Earth once looked like an alien place! What the new study says
An interesting service has appeared on the global network (dinosaurpictures.org), which allows you to see what our planet looked like 100, 200, ... 600 million years ago. The listing of events taking place in the history of our planet is given below.
Nowadays
. There are practically no places left on Earth that do not experience human activity. 
20 million years ago
Neogene period. Mammals and birds are beginning to resemble modern species. The first hominids appeared in Africa. 
35 million years ago
The middle stage of the Pleistocene in the epoch of the Quaternary period. In the course of evolution, from small and simple forms of mammals, more complex and diverse species appeared. Primates, cetaceans and other groups of living organisms develop. The earth is cooling down, deciduous trees are spreading. The first species of herbaceous plants evolve. 
50 million years ago
Beginning of the Tertiary period. After the asteroid destroyed the dinosaurs, the surviving birds, mammals and reptiles, evolving, occupy the vacated niches. From terrestrial mammals, a group of ancestors of cetaceans branches off, which begins to explore the expanses of the oceans. 
65 million years ago
Late Cretaceous. Mass extinction of dinosaurs, marine and flying reptiles, as well as many marine invertebrates and other species. Scientists are of the opinion that the cause of extinction was the fall of an asteroid in the region of the present Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico). 
90 million years ago
Cretaceous period. Triceratops and Pachycephalosaurs continue to roam the Earth. The first species of mammals, birds and insects continue to evolve. 
105 million years ago
Cretaceous period. Triceratops and Pachycephalosaurs roam the Earth. The first species of mammals, birds and insects appear. 
120 million years ago
Early Mel. The earth is warm and humid, there are no ice polar caps. The world is dominated by reptiles, the first small mammals lead a semi-hidden lifestyle. Flowering plants evolve and spread throughout the Earth. 
150 million years ago
End of the Jurassic period. The first lizards appeared, primitive placental mammals evolve. Dinosaurs dominate all over land. The oceans are inhabited by marine reptiles. Pterosaurs become the dominant vertebrates in the air. 
170 million years ago
Jurassic period. Dinosaurs thrive. The first mammals and birds evolve. Ocean life is diverse. The climate on the planet is very warm and humid. 
200 million years ago
Late Triassic. As a result of the mass extinction, 76% of all species of living organisms disappear. The number of populations of surviving species is also greatly reduced. Species of fish, crocodiles, primitive mammals, and pterosaurs were less affected. The first real dinosaurs appear. 
220 million years ago
Middle Triassic. Earth is recovering from the Permian-Triassic extinction. Small dinosaurs begin to appear. Together with the first flying invertebrates, Therapsids and Archosaurs appear. 
240 million years ago
Early Triassic. Due to the death of a large number of species of land plants, there is a low oxygen content in the planet's atmosphere. Many species of coral have disappeared, and many millions of years will pass before coral reefs begin to rise above the Earth's surface. The small ancestors of dinosaurs, birds and mammals survive. 
260 million years ago
Late Perm. The largest mass extinction in the history of the planet. About 90% of all species of living organisms disappear from the face of the Earth. The disappearance of most plant species leads to starvation of a large number of species of herbivorous reptiles, and then carnivores. Insects are losing their habitat. 
280 million years ago
Permian period. Land masses merge together to form the supercontinent Pangea. Climatic conditions worsen: polar caps and deserts begin to grow. The area suitable for plant growth is sharply reduced. Despite this, four-legged reptiles and amphibians diverge. The oceans abound with various kinds of fish and invertebrates. 
300 million years ago
Late Carboniferous. Plants have a developed root system, which allows them to successfully populate hard-to-reach areas of land. The surface area of the Earth occupied by vegetation is increasing. The oxygen content in the planet's atmosphere is also increasing. Life begins to actively develop under the canopy of ancient vegetation. Evolving the first reptiles. A wide variety of giant insects appear. 
340 million years ago
Carboniferous (Carboniferous period). On Earth, there is a mass extinction of marine organisms. Plants have a more perfect root system, which allows them to more successfully capture new areas of land. The concentration of oxygen in the planet's atmosphere is increasing. The first reptiles evolve. 
370 million years ago
Late Devon. As plants develop, life on land becomes more complex. A large number of insect species appear. Fish develop strong fins that eventually develop into limbs. The first vertebrates crawl out onto land. The oceans abound with corals, various types of fish including sharks, as well as sea scorpions and cephalopods. The first signs of mass extinction of marine living organisms are beginning to appear. 
