When Nicholas 2 ascended the throne. The execution of the royal family
From the first days of his reign, Nicholas II dreamed of an heir. The Lord sent only daughters to the emperor.
The Tsesarevich was born on August 12, 1904. The heir to the Russian throne was born a year after the Sarov celebrations. The entire royal family fervently prayed for the birth of a boy. Alexei inherited all the best from his father and mother.
His parents loved him very much, he answered them with great reciprocity. The father was a real idol for Alexei Nikolaevich. The young prince tried to imitate him in everything.
How to name the newborn, the royal couple did not even think about it. Nicholas II had long wanted to name his future heir Alexei.
The tsar said that "it's time to break the line of Alexandrov and Nikolaev." Also, Nicholas II was a nice person, and the emperor wanted to name his son in honor of the great ancestor.
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 18, 1901. The sovereign had been waiting for an heir for a long time, and when the daughter turned out to be the long-awaited fourth child, he was saddened. Soon the sadness passed, and the Emperor loved the fourth daughter, no less than his other children.
They were expecting a boy, but a girl was born. Anastasia, by her agility, could give odds to any boy. She wore simple clothes inherited from older sisters. The bedroom of the fourth daughter was not richly cleaned.
Be sure to take a cold shower every morning. It was not easy to see her. As a child, she was very smart, she liked to climb where she didn’t get, to hide.
When she was still a child, Grand Duchess Anastasia loved to play pranks, as well as to make others laugh. In addition to gaiety, it reflected such character traits as wit, courage and observation.
Maria Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 27, 1899. She became the third child of the Emperor and Empress. Grand Duchess Maria Romanova was a typical Russian girl. She was characterized by good nature, cheerfulness and friendliness. She had a beautiful appearance and vitality.
According to the memoirs of some of her contemporaries, she was very similar to her grandfather. The princess loved her parents very much, was strongly attached to them, much more than the other children of the royal couple.
The fact is that she was too small for her older sisters (and Tatiana), and too old for her younger sister and brother (Anastasia and).
Maria had big blue eyes. She was tall, with a bright ruddy face - a true Russian beauty, she was the embodiment of kindness and cordiality. The sisters even, a little, enjoyed this kindness.
Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 11, 1897, the second child of the Romanov couple. Like Tatyana, she outwardly resembled her mother, but her character was paternal.
Tatyana was less emotional than her sister. Her eyes were similar to the eyes of the Empress, her figure is graceful, and the color of blue eyes harmoniously combined with brown hair. Rarely naughty and had amazing, according to contemporaries, self-control.
She had a strong sense of duty, and a penchant for order in everything. Due to her mother's illness, she often managed the household, and this did not burden the Grand Duchess in any way. The Grand Duchess was very smart, she had creative abilities. She behaved with everyone simply and naturally. The princess was surprisingly responsive, sincere and generous. The first daughter inherited facial features, posture, and golden hair from her mother.
From Nikolai Alexandrovich, the daughter inherited the inner world. She, like her father, possessed an amazingly pure Christian soul. The princess was distinguished by an innate sense of justice, did not like lies.
Nicholas II - the last Russian emperor. It was on it that the three-hundred-year history of the rule of Russia by the House of Romanov was stopped. He was the eldest son of the imperial couple Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna Romanov.
After the tragic death of his grandfather - Alexander II, Nikolai Alexandrovich officially became the heir to the Russian throne. Already in childhood, he was distinguished by great religiosity. Relatives of Nicholas noted that the future emperor had "a soul pure as crystal, and passionately loving everyone."
He himself loved to go to church and pray. He really liked to light and place candles in front of the images. The Tsarevich followed the process very carefully and, as the candles burned, extinguished them and tried to do it in such a way that the cinder smoked as little as possible.
At the service, Nikolai liked to sing along to the church choir, knew many prayers, and had certain musical skills. The future Russian emperor grew up as a thoughtful and shy boy. At the same time, he was always persistent and firm in his views and convictions.
Despite his childhood years, already then Nicholas II was inherent in self-control. It happened that during the games with the boys, there were some misunderstandings. In order not to say too much in a fit of anger, Nicholas II simply went to his room and took up books. Having calmed down, he returned to his friends and to the game, and as if nothing had happened before.
