, at discount prices, and at the end of the month - the corresponding share of deviations in the actual cost of material resources from their value at discount prices.
At FIFO method apply the rule: the first batch for income - the first for consumption. This means that, regardless of which batch of materials is put into production, the materials are first written off at the price (cost) of the first purchased batch, then at the price of the second batch, etc. in order of priority until the total consumption of materials for month.
At LIFO method apply a different rule: the last batch for income - the first for consumption (first, materials are written off at the cost of the last batch, then at the cost of the previous one, etc.).
Practical part.
1. Define inventories?
2. What groups are inventories divided into?
3. What do the FIFO and LIFO methods mean?
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for inventories 6
1.1 The concept, classification and tasks of accounting for inventories 6
1.2 Normative regulation of accounting and tax accounting of inventories 13
1.3 Comparative characteristics of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad 23
Chapter 2. Organization of accounting for the receipt of inventories 33
2.1 Documentation and accounting of receipt of inventories 33
2.2 Organization of synthetic accounting for the receipt of inventories 45
Chapter 3. Organization of use and disposal in tax and accounting of inventories 56
3.1 Using MPZ 56
3.2 Implementation of MPZ 64
Conclusion 69
List of references 78
Introduction
Materials form the basis of finished products, and are also used in the performance of work and the provision of services. They are classified as single-use working capital and are part of the organization's inventories. Materials, as a rule, are entirely consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of manufactured products. In addition, as materials, labor means with a service life of up to 1 year are taken into account.
According to the method of use and purpose in the production process, raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, spare parts, containers used for packaging and transporting products (goods), and other materials are distinguished.
The main tasks of accounting for inventories are: control over the safety of material resources, compliance of warehouse stocks with standards, over the implementation of plans for the supply of materials; identification of actual costs associated with the procurement of materials; control over compliance with production consumption standards; correct distribution of the cost of materials used in production by calculation objects; rational assessment of inventories.
In the cost structure, a significant share is made up of material costs. When performing work, material resources are used, which form the basis of products. The article "Materials" includes the costs of materials, structures, parts used in the performance of work, as well as fuel, electricity, steam, water, etc.
In modern conditions, the role of accounting in the field of inventories is increasing. This explains the choice of the topic of the thesis research. The purpose of this thesis is to study the accounting of inventories at OAO Baltika-Don. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved in the work:
the essence, approaches to the assessment and classification of inventories are determined;
disclosed the regulatory framework for accounting for inventories;
a comparative characteristic of accounting for inventories in Russia and abroad was carried out;
the approaches to the organization of accounting of inventories at OAO Baltika-Don have been characterized;
on the basis of the study, conclusions were formulated and proposals were developed to improve the accounting and tax accounting of inventories at OAO Baltika-Don.
OAO Baltika Brewing Company (hereinafter referred to as the "Company") is an open joint stock company established in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation and registered on July 21, 1992. The Company has ten subsidiaries and four branches (hereinafter the Company together with these companies and branches is referred to as the "Group").
The main activity of the Group is the production and sale of beer and mineral water.
As at 31 December 2006 Baltic Beverages Holding AB owned and controlled 90.63% of the Company's ordinary shares and 25.65% of the Company's preferred shares. The remaining ordinary and preferred shares are in free float.
The year 2006 became a turning point in the history of Baltika. On March 7, the overwhelming majority of shareholders of OAO Baltika Brewing Company spoke in favor of merging the company with the brewing companies Vena, Pikra and Yarpivo.
The merger of companies has become a unique project for Russia in terms of specifics, complexity and timing. The procedure was carried out in strict accordance with Russian legislation and with full respect for the interests of the shareholders of all four companies. Thanks to the clear coordination of the actions of shareholders, management and all employees of the Baltika, VENA, Pikra, Yarpivo companies, as well as an open information policy, the project was implemented in strict accordance with international corporate law.
Since 2007, Baltika, VIENNA, Pikra, Yarpivo have existed as a single legal entity.
The concept of "the economic phenomenon of Baltika" is being strengthened in the mass consciousness. There are few examples in world history when a separate company became the industry leader in such a short time. Today, Baltika can be called the national pride of Russia.
Thus, the object of this thesis research is OAO Baltika-Don, the subject is accounting and tax accounting of inventories.
The thesis is written on 90 pages and consists of an introduction, three chapters, divided into paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.
Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for inventories
1.1 The concept, classification and tasks of accounting for inventories
In accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01 dated 06/09/2001), the concept of inventories (IPZ) is used in the system of regulatory accounting regulation in the Russian Federation - this is part of the property used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services for sale; held for sale; used for the management needs of the organization.
Thus, the inventory includes the following groups of current assets:
a) materials - part of the inventory that is entirely consumed in the production process and fully transfers its value to the cost of the products produced (work performed, services rendered);
b) IHP - part of the organization's MPZ, used as a means
labor for no more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
c) finished products - a part of the organization's inventory, intended for sale, which is the final result of the production process, completed by processing (assembly), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by law;
d) goods - a part of the organization's inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.
Classification of inventories (IPZ)
1. By the nature of possession of inventory.
In accordance with the nature of ownership, inventories are divided into values that belong to the organization by the right of ownership (as well as the right of economic management or operational management) and not belonging to it by such right.
To inventory items owned by the organization includes manufactured, purchased, or otherwise received valuables that are in stock and in production. These values also include:
Received valuables that are on the way, if the organization, in accordance with the supply agreement, has transferred the ownership of them;
Valuables belonging to the organization, given to other organizations for processing, as well as for sale, including on a commission basis, before the transfer of ownership of them to the buyer; Values belonging to the organization, taken into account in the pledge, both located in the warehouse of the organization, and transferred for storage to the pledgee. Inventory assets not owned by the organization by the right of ownership and other similar right, but under the terms of the contract held by her, are accounted for separately by their types - off the balance sheet. These include:
valuables accepted for safekeeping in case of refusal to pay suppliers' invoices in accordance with the established procedure; as well as prohibited for spending until the payment of suppliers' invoices;
valuables accepted for processing without payment of their cost;
values accepted from suppliers for sale on a commission basis (consignment).
2.
By the order of use of inventory items.
In accordance with this factor, values are divided into:
values used in production: raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel, building structures and parts, spare parts and assemblies, tires, seeds and feed, mineral fertilizers, pesticides, biological products and medicines; containers intended for the implementation of the technological process of production; and other similar values. In the future, these types of inventory items will be called materials;
values intended for sale - finished products and goods;
values used as means of labor - inventory and household supplies;
values that, after their installation, will function as part of fixed assets.
3.
Depending on the role in the processes of production of products, performance of work and provision of services, materials are subdivided
to the following groups:
raw materials and basic materials;
auxiliary materials;
spare parts;
container and container materials;
purchased semi-finished products;
returnable production waste;
Other materials.
Raw materials and basic materials constitute the material (material) base of the manufactured products or are necessary components of its manufacture. Raw materials are the products of agriculture and the extractive industry (coal, ores, grain, etc.), and materials are products of the manufacturing industry (fabric, sugar, flour, etc.).
Auxiliary materials are consumed for economic needs of technological purposes, to facilitate the production process. Auxiliary materials are used to influence raw materials and basic materials in order to give products certain consumer properties.
Fuel intended for the operation of vehicles, technological needs of production, energy generation and heating of buildings. There are several types of fuel: petroleum products (oil, diesel fuel, gasoline), solid fuels (coal, firewood), gaseous fuels.
Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines, equipment and vehicles.
Container and container materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes and boxes), as well as materials and parts intended for the manufacture of containers and their repair (parts for assembling boxes, barrel riveting, hoop iron, etc.).
Purchased semi-finished products- these are products of third-party organizations that are consumed in the production cycle of this organization, require costs for further processing or assembly, and are included in the material basis of the manufactured products. An example of purchased semi-finished products is computer boards, building structures.
Returnable production waste- these are the remains of raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.) formed during the production process and have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the raw materials and raw materials.
Other materials- irreparable marriage, as well as material assets received from the disposal of fixed assets and ICP (scrap metal, salvage, worn tires), which cannot be used in this organization as part of materials, fuel or spare parts.
In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.
The indicated classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on the balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities (form No. 1-SN).
Within each of the listed groups, material values are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, grade, size of materials is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and a unit of measure for materials 1.
When used in computer accounting, the content of the nomenclature-price tag can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of the stock rate, numbers of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts, and some other constant signs.
The coding of the nomenclature-price tag is usually carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven to eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one or two of the following characters indicate a group of materials, the rest - various signs of a material characteristic.
The information contained in the nomenclatures-price tags refers to conditionally constant; it is written to machine media and reused to obtain the necessary output data.
Inventory is a part of the property: a) used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services intended for sale (raw materials and basic materials, purchased semi-finished products, etc.); b) intended for sale (finished products and goods); c) used for the management needs of the organization (auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts) 2 .
The main part of inventories is used as objects of labor in the production process. They are wholly consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production.
Depending on the role played by various inventories in the production process, they are divided into the following groups: raw materials and basic materials. Auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, waste (returnable), fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts. Raw materials and basic materials - the objects of labor from which the product is made and form the material (material) basis of the product, auxiliary materials - are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools and facilitate the process production 3 .
Purchased semi-finished products - raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the main materials, that is, they constitute its material basis.
Returnable production waste - the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials.
From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use.
Fuel is divided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and household (for heating).
Containers and packaging materials - items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes). Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines and equipment.
In addition, materials are classified according to their technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes. The indicated classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a statistical report on balances, receipts and expenditures of materials.
The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories:
10 "Materials";
11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening";
15 "Procurement and purchase of materials";
16 "Deviations in the cost of materials" 4 ;
Off-balance accounts 002 “Inventory accepted for safekeeping” and 003 “Materials accepted for processing”.
The following sub-accounts can be opened for account 10 "Materials":
"Raw materials and materials";
"Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";
"Fuel";
"Container and container materials";
"Spare parts";
"Other materials";
"Materials transferred for processing to the side";
"Construction Materials".
In small enterprises, all inventories can be accounted for on one synthetic account 10 "Materials".
Within each of the listed groups, material values are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, variety, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and a unit of measure for materials. When used in 1C accounting, the content of the price tag nomenclature can be significantly expanded by introducing into it indicators of the stock rate, numbers of synthetic accounts and sub-accounts, and some other permanent signs. The coding of the nomenclature-price tag is usually carried out according to a mixed order-serial system, using seven-eight-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one or two of the following characters indicate a group of materials, the rest - various signs, characteristics of the material. Material values are reflected in synthetic accounts at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) 5 .
1.2 Normative regulation of accounting and tax accounting of inventories
The rules for the formation in the accounting of an organization of information on inventories (hereinafter referred to as the Inventory) are established by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories 6" PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 N 44n (hereinafter - PBU 5 /01). For the purposes of accounting for inventories, organizations use another document - the Guidelines for accounting for inventories, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n 7 (hereinafter - Guidelines N 119n).
PBU 5/01 refers to the organization's MPZ:
Raw materials, materials and other assets used in the production of products for a period not exceeding 12 months;
Assets held for sale (goods, finished products);
Assets used for the management needs of an entity for a period not exceeding 12 months.
Inventory can be received by a production organization in various ways: purchased for a fee from suppliers, manufactured on its own, contributed as a contribution to the authorized capital, received under contracts providing for payment in non-monetary funds, in addition, the organization can receive materials free of charge.
Stocks are accepted for accounting at actual cost, the definition of which depends precisely on the way they enter the organization.
The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as specified in the legislation of the Russian Federation) (clause 6 PBU 5/01).
The actual acquisition costs are formed by:
Of the amounts paid under the contract to the supplier (seller);
Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
customs duties;
Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;
Remuneration of the intermediary organization through which the inventories were acquired;
The costs of procurement and delivery of stocks to the place of their use, including insurance costs: in particular, the costs of procurement and delivery of inventory; costs for the maintenance of the procurement and storage unit of the organization; payment for transport services for the delivery of stocks to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); interest on borrowed funds accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, if they are involved in the acquisition of these reserves;
The cost of bringing the inventory to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the expenses of the organization for processing, sorting, packaging and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;
Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventory.
General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of purchasing an inventory, except when they are directly related to such an acquisition.
When forming the actual cost of the inventory, it is necessary to pay attention to the accounting of interest if materials are purchased at the expense of borrowed funds. It is necessary to determine where the amount of accrued interest should be attributed: to an increase in the cost of inventories or to other expenses.
It all depends on the type of loan or loan. If an organization takes borrowed funds specifically for the acquisition of inventories (targeted), then when calculating interest for the use of borrowed funds, it should be guided by clause 15 of PBU 15/01 8: the costs of servicing these loans and credits are attributed by the borrowing organization to an increase in receivables, formed in connection with the advance payment and (or) the issuance of advances and deposits for the purposes listed above. Upon receipt of inventories and other valuables by the borrower's organization, performance of work and provision of services, further accrual of interest and other expenses related to servicing the loans and credits received are reflected in accounting in the general manner - with the allocation of costs to other expenses of the organization - borrower.
To show the procedure for reflecting these operations in the accounting of the organization, the working chart of accounts provides that the following sub-accounts are opened for the balance sheet account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors":
1 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors for goods (works, services)";
2 "Advances issued";
3 "Loan interest".
The following entries are made in the organization's books:
Debit 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit 66 "Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings" received a loan for the purchase of MPZ;
Debit 60, subaccount 2 Credit 51 advance payment for materials;
Debit 60, subaccount 3 Credit 66 the amount of interest accrued to the bank for the period prior to the acceptance of materials for accounting.
After accounting for the inventory, interest is accrued in the usual manner:
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 2 "Other expenses" Credit 66 accrued interest on the loan.
Similar requirements for targeted borrowings are established in PBU 5/01.
In the event that the borrowed funds are not earmarked, the amounts of accrued interest in accordance with clause 11 of the Accounting Regulations "Organization Expenses 9" PBU 10/99, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 N 33n, are reflected in accounting included in other expenses.
When drawing up loan or credit agreements, you should not indicate the acquisition of inventories as a goal, that is, do not give loans and credits a target character. If, however, this cannot be avoided when concluding an agreement, the cost of acquiring an inventory in the accounting and tax accounting of the organization will be different, since in tax accounting the amount of accrued interest is taken into account as part of non-operating expenses.
Consequently, in accounting, the purchase price of inventories includes all the actual costs of the organization directly related to their acquisition, with the exception of VAT and other reimbursable taxes.
Paragraph 10 of Art. 2 of the Federal Law of December 8, 2003 N 164-FZ "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities 10", which entered into force on June 18, 2004, stipulates that the import of goods is the importation of goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation without the obligation to re-export .
The goods that are the subject of foreign trade activity are understood as:
Movable property;
Aircraft, sea vessels, inland navigation and mixed navigation vessels and space objects classified as immovable property;
Electrical energy and other types of energy.
The definition of movable and immovable things is contained in Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation 11 (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition to goods directly, movable property can include: equipment, raw materials, materials, components, etc.
State regulation of the import of goods includes:
Import licensing;
Establishment of the procedure for determining the customs value of imported goods;
Customs control when importing goods into the customs territory of the Russian Federation;
Tax regulation.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2005 N 364 "On approval of regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of a federal bank of issued licenses 12" approved the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods. According to the Regulation, import licensing is carried out in the following cases:
Introduction of temporary quantitative restrictions on the export or import of certain types of goods;
Implementation of the licensing procedure for the export and (or) import of certain types of goods that may adversely affect the security of the state, the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, the life or health of animals and plants;
Granting the exclusive right to export and (or) import certain types of goods;
Fulfillment by the Russian Federation of international obligations.
