To whom in Rus' to live well is the problem of happiness. Analysis of the poem "To Whom in Rus' to Live Well" (Nekrasov). Genre, genre, direction
The question of happiness is central to the poem. It is this question that leads seven wanderers around Russia and forces them to sort out “candidates” for the happy ones one by one. In the ancient Russian book tradition, the genre of travel, the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was well known, which, in addition to visiting the “holy places”, had a symbolic meaning and meant the pilgrim’s inner ascent to spiritual perfection. Behind the visible movement was hidden a secret, invisible - towards God.
Gogol was guided by this tradition in the poem "Dead Souls", its presence is also felt in Nekrasov's poem. Men never find happiness, but they get a different spiritual result, unexpected for them.
"Peace, wealth, honor" - the formula of happiness offered to the wanderers by their first interlocutor, the priest. The pop easily convinces the peasants that there is neither one nor the other, nor the third in his life, but at the same time he does not offer them anything in return, not even mentioning other forms of happiness. It turns out that happiness is exhausted by peace, wealth and honor in his own ideas.
A turning point in the journey of men is a visit to a rural "fair". Here, the wanderers suddenly realize that true happiness cannot consist either in a miraculous harvest of turnips, or in heroic physical strength, or in a bread that one of the "happy" eats to the full, or even in a saved life - a soldier boasts that he came out alive from many battles, and a peasant walking a bear - that he outlived many of his fellow craftsmen. But none of the "happy" can convince them that he is truly happy. Seven wanderers gradually realize that happiness is not a material category, not connected with earthly well-being and even earthly existence. The story of the next "happy", Ermila Girin, finally convinces them of this.
The wanderers are told the story of his life in detail. No matter what position Ermil Girin finds himself in - a clerk, a steward, a miller - he invariably lives in the interests of the people, remains honest and fair to the common people. According to those who remembered him, and this, apparently, should have been his happiness - in disinterested service to the peasants. Ho at the end of the story about Girin, it turns out that he is hardly happy, because he is now in jail, where he ended up (apparently) because he did not want to take part in pacifying the people's revolt. Girin turns out to be a harbinger of Grisha Dobrosklonov, who will also one day end up in Siberia for his love for the people, but it is precisely this love that makes up the main joy of his life.
After the fair, the wanderers meet Obolt-Obolduev. The landowner, like the priest, also speaks of peace, and wealth, and honor (“honor”). Only one more important component is added by Obolt-Obolduev to the priest's formula - for him, happiness is also in power over his serfs.
“Whomever I want, I will have mercy, / Whomever I want, I will execute,” Obolt-Obolduev dreamily recalls of past times. The men were late, he was happy, but in the former, irretrievably bygone life.
Further, the wanderers forget about their own list of the happy: the landowner - the official - the priest - the noble boyar - the minister of sovereigns - the tsar. Only two of this long list are inextricably linked with folk life - the landowner and the priest, but they have already been interviewed; an official, a boyar, and even more so a tsar, would hardly have added anything significant to the poem about the Russian people, the Russian plowman, and therefore neither the author nor the wanderers ever turn to them. The peasant woman is a completely different matter.
Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina opens to the readers another page of the story about the Russian peasantry, oozing with tears and blood; she tells the peasants about the sufferings that befell her, about the "storm of the soul", which invisibly "passed" through her. All her life, Matryona Timofeevna felt squeezed in the grip of alien, unkind wills and desires - she was forced to obey her mother-in-law, father-in-law, daughters-in-law, her own master, unfair orders, according to which her husband was almost taken to the soldiers. Connected with this is her definition of happiness, which she once heard from a wanderer in a "woman's parable".
Keys to female happiness
From our free will,
abandoned, lost
God himself!
Happiness is equated here with the "free will", that's what it turns out to be - in the "will", that is, in freedom.
In the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World”, the wanderers echo Matryona Timofeevna: when asked what they are looking for, the peasants no longer remember the interest that pushed them on the road. They say:
We are looking for, Uncle Vlas,
unworn province,
Not gutted volost,
Izbytkova village.
“Unwhacked”, “ungutted”, that is, free. Excess, or contentment, material well-being are put in last place here. Men have already come to understand that excess is just the result of "free will". Let's not forget that by the time the poem was written, external freedom had already entered peasant life, the bonds of serfdom had disintegrated, and provinces that had never been "whipped" were about to appear. Ho the habits of slavery are too rooted in the Russian peasantry - and not only in the courtyard people, whose indestructible servility has already been discussed. See how easily the former serfs of the Last Child agree to play comedy and again pretend to be slaves - a role too familiar, familiar and ... convenient. The role of free, independent people is yet to be learned.