He paid much attention to the education of his son. Nicholas II studied various sciences for a long time. Particular importance was given to military affairs. Nikolai Alexandrovich was at military training more than once, then he served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment.
Military affairs was a great hobby of Nicholas II. Alexander III, as his son grew older, took him to meetings of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers. Nicholas felt a great responsibility.
A sense of responsibility for the country forced Nikolai to study hard. The future emperor did not part with the book, and also mastered a complex of political, economic, legal and military sciences.
Soon Nikolai Alexandrovich went on a trip around the world. In 1891 he traveled to Japan, where he visited the monk Terakuto. The monk predicted: - “Danger hovers over your head, but death will recede, and the cane will be stronger than the sword. And the cane will shine with brilliance ... "
After some time, an attempt was made on the life of Nicholas II in Kyoto. A Japanese fanatic hit the heir to the Russian throne with a saber on the head, the blade slipped, and Nikolai escaped with only a cut. Immediately, George (a Greek prince who traveled with Nicholas) hit the Japanese with his cane. The emperor was saved. Terakuto's prophecy came true, the cane also shone. Alexander III asked George for a while, and soon returned it to him, but already in a gold edging with diamonds...
In 1891, there was a crop failure in the Russian Empire. Nicholas II stood at the head of a committee to collect donations for the starving. He saw human grief, and worked tirelessly to help his people.
In the spring of 1894, Nicholas II received the blessing of his parents to marry Alice of Hesse - Darmstadt (the future Empress Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova). Alice's arrival in Russia coincided with the illness of Alexander III. Soon the Emperor died. During his illness, Nikolai did not leave his father a single step. Alice converted to Orthodoxy, and was named Alexandra Feodorovna. Then the wedding ceremony of Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and Alexandra Feodorovna took place, which took place in the church of the Winter Palace.
Nicholas II was crowned king on May 14, 1896. After the wedding, a tragedy occurred on where thousands of Muscovites came. There was a huge stampede, many people died, many were injured. This event went down in history under the name - "Bloody Sunday".
One of the first cases of Nicholas II on the throne was an appeal to all the leading powers of the world. The Russian Tsar proposed to reduce armaments and create an arbitration court in order to avoid major conflicts. A conference was convened in The Hague, at which a general principle for resolving international conflicts was adopted.
Once the emperor asked the head of the gendarmes when the revolution would break out. The chief gendarme replied that if 50,000 executions were carried out, then the revolution could be forgotten. Nikolai Aleksandrovich was shocked by such a statement, and rejected it with horror. This testifies to his humanity, that in his life he was driven only by truly Christian motives.
During the reign of Nicholas II, about four thousand people turned out to be on the chopping block. Criminals who committed especially serious crimes - murders, robberies were subjected to executions. There was no blood on his hands. These criminals were punished by the same law that punishes criminals throughout the civilized world.
Nicholas II often applied humanity to the revolutionaries. There was a case when the bride of a student sentenced to death because of revolutionary activities, filed a petition to the adjutant of Nikolai Alexandrovich to pardon the groom, due to the fact that he was ill with tuberculosis and would soon die anyway. The execution of the sentence was scheduled for the next day ...
The adjutant had to show great courage, asking to call the sovereign from the bedroom. After listening, Nicholas II ordered to suspend the sentence. The emperor praised the adjutant for his courage, and for helping the sovereign to do a good deed. Nikolai Alexandrovich not only pardoned the student, but also sent him to Crimea for treatment with his own money.
I will give another example of the humanity of Nicholas II. One Jewish woman did not have the right to enter the capital of the empire. In St. Petersburg she had a sick son. Then she turned to the sovereign, and he granted her request. “There cannot be such a law that would not allow a mother to come to her sick son,” said Nikolai Aleksandrovich.
The last Russian Emperor was a true Christian. He was characterized by meekness, modesty, simplicity, kindness ... Many of his qualities were perceived as a weakness of character. Which was far from true.
Under Nicholas II, the Russian Empire developed dynamically. During the years of his reign, several vital reforms were carried out. Witte's Monetary Reform. promised to delay the revolution for a long time, and was generally very progressive.
Also, under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov, the State Duma appeared in Russia, although, of course, this measure was forced. The economic and industrial development of the country under Nicholas II proceeded by leaps and bounds. He was very meticulous about state affairs. He himself constantly worked with all the papers, and did not have a secretary. The sovereign even applied stamps on envelopes with his own hand.
