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Briefly about the most famous weapon designers. Soviet Jews - creators of weapons of victory Emil and Leon Nagant

Every year on September 19, Russia celebrates the holiday of all employees of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, the creators of domestic weapons.

Gunsmith's Day was established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 3, 2011. The holiday appeared thanks to the creator of the legendary AK-47 assault rifle, Mikhail Kalashnikov, during a conversation with Vladimir Putin during a tour of the defense enterprises of Izhevsk in 2010.

September 19 was chosen as the date of the holiday - the day when the Orthodox Church honors the Archangel Michael, the patron saint of the heavenly host.

TASS has collected the top 10 outstanding Russian and Soviet designers of small arms.

Sergei Mosin

M.S. Tula/TASS Newsreel

In 1889, Sergei Mosin proposed a new rifle of 7.62 mm caliber to the competition of the Military Ministry of the Russian Empire (in the old measures of length - three Russian lines, hence the name "three-ruler"). Another participant in the competition was the Belgian Leon Nagant. The commission opted for Mosin's "three-ruler", deciding to supplement it with details from the Nagant project, which sold its patents and drawings to the Russian side. In 1891, the modified "three-ruler" was adopted by the Russian army. After the First World War, production continued in the USSR, Finland, Poland, and others produced their modernized versions. Over the years, Mosin rifles were in service with about 30 countries, and in Belarus, the "three-ruler" was officially withdrawn from service only in 2005.

Fedor Tokarev

Valentin Cheredintsev, Naum Granovsky/TASS

Born June 14 (June 2, old style), 1871, died June 7, 1968. Hero of Socialist Labor (1940).

While still in the officer shooting school in 1907, on the basis of the Mosin rifle of the 1891 model, he developed an automatic rifle, which he then improved at the Sestroretsk plant from 1908 to 1914. He repeatedly won open competitions for the development of small arms.

In total, over the years of design work, Fedor Tokarev created about 150 types of small arms, mass-produced in the USSR and other countries of the world in millions of copies. Among the weapons designed by him are the MT light machine gun ("Maxima-Tokareva", 1925, based on the Maxim easel machine gun), the first Soviet submachine gun (Tokarev submachine gun, 1927), the TT self-loading pistol ("Tulsky, Tokareva", 1930), self-loading rifle SVT-38 (1938), its modification SVT-40 (1940), etc.

Vasily Degtyarev

TASS

Born January 2, 1880 (December 21, 1879 old style), died January 16, 1949. Hero of Socialist Labor (1940), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941, 1942, 1944, 1949 - posthumously).

In 1916, he invented an automatic carbine, in 1918 he headed the experimental workshop of the weapons factory in Kovrov, which later became the design bureau of automatic small arms, where, under the leadership of Degtyarev, a DP ("Degtyarev, infantry") caliber 7 light machine gun was created, 62 mm, aviation machine guns DA and DA-2, tank machine gun DT, submachine gun PPD-34, 12.7 mm heavy machine gun DK (after completion by Georgy Shpagin - DShK), machine gun DS-39, anti-tank rifle PTRD, light machine gun sample 1944 (RPD), etc.

Georgy Shpagin

B. Fabisovich/TASS

Born April 29 (April 17 old style), 1897, died February 6, 1952. Hero of Socialist Labor (1945), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1941).

Due to an injury, he did not participate in the First World War, he served in weapons workshops. After the revolution, he served in the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army as a gunsmith. In 1924, he simplified the tank machine gun of the Ivanov system. He improved Vasily Degtyarev's large-caliber machine gun, which was previously discontinued due to identified shortcomings, by developing a belt feed module for it (DShK, in service since 1939).

He created the most massive automatic weapon of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War - a submachine gun of the 1941 model (PPSh, was in service with the Soviet army until 1951).

Nikolai Makarov

"KBP named after academician A. G. Shipunov"

Born May 22 (May 9 old style), 1914, died May 13, 1988. Laureate of the Stalin Prize (1952), USSR State Prize (1967), Hero of Socialist Labor (1974).

During the Great Patriotic War, he worked in Zagorsk at a factory that manufactured Shpagin submachine guns, later he graduated from the Tula Mechanical Institute and began to design weapons himself. The developer of a 9 mm pistol ("Makarov Pistol", adopted in 1951), an AM-23 aircraft gun (together with Nikolai Afanasyev), participated in the creation of anti-tank missile systems "Fagot", "Competition" and others. civil inventions of the designer - machines mass-produced in the USSR for manual rolling of lids for canning.

Evgeny Dragunov

Press service of the concern "Kalashnikov"

Born February 20, 1920, died August 4, 1991. Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1964), State Prize of the Russian Federation (1998, posthumously).