400 million years ago
Devonian. Plant life on land is becoming more complex, accelerating the evolution of terrestrial animal organisms. Insects diverging. The species diversity of the World Ocean is increasing. 
430 million years ago
Silur. Mass extinction wipes out half of the species diversity of marine invertebrates from the face of the planet. The first plants begin to develop the land and populate the coastal strip. Plants begin to develop a conducting system that accelerates the transport of water and nutrients to tissues. Marine life is becoming more diverse and plentiful. Some organisms leave reefs and settle on land. 
450 million years ago
Late Ordovician. The seas are teeming with life, coral reefs are emerging. Algae are still the only multicellular plants. There is no complex life on land. The first vertebrates appear, including jawless fish. The first harbingers of the mass extinction of marine fauna appear. 
Everyone in the world already knows that the Earth is gradually warming up. As if negative human climate change wasn't enough, a brand new study has found that the planet's temperature rise is greater than it was 120,000 years ago, not surprising at all. It turns out that this warming will continue for the next thousand years or so, no matter how human activities change.
What the new study says
The former Stanford University researcher and official climate policy maker at the US Environmental Protection Agency has created high-resolution records of the planet's climate over the past few million years. This is much more than the previous record, which covered only 22,000 years. Unlike many other studies that focus on year-on-year changes in recent history, the new looks deep into the geological past through periods of warming and cooling, and also tests temperatures at 5,000-year intervals. 
Using more than 60 state-of-the-art methods to measure sea surface temperature, Dr. Caroline Snyder has produced one of the most accurate continuous temperature records ever, which references the date of both natural and man-made carbon dioxide fluctuations.
"It's a useful starting point," Snyder commented. "Scientists will be able to use and improve it as more records become available in the future." 
Evidence of an unusual rise in temperature
She found clear evidence that we are living in an unusually warm period. After the last glacial maximum ended 11,500 years ago, global temperatures naturally began to increase, as this always happens during interglacial periods. However, this study and many others clearly show that the current rate of warming is far beyond what could be expected. 
In fact, this study goes hand in hand with another recent review of ocean temperatures, which sharply emphasizes that the current rate of temperature rise is 10 times greater than would be expected. But without the oceans absorbing massive amounts of carbon dioxide, the rate of temperature increase would be 360 times greater than expected. 
Even taking into account this massive carbon sink, as well as all the climatic mechanisms we have seen in the past and today, Snyder's research shows that global temperatures will rise by 5 degrees in the next 1,000 years, even if current levels of greenhouse gases suddenly stabilize.
But therein lies the catch - greenhouse gas levels cannot suddenly stabilize. 
What will climate stabilization efforts lead to?
As we know, the Paris climate agreement has been ratified and the use of renewable energy is on the rise. The world is starting to try to reduce its carbon footprint, but even if every country signs the Paris Agreement, by 2030 we will exceed the warming limit of 2 degrees. In addition, emissions will continue to rise for the foreseeable future.
Snyder believes that, based on her detailed paleoclimate data, a doubling of pre-industrial levels of carbon dioxide could eventually increase temperatures by 9 degrees. 
The reaction of the scientific world to the study
This alarming figure is at the end of other studies' calculations, and some climatologists are rather skeptical about it. "I find this study provocative and quite interesting, but the quantitative data should be viewed with great skepticism until this analysis has been carefully verified by the scientific community," commented Michael Mann, a paleoclimatologist expert at the University of Pennsylvania. 
But if Snyder's calculations turn out to be correct, it means that we are standing very close to the cliff. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the global average monthly concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 401.7 parts per million (when the industrial level was 280 parts per million). In this case, experts believe that we will be close to doubling the pre-industrial level (560 parts per million) by 2100. This means that many disasters associated with climate warming await us.
A scientist from the Bashkir State University, Professor Alexander Nikolaevich Chuvyrov, mathematician and physicist, in the summer of 1995 went on an expedition to Bashkiria. The expedition also included Huang Hongz, a trainee from China, who collected materials for her doctoral dissertation. During this and subsequent scientific expeditions, a large number of objects with texts were discovered that were undoubtedly of ancient Chinese origin. They managed to decipher, and it turned out that they convincingly testify to the former presence in these places of some ancient culture. The texts spoke mainly about business contacts, marriages, deaths and burials.