Nikolai Alexandrovich was an exemplary family man - the father of four daughters and one son. Grand Duchesses:, doted on their father. Nicholas II had a special relationship with. The emperor took him to military reviews, and during the First World War, he took him to Headquarters.
Nicholas II was born on the feast day of the holy long-suffering Job. Nikolai Alexandrovich himself said more than once that he was destined to suffer all his life, like Job. And so it happened. The emperor happened to survive revolutions, the war with Japan, the First World War, the illness of the heir - Tsarevich Alexei, the death of loyal subjects - civil servants at the hands of terrorists - revolutionaries.
Nikolai and his family ended their earthly journey in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. The family of Nicholas II was brutally murdered by the Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918. In the post-Soviet period, members of the Imperial family were canonized as saints of the Russian Orthodox Church..
MAIN DATES OF THE LIFE AND REIGN OF EMPEROR NICHOLAS II
May 20 (Spirits Day) - baptism of the Grand Duke in the church of the Grand Palace of Tsarskoe Selo.
1877 - the appointment of General G. G. Danilovich as an educator of the Grand Duke.
2nd of March- Nikolai Alexandrovich was declared heir to the throne with the assignment of the title "Tsesarevich" and the appointment of Cossack troops as chieftain.
July- a visit by the Tsarevich, together with his father, Emperor Alexander III, to Moscow.
1883 May - participation of the crown prince in the coronation celebrations of his father, Emperor Alexander III.
1884 May 6- the ceremony of coming of age, the adoption by Nikolai Alexandrovich of the oath and entry into active service.
1888, June - August- command of a company of His Majesty's Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.
17 October - the collapse of the royal train, in which there were Emperor Alexander III and members of his family, including Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich, near the Borki station of the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway.
1889 January - first acquaintance at a court ball in St. Petersburg with his future wife, Princess Alice of Hesse. the 6th of May - Tsarevich was appointed adjutant wing, a member of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers.
October 23 - 1891, August 4 - participation of Nikolai Alexandrovich in a round-the-world trip.
1891, March 17- the highest rescript to the Tsarevich for the opening of the Ussuri section of the continuous Siberian railway.
April 29 (May 11) - assassination attempt on the crown prince, committed in the Japanese city of Otsu by policeman Sanzo Tsuda.
November 17 - Nikolai Alexandrovich was appointed chairman of the Special Committee to help those in need in areas affected by crop failure.
1892 April - August- his service in His Majesty's 1st Battery of the Guards Cavalry Artillery Brigade.
1893, January 2- Tsarevich was appointed commander of the 1st battalion of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.
January 14- Tsarevich was appointed chairman of the Committee of the Siberian Railway (he was in office until December 15, 1905).
5th of March- the highest rescript to the Tsarevich for presiding over the Special Committee to help those in need in areas affected by crop failure.
June July - visiting the UK, meeting with the bride.
July - celebrations associated with the marriage of the sister of the Tsarevich - Xenia Alexandrovna and Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich.
September - exacerbation of the illness of Emperor Alexander III, the transfer of the royal family to Livadia.
The 20th of October - death of Emperor Alexander III, accession to the throne of Emperor Nicholas I.
October 21- swearing in the oath to the new emperor of the first ranks of the court; chrismation of the emperor's bride and naming her "blessed Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna".
7 november - the funeral of Emperor Alexander III in the Peter and Paul Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
1895, January 17 - utterance by Nicholas II of a speech in the Nicholas Hall of the Winter Palace in response to a loyal address prepared by the Tver Zemstvo. Statement of political continuity.
August 24–26 - the first meeting of Nicholas II as emperor of all Russia with the German emperor Wilhelm II. September 23–27 - official visit by Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna to France. (Since the World Exhibition of 1867, after the establishment of the Republic, no crowned guests have visited Paris.)
April 15–16 - official visit to St. Petersburg by the Emperor of Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph. Conclusion of an agreement to maintain the status quo in the Balkans.
August 29 - decree that initiated the reform of the gold currency circulation in Russia.
1898, August - speech by Nicholas II with an initiative addressed to the governments of states accredited to the Russian Court, with a proposal to convene a conference and discuss at it the possibilities of "putting a limit to the growth of armaments" and "protecting" world peace.