He graduated from an industrial technical school in Izhevsk, during the Great Patriotic War he served as a senior gunsmith in the Far East. In 1949 he developed the S-49 sporting rifle, in 1957–63. - a self-loading sniper rifle of 7.62 mm caliber (SVD), which is still in operation in a modernized form. In total, with the participation of Dragunov, at least 27 designs of shooting systems were created at the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant (now part of the Kalashnikov concern), including the S-49 sports rifle, MS-74 and TSV-1 sniper rifles, Zenit rifles, "Zenit-2", "Strela", "Strela-3", "Taiga", submachine gun "Kedr", etc.

Igor Stechkin

Yaroslav Igorevich Stechkin/wikipedia.org

Born November 15, 1922, died November 28, 2001. Honored Designer of the Russian Federation (1992), holder of the Orders of the Red Banner of Labor (1971) and Honor (1997), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1952).

Author of more than 60 developments and over 50 inventions. As part of the defense of the institute's diploma, he developed the original design of an army automatic pistol of 9 mm caliber (APS, adopted by the USSR in 1951); dealt with the problem of silent shooting and the creation of weapon systems disguised as household items; in the 1960s participated in the creation of Fagot and Konkurs anti-tank missile systems, developed Abakan and TKB-0116 assault rifles, Cobalt and Gnome revolvers, Drotik, Berdysh, Pernach pistols, etc.

Mikhail Kalashnikov

Fedor Savintsev/TASS

Born November 10, 1919, died December 23, 2013. Hero of the Russian Federation (2009), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1958, 1976).

The developer of the legendary AK ("Avtomat Kalashnikov") 7.62 mm caliber, which entered the Soviet army in 1949. The assault rifle was adopted by 55 countries, entered the Guinness Book of Records as the most common weapon in the world.

On the basis of the AK, the designer created over a hundred unified models of automatic small arms (modernized AKM and AKMS assault rifles with a folding butt, AK-74, AK-74 with a grenade launcher, a shortened AKS-74U, Kalashnikov PK, PKM / PKMS light machine guns, etc.). Kalashnikov was also engaged in the creation of hunting weapons: self-loading carbines "Saiga" based on AK gained popularity in Russia and abroad.

Arkady Shipunov

Yuri Mashkov/TASS

Born November 7, 1927, died April 25, 2013. Hero of Socialist Labor (1979), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1982) and three USSR State Prizes (1968, 1975, 1981).

A graduate of the mechanical engineering faculty of the Tula Mechanical Institute, in 1950 he began working at NII-61 (now - TsNIITOCHMASH JSC, Klimovsk, Moscow region), in 1962 he headed TsKB-14 (now - Instrument Design Bureau OJSC, Tula). Together with Vasily Gryazev, he developed the GSh family of aviation cannon weapons - the GSh-23, GSh-30-1 and GSh-6-23 cannons, which are installed on most modern Russian combat aircraft and helicopters. In addition, the design duo of Gryazev and Shipunov created the Grach pistol in 9 mm caliber.

Vladimir Yarygin

Missiles of various purposes are, by definition, a modular design. Photo from the KTRV website

The creation of weapons based on the use of unified units, consisting of an interchangeable set of parts (modules) that perform independent functions, has firmly entered the practice of engineering developments in our country and abroad. Suffice it to mention the construction of promising corvettes of projects 20380 and 20385 for the Russian Navy, in which various modifications of ships are created on a single base platform, differing in the type and number of weapons. On the export versions of the ship, at the request of the customer, it is planned to install not only Russian, but also foreign weapon systems.

Abroad, the German company Blom und Voss even patented a design and construction method called MEKO (Mehrzweck-Kombination - multi-purpose combined ship). The method is based on the division of the ship into approximately equal rectangular parallelepipeds (modules), saturated with various systems, electronics and weapons. From these modules, as in the famous LEGO constructor, frigates, corvettes and patrol ships of the high seas are “assembled”. The shipyards of the firm and other shipbuilding companies have already built 63 MEKO ships for the navies of 10 states.

The modular method of creating military equipment is not limited to the field of weapons design. The concept of a universal container body is already being developed and implemented, on the basis of which universal modular platforms for logistics, communications and control, medical and radio engineering services are offered. Their introduction into the troops allows solving a number of key issues of logistics and logistics, making a real revolution in these areas, since it makes it possible to significantly reduce the costs and time for creating elements of the rear infrastructure and increase its mobility.