According to this Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the following types of licenses can be issued to the importer:
A one-time license issued on the basis of an agreement (contract), the subject of which is the import of a certain type of product in a certain quantity, the validity of which cannot exceed 1 year from the date of its issue;
General license issued on the basis of a decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, allowing the import of a certain type of product in a certain amount, the validity of which also does not exceed 1 year from the date of its issue;
An exclusive license that grants the applicant the exclusive right to import a particular type of product, as defined by the relevant federal law.
To obtain a license, the applicant must submit to the licensing authority an application for a license, a copy of the agreement (in the case of obtaining a one-time license), a copy of the certificate of registration with the tax authority, and other documents stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
International contracts for the sale of goods are governed by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which was signed in Vienna on April 11, 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention). The seller is obliged to deliver the goods, transfer the documents related to it and the ownership of the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract and the Convention (Article 30 of the Convention).
The buyer is obliged to pay the price for the goods and accept the delivery of the goods in accordance with the requirements of the contract and the Convention (Article 53 of the Convention).
A foreign trade operation is formalized by a contract. The main element of the contract is the contract value of the goods, which is the price of the transaction, according to which the purchase price of imported goods is formed. The contract is the basis for issuing an import transaction passport.
The primary documents reflecting the import of goods include:
Concluded foreign economic contract;
Foreign seller account;
Transport, forwarding, insurance documents (international auto, air, railway waybills, baggage receipts, bill of lading, insurance policies and certificates and other documents);
A customs declaration confirming that the goods have crossed the customs border of the Russian Federation;
Certificates of payment of duties, fees;
Warehouse documentation (waybills, acceptance certificates confirming the actual receipt of goods at the importer's warehouse);
technical documentation.
By virtue of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Assets and Liabilities Denominated in Foreign Currency" PBU 3/2006 13, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 N 154n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 3/2006), the date of the transaction in foreign currency the day when the organization acquires the right under the legislation of the Russian Federation or the agreement to accept for accounting assets and liabilities that are the result of this operation is recognized.
At the time of the transfer of ownership of the goods purchased under a foreign trade contract, the importing organization has an obligation to reflect this product in accounting. In general, the right of ownership of the acquirer arises from the moment the goods are transferred. The transfer of the bill of lading is equivalent to the transfer, since the receipt of this document gives the right to dispose of the goods.
The seller and the buyer may stipulate in the contract any moment of transfer of ownership of the goods, for example, shipment of goods to the carrier, payment for imported goods, execution of a customs declaration, and the specified moment may not coincide with the moment of transfer of the risk of accidental loss of goods. Such situations should be avoided, because if the ownership of the goods passes to the importer on the date of registration of the customs declaration, and the risk of accidental loss - at the time of delivery of the goods to the carrier and the goods die in transit or are damaged, the buyer will be obliged to pay the supplier the cost of the goods. This is stated in Art. 66 of the Convention: loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not release him from the obligation to pay the price of the goods, unless the loss or damage was caused by an act or omission of the seller.
In international practice, the moment of transfer of ownership is usually associated with the transfer of the risk of accidental loss or damage to goods from the seller to the buyer, but if the parties, when concluding a foreign trade contract, did not provide for the moment of transfer of ownership in it, it can be established using the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms " Incoterms", which are advisory in nature. These rules relate to the order of delivery of goods, their insurance, payment of transport costs, and other issues, but the main thing is that they regulate the transfer of risks of accidental loss of goods from the seller to the buyer.
The correct definition of the moment of transfer of ownership when importing goods will help to avoid errors in recording the contract value of goods, exchange differences arising from changes in exchange rates against the ruble, transportation costs, etc. on the accounting accounts.
A production organization can also receive an MPZ from the owner of the organization as a contribution to the authorized capital. Consider how the actual cost of inventories is determined if they enter the organization in this way.
By virtue of clause 8 of PBU 5/01, the actual cost of inventories contributed to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is calculated based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The receipt of inventories in the accounting of the formed organization is reflected in the entries:
Debit 75 "Settlements with the founders", sub-account 1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital" Credit 80 "Authorized capital" reflects the debt of the founders for the formation of the authorized capital;
Debit 10, 41 "Goods" Credit 75, sub-account 1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital" - the receipt of materials (goods) is reflected in the assessment agreed by the founders of the organization.
Modern business entities in the Russian Federation are mainly represented by limited liability companies and joint-stock companies of a closed or open type. Based on this, when making a contribution to the authorized capital by non-monetary means, business entities must comply with the requirements imposed by law on organizations of the appropriate organizational and legal form.
The activities of joint-stock companies are currently regulated by the Federal Law of December 26, 1995 N 208-FZ "On Joint-Stock Companies 14" (hereinafter - Federal Law N 208-FZ), and limited liability companies - by Federal Law of February 8, 1998 N 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies 15" (hereinafter - Federal Law N 14-FZ).
So, for example, the monetary valuation of property contributed as payment for shares during the establishment of a company is made by agreement between the founders (clause 3, article 34 of Federal Law N 208-FZ). To determine the market value, which is contributed to the authorized capital by non-monetary means, a monetary appraiser must be involved. The value of the monetary valuation of property made by the founders and the board of directors (supervisory board) of the company cannot be higher than the value of the valuation made by an independent appraiser.
Federal Law N 14-FZ puts forward a similar requirement. So, in paragraph 2 of Art. 15 of this Federal Law contains a provision that the monetary value of non-monetary contributions to the authorized capital of the company is approved by the decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, and the decision must be taken unanimously.
With regard to limited liability companies, the law also requires an independent appraiser who evaluates the non-monetary contribution. True, unlike joint-stock companies, an independent appraiser's appraisal is mandatory only if the nominal value of the share of the participant contributing property is more than 200 times the minimum wage.
1.3 Comparative characteristics of inventory accounting in Russia and abroad
Inventory accounting is regulated by IFRS 2 "Inventories", according to which inventories include:
goods for resale,
raw materials and materials for production purposes,
finished products
unfinished production.
In the case of services, inventory represents the cost of services that have not yet been billed to the customer. In Russia, the inventory accounting procedure is set out in PBU 5/01 “Inventory Accounting”.
International Accounting Standard 2, Inventories, is effective for financial statements on or after January 1, 1995, and replaces International Accounting Standard 2, Valuation and Presentation of Inventories, based on the “Context of Past Cost Costs”.
The purpose of this standard is to prescribe forms of accounting for inventories in a historical costing system. The main issue in inventory accounting is to determine the cost that should be recognized as an asset and remain so until the corresponding sales revenue is recognized. This standard provides practical guidance in determining cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any write-down to net realizable value. It is also a guide to applying the cost formulas that are used to determine inventory costs.
In accordance with paragraphs 8 and 9 of IFRS 2, the cost of acquiring inventories includes “the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently reimbursed to the company by the tax authorities), transportation, freight forwarding and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of finished goods , materials and services.
Inventory processing costs include costs that are directly attributable to units of output, such as direct labor costs.
They also include the systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that occur in the processing of raw materials into finished products.
Fixed production overheads are those indirect production costs that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of buildings and equipment and administrative and management expenses.
Variable production overheads are those indirect production costs that are directly or almost directly dependent on changes in output, such as indirect raw materials and indirect labor. 16
PBU 5/01 should be guided by all organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions), including non-profit organizations.
The issues of accounting and evaluation in the financial statements of raw materials, materials, finished products, goods and work in progress are also considered in the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation and other regulatory acts on accounting.
In the third section of PBU 5/01, the procedure for assessing inventories entering the organization is considered.
In accordance with clause 5 of the Regulations, “inventory is accepted for accounting at actual cost”. The value of the cost of inventory depends on the method of their receipt.
The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The approaches of Russian legislation to the formation of the actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee (created by an organization) generally comply with the requirements of international standards: the cost of inventories includes costs directly related to their acquisition or manufacture. At the same time, attention should be paid to the following.
According to PBU 5/01, “actual costs for the acquisition of inventories include: interest accrued before accounting for inventories on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories” (clause 6).
Under IFRS, inventories must be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value, which is "the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less costs to complete and costs to sell".
The cost of inventories includes all costs of production, processing and other costs incurred to deliver, locate and bring the inventory to the required condition. PBU 5/01 does not include processing costs incurred when processing materials into finished products as part of the cost of inventories.
The following costs are not included in the prime cost, but are taken into account as an expense in the period of their occurrence: excess losses of raw materials, labor costs and other non-production costs; storage costs for finished products; general administrative expenses; selling expenses.
In Russian accounting, these costs are taken into account as part of the cost, which leads to its increase, which in turn affects pricing.
Inventory valuation upon decommissioning is carried out using one of the following methods:
FIFO method (first in, first out)
weighted average cost method;
specific identification method.
For all stocks with the same purpose, the same valuation method is used.
According to PBU 5/01, along with the above, the "LIFO" method is used, which is prohibited in world practice, because. in the face of rising prices, it allows you to underestimate reserves and profits, which is contrary to the principle of prudence.
In some cases, inventory is sold at a price below cost. In this case, the cost of inventories must be reduced to net realizable value by creating an allowance for impairment of inventories.
A review of the net realizable value of all inventories should be made in each reporting period. In the event of an increase in the selling price of finished products, the cost of which was previously reduced and which continues to be in stock, the cost of these products is restored at the expense of the reserve. The new carrying amount will be the lower of cost of production and net realizable value.
The write-down of inventories to net realizable value is recognized as an expense. The cost of inventories is expensed in the period in which the corresponding revenue from the sale of inventories is recognized. Inventory, the cost of which is included in the cost of other assets, is recognized as an expense over the useful life of the asset.
Inventories make up a significant portion of a firm's assets. In addition, the income from investing in inventory should be higher than the income from investing in more liquid assets (cash, securities). From this proceed when investing money in inventory.
Until recently, it was believed that the more inventory an enterprise has, the better. This is true when the enterprise has problems with material and technical supply, in conditions when it is necessary to create significant safety stocks. However, in modern conditions, the deficit problem is much less important, enterprises can make a wide variety of investments.
In International Standards, the main accounting issues for inventories are reflected in IFRS 2 "Inventories".
IFRS 2 defines inventories as assets:
held for sale in the normal course of business;
In the process of production for such sale; or
In the form of raw materials or materials intended for use in a manufacturing process or in the provision of services.
According to the standard, inventories are classified as follows:
1. Goods, land and other property purchased and held for resale;
2. Finished products released by the company;
3. Work in progress produced by a company and including raw materials and materials intended for further use in the production process.
In pursuance of the Accounting Reform Program, Order No. 44n of June 9, 2001 of the Ministry of Finance of Russia approved a new Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Inventories” PBU 5/01, which comes into effect starting with the 2002 financial statements. This Regulation will replace PBU 5/98 “Accounting for inventories”, which has been in force since 1999.
According to paragraph 2 of PBU 5/01, which comes into effect starting from the financial statements of 2002, the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:
Used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);
intended for sale;
Used for the management needs of the organization.
Under IFRS 2, the cost of inventories must include all acquisition costs, processing costs and other costs incurred to bring inventories to their present location and condition.
Financial reporting in the Russian Federation should gradually approach IFRS. However, it can be recognized as conforming to international standards if it meets all the requirements of IFRS and interpretations. The procedure for accounting for inventories in international practice is regulated by IFRS 2 “Inventories”, and in domestic accounting PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”. PBU 5/01 prescribes to evaluate inventories at actual cost. Inventories that are morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality or their current market value, the sale price has decreased, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year, less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. According to the Russian accounting standard, inventories can be valued by:
1) average cost;
2) the cost of each unit;
3) the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO).
As for international practice, only two methods are provided there:
1) FIFO (basic accounting procedure);
2) Weighted average (basic accounting procedure).
In the conditions of a market economy and the promotion of the Russian Federation to the world market, the gradual approximation of the Russian accounting standard to IFRS is inevitable, but at the moment this is only a distant prospect, since the Russian economy, Russian accounting are not yet ready for the transition (since in Russia there is a subordination of accounting information on specific rules and requirements of tax legislation).
Thus, the differences between Russian and international standards in accounting for inventories (IPZ) can be expressed as follows:
PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" prescribes to evaluate the inventory at the actual cost. And at the end of the reporting year, inventories that are morally obsolete or whose current market value has decreased should be accounted for less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. However, it is not clear how inventories should be valued, the current market value of which in one reporting period was below the actual cost, and in the next reporting period increased above the actual cost.
In accordance with IFRS 2 Inventories, inventories must be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value (ie less costs to sell). This approach is not provided for in PBU 5/01.
As you know, when writing off inventories, several methods can be used. At the same time, in addition to the write-off of inventories using the FIFO method or the average cost method allowed in IFRS, RAS also has a method based on the cost of each unit.
In accordance with IFRS, the cost of inventories does not include prepaid expenses, while RAS allows this;
Biological assets are accounted for in accordance with IAS 41 Agriculture. Russian Accounting Standards suggest that inventories may include certain biological assets, such as young animals;
In contrast to IFRS, in RAS “other work in progress” can be valued: at actual cost, which includes only costs directly related to the production of these items; according to the actual or standard (planned) production cost; by direct cost items; at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, that is, excluding the cost of staff salaries and other expenses. In IFRS, work in progress is valued in the same way as other inventories;
The procedure for determining the actual cost in RAS differs from the procedure established by IFRS in that the methods for allocating production overheads to the cost of inventories are described in the relevant industry regulations or instructions. In many cases, overhead costs are included in the cost of inventory even if they cannot be directly attributed to the manufacturing process. For example, all costs for the maintenance of procurement and storage units of the organization are included in the cost of stocks;
There is no guidance in RAS as to whether a provision should be created for the impairment of value (depreciation) of work in progress. According to IFRS, this reserve must be created.
Thus, when reporting for IFRS purposes based on Russian accounting data, a number of significant adjustments to the value of inventory balances at the end of the period and inventories written off to cost may be required.
Chapter 2. Organization of accounting for the receipt of inventories
2.1 Documentation and accounting of receipt of inventories
Inventory reserves (IPZ) - part of the property:
used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services;
held for sale;
used for the management needs of the Company.
The main document regulating the procedure for accounting for materials is the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01). At the JSC Baltika-Don enterprise, accounting of inventories is carried out in the 1C-Enterprise software package. The following assets are accepted as inventories: used as raw materials, materials in the production of products intended for the performance of work and the provision of services; used for administrative purposes.
Inventories at OAO Baltika-Don are reflected in the financial statements as separate items in accordance with their classification (distribution by type), based on the method of use in the production of products, works, services and other activities of the Company.
At the end of the reporting year, inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined on the basis of the methods used for estimating inventories established by the accounting policy of the enterprise.
Inventories for which the current market value has decreased, or which have become morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, may be reflected in the balance sheet of Baltika-Don OJSC at the end of the reporting year, less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets. The reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets is formed at the expense of the Company's financial results by the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of the inventory.
As a unit of accounting for inventories, the nomenclature number developed by Baltika-Don OJSC in the context of their names and (or) homogeneous groups (types) is accepted.
Operations for the procurement and acquisition of material resources, their movement in the temporary storage warehouse at OAO Baltika-Don are recorded using account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of materials”. The balance of account 15 at the end of the month shows the value of material assets paid but not credited to the central material warehouse (materials in transit), or the value of material assets for which customs procedures have not been completed as of the reporting date (remains of materials in a temporary storage warehouse).
Transportation and procurement costs for the acquisition of material resources at OAO Baltika-Don are reflected on account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials”. The monthly allocation of these costs to the costs of production and circulation is carried out according to the method of average percentage.
Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.
The actual cost of materials purchased for a fee is the sum of the actual costs of OAO Baltika-Don for the purchase, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
The actual costs of purchasing inventories are determined (reduced or increased) taking into account the sum differences between the ruble valuation of accounts payable for the purchase of materials denominated in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) as of the date of acceptance for accounting and its ruble valuation as of the maturity date that arose before acceptance MPZ for accounting. The sum differences that have arisen after the acceptance of the inventory for accounting are credited to account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
The actual cost of materials received by Baltika-Don OJSC free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting (in the amount that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets ).