1899, February 3 - the signing by Nicholas II of the Manifesto on Finland and the publication of the “Basic Provisions on the Drafting, Consideration and Promulgation of Laws Issued for the Empire with the Inclusion of the Grand Duchy of Finland”.
May 18- the beginning of the work of the "peace" conference in The Hague, initiated by Nikolai P. The conference discussed issues of arms limitation and ensuring lasting peace; representatives of 26 countries took part in its work.
June 28 - death of the heir to the throne, younger brother of Nicholas II, Tsarevich George Alexandrovich.
July August - the participation of Russian troops in the suppression of the "Boxer Rebellion" in China. Occupation of all Manchuria by Russia - from the border of the empire to the Liaodong Peninsula.
End of October - November - sickness of the emperor (typhoid fever).
July- the marriage of the sister of Tsar Olga Nikolaevna and Prince P. A. of Oldenburg (the marriage was annulled in September 1916).
September 20 - meeting and acquaintance of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna with the "magnetizer of Lyons" Philip Nizier-Vachot, who later became "Friend of the Tsars".
1903 February 26- Manifesto "On the plans for the improvement of the state order."
July 17–20 - the participation of Nicholas II and some other members of the Romanov dynasty in the celebrations on the occasion of the canonization of St. Seraphim of Sarov.
1904, January 27- attack by Japanese destroyers of the Russian squadron, which was stationed on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur; beginning of the Russo-Japanese War.
June 3 - the assassination of the Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland N. I. Bobrikov.
July 30 - the birth of a son, heir to the throne, Tsarevich and Grand Duke Alexei Nikolaevich.
25-th of August- Appointment of Prince P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky as Minister of the Interior; an attempt to establish "trust" relations with society.
12 December - signing by Nicholas II of the decree "On the plans for the improvement of the state order."
1905, January 6- the highest exit to the Jordan (made on the Neva River opposite the Jordanian entrance of the Winter Palace), during which one of the batteries "saluted" the tsar with combat grapeshot.
January 19- Reception in Tsarskoye Selo by Nicholas II of a deputation of workers from the capital and suburban factories and factories. On January 9, the tsar allocated 50 thousand rubles from his own funds to help the families of those killed and wounded.
February 18- Rescript of Nicholas II addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin on the development of measures to involve the population in the discussion of legislative proposals. Spring - the growth of agrarian unrest in a number of central provinces of the empire.
June 14–24 - uprising on the battleship of the Black Sea Fleet "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".
July 10–11 - meeting of Emperors Nicholas II and Wilhelm II in the Finnish skerries (on the Björk roadstead). The signing of the Björk Treaty, according to which the parties were to provide each other with support in the event of an attack on them in Europe. It was disavowed shortly after the signing by Nicholas II as inconsistent with the interests of Russia's allied France.
July 18–26- Peterhof meetings, held under the chairmanship of Nicholas II and dedicated to the development of the draft State Duma.
August 6 - signing of the Manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma ("Bulyginskaya Duma").
August 23 - conclusion of the Treaty of Portsmouth, which put an end to the Russo-Japanese War. The price of peace was: the loss of the southern part of Sakhalin Island by Russia, the cession to Japan of the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula with the fortresses of Port Arthur and Dalniy, the recognition of Japanese interests in Korea and the payment of money to Japan for the Russian prisoners of war she held.
17 October - signing of the Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order". The beginning of a new era - the era of the "Duma monarchy".
Nov. 1- Acquaintance of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna with the Siberian wanderer Grigory Rasputin.
December 5, 7, 11 - A special meeting chaired by the king, dedicated to the discussion of the new electoral law.
December 9–19 - armed uprising in Moscow. 12 December- publication of the tsarist decree with changes in the regulations on elections to the State Duma.
December 23 - the reception by Nicholas II of the deputation of the Union of the Russian People and the acceptance for himself and for the heir of the badges of membership in the RNC.
1906 March 8 - December 15- the work of the Pre-Council Presence of the Orthodox Russian Church.
April 22 - instead of S. Yu. Witte, I. L. Goremykin was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers.
April 23 - approval of a new edition of the "Basic State Laws" of the Russian Empire, which formalized the existence of autocratic power together with the State Duma.