The idea of a modular method for the design and development of weapons is not innovative. It is believed that she was born abroad, which, in particular, is mentioned in many sources. But if in some of them its foreign origin is caught between the lines, then such an author as Oleg Kozarenko in his monograph on modular designs directly indicates: “Thirty years ago, when developing ships of new generations in the United States, they came to the creation of a transport and launch container (TPK) . After the vertical launch installation (UPK) under the TPK was developed, their cruisers and destroyers received a universal missile platform.

Let us turn to the history of the creation of domestic weapons. In the 30s of the last century, the aggravation of the international situation required a sharp reduction in the time for the development of new types of weapons, so the designers of artillery systems rarely went for a radical revision of the design of guns. In order to achieve maximum range with a minimum mass of guns and with the heaviest projectile, the so-called “overlay method” was used, when designers, as a rule, combined a new barrel with a finished carriage or a new carriage was created under an existing barrel. Aleksey Shalkovsky, a researcher on the history of the creation of domestic artillery weapons, drew attention to another feature in the activities of Soviet designers: when creating new artillery systems, they often used the LEGO method - creating a new model of weapons from existing parts and using ready-made solutions. When developing the 107-mm M-60 model 1940 gun, for example, by a group of designers led by F.F. Petrov's shutter was taken from a 122-mm howitzer of the 1910-1930 model; knurler, upper and lower machine tools, swivel mechanism and wheel brake were created with some changes similar to those used in the design of the 122-mm howitzer of the 1938 model M-30; the brake and balancing mechanism, with minor changes, is made according to the type of the 152-mm howitzer of the 1938 model M-10 and the 152-mm howitzer-gun of the 1937 model ML-20.

So the modular method of creating weapons grew and was successfully used on domestic soil much earlier than in the United States: more than 70 years ago. Its application gave a huge gain in time. Characteristic in this regard is the history of the creation of the 152-mm howitzer of the 1943 model D-1. During its development, the design team led by F.F. Petrova combined the two-bed carriage, shield cover, sights and recoil devices of the 122-mm M-30 howitzer with the barrel of the 152-mm M-10 howitzer, providing it with a powerful muzzle brake. The piston valve was borrowed from the 152-mm howitzer-gun of the 1937 model ML-20. It took only 18 days to design, manufacture five prototypes of the gun and test it by shooting by a group. Neither foreign nor domestic practice knew such a pace of development of a new weapon.

The implementation of the modular method seriously reduced the time for mastering the production of new tools. Due to their wide unification with artillery systems that are in mass production, the development of the production of a new howitzer took place in the shortest possible time. So, it took only 1.5 months for the plant No. 9 to switch to its mass production.

The use of unified parts, assemblies and mechanisms, in addition to reducing the time for designing, developing and mastering the production of new guns, significantly reduced the financial costs of them, and the appearance of new guns, in which well-known units predominate, significantly accelerated the development of their troops.

Unfortunately, the experience of wide unification of parts, assemblies and mechanisms of weapons during the period of survival of the domestic military-industrial complex (DIC) was largely lost, and the small-scale production of weapons did not contribute to its unification. Meanwhile, the troops have a significant number of weapons of the same type, which differ only slightly in weight and size characteristics. Their share is especially large in missile weapons, although the design of the latter greatly facilitates the introduction of the modular principle into design and production, since the missile structurally consists of modules: a warhead, a control unit, and a rocket engine. In addition to these advantages, the modular principle will simplify the modernization of missile weapons and their interspecific unification, and the ability to replace the warhead in the field will significantly expand the range of combat missions to be solved. So the use of domestic experience in the modular method of creating weapons, which is a powerful mechanism for interspecific and intraspecific unification of weapons, promises many advantages, and the task of the design corps is to put it at the service of the domestic defense industry.