The actual cost of materials purchased in exchange for other property (other than cash) is determined based on the value of the property being exchanged, at the normal selling price of similar assets.
The release of inventories into production is carried out at the cost of each unit. The norms for writing off material values are controlled by the planning department and endorsed by the chief engineer and head of the planning department.
The following synthetic accounts are used to account for inventories: 10 "Materials", to which the following sub-accounts are opened: 10/1 "Raw materials", 10/3 "Fuel", 10/5 "Spare parts", 10/9 " Inventory and household supplies. Within each of these groups, material values are divided into types. Each type is assigned a short numerical value (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature price tag. It also specifies the fixed discount price and the unit of measure. The coding of the nomenclature price tag is carried out according to a mixed order-serial system using seven-digit codes. The first two characters indicate a synthetic account, the third - a sub-account, one next character means a group of materials, the rest - various signs, characteristics of the enterprise.
Primary documents for the receipt and consumption of inventories are the basis for organizing material accounting. Directly according to primary documents, preliminary, current and subsequent control over the movement, safety and rational use of material resources is carried out.
Primary documents on the movement of materials are carefully drawn up, they must contain the signatures of the persons who performed the transactions and the codes of the relevant accounting objects. Control over compliance with the rules for registering the movement of material resources is entrusted to the chief accountant and heads of the relevant departments (logistics engineer, heads of production sites, head of the warehouse).
When materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of by OAO Baltika-Don, they are assessed using the average cost of materials method, in accordance with paragraph 3 PBU 5/01 “Inventory Accounting”.
Special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment are written off as expenses in accordance with the norms approved by the President of Baltika-Don OJSC.
Accounting for semi-finished products of own production is carried out separately on account 21. The cost of semi-finished products is estimated at direct costs for their production. The transfer of semi-finished products for further processing is reflected by writing off their value to account 30 “Costs of the main production”, sales to the side - to account 90 “Sales”.
Accounting for current production costs, both direct and indirect, is carried out by product varieties on the corresponding analytical accounts of account 30 "Costs of the main production" at the place of their occurrence, while the distribution of indirect costs is carried out in proportion to the production volumes of product varieties.
At the end of the month, the average cost method calculates the production costs of products manufactured this month, reduced by the amount of returnable waste sold during the month (at the price of their possible sale), and written off to account 20 "Main production - WIP" to sub-accounts of work in progress and to sub-account 2009 "Costs for finished products". The cost of costs from sub-account 2009 is debited to account 43 "Finished products", respectively, the final balance of account 20 reflects the value of the balance of work in progress.
Work in progress is valued under the following items:
material costs (raw materials and auxiliary materials);
piecework wages and contributions to the UST for workers and employees of the main production units;
energy costs - in the share related to production shops, where work in progress is formed;
depreciation - in the share related to production shops, where work in progress is formed (according to a special calculation).
Containers are accounted for on account 10 “Materials” on two subaccounts: on subaccount 101 “Raw materials and materials”, containers are taken into account: glass bottles similar to the procedure for accounting for other types of materials, on subaccount 102 “Collateral packaging”, collateral containers (polyethylene boxes, pallets) (accounting) value established by the enterprise based on market conditions.
When forming pledge (account) prices for containers, the difference between the actual) costs of its acquisition (excluding VAT) and pledge (account) prices is charged to account 16 “Deviations in the cost of materials”. Monthly distribution of these deviations is carried out according to the method of average percentage upon disposal, write-off of the sale of containers.
Goods - a part of inventories of JSC "Baltika-Don", purchased or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without additional processing, are accounted for on account 41 "Goods".
Goods purchased by OAO Baltika-Don for sale are valued at the cost of their acquisition. The cost of goods also includes sum differences between the ruble valuation of accounts payable denominated in foreign currency (conventional monetary units) as of the date of acceptance for accounting and its ruble valuation as of the date of payment. The costs of procurement and delivery of goods to the central warehouse, incurred before they are transferred for sale, are included in distribution costs.
When sold at retail, goods are valued at the sale (retail) price. To summarize information on trade margins (discounts, discounts) for goods in retail trade, account 42 “Trade margin” is used.
When selling in bulk, the average cost of goods sold is taken into account.
Finished products (FP) - part of the inventories of Baltika-Don OJSC, intended for sale, being the final result of the production process, completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents in cases established by legislation;
Finished products manufactured by OAO Baltika-Don are valued at the actual production cost, excluding collateral, on account 43 “Finished Products”.
As part of the finished product, the costs of all the main production units that directly produce beer and other main products are capitalized.
Costs of other production units:
for departments whose expenses are not redistributed are considered to be the expenses of the period;
for divisions, the costs of which are redistributed, are included in the cost of finished products in the proportion that falls on the main production divisions.
The cost of manufactured finished products is calculated in the local databases of factories, then transferred to a centralized database, in which the cost calculation of the production of GPs, write-offs of GPs for sale, as well as the formation of postings for the write-off of GPs is carried out.
Control over the implementation of the logistics plan under the contracts, the timeliness of receipt and posting of materials is carried out by the planning and economic department. To this end, the department maintains records (machinograms) of operational accounting for the implementation of supply contracts. They note the fulfillment of the terms of the supply agreement for the range of materials, their quantity, price, terms of shipment.
The accounting department exercises control over the organization of this operational accounting.
The materials received by the organization are documented in accounting documents in the following order.
Together with the shipment of products, the supplier sends the organization settlement and other accompanying documents - a payment request (in two copies: one directly to the buyer, the other through the bank), waybills. Settlement and other documents related to the receipt of materials are received by the accounting department, where the correctness of their execution is checked, after which they are transferred to the logistics engineer3.
In the planning and economic department, according to incoming documents, they check the compliance of the volume, assortment, delivery time, prices, quality of materials with contractual conditions. As a result of such a check, a note is made on the settlement or other document itself about full or partial acceptance (consent to payment). In addition, the planning and economic department monitors the receipt of goods and their search. For this purpose, the Planning and Economic Department maintains a Register of Incoming Goods, which indicates: registration number, date of entry, name of the supplier, date and number of the transport document, number, date and amount of the invoice, type of cargo, number and date of the receipt order or act on acceptance of a request for the search for cargo. In the notes, a note is made about the payment of the invoice or the refusal of acceptance.
Verified payment requests from the planning and economic department are transferred to the accounting department, and the receipts of transport organizations are transferred to the logistics engineer for receiving and delivering materials.
The logistics engineer receives the arrived materials at the station in terms of the number of places and weight. If he finds signs that cast doubt on the safety of the cargo, he may require the transport organization to check the cargo. In the event of a shortage of seats or weight, damage to containers, damage to materials, a commercial act is drawn up, which serves as the basis for filing claims against the transport organization or supplier.
To receive materials from the warehouse of non-resident suppliers, the logistics engineer is issued an order and a power of attorney, which indicate the list of materials to be received. When accepting materials, the logistics engineer performs not only quantitative, but also qualitative acceptance. The logistic engineer delivers the accepted goods to the warehouse of the enterprise and hands them over to the warehouse manager, who checks the compliance of the quantity and quality of the material with the supplier's invoice data. The materials accepted by the storekeeper are issued by receipt orders. The receipt order is signed by the warehouse manager and the logistics engineer. Material values come in the appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, numerical).
If materials are received in one unit and consumed in another, then they are taken into account simultaneously in two units of measure.
If there are no discrepancies between the supplier's data and the actual data, it is allowed to capitalize materials without issuing a receipt order. In this case, a stamp is affixed to the documentation of the receipt and expenditure of the supplier's inventories, the prints of which contain the main details of the receipt order. The number of primary documents is thus reduced.
In cases where the quantity and quality of the materials arrived at the warehouse do not correspond to the data of the supplier's invoice, the commission accepts the materials and draws up an act of acceptance of the materials, which serves as the basis for filing a claim with the supplier. The act is also drawn up upon acceptance of materials received by the enterprise without a supplier invoice (non-invoiced deliveries).
Transportation of materials is carried out by road, then the consignment note is used as the primary document, which is drawn up by the consignor in four copies: the first of them serves as the basis for writing off materials from the consignor; the second - for posting materials by the recipient; the third one is for settlements with a motor transport organization and is an attachment to the invoice for payment for the transportation of valuables; the fourth is the basis for accounting for transport work and is attached to the waybill. The bill of lading is used as a receipt document for the buyer if there is no discrepancy between the amount of goods received and the invoice data. In the presence of such a discrepancy, the acceptance of materials is formalized by an act of acceptance of materials.
The arrival of materials of own manufacture, production waste to the warehouse is drawn up with single- or multi-line requirements-invoices, which are issued by production sites in two copies: the first is the basis for writing off materials from the production site, the second is sent to the warehouse and is used as an incoming document. Materials received from the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures are accounted for on the basis of an act on the capitalization of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures.
Acquisition of materials by accountable persons is carried out in trade organizations, from other organizations for cash. A document confirming the cost of the purchased materials is a commodity invoice or an act-certificate drawn up by an accountable person, in which he sets out the content of the business transaction, indicating the date, place of purchase, name and quantity of materials and price, as well as data from the passport of the seller of the goods. The act (certificate) is attached to the advance report of the accountable person.
Materials are released from the warehouse of the organization for production consumption, household needs, to the side, for processing and in the order of the sale of surplus and illiquid stocks. To ensure control over the consumption of materials and its proper documentation, organizations carry out appropriate organizational measures. An important condition for monitoring the rational use of materials is their rationing and release on the basis of established limits. The limits are calculated by the planning and economic department on the basis of data on the volume of output and the rate of consumption of materials per unit of output. All services of the enterprise have a list of officials who are granted the right to sign documents for the receipt and release of materials from the warehouse, as well as issue permission to export them from the enterprise. Released materials are precisely weighed, measured and counted. To account for the movement of materials within the enterprise, single-line or multi-line invoice requirements are used. Invoices are made by the financially responsible persons of the site that sells the valuables, in two copies, one of which remains in place with the recipient's receipt, and the second with the receipt of the person selling the valuables is transferred to the recipient of the valuables. The release of materials to third-party organizations or farms of their organization located outside it is drawn up with waybills for the release of materials to the side, which are issued by the planning department in two copies based on orders, contracts and other documents: the first copy remains in the warehouse and is the basis for analytical and synthetic accounting of materials, the second is transferred to the recipient of materials. If the materials are issued with subsequent payment, then the first copy is also used for issuing settlement and payment documents by the accounting department. When transporting materials by road, a consignment note is used instead of a consignment note.
To account for the movement of materials, primary accounting documentation is used that meets the requirements of the Basic Provisions for Accounting for Materials and is adapted for automated processing.
The following unified forms are used to document transactions: a power of attorney (form No. M-2) is used to formalize the right of a person to act as an organization's trustee upon receipt of material assets released by the supplier under an agreement, account. The power of attorney is issued in one copy in accordance with the Instruction of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR dated January 14, 1967 No. 17 "On the procedure for issuing powers of attorney for receiving inventory items and dispensing them by proxy." The issued power of attorney is issued to the recipient of valuables against receipt. The power of attorney is valid for 15 days. Sample form of a power of attorney; receipt order (form No. M-4) is used to account for materials received from suppliers. The receipt order in one copy is drawn up by the accountant on the day the materials are received at the warehouse. A receipt order is issued for the actually received amount of valuables. A sample of a standard form of a credit order; the invoice requirement (form No. M-11) is used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural divisions. The waybill is drawn up by the financially responsible person of the structural unit that delivers material assets in two copies: one serves as the basis for debiting valuables to the delivering warehouse, and the second for the receiving warehouse for posting valuables. The waybill is signed by the financially responsible persons of the deliverer and the recipient, and then handed over to the accounting department to account for the movement of materials. A sample of the standard form of the requirement-consignment note; invoice for the release of materials to the party (form No. M-15) is used to account for the release of material assets to the farms of its organization located outside its territory, or to third parties on the basis of contracts and other documents. The waybill is issued by the employee of the structural unit in duplicate on the basis of contracts and other relevant documents and upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables. The first copy is transferred to the warehouse as a basis for the release of materials, the second - to the recipient of the materials. A sample standard form of an invoice for the release of materials to the side; material accounting card (form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade, size. The card is filled in for each item number. The warehouse manager keeps the card. Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary receipts and expenditures on the day of the operation.
2.2 Organization of synthetic accounting for the receipt of inventories
Synthetic accounting of inventories is carried out on a synthetic account 10 "Materials". On synthetic accounts, accounting for material assets is carried out at accounting prices. Upon receipt of materials, material accounts 10 “Materials” are debited:
account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the cost of materials received at the prices of suppliers with all mark-ups of marketing and supply organizations and transport and procurement costs included in the invoices of suppliers, including payment of interest for the purchase on credit provided by the supplier;
account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" - for the cost of services paid by checks to transport (railway and water) organizations;
account 23 "Auxiliary production" - for the costs of delivering materials by own transport and for the actual cost of materials of own production;
Incoming materials that are not accompanied by payment documents from suppliers (non-invoiced deliveries) are credited according to the act of acceptance of materials drawn up in the warehouse. Posting of non-invoiced deliveries is carried out at accounting prices or at the prices of the contract or previous deliveries. If no payment request is received by the end of the month, the acceptance estimate for the specified deliveries is retained. The following month, upon receipt of a payment request, the value of uninvoiced deliveries in the acceptance estimate is reversed and a new entry is made for the actual amounts indicated in the documents of the suppliers.
The cost of accepted and paid materials that were not received by the organization during the reporting period (materials on the way), at the end of the month, is reflected in the debit of accounts 10 “Materials” and the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” (without posting valuables to the warehouse). At the beginning of the next month, these amounts are reversed and, upon receipt of valuables, make up the usual accounting entry for them.
When accepting materials from suppliers, surpluses or shortages of the actually received amount of materials may be identified in comparison with the documentary data drawn up by the act. The surplus comes under the act and is valued at the accounting prices of the organization or at selling prices. The purchasing department then reports the surplus to the supplier and asks for a payment request for the value of the surplus.
Materials released into production and for other needs are written off from the credit of material accounts to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs and to other accounts within a month at fixed accounting prices. In this case, the following accounting entry is made:
Debit account 20 "Main production" (materials released to the main production);
Debit of account 23 "Auxiliary productions" (materials released to auxiliary productions);
Debit of other accounts, depending on the direction of expenditure of materials (25, 26, etc.);
Credit of account 10 "Materials" or other accounts for accounting materials.
The cost of materials at fixed accounting prices is distributed between various production cost accounts on the basis of a material distribution sheet, which is compiled according to the data of primary documents on the consumption of materials.
After a month, the difference between the actual cost of the materials used and their cost at fixed accounting prices is determined. The difference is written off to the same cost accounts to which materials were written off at fixed accounting prices (accounts 20, 23, 25, 26). Moreover, if the actual cost is higher than the fixed accounting price, then the difference between them is written off by an additional accounting entry, while the opposite difference (which is possible when using the planned cost of materials as a fixed accounting price) is written off using the “red reversal” method, that is, negative numbers.
Deviations of the actual cost of materials from their value at fixed accounting prices are distributed between the materials used and remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at fixed accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price is determined, and the found ratio is multiplied by the cost of the supplied and remaining materials at fixed accounting prices.
The percentage of deviations of the actual cost of materials from the fixed accounting price (X) is determined by the following formula:
X \u003d (O n + O p) × 100 / UC n + UC n (2.1)
Where O n is the deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;
O p - deviation of the actual cost of materials from their cost at fixed accounting prices for the materials received per month;
UC n - the cost of materials in fixed accounting prices at the beginning of the month;
UC n - the cost of materials received during the month at fixed accounting prices.