April 27 - the beginning of the work of the First State Duma; speech of Nicholas II to the deputies in the St. George Throne Hall of the Winter Palace.
July 8 - the resignation of I. L. Goremykin and the appointment of P. A. Stolypin as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
12th of August - assassination attempt on P. A. Stolypin (explosion of the ministerial dacha on the Aptekarsky Island of St. Petersburg).
November 9- signing a decree on the allocation of peasants from the community with the receipt of land in personal ownership; the beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform.
25th of April- the refusal of Nicholas II to convene "in the near future" the Local Council of the Orthodox Russian Church.
June 3- Manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma and the introduction of a new electoral law; final suppression of the First Russian Revolution.
August 18- Signing in St. Petersburg of a convention with Great Britain on the affairs of Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet. The actual inclusion of Russia in the Entente.
June 26–27- participation of the king in the celebrations dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the battle of Poltava; his meetings with the common people.
July August - trips of Nicholas II to France and England. Presence at sea parades; meeting with the English king Edward VII.
October- meeting with the Italian king Victor Emmanuel III in Racconigi (the residence of the Italian kings near Turin).
1911, September 1 - assassination attempt on the chairman of the Council of Ministers P. A. Stolypin in Kyiv.
1912 May- participation of Nicholas II in the opening of the monument to Emperor Alexander III in Moscow in front of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
June - meeting of Nicholas II with Wilhelm II in the Baltic port.
August 25–26 - participation of Nicholas II in the celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino.
October - illness of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich.
October 30- the secret wedding of the tsar's brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich and N. S. Brasova.
May 9–11 - meetings with the German emperor Wilhelm II and the English king George V in Berlin.
May- trip of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna in Russia.
September 29 - death from the wound received at the front of the prince of imperial blood Oleg Konstantinovich.
August 4 - September 2- The East Prussian operation of the Russian army, which ended in complete defeat for it.
September 15 - October 26- The Warsaw-Ivangorod operation, which ended in success for the Russian troops.
October 29 - November 12 - The Lodz operation, which did not allow the German troops to gain a strategic advantage on the Eastern Front.
October - the beginning of successful hostilities of Russian troops against Turkey.
May - August- the retreat of Russian troops from the previously captured Galicia, as well as from Poland and Lithuania, the loss of part of the territories of Latvia and Belarus.
June July - the resignations of "unpopular ministers": military general V. A. Sukhomlinov, internal affairs N. A. Maksakov, justice I. G. Shcheglovitov and chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod V. K. Sabler.
August 23- Acceptance by Nicholas II of the duties of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and the appointment of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich as governor of the Caucasus.
August- Creation of the Progressive Bloc in the State Duma.
October- Acceptance by Nicholas II of the Order of St. George IV degree.
May 22 - July 31 - offensive of Russian troops on the Southwestern Front, Brusilov breakthrough.
Summer autumn- uprising in Central Asia.
November 26 and 30 - strengthening of the "opposition of His Majesty": for the first time in the history of Russia, the State Council and the Congress of the United Nobility joined the demand of the deputies of the State Duma to eliminate the influence of "dark irresponsible forces" and create a government ready to rely on the majority in both chambers.
December 27 - 1917, February 28- Prince N. D. Golitsyn - Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The time of "ministerial leapfrog".
November 5- the wedding of the tsar's sister Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna and the staff captain N. A. Kulikovsky.
21 December- the presence of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna at the funeral of Grigory Rasputin in Tsarskoye Selo.
28th of February- adoption by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma of the final decision on the need to abdicate the king in favor of the heir to the throne under the regency of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich; the beginning of the arrests of tsarist ministers; departure of Nicholas II from Headquarters to Petrograd.
2nd of March - unsuccessful attempts by the tsar to find a compromise with the State Duma; receiving telegrams from front commanders; the signing of the Manifesto on abdication for himself and for Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich.
March, 6- adoption by the Provisional Government (under pressure from the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies) of the decision to arrest Nicholas II.
March 9 - July 31- the stay of Nicholas II with his family under arrest in the Alexander Palace of Tsarskoye Selo.
April 30 - transfer to a new location - to the Yekaterinburg House of Special Purpose ("House of Ipatiev").
On the night of 16 to 17 July- the murder of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, their children and servants in the Ekaterinburg Special Purpose House.