These findings led to the fact that, starting in 1995, Professor Chuvyrov devoted himself to research, which, from the point of view of his scientific training and all his previous professional activities, seemed quite unexpected. He put forward a hypothesis that in prehistoric times the Bashkirs moved to Siberia and the Urals from China. And together, Huang Hong began to search for evidence of his version.
In general, it has been noticed that physicists and mathematicians often begin to be attracted by riddles and secrets from fields of knowledge that seem completely alien to them. So, for example, the Russian mathematician Anatoly (Anton) Timofeevich Fomenko, starting from the end of the 80s of the XX century, suddenly began to publish works where, using facts, he refutes the generally accepted chronology of the history of human civilization. And he is not alone in this.
The search led Professor Chuvyrov and his graduate student to the archives of the governor-general of the city of Ufa, where researchers found records of the 18th century, which spoke of two hundred unusual white stone slabs discovered in the 17th and 18th centuries by Russian travelers near the village of Chandar. The reliability of these records was later confirmed by the archaeologist A. Schmidt, who explored the area at the beginning of the 20th century and, as they say, saw these white slabs.
A new riddle haunted Chuvyrov. He walked up and down the territory where, according to his assumptions, these plates could be located, examined the area from a helicopter, hoping to find some trace of them, but to no avail. And when he had already begun to despair and decided that the plates were just a beautiful legend, he was helped by a lucky break.
In the village of Chandar Chuvyrov met with Vladimir Krainov, the former chairman of the local collective farm. When the professor said that he was looking for white stone slabs, and began to describe their supposed appearance, Krainov said that he knew perfectly well what they looked like, since one such slab lay in his yard.
At first, Chuvyrov did not take this message seriously, but nevertheless decided to check it out. Now he says, “I will always remember that day. It was June 21, 1999."
Under the porch of one of the outbuildings in Krainov's yard, there really was a large stone slab with numerous irregularities on the surface. It was too heavy to be dug up and lifted by two people. Chuvyrov went to Ufa for help. He returned a week later.
First, the monolith was dug up, and then pulled out of the pit with the help of wooden rollers. For the professor, the stove became the find of a lifetime, he named it "Dashi's Stone", in honor of his granddaughter, who was born a few days before this event.
The 148 x 103 x 16 cm slab weighs almost a ton. Its entire front side turned out to be covered with numerous bulges, which - which was quite obvious - are not natural formations. This relief appeared as a result of careful, high-precision processing. Chuvyrov almost immediately suggested that the surface of the plate is a three-dimensional map of some area. But which one?..
Soon the professor realized: this is the neighborhood of Ufa. This, in particular, was clearly indicated by the chain of hills depicted on the map, an exact copy of the range of hills located on the outskirts of the city and which had not undergone serious geological changes for millions of years.
Initially, the age of the plate, on which some icons were also visible, was estimated at several thousand years. True, Chuvyrov was surprised that it depicted the surface of the Earth, and not deer, mammoths, and other prehistoric animals common in such cases. In addition, south of Ufa, in the direction of the current Sterlitamak, a gorge stretched on the map, which in reality does not exist. When cartographers, geologists, physicists, mathematicians, chemists and experts in the ancient Chinese language joined the research, the mysterious gorge was identified. In its place was the modern bed of the Urshak River. But since the rest of the map matched the landscape fairly well, it must have been millions of years old!
Further painstaking work confirmed that the relief carved on the slab accurately reproduces on a certain scale the appearance of a section of the earth's surface on the territory of Bashkiria (or, in modern terms, Bashkortostan) from Ufa to the city of Salavat with the Belaya, Ufimka and Sutolka rivers. But it reproduces it as it was in the early period of the Earth's history.
Meanwhile, some reputable scientists declared the sensational report about the discovery of an ancient stone map as absurd and nonsense. Therefore, a group of enthusiasts from specialists in various fields that had gathered around Chuvyrov by that time decided to conduct a thorough and comprehensive study of the find. At the same time, the possibility was carefully checked that the irregularities on the surface of the plate were formed under the influence of the forces of nature and were not at all the creation of any reasonable forces, and their similarity with the terrain is purely accidental.