A response to the assertion of Stalinophiles and anti-Semites that Stalin saved the Jews of Europe and the USSR from total annihilation.
Blatant lie!
The creators of the atomic bomb (in sharashkas Arzamas - 16):
Ioffe, Landau, Frisch, Khariton, Kurchatov (Russian), Zeldovich, Gurevich, Frank, Khalatnikov, Artsimovich, Khaikin, Ginsburg, Tamm (German), Kikoin, Rabinovich, Adamsky, Goldansky, Shapiro, Spinel, Semenovich ....
Creator of the Krug, Buk, Kub, S-300, Antey missile systems - Lyulyev
The creator of air defense and missile defense - Livshits A.L., and their control systems - Livshits M.I., Zalman
The creators of the La 5, La 7 aircraft, the supersonic La-160, the Dal and Burya air defense missiles are Lavochkin (Aizikovich), Taits, Felsner, Heifets (22 thousand aircraft were produced during the war years)
The creators of the MIG-Mikoyan, Gurevich aircraft, and the Mi-2,4,6,8,10,12,24 helicopters ...- Mil
Creators of TU-4. TU-8 - Tupolev (Russian), Kerber, Frenkel.
The creators of the Yak-1, Yak-4, Yak-9 Yakovlev (Russian), Donskoy, Zaks, Sonstein.
The creators of the PE-2 and PE-8 are Petlyakov (Russian), Isakson.
The creators of the aircraft (general and chief designers) were Bisnovat, Khorol, Iosilovich, Felsner, Weinberg, Chernyakov, Borin, Vigdorchik, Itskovich.
The creators of rocket science and aircraft engines - Kosberg, Shaposhnik, Bisnovat, Izakson, Neman, Ginsburg.
The creators of the KV and IS tanks and self-propelled guns SU and ISU-Kotin, and the engines for them - Vihman, Gorlitsky, Ber, Werner.
The creators of Katyusha are Schwartz, Gontmakher, Shor, Levin, Guy.
The creator of the N-37,NS-45,NS-23 aircraft guns, tank and anti-tank guns - Nudelman.
The creator of anti-aircraft systems - Levin, Lyulyev, Khorol.
The creator of the SU-152 self-propelled gun based on the T-34 is Gorlitsky.
Creator 160 mm. mortar - Teverevsky ..
The inventor of "hedgehogs" is General Gorikker.
People's Commissar for Armaments - Vannikov, People's Commissar for the tank industry - Salzman, aircraft industry - Sandler.
Directors of the largest aircraft and tank factories - Shenkman (La-5 and La-7), Gonor (Z-d "Barikad"), Fradkin (Z-d Voroshilov), Saltsman (- d Komintern), Goldstein (Z-d Molotov) , Rubinchik (factory Kr. Sormovo), Belyansky (Chelyabinsk factory Il-2), Lifshits (factory GAZ), Katsnelson (factory N 174), Lev (Altai factory) ... ..
Heroes of the USSR, even according to official, clearly understated, data, Jews occupy 3rd place, and in % respect 1st place, despite the fact that a Jew was assigned a Hero, he had to be him, like min. twice, or even thrice.
“Why am I a Hero, but he doesn’t shine?
It can be seen that the fifth column summed up in the questionnaire.
In Rybalko's armored forces alone, who "spit on all orders from above", there were as many Heroes - Jews as in all tank armies combined - such a Tashkent! And this is far from a complete list, complete on the site - "Jews at the head of the military industry during WW2" http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/rinarozen/post293711997/.
Songs written by:
Dunaevsky, the brothers Pokrass, Blanter, Tsfasman, Rosner, Basner, Tabachnikov, Katz, Fradkin, Kolker, the king of tango-O. Strok, Utyosov, Kolmanovsky, Matusovsky, Plyatskovsky, Dolmatovsky, Zharkovsky, Lisyansky, Frenkel, Svetlov, Laskin, Bezymensky, Kirsanov, Slutsky ....
And, as an anecdote, the song "Russian Field" is usually performed by I. Kobzon, words by I. Goff, music by Frenkel. So, practically, all the weapons and all the songs of the Victory were created by the Jews.
And since they accounted for less than 2% of the population of the Soviet Union, then, in order to at least catch up with them, it is necessary to name at least 70 Russian names equal in genius for each name mentioned.
They named only one thing: the atomic bomb, it turns out, was invented by Lomonosov - one!. Persecution of Jews after the war
After the end of the war, the department in the USSR began a flurry of activity to dismiss Jewish specialists under the slogan of "struggle against cosmopolitanism." One can imagine the state of a person who has given all his strength and energy to achieve victory and is now deprived of work, humiliated, insulted.
One of the first dismissed heads of the Main Directorates was Major General of the Engineering and Artillery Service Naum Emmanuilovich Nosovsky, who headed the artillery industry during the war years.
In July 1947, the head of the Main Directorate for the Production of Ammunition, Viktor Abramovich Zemlub, was fired.
The well-known builder, head of the White Sea-Baltic Canal Construction Department, Yakov Davydovich Rapoport, who was awarded five Orders of Lenin, was removed from all his posts.
The head of the First Main Directorate S.Ya. was removed from the People's Commissariat of the Chemical Industry. Feinstein, despite his great merits. The deputy people's commissars were fired: the aviation industry - Solomon Mironovich Sandler and non-ferrous metallurgy - Solomon Aleksandrovich Raginsky.
In the aviation industry, all directors of factories of Jewish nationality were removed. The last of them was fired the director of the Saratov aircraft plant, Israel Solomonovich Levin, who was awarded two Orders of Lenin and a commander's award - the Order of Kutuzov.
In the People's Commissariat for Mortar Weapons in 1958, there were three plant directors out of 40 directors and chief engineers who worked during the war years.
During the period from 1947 to 1953, more than 50 Jews - generals and admirals - were fired in the defense industry. This also affected the Hero of the Soviet Union, the head of the military engineering academy, Colonel-General Kotlyar, as well as a number of senior generals - Binovich (armored troops), S.D. Davidovich - head of the Research Institute of the tank industry and a number of others.
In 1947, the creators of the ammunition industry, Generals D.B. Bidinsky, S.G. Frankfurt, S.A. Nevstruev and others.
Among the dismissed were the first Heroes of the social. labor in the artillery industry, generals L.R. Gonor (who was arrested in 1953 and tortured during interrogations at the MGB) and A.I. Bykhovsky, directors of factories Fradkin, Khazanov, Shifrin, chief engineer of the Volga plant Olevsky.
The director of plant No. 69 - one of the leading in the aircraft industry, A.S. Kotlyar was put on trial on false charges of financial fraud.
At the beginning of 1951, the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry sent a report on the work with personnel to the mechanical engineering department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, which reported the dismissal of 34 directors and 31 chief engineers of Jewish nationality.
Jews were also fired in other industries, for example, in the automotive industry (P.I. Schwarzburg, B.M. Fitterman, and others). The tragic fate of the founder of the tank industry - People's Commissar Isaac Moiseevich Zaltsman.
The persecution of Jews continued even after Stalin's death. Jews were not hired anywhere, and workers were fired. Venerable professors, associate professors, teachers were expelled from educational institutions. Jews were not admitted to graduate school.