The peasants mock the Last, not noticing that they have fallen into a new dependence - on the whims of his heirs. This slavery is already voluntary - the more terrible it is. And Nekrasov gives the reader a clear indication that the game is not as harmless as it seems - Agap Petrov, who is forced to scream allegedly under the rods, suddenly dies. The men who portrayed the "punishment" did not even touch it with a finger, but the invisible reasons turn out to be more significant and more destructive than the visible ones. Proud Agap, the only man who objected to the new "collar", cannot stand his own shame.
Perhaps the wanderers do not find happiness among the common people also because the people are not yet ready to be happy (that is, according to the Nekrasov system, completely free). It is not the peasant who is happy in the poem, but the son of the sexton, seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov. A hero who understands just the spiritual aspect of happiness.
Grisha experiences happiness by composing a song about Rus', finding the right words about his homeland and people. And this is not only creative delight, it is the joy of insight into one's own future. In the new song, not cited by Nekrasov, Grisha sings of "the embodiment of the happiness of the people." And Grisha understands that it will be he who will help the people to “embody” this happiness.
Fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.
Grisha is followed by several prototypes at once, his surname is a clear allusion to the surname of Dobrolyubov, his fate includes the main milestones of the path of Belinsky, Dobrolyubov (both died of consumption), Chernyshevsky (Siberia). Like Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, Grisha also comes from a spiritual milieu. In Grisha, the autobiographical features of Nekrasov himself are also guessed. He is a poet, and Nekrasov easily gives his lyre to the hero; through Grisha's youthful tenor voice, the muffled voice of Nikolai Alekseevich clearly sounds: the style of Grisha's songs exactly reproduces the style of Nekrasov's poems. Grisha is just not cheerful in a Nekrasov way.
He is happy, but the wanderers are not destined to know about it; the feelings that overwhelm Grisha are simply inaccessible to them, which means that their path will continue. If we, following the author's notes, move the chapter "Peasant Woman" to the end of the poem, the finale will not be so optimistic, but it will be deeper.
In "Elegy", one of his most "heartfelt", by his own definition, poems, Nekrasov wrote: "The people are liberated, but are the people happy?" The author's doubts also appear in Peasant Woman. Matrena Timofeevna does not even mention the reform in her story - is it not because her life has changed little even after her release, because there was no “free will” added to her?
The poem remained unfinished, and the question of happiness was left open. Nevertheless, we caught the "dynamics" of the men's journey. From earthly ideas about happiness, they move to the understanding that happiness is a spiritual category, and in order to acquire it, changes are necessary not only in the social, but also in the mental structure of every peasant.
Introduction
The people are liberated, but are the people happy? This question, formulated in the poem "Elegy", Nekrasov asked repeatedly. In his final work “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, the problem of happiness becomes the fundamental problem on which the plot of the poem is based.
Seven men from different villages (the names of these villages are Gorelovo, Neyolovo, etc. make it clear to the reader that they have never seen happiness) set off on a journey in search of happiness. In itself, the plot of searching for something is very common and is often found in fairy tales, as well as in hagiographic literature, which often described a long and dangerous journey to the Holy Land. As a result of such a search, the hero acquires a very valuable thing (remember the fabulous I-don't-know-what), or, in the case of pilgrims, grace. And what will the wanderers from Nekrasov's poem find? As you know, their search for a happy person will not be successful - either because the author did not have time to complete his poem to the end, or because, due to their spiritual immaturity, they are still not ready to see a truly happy person. To answer this question, let's look at how the problem of happiness is transformed in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'".
Evolution of the concept of "happiness" in the minds of the main characters
"Peace, wealth, honor" - this formula of happiness, derived at the beginning of the poem by the priest, exhaustively describes the understanding of happiness not only for the priest. It conveys the original, superficial look at the happiness of wanderers. Peasants who have lived in poverty for many years cannot imagine happiness that would not be supported by material prosperity and universal respect. They form a list of possible lucky people according to their ideas: a priest, a boyar, a landowner, an official, a minister and a tsar. And, although Nekrasov did not have time to realize all his plans in the poem - the chapter where the wanderers would reach the tsar remained unwritten, but even two from this list - the priest and the landowner, turned out to be enough for the peasants to be disappointed in their initial view for luck.