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Nicholas 2 Alexandrovich (May 6, 1868 - July 17, 1918) - the last Russian emperor, who ruled from 1894 to 1917, the eldest son of Alexander 3 and Maria Feodorovna, was an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In the Soviet historiographic tradition, he was given the epithet "Bloody". The life of Nicholas 2 and his reign are described in this article.
Briefly about the reign of Nicholas 2
During the years there was an active economic development of Russia. At the same time, the country lost to the sovereign in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was one of the reasons for the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, in particular, the adoption of the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, according to which the creation of various political parties was allowed, and also formed The State Duma. According to the same manifesto, agrarian activity began. In 1907, Russia became a member of the Entente and participated in the First World War as part of it. In August 1915, Nikolai 2 Romanov became commander in chief. On March 2, 1917, the sovereign abdicated. He and his entire family were shot. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized them in 2000.
Childhood, early years
When Nikolai Aleksandrovich was 8 years old, his home education began. The program included a general education course lasting eight years. And then - a course of higher sciences lasting five years. It was based on the program of the classical gymnasium. But instead of Greek and Latin, the future king mastered botany, mineralogy, anatomy, zoology and physiology. The courses of Russian literature, history and foreign languages were expanded. In addition, the higher education program included the study of law, political economy and military affairs (strategy, jurisprudence, the service of the General Staff, geography). Nicholas 2 was also engaged in fencing, vaulting, music, drawing. Alexander 3 and his wife Maria Feodorovna themselves chose mentors and teachers for the future tsar. Among them were military and statesmen, scientists: N. Kh. Bunge, K. P. Pobedonostsev, N. N. Obruchev, M. I. Dragomirov, N. K. Girs, A. R. Drenteln.
Carier start
From childhood, the future emperor Nicholas 2 was interested in military affairs: he perfectly knew the traditions of the officer environment, the soldier did not shy away, realizing himself as their mentor-patron, he easily endured the inconveniences of army life during camp maneuvers and training camps.
Immediately after the birth of the future sovereign, he was enrolled in several guards regiments and made commander of the 65th Moscow Infantry Regiment. At the age of five, Nicholas 2 (dates of reign - 1894-1917) was appointed commander of the Life Guards of the Reserve Infantry Regiment, and a little later, in 1875, of the Erivan Regiment. The future sovereign received his first military rank (ensign) in December 1875, and in 1880 he was promoted to second lieutenant, and four years later - to lieutenant.
Nicholas 2 entered active military service in 1884, and starting in July 1887 he served in and reached the rank of captain. He became a captain in 1891, and a year later - a colonel.
Beginning of the reign
After a long illness, Alexander 1 died, and Nicholas 2 took over the reign in Moscow on the same day, at the age of 26, on October 20, 1894.
During his solemn official coronation on May 18, 1896, dramatic events took place on the Khodynka field. There were mass riots, thousands of people were killed and injured in a spontaneous stampede.
The Khodynka field was not previously intended for festivities, since it was a training base for the troops, and therefore it was not landscaped. There was a ravine right next to the field, and the field itself was covered with numerous pits. On the occasion of the celebration, the pits and the ravine were covered with boards and covered with sand, and along the perimeter they set up benches, booths, stalls for distributing free vodka and food. When people, attracted by rumors about the distribution of money and gifts, rushed to the buildings, the decks that covered the pits collapsed, and people fell, not having time to stand up: a crowd was already running along them. The police, swept away by the wave, could not do anything. Only after reinforcements arrived did the crowd gradually disperse, leaving the bodies of mutilated and trampled people on the square.
The first years of the reign
In the first years of the reign of Nicholas 2, a general census of the country's population and a monetary reform were carried out. During the reign of this monarch, Russia became an agrarian-industrial state: railways were built, cities grew, industrial enterprises arose. The sovereign made decisions aimed at the social and economic modernization of Russia: the gold circulation of the ruble was introduced, several laws on workers' insurance, Stolypin's agrarian reform was carried out, laws on religious tolerance and universal primary education were adopted.
Main events
The years of the reign of Nicholas 2 were marked by a strong aggravation in the internal political life of Russia, as well as a difficult foreign policy situation (the events of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the Revolution of 1905-1907 in our country, the First World War, and in 1917 - the February Revolution) .