However, it soon became clear that the stone was not only subjected to mechanical processing, but, no doubt, was not processed manually, but using, as they say now, high technologies available only to a highly developed civilization. And the application of these technologies began with the creation of a working surface for the future relief, consisting of two artificial layers covering a natural dolomite slab. The material of the first layer, two centimeters thick, was a vitreous mass based on the mineral diopside, applied to the slab in an unknown way. It is on its surface that the relief of the map is carved. On top of the relief was covered with a two-millimeter layer of lime porcelain, which gave the surface a high hardness and protected it from damage during impacts.
Of course, Stone Age people, armed with stone axes and hammers, could not make such a complex composite material, as well as make such a carefully and accurately the relief itself. Studies, including with the help of X-ray equipment, showed that the relief was cut using high-precision equipment.
The appearance and nature of the arrangement of the signs on the Dashi Stone in vertical columns indicates that these are elements of writing. Their initial identification with the hieroglyphs of the ancient Chinese language, after consultation with Chinese experts, was recognized as erroneous. The origin of the signs has not yet been established, the content of the text has not been deciphered.
The more Alexander Chuvyrov and his colleagues explored the mysterious plate, the more surprises it presented. The relief map reproduced not only the natural landscape with plains, mountains and riverbeds, but also numerous traces of the activity of some ancient civilization. First of all, it shows an extensive irrigation system with canals, dams, dams and reservoirs of truly gigantic proportions. At the same time, the channels reached a length of more than 10 km, a width of up to 500 meters, and 12 of the largest reservoirs had a depth of about 300 meters. It is also clearly seen on the map that the course of the Belaya River was artificially altered.
“Modern humanity could hardly create even a small part of what is presented on the stone map,” says Professor Chuvyrov. “In comparison with these cyclopean structures, our Volga-Don Canal would be only a barely noticeable scratch on this map.”
It was very difficult to determine the age of the map. Neither the radiocarbon method used in archeology, nor the scanning of the layers covering the slab using the so-called uranium chronometer, allowed us to come to a definite conclusion. Two petrified shells found on the surface of the map came to the rescue, which, according to most of the participants in the study, were specially introduced into it by the creators of the map in order to make it possible to determine the time of its manufacture in the distant future. The fact is that in archeology, shells serve as the so-called guide fossils, the most typical for sedimentary layers of a certain geological age. Organisms that live inside shells are relatively short-lived and change rapidly in the course of evolution. It turned out that one of the shells existed on Earth 500 million years ago, and the other, much more "young", - 120 million. These data became the basis for a working hypothesis regarding the age boundaries of the map.
The correctness of these boundaries was confirmed by another discovery. Microscopic metal particles were found on the surfaces of the two upper layers of the relief, which remained there after mechanical processing. Their orientation indicates that at the time when unknown masters were working on making the map, the location of the North Magnetic Pole was different than it is now - it was located in the area of Franz Josef Land. Geologists know what it was... 120 million years ago!
But who in that unimaginably distant era could need a high-precision three-dimensional map of one of the regions of the Urals? And, most importantly, who had the ability to make such a map?
According to the ideas prevailing today, at that time mainly dinosaurs ran around the Earth, hardly possessing the necessary abilities for this, and the mammals that had already appeared by that time were just small animals, no larger than a rat. True, there is a hypothesis that at a time when dinosaurs were the “kings of nature” on Earth, people also lived on it, who even hunted these same “kings”. But if this is so, then surely those people could not create a technically advanced civilization that would be able to produce such a complex product.
When scientists from the Center for Historical Cartography, located in the US state of Wisconsin, examined the mysterious find of Professor Chuvyrov, they came to the unanimous conclusion that, firstly, it was undoubtedly a map, and secondly, that it was created as a means of navigation. In their opinion, it is difficult to imagine the use of this card for any other purpose. The creators of the map, according to American scientists, should have been able to fly, and probably even in orbits that go beyond the earth's atmosphere. Because the identification of the details of the terrain with such high accuracy is possible only when performing topographic surveys from the air or from space.
These scientists knew well what they were talking about. The fact is that just at that time they, together with NASA specialists, were working on the creation of a three-dimensional atlas of the world. In the course of this work, a large number of measurements made from satellites and from spacecraft were used. According to the plan, the atlas should be ready by 2010. Thus, the stone map found by Alexander Chuvyrov is a fragment of what modern people who own the technology and technology of the 21st century, including supercomputers and the latest altimeters installed on spacecraft, are still planning to create.
And here's another mystery.