The stories of the priest and the landowner, met by wanderers on the road, are quite similar to each other. In both, sadness sounds about the departed happy, satisfying times, when power and prosperity themselves went into their hands. Now, as shown in the poem, the landowners were taken away from everything that made up their usual way of life: land, obedient serfs, and in return they gave an unclear and even frightening covenant to work. And now the happiness that seemed unshakable dissipated like smoke, leaving only regrets in its place: "... the landowner sobbed."
After listening to these stories, the men leave their original plan - they begin to understand that real happiness lies in something else. On their way, they come across a peasant fair - a place where many peasants gather. The men decide to look for a happy one among them. The problematics of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is changing - it becomes important for wanderers to find not just an abstract happy, but a happy among the common people.
But none of the recipes for happiness offered by people at the fair - neither the fabulous harvest of turnips, nor the opportunity to eat bread to the full, nor the magical power, nor even the miraculous accident that allowed them to stay alive - does not convince our wanderers. They develop an understanding that happiness cannot depend on material things and the simple preservation of life. This is confirmed by the life story of Yermila Girin, told in the same place, at the fair. Yermil tried to always do the right thing, and in any position - burgomaster, scribe, and then miller - he enjoyed the love of the people. To some extent, he serves as a harbinger of another hero, Grisha Dobrosklonov, who also devoted his whole life to the service of the people. But what was the gratitude for the actions of Yermila? You should not consider him happy - they say to the peasants - Yermil is in prison for standing up for the peasants during the riot ...
The image of happiness as freedom in the poem
A simple peasant woman, Matryona Timofeevna, offers wanderers to look at the problem of happiness from the other side. Having told them the story of her life, full of hardships and troubles - only then was she happy, as a child she lived with her parents, - she adds:
"The keys to female happiness,
From our free will,
Abandoned, lost…”
Happiness is compared with a thing unattainable for peasants for a long time - a free will, i.e. freedom. Matryona obeyed all her life: her husband, his unkind family, the evil will of the landowners who killed her eldest son and wished to flog the youngest, the injustice because of which her husband was taken to the soldiers. She gets some joy in life only when she decides to rebel against this injustice and goes to ask for her husband. That's when Matryona finds peace of mind:
"Okay, easy.
Clear in the heart"
And this definition of happiness as freedom, apparently, is to the liking of the peasants, because already in the next chapter they indicate the goal of their journey as follows:
“We are looking, Uncle Vlas,
unworn province,
Not gutted volost,
Izbytkova village "
It can be seen that here in the first place is no longer "excess" - prosperity, but "unwashed", a sign of freedom. The men realized that they would have prosperity after they got the opportunity to independently manage their lives. And here Nekrasov raises another important moral problem - the problem of servility in the minds of a Russian person. Indeed, at the time of the creation of the poem, freedom - a decree on the abolition of serfdom - the peasants already had. But they have yet to learn how to live as free people. It is not for nothing that in the chapter “Last Child” many of the Vakhlachans so easily agree to play the role of imaginary serfs - this role is profitable, and, what is there to hide, it is familiar, not making you think about the future. Freedom in words has already been obtained, but the peasants are still standing in front of the landowner, having taken off their hats, and he graciously allows them to sit down (chapter "The Landowner"). The author shows how dangerous such pretense is - Agap, allegedly flogged to please the old prince, really dies in the morning, unable to bear the shame:
"The man is raw, special,
The head is inflexible…
Conclusion
So, as we can see, in the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, the problem is quite complex and detailed and cannot be reduced in the final to a simple finding of a happy person. The main problem of the poem lies precisely in the fact that, as the journey of the peasants shows, the people are not yet ready to become happy, they do not see the right path. The consciousness of wanderers is gradually changing, and they become able to discern the essence of happiness behind its earthly components, but every person has to go through such a path. Therefore, instead of the lucky man at the end of the poem, the figure of the people's protector, Grisha Dobrosklonov, appears. He himself is not from the peasant, but from the clergy, which is why he so clearly sees the intangible component of happiness: free, educated, Rus' that has risen from centuries of slavery. Grisha is unlikely to be happy on his own: fate is preparing for him "consumption and Siberia." But he embodies in the poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" the happiness of the people, which has yet to come. Together with the voice of Grisha, singing joyful songs about free Rus', the convinced voice of Nekrasov himself is heard: when the peasants are freed not only in words, but also inwardly, then each person will be happy separately.