The Russo-Japanese War, which began in 1904, although it did not cause much damage to the country, however, significantly shook the authority of the sovereign. After numerous failures and losses in 1905, the Battle of Tsushima ended in a crushing defeat for the Russian fleet.
Revolution 1905-1907
On January 9, 1905, the revolution began, this date is called Bloody Sunday. Government troops shot down a demonstration of workers, organized, as is commonly believed, by George of the transit prison in St. Petersburg. As a result of the executions, more than a thousand demonstrators died, who participated in a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace in order to submit a petition to the sovereign about the needs of the workers.
After this uprising swept many other Russian cities. Armed performances were in the navy and in the army. So, on June 14, 1905, the sailors took possession of the battleship Potemkin, brought it to Odessa, where at that time there was a general strike. However, the sailors did not dare to land ashore to support the workers. "Potemkin" headed to Romania and surrendered to the authorities. Numerous speeches forced the king to sign the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, which granted citizens civil liberties.
Not being a reformer by nature, the king was forced to implement reforms that did not correspond to his convictions. He believed that in Russia the time had not yet come for freedom of speech, a constitution, and universal suffrage. However, Nicholas 2 (whose photo is presented in the article) was forced to sign the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, as an active public movement for political transformation began.
Establishment of the State Duma
The State Duma was established by the tsar's manifesto of 1906. In the history of Russia, for the first time, the emperor began to rule in the presence of a representative elected body from the population. That is, Russia is gradually becoming a constitutional monarchy. However, despite these changes, the emperor during the reign of Nicholas 2 still had enormous powers of authority: he issued laws in the form of decrees, appointed ministers and the prime minister, accountable only to him, was the head of the court, the army and the patron of the Church, determined foreign policy the course of our country.
The first revolution of 1905-1907 showed the deep crisis that existed at that time in the Russian state.
Personality of Nicholas 2
From the point of view of his contemporaries, his personality, main character traits, advantages and disadvantages were very ambiguous and sometimes caused conflicting assessments. According to many of them, Nicholas 2 was characterized by such an important feature as weak will. However, there is a lot of evidence that the sovereign stubbornly strove to implement his ideas and undertakings, sometimes reaching stubbornness (only once, when signing the Manifesto on October 17, 1905, he was forced to submit to someone else's will).
In contrast to his father, Alexander 3, Nicholas 2 (see his photo below) did not create the impression of a strong personality. However, according to people close to him, he had exceptional self-control, sometimes interpreted as indifference to the fate of people and the country (for example, with composure that amazed the sovereign’s entourage, he met the news of the fall of Port Arthur and the defeat of the Russian army in World War I war).
Being engaged in state affairs, Tsar Nicholas 2 showed "extraordinary perseverance", as well as attentiveness and accuracy (for example, he never had a personal secretary, and he put all the seals on letters with his own hand). Although, in general, the management of a huge power was still a "heavy burden" for him. According to contemporaries, Tsar Nicholas 2 had a tenacious memory, observation, in communication he was a friendly, modest and sensitive person. Most of all, he valued his habits, peace, health, and especially the well-being of his own family.
Nicholas 2 and his family
The support of the sovereign was his family. Alexandra Fedorovna was not just a wife for him, but also an adviser, a friend. Their wedding took place on November 14, 1894. The interests, ideas and habits of the spouses often did not coincide, largely due to cultural differences, because the empress was a German princess. However, this did not interfere with family harmony. The couple had five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei.
The drama of the royal family was caused by the illness of Alexei, who suffered from hemophilia (blood incoagulability). It was this disease that caused the appearance in the royal house of Grigory Rasputin, who was famous for the gift of healing and foresight. He often helped Alexei cope with bouts of illness.
World War I
1914 was a turning point in the fate of Nicholas 2. It was at this time that the First World War began. The sovereign did not want this war, trying until the very last moment to avoid a bloody massacre. But on July 19 (August 1), 1914, Germany nevertheless decided to start a war with Russia.
In August 1915, marked by a series of military setbacks, Nicholas 2, whose reign was already drawing to a close, assumed the role of commander in chief of the Russian army. Previously, it was assigned to Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Younger). Since then, the sovereign only occasionally came to the capital, spending most of his time in Mogilev, at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander.