The system of hydraulic structures presented on the map undoubtedly indicates that this area was mastered by a highly developed civilization. But there are no roads or any other land routes marked. It turns out that those who used this map did not travel by land, but by water or air.
In this regard, there was an assumption that the creators of the map did not inhabit this area, but sent a reconnaissance expedition here. Its members surveyed the territory, made its map and created a water system, preparing the region for future development. But who and from where could send such a "construction team" to the Bashkir lands 120 million years ago? ..
The longer the study of the find continues, the more sensational discoveries and hypotheses appear. Currently, Russian experts are confident that it is only a fragment of a much grander artifact, perhaps even a map of the whole world, that is, the one that NASA specialists are currently creating.
Old records of the 18th century speak of two hundred slabs. After analyzing soil samples taken from the surface of the Dasha Stone, it became clear that initially it should have been located in a gorge near Mount Sokolina. Due to the fact that during the Ice Age this entire area was covered with a huge thickness of ice, the giant slab (its dimensions, according to Chuvyrov, were no less than 340 x 340 meters) split into many parts, which during the period of ice melting turned out to be carried away in various directions.
The study of archival materials allowed the researchers to suggest the location of several more fragments of the stone map. They may lie, for example, under the foundation of a trading house of a private entrepreneur located in Chandara, or under the bridge of a local narrow gauge railway passing near this village. It is clear that the implementation of searches in such places is associated with significant difficulties.
According to many scientists, the artifact found in Chandar has nothing equal in its significance on a global scale. Moreover, during the search work, the researchers found a semi-precious stone chalcedony. On its surface was carved a relief similar to that which covers the surface of the Dashi Stone. Apparently, someone wanted to copy a large map in a "pocket version". Who did it and why?
The events associated with the discovery and research of the stone map looked so sensational that, naturally, they caused a number of skeptical responses. Most of them are directed not so much against Professor Chuvyrov and his like-minded people, but rather against the simplified interpretation of the whole situation that appeared in some media.
There is no doubt that Chuvyrov's group fulfills all the requirements of a scientific approach when studying the Dasha Stone. However, it is sometimes difficult for the average reader to correctly assess the results of their research. So, for example, if we compare the current position of the Belaya River on a modern map and the corresponding line on the Map of the Gods, then, at first glance, it is difficult to recognize their identity. But, paradoxically, it is this apparent discrepancy that indicates that the Dashi Stone really represents the area in the middle reaches of the Belaya River, south of Ufa, only it is presented as it was in ancient prehistoric times. It should be borne in mind that the globe then looked very different. And not only because the landscapes of the continents, their mountains and plains, rivers and lakes were mostly different. Others were the shapes and relative positions of the continents themselves. At the end of the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era, that is, 150-120 million years ago, South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia formed a single supercontinent. Geologists call it Gondwana. At the same time, Central Asia and China were shifted towards the North Pole, and Europe was almost entirely under the water of the Asian pra-ocean. But the belt of the Ural Mountains and the territories adjacent to it already existed then and have changed relatively little since then. In the next, the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era, about 110 million years ago, the Earth already looked different. Africa, India and Australia were "on the way" to their current position, and Europe was gradually emerging from under the water. Of course, the change in the relative position of the continents was accompanied by a change in their outlines, as well as in the landscapes on their surface.
The foregoing shows how difficult it is for scientists to assess how, for example, millions of years ago the bed of a given river was located and where the mountain ranges and valleys closest to it were located at that time. For such an assessment to be possible at all, complex computer simulations must be performed. It is from such positions that the Dasha Stone should be considered. As Professor Chuvyrov said at a press conference at the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper on June 6, 2002, “the identification of the terrain carved on a stone slab in the Ufa region, as it was 120 million years ago, was not the result of a visual assessment, but of multi-stage computer modeling and careful calculations.
Currently, Professor Alexander Chuvyrov considers his main task to be further research of the Map of the Gods: to continue the analysis of the material of the slab and the coatings applied to it, and to clarify the age of the find itself. He does not take part in heated discussions about the possible creators of the map, leaving this controversy to other scientists and researchers, including ufologists.
In conclusion, it must be emphasized that if Dasha's Stone is really what Professor Chuvyrov believes it to be, then our entire worldview must change radically. And it does not matter who created the Map of the Gods and how this creator ended up in the foothills of the Urals in such distant prehistoric times. It is important to understand and comprehend that it took humanity 120 million years to reach the level of development at which the civilization was able to create such a map.