It is allowed to determine the actual cost of material resources written off for production in addition to the average cost using the FIFO method. When using this method, it becomes necessary to evaluate each batch of consumables, which is quite difficult to implement, given the current level of mechanization and automation of accounting. It is more expedient to determine the cost of consumed materials when they are evaluated using the FIFO method by calculation. In this case, within a month, the materials are written off for production at accounting prices. At the end of the month, the cost of the materials used is determined using the FIFO method, the deviation of the calculated cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices is found, and the identified deviation is written off to the appropriate accounts in proportion to the cost of previously written off materials at accounting prices.
When used in 1C accounting, incoming documents are grouped into bundles and, after checking and checking the codes, they are handed over to the VU, where, on the basis of the documents, they develop a machinogram-sheet of receipt of materials to the warehouse. The statement reflects the cost of purchased materials at accounting prices and the actual cost with a breakdown of its components for each payment requirement of suppliers. On the basis of the statements of receipt of materials, a summary statement is compiled for calculating transport and procurement costs or deviations of the actual cost of materials from their cost at accounting prices and calculate the coefficient of deviations of the actual cost from the cost at accounting prices.
According to the expenditure documents and the previously indicated summary sheet, a machinegram is compiled-sheet of the consumption of materials for the corresponding accounts. In it, for each type of materials used, for various cost codes, their cost at accounting prices, the coefficient of deviations and the amount of deviations attributable to the materials used are reflected.
To obtain generalized data on inventories accounts for each of them, machinegrams are compiled - turnover sheets; their data is reconciled with the general turnover sheet for synthetic accounts and subaccounts and, after reconciliation, is transferred to the machine diagram - the General Ledger.
According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, synthetic accounting of inventories is kept on account 10 “Materials” using sub-accounts 10/1 “Raw materials and materials”, the presence and movement of: raw materials and materials, auxiliary materials; 10/3 "Fuel" takes into account the presence and movement of petroleum products (diesel fuel, kerosene, gasoline, fuels and lubricants) intended for the operation of vehicles, 10/5 "Spare parts" takes into account the presence and movement of spare parts purchased for the needs of the main activity, intended for the production, repairs, replacement of worn parts of vehicles, 10/9 "Inventory and household supplies". In the accounting of the enterprise, special tools are accounted for on a separate sub-account 10/9. The initial cost of special tools is determined based on the amount that the company spent on its purchase (clause 2 of article 254 and clause 1 of article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as well as clause 6 of PBU 5/01 and clause 8 of PBU 6/01) . When transferring special tools into operation, the following wiring is done:
Debit 10/10 sub-account "Special tool in operation"
Credit 10/11 sub-account "Special tool in stock"
Then the cost of special tools is debited to account 20 "Main production".
Upon receipt of materials, account 10 "Materials" is debited and credited:
account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" - for the cost of materials received at accounting prices;
account 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" for the cost of services;
account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" - for the cost of materials paid from accountable amounts;
account 23 "Auxiliary production";
account 20 "Main production".
The materials released for production are debited from the credit of account 10 (subaccounts 10/1, 10/3, 10/5, 10/9) to the debit of the corresponding accounts of production costs within a month at fixed accounting prices. This creates the following accounting entry:
Debit account 20 "Main production"; Debit account 23 "Auxiliary production"; Debit account 26 "General expenses";
Account credit 10 "Materials".
The supplier's payment documents accepted for acceptance, and primarily the invoice, are registered in the Purchase Book. This accounting register is used in the future to draw up a VAT calculation in order to determine it, which is presented for deduction in the prescribed manner. Each invoice is recorded in the purchase book as they are received in chronological order. If there is a partial payment by the buyer, then in the indicated register an entry is made for each payment amount, indicating the details of the previously received invoice for this delivery. Against each principal repayment amount, a note “partial payment” is made. Invoices are stored in the appropriate ledger. Since the JSC "Baltika-Don" company uses the program "1C: Accounting (7.7)", all information necessary for registering invoices of suppliers (number and date of compilation and receipt, name of suppliers, date of posting of inventories and their payments, including VAT, as well as the cost of purchases taxed at different VAT rates) are formed on the basis of the input document “Receipt of inventory items”. All transactions related to the receipt and payment of these valuables in the future are subject to registration in the Purchase Book in chronological order. For this purpose, in a typical configuration, a computer document "Record of the Purchase Book" is used, which includes the main details of the invoice and prepared in the "input based on" mode. In the case of partial payment for the acquired inventories, the supplier's invoice is registered in the specified accounting register for each paid amount.
In the journal-order No. 6, opened for a month, synthetic accounting of transactions with suppliers is carried out, as well as analytical accounting in terms of settlements with them in the form of acceptance. First, the balances of outstanding debts to suppliers are recorded, which are carried over from the previous reporting period. In the reporting month, entries in this accounting register are made on the basis of invoices presented by suppliers and documents confirming the acceptance of goods at the warehouse. For each invoice in the order journal No. 6, a separate line is assigned, according to which the registration number, basic details and amounts accepted for payment, offset amounts are recorded. Amounts accepted for payment are shown in detail for each element of the invoice, which is the purchase price of the purchased materials. Separately, the amounts of the shortage identified during acceptance and the amount of claims for grade, completeness are shown.
In the process of procurement of inventories, there may be situations when they arrive at the enterprise without accompanying documents (non-invoiced deliveries). The surplus identified during the acceptance of goods is also considered as uninvoiced deliveries and is shown on a separate line of the journal-warrant No. 6.
For uninvoiced deliveries, on the basis of data from the warehouse receipt documents, a record is made separately for each delivery with the letter “H” indicated in the “Invoice number” column. Capitalization occurs at the contractual value with this supplier, at the book price or the price of the previous delivery. Upon receipt of the invoice, the above entry is reversed and a regular entry is made. Amounts on accounts for which the cargo was not received in the reporting period are transferred to the journal-order No. 6 of the next month in the column “Balance at the beginning of the month for unarrived cargo” for each delivery separately. The amount of acceptance, as already reflected in the previous reporting period, is not reflected in this order journal. Cargo received in the reporting month, which was listed as en route at the beginning of the month, is reversed in the column “For unarrived cargo” on the line where the balance was shown. The specified balance at the end of the month is adjusted by regular or reversal entries, taking into account changes in the current month. Turnovers on the credit of account 60 for the reporting month include both the amounts for the received inventories and the amounts for such stocks remaining in transit.
The acquisition of materials through accountable persons is reflected in the order journal No. 7 by the entry:
Debit of accounts 10 "Materials";
19 "Value Added Tax on Acquired Values"
Sub-account 3 “VAT on acquired inventories.
Credit of account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons".
When the organization makes an advance payment for the expected receipt of materials, an accounting entry is made in the order journal No. 2 based on the bank statement:
Debit account 60/2 Credit account 51
After receiving the specified values, the previously made advance payment is accepted for offset as a reduction in accounts payable to suppliers:
Debit account 60/1 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors on accepted accounts"
Loan 60/2 "Settlements on advances issued."
The remaining amount must be repaid in the usual manner.
Claims made by suppliers upon receipt of received materials, regardless of their nature (shortages in transit, non-compliance with the terms of the contract), do not release the buyer from obligations to suppliers until the date of dispute resolution and are reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit account 76/2 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors on prepayments"
credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".
The sale of materials and other types of inventories to the side is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”, which is intended for the formation of information on other income and expenses associated with the sale and other write-off of inventories.
The debit of this account reflects the costs associated with the sale and other write-offs of materials, including sales costs. The credit of the account reflects receipts for sold material assets.
The process of selling and other write-offs of inventories is reflected in the accounts as follows: The carrying amount of materials sold or written off:
Credit 10 "Materials".
In accounting, the proceeds from the sale of materials are included in operating income, in accordance with the requirement of paragraph 7 of the accounting regulation "Income of the organization" (PBU 9/99).
This is done by wiring:
Debit 62 Credit 91 sub-account "other income" (reflects income from the sale of materials).
Income tax is calculated by excluding value added tax and sales tax from revenue. In this case, the following wiring is done:
Debit 91 subaccount "VAT on materials sold" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for VAT" (VAT accrued on materials sold)
Debit 91 sub-account "Sales tax on materials sold" Credit 68 sub-account "Sales tax calculations" (sales tax accrued).
In case of gratuitous transfer of various kinds of stocks to other organizations in the order of donation, entries in the accounts are made as follows:
For the amount of inventory transfer at book value -
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
Credit 10 "Materials";
For the amount of VAT
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
Credit 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", sub-account "Calculations on VAT";
The result of the gratuitous transfer of inventories on a monthly basis -
Debit 99 "Profit and Loss"
Credit 91 "Other income and expenses".
The financial result revealed on account 91 "Other income and expenses" in the reporting period is written off to account 99 "Profit and loss". A feature of maintaining account 91 is that entries on sub-accounts 1 "Other income" and 2 "Other expenses" are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover on subaccount 2 “Other expenses” and the credit turnover on subaccount 1 “Other income”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined, which is reflected in subaccount 9 “Balance of other income and expenses. This balance is written off on a monthly basis to account 99 “Profit and Loss”.
Account 91 “Other income and expenses” is debited for the amount of profit, sub-account 9 “Balance of other income and expenses” and account 99 “Profit and losses” is credited. For the amount of the identified loss from the sale. Write-offs of inventories are recorded in the accounts in return correspondence.
Account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance as of the reporting date, and analytical accounting for this account is maintained for each financial transaction with the identification of its financial result.
Chapter 3. Organization of use and disposal in tax and accounting of inventories
3.1 Use of MPZ
When materials are released into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out using the average cost of materials method, in accordance with paragraph 3 of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”.
Special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment are written off as expenses in accordance with the norms approved by the President of the Company.
As inventory items and household supplies, tools and overalls are transferred from the warehouse into operation, their cost is written off as expenses at a time. In order to control the safety, off-balance accounting was provided for the places of use of inventory items and household supplies, tools and overalls. Write-off of tools, inventory, overalls and household supplies from off-balance sheet accounting is carried out as it fails, breaks down and wears out.
The main direction of spending materials is their transfer to production. When organizing tax accounting for material costs in general and the consumption of materials in particular, it should be borne in mind that some of these costs are direct, and some are indirect.
Direct costs include:
material costs: for the purchase of raw materials and (or) materials used in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and (or) forming their basis or being a necessary component in the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services); for the purchase of component parts to be assembled and (or) semi-finished products to be subjected to additional processing by the taxpayer.
Indirect expenses include all other amounts of expenses, with the exception of non-operating expenses incurred by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period.
At the same time, the amount of indirect expenses for production and sale, carried out in the reporting (tax) period, is fully related to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, taking into account the requirements provided for by separate articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
The amount of direct expenses incurred in the reporting (tax) period also refers to the expenses of the current reporting (tax) period, with the exception of the amounts of direct expenses allocated to the balance of work in progress, finished products in stock and shipped, but not sold in the reporting (tax) period production period.
The cost of commodity and material assets included in material expenses is determined based on the prices of their acquisition (excluding the amounts of taxes deductible or included in expenses in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), including commissions paid to intermediary organizations, import customs duties and fees, transportation costs and other costs associated with the acquisition of inventory items.
If the cost of returnable packaging accepted from the supplier with inventory items is included in the price of these assets, the cost of returnable packaging at the price of its possible use or sale is excluded from the total cost of their purchase. The cost of non-returnable containers and packaging accepted from the supplier with inventory items is included in the amount of expenses for their purchase. The classification of containers as returnable or non-returnable is determined by the terms of the agreement (contract) for the purchase of inventory items.
If the taxpayer uses products of his own production as raw materials, spare parts, components, semi-finished products and other material expenses, as well as if the taxpayer includes the results of works or services of his own production as part of material expenses, an assessment of these products, results of works or services own production is based on the assessment of finished products (works, services) in accordance with Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (taking into account the distribution of direct costs).
The listed norms are important when posting inventories. If the assessment of materials when they were accepted for accounting was made correctly, then they are written off to reduce the tax base for income tax at accounting prices.
So, during the month of September, the following materials were written off:
in the main production - in the amount of 200 thousand rubles;
in auxiliary production - in the amount of 20 thousand rubles;
written off materials for production needs (shop expenses) - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles;
written off materials for management needs - in the amount of 5 thousand rubles;
tools were transferred to the main production - in the amount of 10 thousand rubles;
component parts were transferred to production - in the amount of 12 thousand rubles.
The following entries were made in accounting:
debit of account 20 credit of account 10 - 40 thousand rubles;
debit of account 23 "Auxiliary production" credit of account 10 - 20 thousand rubles;
debit of account 25 "General production expenses" credit of account 10 - 3 thousand rubles;
debit of account 26 "General business expenses" credit of account 10 - 5 thousand rubles;
debit of account 20 credit of account 10 - 10 thousand rubles;
debit account 20 credit account 10 - 12 thousand rubles.
The amount of material expenses of the current month is reduced by the value of the balance of inventory items transferred to production, but not used in production at the end of the month. The assessment of such commodity - material assets should correspond to their assessment at write-off.
In the event that the presence of such balances is systematic, it is advisable to develop a form of supporting accounting information, which includes data on the amounts of the value of such balances. The quantity and value of residues can be determined both directly through recalculation, and through the development and approval of carry-over standards. In the latter case, it is advisable to conduct periodic checks of the actual presence of material residues in order to clarify the standards.
For example: the organization has approved the standards for carry-over materials in the workplace:
workplace N 1 - 5 percent;
workplace N 2 - 7 percent.
During September, the following materials were transferred to production:
for workplace N 1 - in the amount of 8 thousand rubles;
for workplace N 2 - in the amount of 10 thousand rubles.
In the analytical registers of tax accounting and in the tax base, these expenses are entered with a "-" sign - they increase the tax base.
In addition, the amount of material costs is reduced by the cost of returnable waste. Recyclable waste is understood as the remains of raw materials (materials), semi-finished products, heat carriers and other types of material resources formed in the process of production of goods (performance of works, provision of services), which have partially lost the consumer qualities of the original resources (chemical or physical properties) and, therefore, are used with increased costs (lower output) or not used for its intended purpose.
The recyclable waste does not include the remains of commodity and material assets, which, in accordance with the technological process, are transferred to other units as full-fledged raw materials (materials) for the production of other types of goods (works, services), as well as by-products (related) products resulting from implementation of the technological process.
Returnable waste is assessed in the following order:
1) at a reduced price of the original material resource (at the price of possible use), if these wastes can be used for the main or auxiliary production, but with increased costs (lower output of finished products);
2) at the selling price, if these wastes are sold to a third party.
Of course, in the event that the production technology involves the formation of recyclable waste (but not technological losses), it is necessary to use the appropriate primary accounting document - an accounting statement. In this case, the approach to determining the quantity and cost of returned materials can be the same as to determining the unused balance of materials. The difference is that returnables can be valued in two ways - depending on the direction of further use.
For example, when carrying out activities, returnable materials are generated in the following sizes (the data of the previous example are also used):
At workplace N 1 - 0.5 percent of the cost of used materials - at a reduced price of the original resource and 1.5 percent - at market value.
Materials spent during the month in the amount of 7600 rubles.
At the workplace N 2 - 1 percent of the cost of materials used at market value.
Materials spent during the month in the amount of 9300 rubles.
Some types of losses also belong to material expenses: losses from shortage and (or) damage during storage and transportation of commodity and material assets within the limits of natural loss, approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation; technological losses during production and (or) transportation.
To account for such expenses, a separate accounting statement is required. Since the write-off acts are drawn up, as a rule, at workplace No. 4, then the certificate, in our opinion, should be drawn up there as well.