The First World War intensified Russia's internal problems. The king and his entourage began to be considered the main culprit for the defeats and the protracted campaign. There was an opinion that treason was "breeding" in the Russian government. The military command of the country, headed by the emperor, at the beginning of 1917 created a plan for a general offensive, according to which it was planned to end the confrontation by the summer of 1917.
Abdication of Nicholas 2
However, at the end of February of the same year, unrest began in Petrograd, which, due to the lack of strong opposition from the authorities, grew in a few days into mass political uprisings against the tsar's dynasty and government. At first, Nicholas 2 planned to use force to achieve order in the capital, but, realizing the true scale of the protests, he abandoned this plan, fearing even more bloodshed that it could cause. Some of the high-ranking officials, political figures and members of the sovereign's retinue convinced him that a change in government was necessary to suppress the unrest, the abdication of Nicholas 2 from the throne.
After painful reflections on March 2, 1917 in Pskov, during a trip on the imperial train, Nicholas 2 decided to sign an act of abdication from the throne, transferring the reign to his brother, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich. However, he refused to accept the crown. The abdication of Nicholas 2 thus meant the end of the dynasty.
Last months of life
Nicholas 2 and his family were arrested on March 9 of the same year. First, for five months they were in Tsarskoye Selo, under guard, and in August 1917 they were sent to Tobolsk. Then, in April 1918, the Bolsheviks moved Nicholas and his family to Yekaterinburg. Here, on the night of July 17, 1918, in the center of the city, in the basement in which the prisoners were imprisoned, Emperor Nicholas 2, his five children, his wife, as well as several close associates of the king, including the family doctor Botkin and servants, without any trial and the investigations were shot. In total, eleven people were killed.
In 2000, by decision of the Church, Nicholas 2 Romanov, as well as his entire family, were canonized, and an Orthodox church was erected on the site of the Ipatiev house.
Nicholas 2nd (May 18, 1868 - July 17, 1918) - the last Russian emperor, son of Alexander 3rd. He received an excellent education (studied history, literature, economics, jurisprudence, military affairs, perfectly mastered three languages: French, German, English) and ascended the throne early (at 26) due to the death of his father.
Let's supplement the short biography of Nicholas II with the history of his family. On November 14, 1894, the German princess Alice of Hesse (Alexandra Fedorovna) became the wife of Nicholas 2nd. Soon their first daughter Olga was born (November 3, 1895). In total, the royal family had five children. Daughters were born one after another: Tatyana (May 29, 1897), Maria (June 14, 1899) and Anastasia (June 5, 1901). Everyone expected an heir who was to take the throne after his father. On August 12, 1904, the long-awaited son was born to Nikolai, they named him Alexei. At the age of three, doctors diagnosed him with a severe hereditary disease - hemophilia (blood incoagulability). Nevertheless, he was the only heir and was preparing to rule.
On May 26, 1896, the coronation of Nicholas II and his wife took place. During the holidays, a terrible event took place, called Khodynka, as a result of which 1282 people died in a stampede.
During the reign of Nicholas II in Russia there was a rapid economic recovery. The agricultural sector has strengthened - the country has become the main exporter of agricultural products in Europe, a stable gold currency has been introduced. The industry was actively developing: cities grew, enterprises and railways were built. Nicholas 2nd was a reformer, he introduced a standardized day for workers, provided them with insurance, and carried out reforms in the army and navy. The emperor supported the development of culture and science in Russia.
But, despite significant improvements, there were popular unrest in the country. In January 1905, an event took place, the stimulus for which was. As a result, October 17, 1905 was adopted. It talked about civil liberties. A parliament was created, which included the State Duma and the State Council. On June 3 (16), 1907, the Third-June coup took place, which changed the rules for elections to the Duma.
In 1914, it began, as a result of which the state inside the country worsened. Failures in battles undermined the authority of Tsar Nicholas II. In February 1917, an uprising broke out in Petrograd, reaching grandiose proportions. March 2, 1917, fearing mass bloodshed, Nicholas II signed the act of abdication.
On March 9, 1917, the Provisional Government arrested all of them and sent them to Tsarskoye Selo. In August they were transported to Tobolsk, and in April 1918 - to their last destination - Yekaterinburg. On the night of July 16-17, the Romanovs were taken to the basement, the death sentence was read out and the execution was carried out. After a thorough investigation, it was determined that none of the royal family managed to escape.