Humans have already been to Mars
Almost all peoples of the Earth have legends about a very ancient catastrophe that once destroyed almost all of humanity. Today, the myths about the civilizations that died before us are beginning to take on concrete shape. Not so long ago, multiple human remains were discovered, whose age is at least 15 million years. But until now it was believed that in those days there could not be any person on the planet!
In the United States, more and more often there are reports of mysterious, but clearly man-made artifacts found in ancient rocks, deep mines, in layers, the age of which is measured by many millions of years. For example, strange metal balls from a metal unknown to modern science, discovered in one of the South African coal mines, are at least 31 million years old!
The fossilized remains of organisms indicate that 30 million years ago, living beings everywhere on Earth underwent significant mutations. This could happen due to the explosions of thermonuclear bombs and the subsequent radioactive contamination of the entire surface of the planet Earth.
Computer processing of images obtained by NASA from the Viking probe made it possible to detect a number of objects on Mars, presumably of artificial origin. Among them are the face of the Sphinx, pyramids, and even something resembling a crashed spaceship.
Based on the above and dozens of other irrefutable facts, Meredith states: “People created a civilization so advanced that they could fly to Mars, but because of their madness they blew up this world and found themselves back in the caves. Can we be sure that our descendants will not repeat this tragic mistake?
Explosion that destroyed civilization
Of course, Professor Meredith's hypothesis may seem completely incredible to many, because it turns on its head all our ideas not only about the development of mankind, but also about the evolution of living beings. However, readers of this material should not immediately join the camp of skeptics. Let's critically, without prejudice, consider the evidence presented by the Nobel laureate Meredith.
The Vatican Library contains the oldest monument of the Aztec culture, which directly states that we are the fifth generation of human civilization on Earth. The first was a civilization of giants that starved to death, depleting the planet's resources. The second disappeared in a fire that engulfed the entire globe (by all indications, it is this civilization that Meredith considers in his hypothesis. Some researchers believe that she died as a result of a global atomic war). The third came monkeys. Well, the fourth generation fell victim to the Flood.
Information that civilizations periodically arise and die on our planet is contained in the holy book of the ancient Indians, the Purana, and in many other sources. Amazingly, in one ancient manuscript, stored in the archives of the Bombay Library, there is a detailed description of nuclear war!
And in the unique manuscript "Mahabharata", created at least 2 thousand years before our era, it speaks of a terrible weapon ("Head of Brahma", "Flame of Indra"), after which the explosion was as bright as the light of 10 thousand suns at the zenith. People's teeth, hair and nails fell out, and all food became unusable. "Several years after that, the sun, stars and sky were hidden by clouds and bad weather." The Mahabharata tells how warriors who survived the fire threw themselves into the water to wash away the ashes ...
"It's becoming clear," comments the New Scientist, "that things are not so simple in the history of the emergence of intelligent life on Earth, and the scientist's hypothesis has a right to exist."
Sensational Finds
If 30 million years ago there really was a civilization, then geological processes destroyed all traces of it a long time ago. It is necessary to look for evidence of its reality in layers that have never attracted the attention of archaeologists before. The fact that sensational finds in very ancient rocks are quite possible is evidenced by multiple artifacts.
In 1852 in Massachusetts (USA) in one of the quarries, after the explosion of a block of conglomerate tens or even hundreds of millions of years old, two halves of a metal vessel in the shape of a bell with inlay in the form of a flower pattern were found. A fact that has bypassed many "anomalous" newspapers of the world.
In 1961, three Americans discovered a ceramic pot containing what looked like an automobile spark plug. The age of this discovery is half a million years!
In South America, scientists stumbled upon a stone library, called the "Ica stones". Tens of thousands of unique stone engravings depict the life of a civilization unknown to scientists on Earth. As for the time of its existence, then the opinions of scientists differed, and quite significantly - from 100 thousand to 60 million years BC!
In 1999, a sensational discovery was made in Bashkiria. On a vertically standing stone slab weighing a ton, archaeologists discovered a three-dimensional map of the earth's surface, which corresponded to the terrain millions of years ago. The card was made using high technology, and the plate was covered with two layers of artificial materials! It is curious that on this map a grandiose irrigation (irrigation) system is plotted, and, based on the scale, some of its channels were 500 meters wide!