The above thoughts about happiness in Nekrasov's poem will be useful to 10th grade students when preparing an essay on the topic “The problem of happiness in the poem “Who lives well in Rus'””.
Artwork test
After the reform of 1861, many were worried about such questions as whether the life of the people had changed for the better, did they become happy? The answer to these questions was Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Rus'." Nekrasov devoted 14 years of his life to this poem, began work on it in 1863, but it was interrupted by his death.
The main problem of the poem is the problem of happiness, and Nekrasov saw its solution in the revolutionary struggle.
After the abolition of serfdom, many seekers of national happiness appeared. One of these are the seven wanderers. They left the villages: Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutova, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Poorozhayka in search of a happy person. Each of them knows that none of the common people can be happy. And what is the happiness of a simple peasant? That's okay pop, landowner or prince. But for these people, happiness lies in the fact that they live well, and the rest do not care.
Pop sees his happiness in wealth, peace, honor. He claims that in vain the wanderers consider him happy, he has neither wealth, nor peace, nor honor:
Go where you are called!
Laws, formerly strict
To the dissenters, softened.
And with them and priestly
Income mat came.
The landowner sees his happiness in unlimited power over the peasant. Utyatin is happy that everyone obeys him. None of them cares about the happiness of the people, they regret that now they have less power over the peasant than before.
For the common people, happiness consists in having a fruitful year, so that everyone is healthy and well-fed, they don’t even think about wealth. The soldier considers himself lucky because he was in twenty battles and survived. The old woman is happy in her own way: she has born up to a thousand rap on a small ridge. For a Belarusian peasant, happiness is in bread:
Filled with Gubonin
Give rye bread
I chew - I do not wait!
The wanderers listen to these peasants with bitterness, but mercilessly drive away their beloved slave, Prince Peremetiev, who is happy that he is ill with a “noble disease” - gout, happy because:
With French best truffle
I licked the plates
Foreign drinks
Drinking from glasses...
After listening to everyone, they decided that they were pouring vodka in vain. Happiness is a man's
Leaky with patches
Humpbacked with calluses...
The happiness of a peasant consists of misfortunes, and they boast of them.
Among the people there are such as Yermil Girin. His happiness lies in helping the people. In all his life he never took a single penny from a peasant. He is respected, loved by simple
peasants for honesty, kindness, for not being indifferent to peasant grief. Grandfather Savely is happy that he has retained human dignity, Ermil Girin and grandfather Savely are worthy of respect.
In my opinion, happiness is when you are ready for anything for the happiness of others. This is how the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov arises in the poem, for whom the happiness of the people is his own happiness:
I don't need any silver
No gold, but God forbid
So that my countrymen
And every peasant
Lived freely and cheerfully
All over holy Rus'!
Love for a poor, sick mother develops in Grisha's soul into love for his homeland - Russia. At the age of fifteen, he decided for himself what he would do all his life, for whom he would live, what he would achieve.
In his poem, Nekrasov showed that the people are still far from happiness, but there are people who will always strive for it and achieve it, since their happiness is happiness for everyone.
Nekrasov conceived the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” as a “folk book”. He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry.
In the center of the poem is a collective image of the Russian peasantry, the image of the guardian of the native land. The poem reflects peasant joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, a thirst for will and happiness. All the most important events in the life of a peasant fit into this work. The plot of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'” is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set out on their journey are not pilgrimage wanderers. They are a symbol of awakening Russia.
Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. This is primarily seven men. Their main goal is to find “muzhik happiness”. And until they find him, the men decided
Do not toss and turn in the houses,
Don't see your wives
Not with the little guys...
But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter "Drunk Night". This is Yakim Nagoi. In his appearance, speech, one feels inner dignity, not broken either by hard work or by a disenfranchised position. Yakim argues with the "smart master" Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends the peasants from the reproach that they "drink to the point of stupefaction." Yakim is smart, he perfectly understands why the peasants live so hard. His rebellious spirit is not resigned to such a life. A formidable warning sounds from the lips of Yakim Nagogoy:
Every peasant has
The soul is like a black cloud
Angry, formidable - and it would be necessary
Thunders rumble from there ...
The chapter “Happy” tells about another man - Yermila Girin. He became famous throughout the district for his intelligence and disinterested devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Yermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov over an orphan's mill. Yermila turns to the people for help.
And a miracle happened
All over the marketplace
Every peasant has
Like the wind, half left
It turned over suddenly!
Ermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he shielded “the younger brother Mitri from the recruitment”. But this act cost him severe torment, in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Yermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of truth and ends up in prison.
We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness in a different way. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, cheerful life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth, power, “a huge, greedy crowd goes to the temptation,” writes Nekrasov.
In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Rus'”, Nekrasov also touches upon the problem of female happiness. It is revealed with the help of the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, full of self-esteem. On her shoulders lay not only the whole burden of peasant labor, but also the responsibility for the fate of the family, for the upbringing of children. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is a collective one. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matrena Timofeevna gives her the right to say to the wanderers on behalf of all Russian women:
Keys to female happiness
From our free will,
abandoned, lost
God himself!
Nekrasov reveals the problem of people's happiness in the poem also with the help of the image of the people's protector Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is the son of a deacon who lived "poorer than the last rundown peasant" and "an unrequited laborer." A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood, he decides that he will devote his life to the search for people's happiness.
..fifteen years
Gregory already knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark
native corner
Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his whole life. Nekrasov writes that fate prepared for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
people's protector,
Consumption and Siberia.
But he does not back down before the upcoming trials. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that many millions of people are already awakening:
Ratp rises Innumerable,
The power in it will be indestructible!
And it fills his soul with joy. He believes in the happy future of his native land, and this is precisely the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that the fighters for the people's happiness live well in Rus':
Would our wanderers be under their native roof,
If only they could know what happened to Grisha.
He heard immense strength in his chest,
Gracious sounds delighted his ears,
Radiant sounds of the noble hymn -
He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people.
An essay on literature on the topic: The problem of people's happiness in Nekrasov's poem “Who should live well in Rus'”
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After the reform of 1861, many were worried about such questions: has the life of the people changed for the better, has it become happy? The answer to these questions was Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Rus'." Nekrasov devoted 14 years of his life to this poem, never finishing it.
The main problem of the poem is the problem of happiness, and Nekrasov saw its solution in the revolutionary struggle.
After the abolition of serfdom, many seekers of national happiness appeared. One of these are the seven wanderers. They left the villages: Zaplatova, Dyryavina, Razutova, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Poorozhayka in search of a happy person. Each of them knows that none of the common people can be happy. And what is the happiness of a simple peasant? Here at the priest, the landowner or the prince, yes!
Pop sees his happiness in wealth, peace, honor. He claims that in vain the wanderers consider him happy, he has no wealth, no peace, no honor:
... Go - where they call!
Laws, formerly strict
To the dissenters, softened.
And with them and priestly
Income mat came.
The landowner sees his happiness in unlimited power over the peasant. Utyatin, for example, is happy that everyone obeys him. None of them cares about the happiness of the people, they regret that now they have less power over the peasant than before.
For the common people, happiness consists in having a fruitful year, so that everyone is healthy and well fed, they don’t even think about wealth. The soldier considers himself lucky because he was in twenty battles and survived. The old woman is happy in her own way: her rep has grown to a thousand on a small ridge. For a Belarusian peasant, happiness is in bread:
... Filled with Gubonin
Give rye bread
I chew - I do not wait!
The wanderers listen to these peasants with bitterness. They ruthlessly chase away the beloved slave PRINCE Peremetiev, who is happy that he is ill with a “noble disease” - gout, happy because:
With French best truffle
I licked the plates
Foreign drinks
Drinking from glasses...
After listening to everyone, they decided that they were pouring vodka in vain. Happiness is a man's
Leaky with patches
Humpbacked with calluses...
The happiness of the peasants consists of misfortunes, and they boast of them.
Among the people there are such as Yermil Girin. His happiness lies in helping the people. In all his life he never took a single penny from a peasant. He is respected, loved by ordinary men for honesty, kindness, for the fact that he is not indifferent to peasant grief. Grandfather Savely is happy that he has retained human dignity, Ermil Girin and grandfather Savely are worthy of respect.
In my opinion, happiness is when you are ready for anything for the happiness of others. This is how the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov arises in the poem, for whom the happiness of the people is his own happiness:
I don't need any silver
No gold, but God forbid
So that my countrymen
And every peasant
Lived freely and cheerfully
All over holy Rus'!
Love for a poor, sick mother develops in Grisha's soul into love for his homeland - Russia. At the age of fifteen, he decided for himself what he would do all his life, for whom he would live, what he would achieve.
In his poem, Nekrasov showed that the people are far from happiness, but there are people who always strive for it and achieve it, since their happiness is happiness for everyone.