The “fifth point” in the passport closed the road to work and creative life.
The contribution of the Jews to the restoration and organization of a new defense industry during the war years is enormous, which is silent both in the USSR and in the Russian Federation. Without perfect weapons, victory in the war would have been impossible. The merit of the Jews in the creation of the defense industry of the USSR should go down in the history of the Second World War.
Literature:
I. Tsiperfin "To pass on to descendants the truth about the war". magazine "Aleph" #983
Mininberg L. Soviet Jews in science and industry of the USSR during the Second World War (1941-1945). Moscow. 1995.
Iosif Kremenetsky ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITY OF THE JEWS IN THE USSR.
http://www.usfamily.net/web/joseph/evr_v_prom_sssr.htm
Appendix.
State anti-Semitism in the USSR. The Case of the Jewish Engineers of the Stalin Moscow Automobile Plant
R.A. Rudenko and I.A. Serov - in the Central Committee of the CPSU on the partial rehabilitation of workers of the Moscow Automobile Plant convicted of participating in the so-called Jewish anti-Soviet nationalist group
01.08.1955
Central Committee of the CPSU
In November 1951, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced 41 people, former executives of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin and the Ministry of the Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR, to various penalties, including:
Eidinov A.F. - assistant director of the Stalin Moscow Automobile Plant;
Fitterman B.M. - chief designer of the Moscow Automobile Plant;
Goldberg G.I. — chief designer for electrical equipment of the Moscow Automobile Plant;
Schmidt A.I. - Deputy head of production of the automobile plant;
Genkin B.S. - pom. Minister of the Automotive Industry of the USSR and others, of which 11 people were sentenced to death.
All the convicts were found guilty of being members of the Jewish anti-Soviet nationalist group operating at the Moscow Automobile Plant, led by Eidinov, carried out subversive work.
Eidinov and a number of other persons convicted in these cases were also found guilty of being associated with American spies and sabotaging the workers' healthcare organization.
When considering cases in the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the majority of those arrested denied deliberate sabotage at the car factory.
In the filed in 1952-1955. In the complaints, the convicts Fitterman, Kogan, Goldberg and others categorically deny their guilt and claim that as a result of illegal methods of investigation they gave false testimony in 1950.
An audit carried out by the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR showed that Eidinov, Schmidt, Fitterman and others were convicted on the basis of insufficiently verified materials.
The accusation of Eidinov, Schmidt and some others that they were connected with American spies and assisted them in collecting secret materials about the Moscow Automobile Plant was based on the fact that the Jewish writers Persov and Aizenshtadt (Zheleznova) visited the automobile plant several times, where they talked with some Jews about the work of the factory.
The audit established that Persov and Aizenshtadt, as correspondents of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, with the permission of Eidinov, actually visited the car factory several times and, having compiled several essays on the life and achievements of the Jews working at the factory, published them in the American press. But by their very nature, these essays did not contain, and are not, anti-Soviet.
The accusation of the convicts of anti-Soviet slander on the national policy of the CPSU and the Soviet government was based only on their personal testimony, which the convicts, while serving their sentences in the camp, refused.
The witnesses interrogated during the check, in whose presence, as the convicts had previously stated, they had anti-Soviet nationalist conversations, did not give any evidence about the anti-Soviet activities of the convicts.
The accusation of Eidinov and others that they were members of an anti-Soviet group was not confirmed during the check.
The investigation into cases against former employees of the Stalin Automobile Plant and the Ministry of the Automotive Industry of the USSR was conducted with a gross violation of socialist legality.
Interrogated during the verification process, the former assistant to the head of the Investigative Department for Particularly Important Cases of the USSR Ministry of State Security, Sokolov, testified that “... before the start of the interrogations, the investigators assigned to conduct the case were summoned to Abakumov, who instructed to interrogate those arrested about espionage, wrecking and nationalist activities. Interrogations were carried out in this direction and, according to the same instruction, charges were brought.
At the same time, the audit showed that for a number of years the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin had a vicious practice in the field of production planning, insufficient use of the plant's production capacity, reservation of finished cars in work in progress, launching cars into serial production without appropriate tests and illegal expenditure of material assets. .
The audit also confirmed that Eidinov, during his work at the automobile plant, grouped around himself persons of predominantly Jewish nationality from among the management and engineering and technical workers, who, due to their selfish and careeristic motives, had a negative impact on work and allowed theft of public funds.
In connection with the foregoing, the USSR Prosecutor's Office and the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to submit protests to the Supreme Court of the USSR with a proposal to reclassify the corpus delicti to the following persons:
1. Help director of the automobile plant Eidinov, director of the catering plant of the automobile plant Persin, early. medical unit of the automobile plant Samorodnitsky, director of the dining room of the automobile plant Faiman, deputy. early press shop of the Weisberg automobile plant, deputy. early material and technical department of the automobile plant Dobrushin and the beginning. of the department of labor and wages of the automobile plant Lisovich on articles 109 and 111 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, i.e. malfeasance committed by these persons, and cases against them on the basis of the Decree "On Amnesty" to stop.
2. Cases in relation to the beginning. workshop of the gearbox of the Mainfeld automobile plant, the chief designer for automotive electrical equipment of the Goldberg automobile plant and assistant. to stop Genkin, Minister of the Automotive Industry of the USSR, due to the absence of corpus delicti in their actions,
3. On the rest of the convicts, the cases should be terminated due to lack of evidence against the charges brought against them.
Prosecutor General of the USSR
R. RUDENKO
Chairman of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
I. SEROV
Members of the Presidium] of the Central Committee, Secretaries] of the Central Committee. Agree.
N. Khrushchev.
Without [protocol decision].