But the most surprising thing is the age of the card! She is 120 million years old! Researchers from Russia, the USA, Great Britain and New Zealand are convinced that data obtained from aircraft were used in its creation.
Mysterious plate
Those who are interested in anomalous phenomena are, of course, familiar with the above facts. But recently the Colorado Springs ran a story from a quarry worker named Stephen Hoffman. He cleared the pit dug out by the machine from the rock, and at a depth of 12 meters the shovel rang, hitting the metal. In the rock layer, a rectangular metal plate was visible, the size of a lid from a small case! It turned out to be light, as if made of aluminum alloy, black-gray, as if made of cast iron, and with great difficulty succumbed to the especially strong blade of a special hacksaw for metal. With a thickness of 2 cm, it weighed no more than 300 g.
"What is the approximate age of the breed?" Stephen asked the quarry engineer. "Somewhere 30-40 million years," he replied. "And where did this product come from in the pit?" Stephen showed the found plate.
The engineer fiddled with the "lid" in his hands for several minutes, and then, smiling, asked: "Listen, Hoffmann, maybe you're joking?"
This find was sent to study the latest technologies at Arkandas University. And how many hundreds or thousands of such artifacts were thrown away, destroyed by the people who found them, lost in the storerooms of museums, scientific laboratories or in private collections?
About 65 million years ago, a huge meteorite with a diameter of about 10 kilometers fell to Earth in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern Gulf of Mexico. It brought tsunamis, fires, earthquakes and other cataclysms, and dense dust covered the sky, gradually cooling the planet almost to its core. As a result, 70% of all living beings died. First of all, the rulers of the planet, the dinosaurs, suffered. However, by that time, many other species had already appeared on Earth that were able to adapt to new conditions, and some even survived to this day.
cockroaches
Cockroaches appeared even before dinosaurs: the oldest fossilized insect, 9 centimeters long, is dated 300 million years ago. In the time of dinosaurs, according to scientists, cockroaches felt great: giant lizards provided them with food. When scientists examined the remains of a 120-million-year-old cockroach trapped in amber, they found bits of wood in its stomach that could have been ingested with dinosaur feces. But even after their death, cockroaches found themselves in a changing world.
devil frogs
With a length of 41 centimeters, it was perhaps the largest frog that ever lived on Earth, which is why it got its name. She lived 65 - 70 million years ago, right in the middle of the Cretaceous period, in Madagascar. The devil frog had such a huge mouth and stomach that it didn’t even have to hunt: it just sat down and waited for the prey to pass by. She fed on smaller frogs, lizards, and mice, and possibly baby dinosaurs.
sea turtles
The first sea turtles appeared over 245 million years ago. Many scientists believe that they were terrestrial creatures that evolved into marine life during the Cretaceous period. In those days, turtles were much larger than they are today, and with longer necks.
lizards
Although "dinosaur" means "terrible lizard", it's just a beautiful image. Dinosaurs are not related to reptiles in any way, they are different groups. But lizards were contemporaries of dinosaurs, and most of them also died out after the meteorite fell. However, a large group of lizards, 40% of which lived in North America, managed to survive. It took about 10 million years after the Cretaceous period for the lizards to regain their lost ground.
Crabs
Although crabs first arose during the Jurassic, many species appeared during the Cretaceous, including the huge crab Megaxantho zogue with a twisted claw on a moveable toe on its right claw. While this crab broke shells with its right claw, the smaller left claw dug into the prey inside. Although M. zogue died out with the dinosaurs, crabs that appeared during the Cenozoic era took over its features - and they are still found today.
Marmots
Long before the catastrophe led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals had already begun to gradually settle down on an ever-changing planet. One of them was a shaggy big man Vintana sertichi, who lived in Madagascar. Judging by the skull, discovered in 2010, this marmot was larger than most mammals of its time, its weight reached 9 kg. Initially, V. sertichi lived on the supercontinent Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere. Then the mainland broke up into Africa, Antarctica, South America, Madagascar, India, Arabia and Australia.
rodents
The rodent Rugosodon eurasiaticus was extremely common during the Cretaceous period and became extinct about 35 million years ago. The oldest R. eurasiaticus fossil found dates back to 160 million years. It is believed that this rodent paved the way for other mammals that could jump, dig tunnels and climb trees, and were the size of a mouse or beaver. These rodent-like mammals first appeared during the Jurassic period but managed to live for over a million years.