During the inventory, a shortage of materials in the amount of 1 thousand rubles was revealed. The total cost of materials in this group is 100 thousand rubles, the rate of natural loss is 0.7 thousand rubles. The amount of shortage in the amount exceeding the rate of natural loss, attributed to the perpetrators.
The following entries were made in accounting:
debit of account 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" credit of account 10 - 1000 rubles;
debit account 20 credit account 94 - 700 rubles;
debit of account 73 "Settlements with personnel for other operations", sub-account "Calculations for compensation for material damage" credit of account 94 - 300 rubles.
Unlike shortages and damage to inventories, the amount of technological losses cannot be attributed to settlements with guilty persons or organizations.
When organizing tax accounting for material expenses, it is taken into account that the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allows the use of the following methods for assessing raw materials and materials:
method of valuation by the cost of a unit of reserves;
valuation method at the average cost;
First Acquisition Cost Method (FIFO).
The chosen method is enshrined in the accounting policy adopted by the organization for tax purposes.
5. Other expenses.
Materials can be used in the implementation of almost all types of other expenses. The general principles of tax accounting are similar. Therefore, as examples, we will give options for reflecting the most common types of other expenses in tax accounting.
So, in September, the following materials were released:
for fire safety - in the amount of 2 thousand rubles.
security - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles.
to ensure normal working conditions - 10 thousand rubles;
for safety measures - in the amount of 12 thousand rubles;
Also, a common type of other expenses is the write-off in established cases of shortages of inventories identified during inventories and inspections. We emphasize that in order for the amounts of shortages to be accepted for tax accounting, the fact of the absence of guilty persons must be documented by the authorized state authority.
So, during the inventory, a shortage was revealed in warehouse N 1 of basic materials in the amount of 10 thousand rubles, auxiliary materials - in the amount of 3 thousand rubles; in warehouse N 2 - basic materials - in the amount of 5 thousand rubles; fuel - in the amount of 15 thousand rubles. In accordance with the certificate of the department of internal affairs on the shortage in warehouse No. 1, a criminal case was initiated against unauthorized persons who committed burglary. The certificate confirmed the absence of guilt of the employees of the organization, and due to the absence of those responsible, the criminal case was terminated.
Part of the cost of materials transferred to production belongs to the category of direct materials and is subject to distribution in the manner prescribed by Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This article establishes the procedure for evaluating the balances of work in progress, the balances of finished products. Let us recall the main provisions of this order.
Work-in-progress (hereinafter referred to as WIP) for tax purposes is understood as products (works, services) of partial readiness, that is, those that have not passed all the processing (manufacturing) operations provided for by the technological process. WIP includes works and services completed but not accepted by the customer. WIP also includes the remains of unfulfilled production orders and the remains of semi-finished products of own production. Materials and semi-finished products in production are classified as WIP, provided that they have already been processed.
The estimate of WIP balances at the end of the current month is made by the taxpayer on the basis of data from primary accounting documents on the movement and balances (in quantitative terms) of raw materials and materials, finished products by workshops (production facilities and other production units of the taxpayer) and tax accounting data on the amount carried out in the current month of direct expenses.
For taxpayers whose production is associated with the processing and processing of raw materials, the amount of direct costs is allocated to the balance of WIP in a share corresponding to the share of such balances in the feedstock (in quantitative terms), minus technological losses. At the same time, for the purposes of this chapter, raw material is understood as a material used in production as a material basis, which, as a result of sequential technological processing (processing), turns into finished products.
For taxpayers whose production is related to the performance of works (rendering of services), the amount of direct expenses is distributed to the balances of WIP in proportion to the share of incomplete (or completed, but not accepted at the end of the current month) orders for the performance of work (rendering of services) in the total volume of work performed during months of orders for the performance of work (provision of services).
For other taxpayers, the amount of direct costs is distributed to the balance of WIP in proportion to the share of direct costs in the planned (standard, estimated) cost of production.
The amount of work in progress at the end of the current month is included in the material costs of the next month. At the end of the tax period, the balance of work in progress at the end of the tax period is included in the expenses of the next tax period in the manner and on the terms provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
For the exact distribution of direct costs between the volumes of WIP, finished products and products shipped but not sold, on the one hand, and sales volumes, on the other, it is advisable to develop an auxiliary form of reference - calculation.
3.2 Implementation of the MPZ
The JSC Baltika-Don enterprise calculates taxable income on an accrual basis. Taxable income from the sale of materials is equal to the difference between the turnover between the sub-accounts "Operating income from sales of materials", "VAT on materials sold" and "Sales tax on materials sold" of account 91. The amount of this income must be reflected in line 040 of Appendix 1 to sheet 2 Income tax returns. And the calculation of this amount is made out of an accounting statement.
A permanent inventory commission has been formed at the enterprise, consisting of: chief engineer Ivantsov G.G., chief accountant Kosaeva O.G., logistics engineer Stets N.V., the commission conducts scheduled inventories (annually), during which the actual availability of material assets in the main warehouse. The commission reflects the results of the inventory in a special statement. It contains information about damaged property, as well as about valuables, the number of which does not correspond to the accounting prices.
Damaged property is deducted from the balance. For damaged inventory items, acts of damage, scrap are drawn up. On the basis of which the write-off takes place.
Violation of storage conditions, natural disasters, other emergencies can lead to property damage. In case of damage to material assets as a result of violations of the conditions of storage and operation, write-off is made to account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”. Damage to property may be within the limits of natural loss, and may exceed such norms. Currently, only the norms of natural wastage for food products have been established. Losses within these limits are included in the cost. If damage to property exceeded the norms of natural loss or a shortage of property is found, then the guilty persons must compensate for the shortage. This is established in paragraph 3 of Article 12 of the Law "On Accounting". If the employee bears full financial responsibility, then he is obliged to cover all the damage caused. If the employee denies his guilt, it is necessary to file a lawsuit, but you can do without it, if the amount of damage does not exceed the average monthly salary of the employee, then you can recover the damage by order of the manager.
Write-off from the balance of damaged valuables is considered non-productive use of valuables. Therefore, the amount of VAT must be restored and paid to the budget. In order to calculate this amount, it is necessary to multiply the cost of damaged property by a rate of 20 or 10% (since property is reflected in accounting without VAT).
Debit 94 Credit 10 - reflects the cost of damaged materials
Debit 94 Credit 68 - the amount of value added tax on damaged materials, previously accepted for tax deduction, has been restored.
If the property is stolen, the administration of the enterprise applies to the investigative and judicial authorities, which establish who is to blame for this and how much to recover from the guilty person. As a rule, the court decides to recover damages in the amount of the market value of the stolen property. But usually this value is more than the one at which the stolen property is listed in the accounting records. From here, additional income appears in the organization, which is reflected in account 98 “Deferred income”. As the guilty person repays the debt, this difference is included in non-operating income and taken into account when taxing profits. Since the stolen property will no longer participate in the production activities of the enterprise, it is necessary to restore the amount of VAT on these values.
Debit 94 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT calculations".
The procedure for accounting for VAT on inventories depends on the purpose of the production resources used (for production needs, non-production needs, for sale, gratuitous transfer), the industry affiliation of the organization and a number of other features.
In the settlement documents of suppliers for the received production stocks, the amount of VAT is separately allocated.
The amount of VAT is accepted for offset with the budget under the following conditions:
material assets acquired for production activities;
the specified values are capitalized;
settlements with suppliers;
there is a supplier invoice;
the invoice is registered in the Purchase Book.
The amount of VAT is reflected in the debit of account 19 "Value Added Tax", in sub-accounts "Value Added Tax on Acquired Inventory", from the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors" .
Depending on the direction of consumption of inventories, the amount of VAT recorded on sub-accounts 19/3 is subject to offset against VAT payments to the budget (when material resources are used for production needs).
VAT amounts on material values (works, services) purchased for production needs from retail organizations are not accepted for offset from the buyer and are not allocated by calculation.
In cases where the VAT amount is not allocated in the primary accounting documents confirming the cost of the acquired material resources (works, services), VAT is not calculated in the settlement documents. That is why the cost of such acquired material resources (works, services), including the estimated VAT on them, is credited to the accounts of material resources (10, etc.) for the entire amount of the invoice, with subsequent write-off to production and distribution costs. In accordance with the established VAT accounting procedure, VAT amounts subject to reimbursement (deduction) after the actual payment by the supplier for material resources are written off from the credit of account 19 (sub-accounts 3 "VAT on acquired material resources") to the debit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".
The amount of VAT on material resources used in the manufacture of products and the implementation of operations exempt from VAT is debited to the accounts of accounting for production costs (accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production").
The amount of VAT on inventories acquired for non-production purposes is not accepted for reimbursement from the budget, but is closed by the following entry:
Debit 29 "Service of production and economy"
Loan 19/3 "VAT on acquired material resources".
The amount exceeding the established maximum amount of cash settlement for acquired valuables is not subject to reimbursement from the budget:
Debit 91 "Other income and expenses"
Credit 19/3 "VAT on acquired material resources" - Income tax.
According to the production stocks received free of charge from other organizations, the recipient organization increases taxable profit by the value of the received valuables, but not lower than the book value of the transferring organization. The balance sheet value of valuables is indicated in the transfer documents.
Conclusion
A significant part of the working capital of the enterprise is inventories (IPZ), an objective assessment of which affects the reliability of accounting information as a whole.
As you know, in Russian accounting, variance is practiced in the assessment of inventories, the choice of which is usually made depending on the types of reserves, the company's affiliation with the industry, the specifics of their use in the industry, the interests of owners and administration as the main users of financial statements compiled on the basis of the application of one or a different way of estimating reserves.
So, a relatively rare way to assess the inventory in Russian accounting is to estimate at the cost of each unit. This valuation method is used mainly when it is impossible to replace the inventory in the usual way with each other or when using special types of materials, such as precious metals, precious stones, etc., each unit of which has its own specific price.
If the priority task for the organization is to reduce the volume of accounting work, then the implementation of this goal is most consistent with the use of the method of estimating the inventory at the average cost.
To maximize the amount of dividends, it is advisable to use the method of estimating the inventory at first receipt prices (FIFO), which allows you to maximize the value of the financial results of an economic entity.
When choosing as a priority goal to optimize taxation or reduce the tax burden of an economic entity, it is advisable to use the method of estimating inventory at the cost of the latest receipts (LIFO). It is no coincidence that this valuation method, which allows, on the one hand, to minimize the amount of profit, and on the other hand, to create hidden reserves to a certain extent, has now been canceled in accounting under IFRS.
The LIFO method has also been canceled in Russian accounting since 01/01/2008 in accordance with the amendments made to RAS 5/01. However, the possibility of using this valuation method is currently retained for the purpose of profit taxation.
The considered methods for estimating stocks from the standpoint of their impact on the organization's profits are based on the assumption that the actual cost of a unit of stocks tends to increase. At the same time, in a market economy, it is possible to reduce prices in general and the cost of purchased reserves in particular, or depreciate the value of assets, which is not sufficiently considered in modern scientific literature.
The main reasons for the impairment of inventories are:
1) obsolescence of certain types of MPZ;
2) loss of the original quality of material assets (full or partial);
3) a decrease in the current market value or the cost of selling material assets.
The depreciation of inventories in the indicated situations (one or more) actualizes the problem of adjusting the value of inventories and reflecting their objective assessment in accounting and reporting, the occurrence of which is due to the following features of domestic accounting.
The first feature is related to the Russian accounting rule, according to which the actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change. Therefore, a change in the value of inventories under these conditions should not be reflected in the inventory accounts, which include accounts 10 "Materials", 41 "Goods", 43 "Finished products". As a consequence, the inventory value adjustment should not affect the inventory valuation on the ledger accounts.
The second feature is due to the operation in Russian accounting of the principle of valuation at the lowest of the market and historical values, the basis of which is the principle of prudence or conservatism, recognized as one of the fundamental principles in Russian accounting and accounting under IFRS. The principle of lowest valuation in relation to accounting for reserves requires that these groups of assets be reflected in the financial statements at market value if the market value at the end of the reporting period is lower than the historical value. The mention of historical valuation in this context is due to the fact that the possibility of using all the indicated methods of valuing reserves (by batches of receipt, by average cost, by cost of each unit) is realized in domestic accounting within the framework of the concept of valuation by historical cost.
Adjustment of the reserve estimate taking into account the specified requirements is possible by creating a reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets. This reserve, in accordance with PBU 5/01, is created at the expense of the financial results of the organization (other expenses) for the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of the inventory, if the latter estimate is higher than the current market value.
In accordance with the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories, a reserve for the decline in material assets is created for each unit of inventories for which impairment has occurred due to the reasons indicated above. At the same time, in Russian accounting, it is allowed to create a reserve for certain types (groups) of similar and related material assets. However, as some authors emphasize, the division of raw materials and materials into main and auxiliary ones, as well as by operational and geographical segments, etc. cannot be treated as material groups for the purpose of creating a reserve.
The level of the current market value of inventories is determined on the basis of information available to the organization before the date of signing the financial statements. When calculating the current market value of inventories, the following factors should be taken into account:
1) a change in price or actual cost associated directly with events after the reporting date, confirming the economic conditions that existed on January 1 of the year following the reporting year in which the organization conducted its activities;
2) appointment of MPZ;
3) the ratio of the level of actual cost and the current market value of finished products at the reporting date, a comparative analysis of which is necessary in order to create a reserve for materials used for the production of finished products, only if the actual cost of these types of finished products at the reporting date is higher their market value.
The need to take into account the first two factors is noted in many editions of educational and scientific literature. While the last factor is taken into account when creating a reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets, it is noted only by individual authors, in particular A.A. Efremova.
This aspect is an essential point in accounting for the depreciation of material assets, since the recognition of the impairment of inventories and the formation of a reserve for a decrease in the value of material assets without taking into account the latter circumstance may be economically unreasonable.
According to the author, when adjusting the value of material assets, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of accounting for work in progress (products of partial completion, semi-finished products of our own production, works and services completed but not accepted by the customer), which are accounted in most cases as part of work in progress (WIP), which in in accordance with the terms of IFRS, it is included in inventories. However, the rules for assessing and accounting for work in progress in Russian accounting have certain differences both from the general rules for accounting for inventories recommended by PBU 5/01, and for many positions of their accounting under IFRS.
As you know, for accounting purposes, an organization can evaluate WIP according to one of the following valuation methods:
According to the standard (planned) production cost;
According to the amount of actual direct costs;
At the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.
From 01/01/2002, tax legislation requires all organizations to evaluate WIP in tax accounting in accordance with Ch. 25 "Income Tax" of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which recognizes only the assessment of the amount of direct costs. In tax accounting, an organization, therefore, can only value WIP using the direct cost method, while in accounting this is only one of the possible valuation methods.
At first glance, the method of assessing WIP in tax accounting by direct costs is beneficial to the taxpayer. This applies primarily to enterprises in the manufacturing industries, which can write off a number of costs in tax accounting and reduce taxable profits. While these costs under the accounting method at full cost would be included in the WIP cost (for example, production services of third parties, payment for electricity, fuel, water, heat, expenses of auxiliary production, etc.). However, the use of this method of estimating WIP in tax accounting is associated with a number of problems.
The first problem is related to the fact that production organizations must evaluate direct costs for taxation purposes not according to accounting data, but by a special calculation based on the balance of movement of raw materials in natural units. This means that for small-scale production enterprises and firms with a wide range of raw materials and finished products, the accounting technique will become much more complicated. As a result, the income tax savings associated with the use of the WIP valuation method at partial (partial) cost may not be comparable with the additional costs of the organization for accounting and software installation.
In accounting, it is possible for an organization to refuse the costly method of accounting, justified by the principle of rationality in accounting, the recognition of which in domestic accounting is reflected in PBU 1/98 "Accounting Policy of the Organization". However, valuation of WIP at direct costs for income tax purposes is mandatory, so an entity cannot use valuation of WIP at full cost for tax purposes.