To protect themselves from wild animals and hostile people, they began to use various objects: snags and sticks, sharp stones, etc. It was from those distant times that the history of weapons began. With the development of civilization, new types of it appeared, and each historical era corresponds to more advanced ones than at the previous stage. In a word, weapons, like everything else on our planet, have gone through their own special evolutionary path throughout the entire history of existence - from the simplest to nuclear warheads.

Types of weapons

There are various classifications that subdivide weapons into different types. According to one of them, it is cold and gunshot. The first, in turn, is also of several types: chopping, stabbing, percussion, etc. It is driven by the muscular strength of a person, but a firearm operates due to the energy of a charge of gunpowder. Consequently, it was invented precisely when people learned how to get gunpowder from saltpeter, sulfur and coal. And the first to distinguish themselves in this were the Chinese (back in the 9th century AD). The history of weapons does not have exact data on the date of creation of this explosive mixture, however, the year is known when the “recipe” of gunpowder was first described in the manuscript - 1042. From China, this information leaked to the Middle East, and from there to Europe.

Firearms also have their own varieties. It is small arms, artillery and grenade launchers.

According to another classification, both cold and firearms are melee weapons. In addition to them, there are weapons related to weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, atomic, bacterial, chemical, etc.

Primitive weapon

We can judge what the means of protection were at the dawn of human civilization by the finds that archaeologists managed to get in the habitats. All these finds can be seen in various historical and local history museums.

The most ancient types of primitive weapons were stone or bone arrowheads and spears, which were found on the territory of modern Germany. These exhibits are about three hundred thousand years old. The number is, of course, impressive. For what purpose they were used, for hunting wild animals or for war with other tribes - we can only guess. Although the rock carvings to some extent help us to restore reality. But about the periods when writing was invented by mankind, literature, historiography, and painting began to develop, we have enough information about new achievements of people, including weapons. Since that time, we can trace the full path of transformation of these defensive means. The history of weapons includes several eras, and the initial one is primitive.