The second problem is due to the fact that at enterprises with a very long production cycle it is not always profitable to write off a large amount of costs at the initial stage of production. If the main part of the costs was written off last year, as a result of which a loss was received, and the proceeds were received in the current year, the profit of the current year for the purpose of tax accounting can be reduced by the losses of previous years, but not more than 30%. The remaining amount of the loss can only be written off in subsequent years.
The third problem is related to the possibility of using various methods in the assessment of WIP in accounting and tax accounting when applying methods for assessing raw materials by batches of receipt. For example, if, in accordance with the accounting policy, to assess the cost of raw materials when they are written off to production, the organization uses the FIFO method in accounting, and the LIFO method in tax accounting, the use of which, unlike accounting, as emphasized earlier, is currently possible for the purpose profit taxation.
At the same time, organizations have the right to combine accounting and tax accounting of work in progress by applying accounting methods for assessing WIP, provided for in Art. 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. However, the method of estimating WIP at direct costs based on the use of the method of accounting for WIP at reduced cost in accounting requires a significant restructuring of the accounting process. Therefore, many Russian enterprises maintain separate records of WIP for the purpose of accounting and tax accounting.
The problems outlined for assessing WIP in the accounting and tax accounting of domestic enterprises allow us to conclude that adjusting its value by creating reserves for a decrease in the cost of material assets is inexpedient and difficult to implement in the practical activities of business entities.
Finished products that have passed all the stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process are evaluated in Russian accounting according to one of the following evaluation methods:
According to the actual production cost;
According to the standard (planned) cost;
Reduced actual cost.
The creation of a reserve for the balances of finished products in warehouses is possible when the enterprise applies the indicated valuation methods, with the exception of the last valuation, since the cost indicators for this valuation do not include the share of fixed production costs and are therefore incomparable with their valuation indicators at current market value.
The first step in accounting for the depreciation of material assets when an organization makes a decision on accounting for reserves for the decrease in the value of material assets is to conduct a comparative analysis of the market value of inventories for certain groups (types) of inventories with their book value.
The reserve is not formed for those groups (types) of reserves for which the level of market value exceeds the estimate at book value, and, therefore, accounting entries for the creation of a reserve for the decrease in the value of these groups (types) of reserves are not made.
The second stage of the accounting process is the formation of reserves in case of detection of an excess of the book value by groups (types) of reserves over their market value.
The third stage of the accounting process is the determination of the total amount of reserves for the depreciation of material assets as the sum of the created reserves for all groups (types) of reserves.
The fourth stage of the accounting process consists in writing off the accrued amounts of reserves, carried out during the reporting period as the inventory is released into production (sale).
The write-off of the amount of the reserve with the simultaneous execution of an accounting entry for the debit of account 14 and the credit of account 91 is also possible if next year there is an increase in the market value of stocks, for the decrease in the value of which a reserve was created in the reporting year.
Thus, the stated accounting methodology provides for the reflection in account 91 of a potential or possible loss from a decrease in the valuation of reserves with simultaneous reflection of a decrease in the valuation of reserves by the amount of the created reserve for their impairment.
When compiling the balance sheet, the assessment of the inventory balances reflected in the accounts for accounting for materials and finished products is reduced by the corresponding amounts of the balance of account 14. However, this procedure is carried out without drawing up accounting entries.
Analytical accounting on account 14 "Reserves for the decline in the value of material assets" is carried out for each type of material assets, the decrease in the value of which is subject to adjustment by reservation.
The specified aspects of accounting for the depreciation of the value of material assets must be observed by all business entities when organizing inventory accounting for the purpose of accounting, however, the amount of the created reserve in accordance with the requirements of tax legislation does not reduce taxable profit.
Therefore, accounting for reserves for depreciation of material assets means for business entities a significant increase in the volume of accounting work, due, on the one hand, to the need for analytical accounting on account 14, and on the other hand, the occurrence of differences between accounting and tax accounting data and the need to record them in accordance with requirements of PBU 18/02.
As a result, many Russian enterprises prefer accounting for inventories without adjusting their value for the amount of impairment. As a result, the assessment of the assets of the balance sheet of such enterprises in terms of reflecting the inventory may be unrealistic, i.e. overvalued compared to the current market valuation of these values. This situation indicates that the financial statements were prepared without observing one of the fundamental principles of accounting - the principle of prudence (conservatism).
The increase in the volume of accounting work and the need to take into account the differences that have arisen in the accounting and tax accounting of inventories should not serve as an excuse for not accounting for the impairment of inventories and, therefore, from observing the principle of prudence in accounting in general and the principle of the lowest estimate in accounting for inventories in particular.
Thus, the refinement of the methodology for accounting for depreciation of inventories in modern domestic accounting consists in highlighting the stages of accounting procedures in accounting for depreciation of inventories; factors affecting the specifics of this accounting; the consequences of accounting for depreciation of inventories through the formation and accounting of reserves for the decrease in the value of material assets.
List of used literature
Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law dated December 6, 2007 No. 333-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, December 05, 1994, No. 32, art. 3301.
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Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law dated May 17, 2007 No. 84-FZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 148 - 149, 08/06/1998.
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Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2003 No. 164-FZ “On the Basics of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities” (as amended by the Federal Law of 02.02.2006 No. 19-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 15.12.2003, No. 50, Art. 4850.
Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 208-FZ of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (as amended by Federal Law No. 318-FZ of December 1, 2007) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 248, 12/29/1995.
Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 14-FZ of February 8, 1998 “On Limited Liability Companies” (as amended by Federal Law No. 231-FZ of December 18, 2006) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, February 16, 1998, No. 7, Art. 785.
Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 “On Accounting” (as amended by Federal Law No. 183-FZ of November 3, 2006) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, November 25, 1996, No. 48, art. 5369.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2005 No. 364 “On approval of the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of the Federal Bank of Issued Licenses” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 126, 06/15/2005.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.12.20000 No. 914 “On approval of the rules for maintaining registers of received and issued invoices, books of purchases and books of sales when calculating value added tax” (as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11.05.2006 No. 283 ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 12/11/2000, No. 50, Art. 4896.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 03.26.2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 140, 07/25/2001.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 No. 119n “On approval of methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 36, 02.27.2002.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for Loans and Credits and the Costs of Their Servicing” (PBU 15/01)” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 27.11.2006 No. 155n) // Financial newspaper, No. 38, 2001.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.051999 No. 33n “On Approval of the Regulations on Accounting “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 11.27.2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of Normative Acts of Federal Executive Authorities, No. 26, 06/28/1999.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n “On approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for assets and liabilities whose value is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU 3/2006)” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2007 No. 147n) // Russian newspaper, No. 25, 02/07/2007.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.1999 No. 32n “On approval of the Regulations on accounting “Income of the organization” PBU 9/99” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 11.27.2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities , No. 26, 06/28/1999.
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 7, 2006 No. 136n “On approval of the form of the tax declaration for value added tax and the procedure for filling it out” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 21, 2007 No. 113n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive bodies , No. 2, 08.01.2007.
Letter of the Federal Tax Service dated February 11, 2005 No. 03-1-02 / 194 / [email protected]"On value added tax" // SPS "Consultant Plus" - the document was not officially published.
IFRS No. 2 "Inventories" paragraph 10
Akilova E.V. Evaluation of inventories in the accounting of organizations // Modern accounting, 2007, No. 9.
Aksenenko A.F. Normative method of accounting in industry: Theory, practice and development prospects. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2005. - 224 p.
Alekseenko A.Yu. Formation of the cost of inventories in the accounting and tax accounting of the organization // Vse dlya bookkeeper, 2007, no. 15.
Astakhov V.P. Accounting Theory - Rostov-on-Don, 2001
Bakaev A.S. Accounting: Textbook. - M.: Accounting, 2006. - 312 p.
Bakaev A.S. Chart of accounts of accounting and instructions for its application. Moscow: IPB-Binfa, 2001
Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting. M.: 2002
Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting and calculation of the cost of production. - M.: Finance, 2006. - 320 p.
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Borodina V.V. Accounting and analysis in small enterprises and analysis of financial activities. - M.: Knizhny Mir, 2006.- 210 p.
Vakhrushina M.A. Accounting management accounting: Textbook for universities. - M.: Finstatinform, 2006. - 533 p.
Drury K.N. Introduction to management and production accounting: Per. from English. / Ed. S.A. Tabalina. - M.: Audit, UNITI, 2006. - 560 p.
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Kim L.I. Accounting management accounting. Lecture notes. Cheboksary: "Salika", 2004.-147 p.
Classification of production costs by elements // Consultant - 2006 - No. 24.- P. 12.
Kleynikova V.G. Classification and accounting of costs by economic elements. // Consultant accountant. - N 7-8 - July-August 2006. - SPS "Garant".
Kondrakov N.P. Accounting. M.: Infra-M, 2002
Kurbangaleeva O.A. Changes in the accounting of inventories // Advisor to an accountant, 2007, No. 6.
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Nikolaeva S.A. Principles of formation and cost calculation. Peculiarities of cost accounting in market conditions: "direct costing" system. - M.: Analytics - Press, 2007. - 144 p.
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Paly V.F. Fundamentals of calculation. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2006. - 288 p.
Posherstnik E.B., Posherstnik N.V. Composition and cost accounting in modern conditions. Moscow, Saint Petersburg. Publishing Trade House "Gerda" 2006.- 210 p.
Rebrishchev I.N. Theoretical aspects of accounting and evaluation of inventories // All for an accountant, 2007, No. 13.
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1 Rich I.N. Accounting. - Rostov-n / D: Phoenix, 2007.
2 Astakhov V.P. Accounting Theory - Rostov-on-Don, 2001
3 Kondrakov N.P. Accounting. M.: Infra-M, 2002
4 Bakaev A.S. Chart of accounts of accounting and instructions for its application. Moscow: IPB-Binfa, 2001
5 Bezrukikh P.S. Accounting. M.: 2002
6 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for inventories” PBU 5/01” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 03.26.2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 140, 07/25/2001.
7 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 No. 119n “On Approval of Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories” (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2007 No. 26n) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 36, 27.02.2002 .
8 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.2001 No. 60n “On Approval of the Regulation on Accounting “Accounting for Loans and Credits and Costs of Their Servicing” (PBU 15/01)” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 27.11.2006 No. 155n ) // Financial newspaper, No. 38, 2001.
9 Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 06.051999 No. 33n “On Approval of the Accounting Regulation “Organization Expenses” PBU 10/99” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 11.27.2006 No. 156n) // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, No. 26, 06/28/1999.
10 Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2003 No. 164-FZ “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity” (as amended by Federal Law of 02.02.2006 No. 19-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 15.12.2003, No. 50, Art. . 4850.
11 Civil Code of the Russian Federation of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law of December 6, 2007 No. 333-FZ) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 05.12.1994, No. 32, art. 3301.
12 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2005 No. 364 “On approval of the Regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of the Federal Bank of Issued Licenses” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 126, 15.06.2005.
financially production reservesCoursework >> Accounting and auditAccounting accounting « Accounting financially-production reserves"(PBU 5/01) at accounting financially-production reserves allowed to be used as a unit of accounting accounting financially-production reserves not...
Accounting financially-production reserves (10)
Abstract >> Accounting and audit... financially-production reserves 1. Concept, classification and evaluation financially-production reserves In accordance with PBU 5/01 "Regulations on accounting financially-production reserves" in accounting accounting as financially-production ...
Accounting financially-production reserves (11)
Abstract >> Accounting and audit... FINANCIALLY-PRODUCTION RESERVES 1.1. concept financially-production reserves The procedure for organizing accounting accounting financially-production reserves determined on the basis of the Regulation on Accounting accounting « Accounting financially-production ...
In order to carry out the main activity, in addition to the premises and equipment and other fixed assets, the enterprise must have certain inventories.
Production stocks are understood as various material elements of production used as objects of labor in the production process. They are wholly consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production.
For the correct organization of inventory accounting, their scientifically substantiated classification, evaluation and choice of accounting unit are important. Depending on the role played by various inventories in the process of production of products, works and services, they are divided into groups shown in Figure 2:
Figure 2 - Classification of inventories
Raw materials and basic materials are the objects of labor from which the product is made, they form the material (material) basis of the product. At the same time, raw materials are products of the mining industry and agriculture (coal, ores, grain, cotton, livestock, etc.), and materials are products of the manufacturing industry (cast iron, steel, aluminum, etc.).
Auxiliary materials are used to act on raw materials and basic materials and give the product certain consumer properties (for example, varnishes and paints for cars) or to maintain and care for tools and facilitate the production process (lubricants, cleaning materials, etc.).
The division of materials into basic and auxiliary is conditional and is determined by the characteristics of the technology and organization of production (for example, a board in the engineering industry belongs to the group of auxiliary materials, and in the construction industry it belongs to the main materials).
Purchased semi-finished products and components are objects of labor that have passed certain stages of processing, received from outside for the manufacture of products and serve as basic materials.
Recyclable waste - the remains of raw materials and materials that are formed in the process of their processing, but have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials (sawdust, metal shavings, etc.).
Spare parts are used to repair and replace wear parts and parts of machines and equipment.
Inventory, tools and household supplies, equipment, tools and other means of labor within the current limit of time of use, as well as special tools and devices, special clothing and footwear, temporary structures, etc., which belong to the category of means of labor, but due to the useful life use and sources of acquisition (at the expense of the working capital of the organization) function as part of the funds in circulation.
The products of labor in the form of stocks of finished products and goods subject to sale or resale without additional processing are separated into independent groups.
Evaluation of inventories occupies a leading place in the system of regulatory regulation of their accounting. These stocks are accepted for accounting at the actual cost, which is calculated depending on the method of acquiring (receiving) this property.
When purchasing inventories for a fee from other organizations, the actual cost of acquisition is considered to be the actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
These actual costs may include: amounts paid to suppliers in accordance with the contract; amounts paid to other organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of reserves; customs duties and other payments; non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the receipt of each unit of inventory; remuneration paid to intermediary (supply, foreign economic, etc.) organizations; the costs of procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including the costs of cargo insurance.
Such costs may include a set of costs for the procurement and transportation of stocks; according to the content of the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization; costs for the delivery of stocks to the place of use, if they are not included in the price of stocks under the supply agreement; the cost of paying interest on a commercial loan (supplier loan); the cost of paying interest on borrowed funds associated with the purchase of inventories, if they are made before the inventory is credited to the warehouse;
the cost of bringing stocks to a state of suitability for use;
other expenses for the acquisition of MPZ.
In the manufacture of various types of inventories by the own forces of organizations, the actual cost is determined in the amount of the actual costs for the production of the corresponding type of product in accordance with the current procedure for forming the cost.
In case of gratuitous receipt of inventories in the manner of donation, the actual cost is determined by their market value as of the date of capitalization by the recipient organization.
The actual cost of inventories acquired under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. This value is established on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values).
The actual cost of inventories accepted for accounting in the organization is not subject to change, except as provided by law and the current regulation PBU 5/01. For example, inventories may be revalued at the price of a possible sale at the end of the reporting year, if during the year the prices for these inventories have decreased or they have partially lost their original qualities or become obsolete. At the same time, the difference in the valuation (the price of a possible sale is lower than the original cost of acquisition) reduces the provisions for the decrease in the value of material assets.
Inventories that do not belong to this organization, but are at its disposal under an agreement with the owner, are shown on off-balance accounts in the assessment under the agreement.
Control over the state of inventories and their rational use has a significant impact on the profitability of the enterprise and its financial position. Control over the implementation of the logistics plan under contracts, the timeliness of receipt and posting of materials is carried out by the logistics department. To this end, the department maintains records (machinograms) of operational accounting for the implementation of supply contracts. They note the fulfillment of the terms of the supply agreement for the range of materials, their quantity, price, terms of shipment, etc. The accounting department monitors the organization of this operational accounting.