At first, the main types of weapons were spears, bows and arrows, knives, axes, first made of bone and stone, and later - metal (made of bronze, copper and iron).

Medieval weapons

After people learned how to work metals, they invented swords and pikes, as well as arrows with sharp metal tips. For protection, shields and armor (helmets, chain mail, etc.) were invented. By the way, even in ancient times, gunsmiths began to make rams and catapults from wood and metal for the siege of fortresses. With each new turn in the development of mankind, weapons were also improved. It became stronger, sharper, etc.

The medieval history of the creation of weapons is of particular interest, since it was during this period that firearms were invented, which completely changed the approach to combat. The first representatives of this species were arquebuses and squeaks, then muskets appeared. Later, gunsmiths decided to increase the size of the latter, and then the first appeared on the military field. Further, the history of firearms begins to state more and more new discoveries in this area: guns, pistols, etc.

new time

During this period, edged weapons gradually began to be replaced by firearms, which were constantly modified. Its speed, lethal force and range of projectiles increased. With the advent of weapons, it did not keep pace with inventions in this area. During the First World War, tanks began to appear in the theater of operations, and aircraft began to appear in the sky. In the middle of the 20th century, in the year of involvement in the Second World War of the USSR, a new generation was created - the Kalashnikov assault rifle, as well as various types of grenade launchers and types of rocket artillery, for example, the Soviet Katyusha, underwater military equipment.

Weapons of mass destruction

None of the above types of weapons can be compared with this one in terms of their danger. It, as already mentioned, includes chemical, biological or bacteriological, atomic and nuclear. The last two are the most dangerous. For the first time, mankind experienced nuclear power in August and November 1945, during the atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US Air Force. The history, or rather, its combat use, originates precisely from this black date. Thank God that humanity has never experienced such a shock.

On January 21, 1855, John Moses Browning, designer and inventor of handguns and the author of revolutionary innovations in this field, was born. In the history of mankind, there are many more personalities whose last name is associated with the name of a weapon: Colt, Kalashnikov, Mauser, Makarov, Glock and others. We have collected the most famous weapon designers in a single selection and today we present it to you.

John Moses Browning

Browning's designs were copied and served as a role model

Browning is a US citizen by origin and worked in Belgium. He received his first patent for a single-shot rifle in 1879. At Remington Arms, he designed shotguns, single-shot Winchester rifles, repeating shotguns, and machine guns. The automatic (self-loading) revolver patented by the Belgian arms company Fabrique Nationale in Gerstal brought him the greatest fame. Later he developed similar systems for the American army at the Colt company. Browning's designs were repeatedly copied and served as a role model for specialists from other countries. Browning design pistols: Browning 1900, Browning 1903, Browning 1906, Browning 1910/1912, Browning High-Power.

Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov

In 1944, Kalashnikov developed a sample of a self-loading carbine, the arrangement of the main components of which served as the basis for the creation of an assault rifle in 1946. In 1947, the inventor improved his machine gun and won the competitive tests. After completion, the machine in 1949 was adopted by the Soviet Army under the name "7.62-mm Kalashnikov assault rifle of the 1947 model of the year" (AK). In 1949, Kalashnikov was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree.

Kalashnikov: " A soldier made a weapon for a soldier"

From an interview with Mikhail Timofeevich in 2009: “ The soldier made a weapon for the soldier. I myself was an ordinary soldier and I know well the difficulties faced in a soldier's life ... When its design was being finalized, I visited military units, consulted with specialists. And the soldiers told me what suits them and what needs to be improved. It turned out to be a simple, reliable and effective weapon. AK works in any conditions, shoots flawlessly after it has been in the ground, swamp, falls from a height onto a hard surface. It is very simple, this machine. But I want to say that doing something simple is sometimes many times more difficult than doing something complex.».

Peter Paul Mauser

Mauser's father worked as a gunsmith at a state-owned factory, where Peter worked from the age of 12 to 19 until he was drafted into the army. Mauser's first invention was a small cannon and a steel projectile. In 1865, the designer improved the mechanism of the breech of the needle gun, which was in service with the Prussian army. In 1867, Mauser, together with his older brother Wilhelm, went to Liege, where for two years they were engaged in improving the design of the rifle bolt. After their return to Oberndorf, they created a single-shot 11 mm rifle and revolver, which was put into service in 1871. The Mausers opened a small arms factory in Oberndorf, which later turned into a huge Mauser factory. In the same 1871, Peter Mauser created a new model of a single-shot rifle, and after the appearance of smokeless powder in 1880, a small-caliber magazine rifle, which became the prototype of almost all subsequent types of small arms. The main feature was the presence of a magazine box with a clip (located outside the breech with a percussion mechanism), where cartridges were stacked in a checkerboard pattern, which were sent into the chamber using a handle at the rear of the bolt. The last model of this type of weapon was the Mauser rifle of the 1898 model. In 1896 Mauser designed an automatic pistol; in 1908, in a modernized version, it was adopted by the armies of Germany, Czechoslovakia, etc.