The main direction of improving the efficiency of use
production reserves is the introduction of resource-saving, low-waste and waste-free technologies.
The rational use of reserves also depends on the completeness of the collection and use of waste and their reasonable assessment.
To ensure the safety of material assets in organizations, their inventory is carried out at least once a year. An inventory of inventories is carried out at least once a year before the preparation of financial statements. To control the safety of production stocks, the conditions of their storage and the state of warehouse accounting during inter-inventory periods, systematic checks and selective inventories of materials should be carried out.
When carrying out an inventory, the specific features of individual types of materials are taken into account. In particular, low-value and wear-and-tear items that are in operation are inventoried at their location and the persons in whose responsible custody they are. According to the MBP issued for individual use to employees, it is allowed to draw up group inventory lists indicating in them the persons responsible for these items, on which personal cards are open, with a receipt for them in the inventory. For MBPs that have become unusable and not decommissioned, the working inventory commission draws up an act for their write-off indicating the time of operation, the reasons for the unsuitability, and the possibility of using these items for economic purposes.
The container is recorded in the inventory by type, intended purpose and quality condition (new, used, in need of repair, etc.). For containers that have become unusable, an act is drawn up for write-off indicating the reasons for the unsuitability and the persons responsible for the container.
Separate inventories are drawn up for materials in transit, in safekeeping in warehouses of other enterprises, damaged, unnecessary, illiquid, as well as for those received or released during the inventory.
The inventories are signed by all members of the commission and financially responsible persons who confirm that all materials have been checked in their presence and that they have no claims against the members of the commission.
The data of the inventory records are used to compile collation statements, in which the actual data of the inventories are compared with the accounting data. If shortages or surpluses are revealed, financially responsible persons must give them appropriate explanations. The commission establishes the nature, causes, perpetrators of the identified discrepancies or damage to materials and determines the procedure for regulating differences and compensating for losses.
Analyzing the classification, evaluation and control of inventories, we can conclude that for the correct organization of inventory accounting, their scientifically based classification, evaluation and choice of accounting unit are of great importance. The assessment of inventories in all cases of their acquisition is carried out at actual costs, the totality of which forms the actual cost of acquisition.
Each company owns necessarily has current assets that provide it with the stability of production and financial condition. One of the main parts of current assets are inventories (inventory).
They include raw materials necessary for production or for the provision of services (works), assets necessary for management to perform their functions, as well as goods intended for sale if it is a trading organization. In addition, these are tools, spare parts for equipment, fuel, protective equipment, overalls and even fixed assets that cost less than 40 thousand rubles.
The accounting of the MPZ has its own range of tasks, which is determined by the current legislation. Namely:
- determination of the size affecting the cost of inventory;
- correct execution of documentation for the provision at the right time of information on the produced, received and sold inventories;
- ensuring the safety of stocks during their storage and operation;
- ensuring the continuity of the production process, by timely replenishment of stocks;
- analysis of the quantity and structure of the inventory in order to identify unclaimed materials or their surplus;
- implementation of measures aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of their use.
The main regulatory document, of course, should be called federal law No. 402-FZ. However, it only contains general accounting requirements.
When reflecting the inventory, it is necessary to be guided by the provisions of accounting, namely:
- PBU 5/01. This document reveals the concept of inventories, their composition, reveals the essence of the various methods of their assessment that an enterprise can use, as well as the rules for their reflection in accounting;
- PBU 9/99 - used when calculating the financial result from the sale of goods and manufactured products;
- PBU 10/99 - applies if there has been a disposal of the inventory;
- - it is necessary when drawing up the accounting policy of the company, which, among other things, should reflect the applied valuation methods, the accounting accounts used, the rules for conducting an inventory of stocks.
Also, the chart of accounts together with the instructions and the relevant methodological recommendations of the financial department of our country can also be attributed to the regulatory framework.
Classification in accordance with PBU
PBU 5/01 subdivides the assets under consideration into the following categories:
- raw materials, i.e. assets that are used as raw materials for the main production of the company;
- assets that are purchased or manufactured for sale. This refers to goods and finished products;
- stocks necessary for the operation of the company.
Methodical instructions for accounting
MPZs are objects that a person acts on in order to obtain finished products, and as a result, profit. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that they are completely consumed during the production process, in contrast to the means of labor, i.e. fixed assets, the costs of which are included in the cost of production in parts through the mechanism.
Price
The cost of inventories in accounting is determined based on the actual costs incurred for their acquisition or creation. If the inventory was purchased under a sale and purchase agreement with a counterparty of the firm, then their cost includes:
- amounts paid under this agreement;
- consulting costs associated with this transaction;
- amounts paid to intermediaries, with their participation;
- customs payments;
- fare;
- taxes that are non-refundable.
This list is not closed. The legislation obliges to include in the cost of inventory all the costs that were associated with their acquisition.
If the inventory is a product of the company's own production, then their cost includes all costs incurred in the process of their manufacture.
The assets in question may enter the organization in other ways. For example, they were provided by the founder. In this case, he himself determines their cost, having previously agreed it with the rest of the owners of the company.
If the assets were received free of charge, then the market price of similar objects is taken as the basis.
inventory value made up of actual costs incurred upon their acquisition. However, the legislation does not allow it to be changed. However, there is an exception to this rule. So, if the inventory is outdated or to some extent lost its useful properties, then they must be reflected in the statements at the price at which they can actually be sold. And the resulting difference accordingly reduces the current profit of the company.
For this purpose, the PBU allows form an appropriate reserve. This provision should be fixed in the accounting policy of the company. According to the current rules, the reserve is formed once at the end of the reporting year.
Moreover, its amount cannot be arbitrary. It is calculated as the difference between the current market prices for assets and their book value. It will not be superfluous to prepare documents indicating the level of market prices.
In the Chart of Accounts for accounting for reserves for depreciation of inventories, it is provided count 14. This account is not reflected in the final reporting, therefore, the balance sheet indicates the cost of the inventory minus the reserve.
Retirement
Retirement of the inventory, as a rule, occurs by putting them into production, for the needs of management and maintenance of the main activities. Also, these assets can be sold, transferred as a contribution to another company or to provide joint activities.
All of the above actions must be accompanied by correctly executed documentation. For example, the release of materials into production occurs on the basis of requirements, limit-fence cards or invoices for internal movement.
Implementation is accompanied overhead and invoices. All these documents have a unified form, but its application is not currently the responsibility of the company. Companies can define their own document formats. The only condition that must be observed is the presence of the mandatory details contained in Federal Law No. 402-FZ.
Reflection on the accounts of the balance sheet
In the balance sheet, the inventories are reflected in the second section, because. they refer to current assets that are used by the company during the year. They have a generalized line 210 "Stocks", which is then deciphered in separate lines, where materials and raw materials, goods and finished products, as well as work in progress are indicated separately.
Separately, it should be recalled that the balance sheet in accordance with Russian legislation must be issued in net valuation. That is, it must reflect the real value of stocks.
So, if the company created a reserve, then it is deducted from the value of assets. And if the accounting policy of the organization provides for the reflection of the deviation in the cost of materials on a separate account, then the cost of materials should be indicated minus such deviations.
Inventory accounting in the company should be organized in such a way that interested parties can quickly receive information about the composition of reserves, their cost, availability and their movement. As a rule, these assets are stored in warehouses, so warehouse employees should provide analytical accounting. Accounting staff should be controlled the identity of the inventory and accounting records of the inventories, which must be maintained in parallel.
Financial legislation in inventory accounting provides companies with a fairly wide choice.
For example, they can reflect purchased materials at actual cost or use accounting, while using an account to reflect the variances that arise. They can decide for themselves whether an impairment allowance is needed or not, how often they will be carried out.
Also, companies themselves can determine how accounting and warehouse accounting are conducted. So, in a warehouse, you can take into account assets in physical terms, and in accounting - in value terms.
The main thing that all the nuances were reflected in the accounting policy of the company. It is this document that serves as the starting point for inspections by various regulatory authorities. Based on it, the inspectors draw conclusions about how the accounting of the MPZ and its documentation are organized.
off-balance sheet
The balance sheet of the organization should reflect those values that are in it, but in fact do not belong to it. In the chart of accounts there are the following, on which the inventory is kept:
- 002 - materials that do not belong to the company on the property right are reflected here. These can be erroneously received assets, assets in temporary storage, marriage, etc.
- 003 - the so-called, i.e. assets that have entered the company for the purpose of further processing and which are subject to return to the transferring party.
- 004 - commission goods that the organization has accepted for sale as an intermediary.
- 006 - forms of strict reporting. It is used by firms that do not use cash registers.
Forms of primary documentation
Each accounting entry must be made based on document.
If the MPZ were purchased from a counterparty, then their purchase was made on the basis of a power of attorney issued to an employee of the company.
The warehouse must issue a receipt order, the basis for which was the delivery of stocks along with the delivery note, invoice and waybill.
Movement within the company is accompanied the following documents:
- limit fence cards;
- requirements;
- waybills for internal movement;
- acts on the receipt of materials received during the dismantling of property, etc.
If the implementation of the MPZ has occurred, then invoices and waybills must be issued.
All of the above documents are approved form, but their use is not required.
Assessment Methods
When the inventory is retired, they also need to be evaluated. PBU 5/01 allows the use one of the following ways:
- at the cost of each asset;
- at an average cost;
- at the cost of the earliest acquired asset ();
- at the cost of the last asset acquired (LIFO).
The method used must be specified in the accounting policy of the company.
First method estimates can be used by companies that produce products with a small range, i.e. list. In such a situation, she can easily track the movement of materials and accurately account for the spent asset in the cost of goods.
At second method all stocks are divided into homogeneous groups. And for each group, its own average cost is calculated by dividing the total cost of the group by the number of assets included in it.
At third and fourth methods estimates, it is considered that the first or last incoming stocks, respectively, are released into production first.
postings
For accounting of raw materials and materials apply counts, 15, 16, 14. The table shows the main typical postings.
| Content of a business transaction | Corresponding accounts | |
|---|---|---|
| Dt | ct | |
| Inventories received from suppliers, accountable persons and other creditors | ||
| Actual cost | 10 | 60, 71, 76 |
| VAT included | 19 | 60, 71, 76 |
| Actual cost | 15 | 60, 71, 76 |
| accounting estimate | 10 | 15 |
| VAT included | 19 | 60, 71, 76 |
| Supplier invoices paid | 60 | 51 |
| VAT submitted for deduction | 68 | 19 |
| Accounting is carried out at actual cost | ||
| Released materials from the warehouse | 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 44 | 10 |
| Accounting is maintained using account 15 | ||
| Released accounting materials | 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 44 | 10 |
| Actual cost variances written off: | ||
| the actual cost exceeded the accounting | 16 | 15 |
| the actual cost did not exceed the booked cost | 15 | 16 |
| Materials shipped to buyers | 62, 76 | 91 |
| Received payment from the buyer | 51 | 62, 76 |
| Written off the actual cost of sold inventory | 91 | 10 |
| Written off the accounting estimate of the sold inventory | 91 | 10 |
| Deviations of the actual cost of inventories from the accounting | 91 | 16 |
| VAT accrued on sold inventory | 91 | 68 |
| Transferred to the MPZ in the order of financial investments in the authorized capital | 91 | 10 |
| 58 | 91 | |
| MPZ transferred free of charge | 91 | 10 |
| Reserve formed | 91 | 14 |
Inventory
The law requires companies at least once a year take inventory of stocks. Extraordinary is carried out if the warehouse employee quits, if the property is sold or rented out, if the fact of theft or fraud was revealed, etc.
In the course of the inventory, the accounting data and the actual availability of stocks are compared. The verification should be carried out by a commission that signs the relevant act. This act with the result of the audit is approved by the head of the company.
Identified surplus inventories are recorded as income of the organization and are credited to the warehouse. Deficiencies are initially attributed to, and then compensated by the guilty person. If this employee has not been identified, then it refers to other expenses of the company. In case of natural disasters, it is immediately taken into account as a loss.
A webinar on the new inventory accounting procedure is presented below.
In accordance with the Accounting Regulation “Accounting for inventories” (PBU 5/01 dated 09.06.01), the following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories (IPZ):
- used as raw materials, materials in the manufacture of products intended for sale, performance of work, provision of services;
- used for the management needs of the organization;
- intended for sale.
The inventory includes the following groups of current assets:
- materials - part of the inventory, which are objects of labor, provide, together with the means of labor and labor, the production process of the organization in which they are used once. They are entirely consumed in the production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of manufactured products (work performed, services rendered);
- inventory and household supplies - part of the inventory used as means of labor for no more than 12 months or the usual operating cycle, if it does not exceed 12 months;
- finished products - part of the inventories intended for sale and being the final result of the production process;
- goods - part of the inventory purchased from legal entities for the purpose of their sale or resale without additional processing.
- correct and timely documentation of all transactions related to the movement of material assets;
- control over the receipt and preparation of material assets;
- control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
- systematic control over the identification of surplus and unused materials, their sale;
- timely settlement of accounts with suppliers of inventories.
Inventory valuation
For the correct organization of accounting for inventories in organizations, a nomenclature-price tag is being developed. Nomenclature - a systematized list of names of materials, spare parts, fuel and others used in a given organization. Each name of materials is assigned a numerical designation - a nomenclature number.
In the nomenclature-price tag, the accounting price and the unit of measure of materials are indicated.
According to PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost, which includes the amount of actual costs associated with their acquisition and delivery.
The actual costs for the acquisition of inventories (IPZ) include:
- amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
- customs duties ;
- non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of MPZ;
- remuneration paid to the intermediary organization through which the inventory is acquired;
- costs for the procurement and delivery of MPZ to the place of their use, including insurance costs;
- the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage unit of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of the inventory to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of the inventory established by the contract;
- the costs of bringing the MPZ to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes;
- other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventory.
The actual cost of inventories in their manufacture by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these reserves.
The actual cost of inventories contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital is determined based on their monetary value, agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization.
The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.
The actual cost of materials can be calculated only at the end of the month, when the accounting department will have the components of this cost (payment documents of suppliers of materials, for the transportation of loading and unloading operations and other expenses).
The movement of materials occurs in the organization on a daily basis, and documents for income and expenditure must be processed in a timely manner. Most organizations keep current accounting at fixed accounting prices. They can be average purchase prices.
If purchase (contractual) prices are used in the current accounting, at the end of the month, the amounts and percentage of transportation and procurement costs are calculated to bring them to the actual cost.
The following inventory accounting methods are available:
- quantitative-sum;
- with the help of reports of financially responsible persons;
- operational accounting (balance sheet). The most progressive and rational method of accounting for materials is operational accounting. It involves maintaining in warehouses only quantitative and grade accounting for the movement of materials and is carried out in material accounting cards (f. M-17). The cards are opened by the accounting department for each item number of the material and handed over to the warehouse manager against receipt.
As materials arrive at the warehouse, the storekeeper writes out a receipt order and registers it in the material accounting card in the “Incoming” column.
On the basis of consumable documents (limit-fence cards, requirements), material consumption is recorded in the card.
The card displays the remainder after each entry.
The storekeeper submits primary documents to the accounting department within the time limits set by the schedule and draws up registers for the delivery of documents for the receipt and consumption of materials (f. M-13) indicating the number of documents, their numbers and groups of materials to which they relate.
As of the first day of each month, the financially responsible person transfers the quantitative balances from the cards to the balance sheet of materials (form M-14).
This statement is opened by the accounting department for a year for each warehouse. It is stored in the accounting department and issued to the storekeeper the day before the end of the month.
The accounting officer checks the correctness of the records made by the storekeeper in the materials accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards.
The main principles of the operational accounting method of accounting are as follows:
- efficiency and accounting reliability of quantitative accounting in the warehouse using material accounting cards, which are maintained by financially responsible persons;
- systematic control by employees of the accounting department directly in the warehouse for the correct and timely documentation of operations on the movement of materials and the maintenance of warehouse accounting of materials; granting accountants the right to check the compliance of the actual balances of materials with the data of the current warehouse accounting;
- the accounting department accounting for the movement of materials only in monetary terms at accounting prices and at actual cost in the context of groups of materials and their storage locations, and if there is a computer installation, also in the context of item numbers;
- systematic confirmation (mutual reconciliation) of warehouse and accounting data by comparing the balances of materials according to warehouse (quantitative) accounting, valued at accepted accounting prices, with the balances of materials according to accounting data.
Synthetic accounting of materials
The receipt of materials in the organization can occur for various reasons and is reflected in the accounting records by the following entries:
- purchased from suppliers: Dt 10 Kt 60 - for the purchase price, Dt 19 Kt 60 - for the amount of VAT;
- from the founders on account of the contribution to the authorized capital: Dt 10 Kt 75/1 - at the agreed cost;
- free of charge from other organizations: D-t 10 K-t 98/2, sub-account "Grant-free receipt" - at the current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting
When using gratuitously received inventories for production needs (Dt 20, 23, 25, 26 Kt 10), at the same time, the cost of materials used is included in other income and reflected in the accounting posting: Dt 98/2 Kt 91;
- waste from marriage: Dt 10 Kt 28;
- waste from the liquidation of fixed assets (at current market value): Dt 10 Kt 91.
The release of materials from the warehouse is carried out for various purposes and is reflected in the following postings:
- for the manufacture of products: Dt 20, 23 Kt 10;
- for the construction of fixed assets: Dt 08 Kt 10;
- for the repair of fixed assets: Dt 25, 26 Kt 10;
- side sale
Accounting for the sale of materials is kept on account 91 “Other income and expenses”. The account is active-passive, has no balance, and is operationally effective in terms of economic content.
The debit of account 91 reflects:
- actual cost of materials sold: Dt 91 Kt 10;
- the amount of VAT charged on the materials sold: Dt 91 Kt 68;
- expenses for the sale of materials: Dt 91 Kt 70, 69, 76. The loan reflects:
- sales proceeds at selling prices, including VAT: Dt 62 Kt 91.
By comparing the turnover on account 91, the financial result from the sale is determined.
If the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover (debit balance), we get a loss. It is written off to account 99 “Profit and Loss” by posting: Dt 99 Kt 91.
If the debit turnover is less than the credit turnover (credit balance) - write off the posting: Dt 91 Kt 99.
The chart of accounts of accounting provides for account 10 "Materials" and sub-accounts.
Organizations engaged in the production of agricultural products can open separate sub-accounts for account 10 to account for seeds, feed, pesticides, and mineral fertilizers.
When posting special equipment and special clothing received at the warehouse, accounting entries are made: Dt 10/10 Kt 60 - for the purchase price, Dt 19 Kt 60 - for the amount of "input" VAT.
The transfer of these material assets into operation is documented by posting: Dt 10/11 Kt 10/10.
The actual cost of the materials used is recorded in the journal-orders 10, 10/1 in correspondence: Dt 20, 23, 25, 26, 08, 91 Kt 10.
Methods for accounting for the procurement of materials
In accordance with PBU 5/01, materials are accepted for accounting at actual cost.
The formation of the actual cost of materials can be carried out in the following ways:
- the actual cost is formed directly on account 10 "Materials";
- using accounts 15 “Procurement and purchase of materials” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials”.
If the organization keeps records of the procurement of materials on account 10 "Materials", then all data on the actual costs incurred in the procurement are collected in the debit of account 10 "Materials".
This method of forming the actual cost of materials is advisable to use only in organizations that:
- a small number of deliveries of materials for the period;
- a small range of materials used;
- all data for the formation of the cost of materials, as a rule, enter the accounting department at the same time.
If accounting for the procurement of materials in the organization is carried out in the second way, all costs associated with the acquisition of materials, on the basis of the settlement documents of suppliers received by the organization, are recorded in the debit of account 15 and the credit of accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers”, 76 “Settlements with different debtors and creditors» and others: Dt 15 Kt 60, 76, 71.
The posting of materials actually received at the warehouse is reflected in the entry:
Dt 10 Kt 15 - at discount prices.
The difference between the actual cost of acquisition and the cost of materials received at accounting prices is debited from account 15 to account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets":
Dt 16(15) Kt 15(16) - reflects the deviation of the accounting price from the actual cost of materials.
When using the second method of accounting for the organization's procurement, current accounting of the movement of materials is carried out at accounting prices.
Use account 15 to account for procurement operations or keep it immediately on account 10 "Materials" - the organization itself decides when choosing an accounting policy for the coming year.
| No. p / p | Content of operations | Debit | Credit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reflected the purchase cost of materials based on the delivery note and invoice of the supplier | 10 | 60 |
| 2 | Accounted for VAT on materials received (transportation costs, remuneration of an intermediary organization) | 19 | 60 (76) |
| 3 | Reflected transportation costs for the purchase of materials (based on the invoice of the transport organization) | 10 | 76 |
| 4 | The costs of paying for the services of an intermediary organization are reflected (based on the invoice of the intermediary) | 10 | 76 |
Accounting for transportation and procurement costs
Transport and procurement costs(TZR) are included in the actual cost of materials. These include the cost of purchasing materials, except for their purchase price.
On a monthly basis, the accounting department determines the amount of transportation and procurement costs, which is the difference between the actual cost of materials and their value at the book price.
The amounts of transportation and procurement costs are distributed between the materials used and remaining in the warehouse in proportion to the cost of materials at accounting prices. For this purpose, the percentage of transport and procurement costs is determined, and then multiplied by the cost of the materials used and those remaining in the warehouse.
The percentage of transport and procurement costs is determined by the formula:
(Sum of inventory at the beginning of the month + Amount of inventory for received materials for the month) / (cost of materials at the beginning of the month at the discount price + cost of materials received during the month at the discount price) x 100%.
Transport and procurement work is recorded on the same account as materials (account 10), on a separate sub-account.
The amounts of transportation and procurement costs for retired, spent valuables are debited to the same accounts as the spent valuables, at accounting prices in correspondence:
Dt 20, 25, 26, 28 Set 10 TZR
If an organization uses account 15 to account for operations for the procurement of materials, then the amount of deviation of the actual cost from the book price is taken into account on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”.
The percentage of deviations of the actual cost from the accounting price of materials is calculated in the same manner as for transportation and procurement costs.
The amounts of deviations accumulated on account 16 are written off in the prescribed manner to the debit of production accounts: Dt 20, 25, 26, 28 Kt 16,
Dt 20, 25, 26, 28 Kt 16 - in case of excess of the accounting price over the actual cost of the reversal entry.
Accounting for materials in accounting
There are several ways of analytical accounting of materials in accounting: varietal, method of accounting by item numbers and operational accounting (balance) method.
Sort method. For each type and grade of materials, the accounting department opens quantitative-sum accounting cards, in which, on the basis of primary documents, the operations of receipt and consumption of materials by quantity and amount are recorded. Analytical accounting in accounting duplicates inventory accounting on materials accounting cards. At the end of the month and on the date of the inventory, the cards calculate the totals for income and expenditure for the month and determine the balance of materials. Based on these data, turnover sheets of analytical accounting are drawn up for financially responsible persons. The final data for all turnover sheets of analytical accounting must match the turnovers and balances on the corresponding synthetic accounts.
Accounting method according to item numbers. Primary documents for the receipt and consumption of materials are received by the accounting department, here they are grouped by item numbers, and at the end of the month the final data on the receipt and consumption of each type of material are calculated and recorded in the turnover sheets in physical and monetary terms for each warehouse in the context of the corresponding synthetic accounts and subaccounts.
More progressive is the operational accounting (balance) method of accounting for materials. With this method, at least once a week, the accounting officer checks the correctness of the entries made by the storekeeper in the material accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards themselves.
At the end of the month, the warehouse manager transfers the quantitative data on the balances on the first day for each item number of materials from the material accounting cards to the balance sheets of materials (balance sheets).
In accounting, the balances of materials are taxed at fixed accounting prices and their totals are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole.
With the balance method of accounting, primary documents received by the accounting department on the movement of materials after their verification and taxation are laid out in the control file separately for income and expenditure in the context of warehouses and nomenclature groups of materials. Based on the filed file of documents, group turnover sheets are compiled in total terms for each warehouse.
The data of these statements are verified with the cost data of the statement of balances and with the totals of entries in the registers of synthetic accounting.
When using computers, all the necessary registers for the balance method of accounting for materials (group turnover sheets, balance sheets, balance-reconciliation) are compiled on machines.
The main register for the analytical accounting of the movement of materials in accounting is statement No. 10 “Movement of material assets (in monetary terms)”. The list consists of three sections:
- “Movement in general factory warehouses (at accounting prices)”;
- “Received at the general warehouses and the balance of the enterprise at the beginning of the month (for synthetic accounts and accounting groups) - at accounting prices and actual cost”;
- "Consumption and balance at the end of the month (according to accounting prices and actual cost in the context of accounting groups of materials)".
Statement No. 10 allows you to:
- control of the safety of materials at their places of storage;
- accounting for the receipt and balance of materials in the context of synthetic accounts and groups of materials (at discount prices and actual cost);
- accounting for the actual cost of the final consumption of materials.
Sheet No. 10 is filled out on the basis of registers for the delivery of documents, statements on the movement of materials, production reports of workshops, invoice requirements.
Accounting for the receipt of materials and settlements with suppliers
Production stocks of materials are replenished due to their supply by supplier organizations or other organizations on the basis of contracts.
Simultaneously with shipment, suppliers issue settlement documents to the buyer (payment request, invoice), waybill, railway bill of lading receipt, etc. Settlement and other documents are received by the buyer's marketing department. There they check the correctness of their filling, their compliance with the contracts, register in the register of incoming goods (f. No. M-1), accept them, that is, give consent to payment.
After registration, payment documents receive an internal number and are transferred to the accounting department for payment, and receipts and waybills are transferred to the forwarder for the receipt and delivery of materials.
From this moment on, the accounting department of the organization has settlements with suppliers. As the goods arrive at the warehouse, a receipt order is issued, then, at the register, it is handed over to the accounting department, where it is taxed and attached to the payment document. As the bank pays for this document, the accounting department receives an extract from the current account on the debiting of funds in favor of the supplier.
If signs are found that raise doubts about the safety of the cargo, the freight forwarder, when accepting the cargo at the transport organization, may require checking the cargo. In the event of a shortage of seats, damage to the container, they constitute a commercial act, which serves as the basis for filing a claim against the transport organization or supplier.
Accounting for settlements with suppliers of inventory items is kept on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors". The account is passive, balance, settlement.
The credit balance on account 60 indicates the amount of the enterprise's debts to suppliers and contractors for unpaid bills and uninvoiced deliveries:
- loan turnover - amounts of accepted invoices of suppliers for the reporting month;
- debit turnover - the amount of paid invoices of suppliers.
Accounting for settlements with suppliers of inventory items is carried out in order journal No. 6. This is a combined register of analytical and synthetic accounting. Analytical accounting in it is organized in the context of each payment document, receipt order, acceptance certificate. A journal-order No. 6 is opened with the amounts of pending settlements with suppliers at the beginning of the month. It is filled in on the basis of accepted payment requests, invoices, receipt orders, acts of acceptance of materials, bank statements.
Log-order No. 6 is carried out in a linear-positional way, which makes it possible to judge the status of settlements with suppliers for each document.
Amounts for accounting prices are recorded regardless of the type of valuables received - the total amount, and for payment requests - in the context of types of materials (main, auxiliary, fuel, etc.). The amount of claims is recorded on the basis of material acceptance certificates. According to the bank statements, a mark is made on the payment of each payment document.
The amounts of shortages identified during the acceptance of material assets are included in the debit of account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", subaccount 2 "Settlements on claims" and is reflected in the journal-warrant No. 6 in correspondence: D-t 76/2 K-t 60.
Organizations also use the services of water and gas suppliers, repair contractors, etc. A separate journal-order No. 6 is kept for these payments for services.
At the end of the month, the indicators of both order journals are summed up to obtain turnovers on account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” and transfer them to the General Ledger.
Accounting procedure for uninvoiced deliveries
Uninvoiced are considered deliveries for which material assets entered the organization without a payment document. They arrive at the warehouse, writing out an act of acceptance of materials, which, when registered, goes to the accounting department. Here, the materials under the act are valued at accounting prices, recorded in the journal-order No. 6 as valuables received at the warehouse, in the same amount are included in the group of materials and in acceptance. Non-invoiced deliveries are registered in the journal-order No. 6 at the end of the month (in column B "Account number" the letter H is put), when the possibility of receiving a payment document in this month has disappeared. They are not subject to payment in the reporting month, since payment documents (which are not available) are the basis for payment by the bank. As payment documents for this delivery are received next month, they are accepted by the organization, paid by the bank and registered by the accounting department in order journal No. settlements), the previously recorded amount at discount prices is also reversed for the group and in the "acceptance" column. Settlements with the supplier, therefore, for this delivery will be completed. Example.
In March, there was an uninvoiced delivery in the amount of 12,000 rubles.
In April, an invoice was presented for payment in the amount of 14,160 rubles. (including VAT).
In March, an entry will be made: Dt 10 Kt 60 - 12,000 rubles.
In April: D-t 10 K-t 60 - 12,000 rubles.
Dt 10 Kt 60 - 12,000 rubles.
Dt 19 Kt 60 - 2160 rubles.
The procedure for accounting for materials in transit
Materials in transit are such deliveries for which the organization has accepted payment documents, but the materials have not yet arrived at the warehouse. Accepted payment documents are accepted for accounting, regardless of whether they are paid by the bank or not paid.
In the journal-order No. 6, payment documents are registered within a month in the column "For unarrived cargo" and in the column "Acceptance". At the end of the month, the organization is obliged to accept these values on the balance sheet, that is, write them down by belonging to a group of materials (conditionally capitalize), but at the beginning of the next month, the calculations for these deliveries will not be completed. Upon receipt of valuables, the accounting department will receive receipt orders from warehouses, credit them to the warehouse and to the group (without acceptance, since it was already given at the time of receipt of payment requests, or maybe these invoices have already been paid) according to the registration line of this account in not settlements completed at the beginning of the month. When closing order journal No. 6, at the end of the month, this delivery for the material group will be reversed as double-received.
When making settlements with suppliers for material assets, shortages or surpluses of the actually received quantity may be revealed in comparison with the documents of the supplier, which are drawn up by an act (form No. M-7). The surpluses are accounted for under the act and are valued at discount prices or at contractual (sales prices), then they are accounted for in the order journal No. 6 as a separate line as an uninvoiced delivery - the marketing department informs the supplier about the surpluses and asks to issue a payment request. In case of shortages, the accounting department calculates their actual cost and submits a claim to the supplier. The amount of the railway tariff is distributed in proportion to the mass of the cargo, and the amounts of markups and discounts are proportional to the value of the cargo.
In March, there were 8,000 rubles worth of materials on the way. (excluding VAT). In April, they arrived in an amount exceeding the amount indicated in the invoice by 1,500 rubles. (excluding VAT). Entries in March: Dt 10 Kt 60 - 8000 rubles.
In April, a reversal entry: 1) Dt 10 Kt 60 - 8000 rubles. The actual receipt of materials by postings arrive: 2) Dt 10 Kt 60 - 9500 rubles. Dt 19 Kt 60 - 1710 rubles.