Oliver Fisher Winchester

He started as a hotel bellhop and construction worker. In 1830, he organized a company in Baltimore that produced building materials, and in 1848, in New Hayfen, the Winchester and Davis company, which produced men's clothing. In 1855, he acquired the bankrupt Smith-Wesson arms firm and switched to the production of weapons, mainly hunting, which were often named after him.

Samuel Colt

He is best known as a reformer of revolver weapons: in 1835 he invented a capsule revolver, which quickly supplanted other systems and gave impetus to the creation of revolvers for a unitary metal cartridge. At the age of 16, while working as a sailor on the Corlo brig, Samuel noticed that after turning the steering wheel, one of his handles fell into the gripping clutch and the helm was fixed. Using this function in the development of small arms, he created a paramount revolver, in which, when the hammer was cocked, the drum automatically turned and fixed in position for a shot. The description of this design forms the content of a patent issued to Colt on February 25, 1836.

Colt received the 1st state order without having his own arms factory

During the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848, Texas Rangers, soldiers of the US cavalry sabotage squads, needed Colts, and on January 4, 1847, Colt received an initial state order for the manufacture of 1000 revolvers. Not having his own weapons factory, he entered into a contract with I. Whitney, the son of the inventor of the cotton gin, and when the contract expired, he opened a weapons workshop in Hartford, where he began to give new modifications to the revolver.

Having gained financial independence, Colt in the same year bought "South Meadows" - a wasteland near Hartford, which went under water every spring, erected dams there and in 1855 built a huge arms enterprise, where the Colt Company is located to this day.

Gaston Glock

Gaston Glock did not design weapons until the age of 52

He is the founder of the firearms manufacturer Glock. He started with the production of curtain rods and knives for the Austrian army, being also a specialist in the field of polymeric materials. Until the age of 52, he did not design or manufacture firearms, and in 1980 Glock bought a machine for molding the handles and sheaths of army knives from polymers, which he makes in his garage. At the same time, he recruits employees from the film camera industry, who, like him, are versed in the production of polymer components. During the year, he and his team construct a pistol designated Glock 17, the frame of which is made of polymer (the material can withstand ambient temperatures from −40 to +200 ° C), having received the corresponding Austrian patent in 1981. Currently, Glock pistols are in service in more than 30 countries.

Glock-17 consists of only 33 parts, including the store. It completely disassembles in less than a minute with a nail. The pistol is exceptionally reliable. Its resource is 300,000 shots (with a general requirement of 40,000).

Georgy Semenovich Shpagin

The highest achievement of Shpagin: submachine gun PPSh model 1941

In his youth he worked as a driver. In 1916 he was drafted into the army, where he mastered the weapon trade. In 1920 he entered the arms factory, where he began to work under the guidance of V. G. Fedorov. Since 1922, Shpagin worked as a designer, he successfully converted the PPD machine gun into a tank machine gun. In 1938, together with V. A. Degtyarev, Shpagin created the DShK heavy machine gun. The highest achievement of Shpagin is the PPSh submachine gun of the 1941 model, which became the main machine gun of the rifle units of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.

Igor Stechkin

As part of the production assignment for the creation of an army automatic pistol, he developed an original design, which was put into service in 1951 under the name Stechkin Automatic Pistol. In 1952, for the creation of this pistol, he was awarded the Stalin Prize of the 2nd degree. The Stechkin pistol was intended for arming officers, sergeants, soldiers of certain specialties and crews of military vehicles, who were not supposed to have a machine gun or a carbine according to the state. At the same time, it was rightly believed that the PM pistol would not be enough for self-defense in the event of a clash with the enemy.

On account of Stechkin - more than 60 developments and over 50 inventions

In total, the designer has more than 60 developments and over 50 inventions. Also, Stechkin participated in the creation of Fagot and Konkurs anti-tank guided missiles, among his developments are TKB-0116 Modern, Abakan assault rifles, Cobalt and Gnome revolvers and other weapons. In the last years of his life, he developed several models of pistols (Drotik, Berdysh, Pernach), which were offered to replace the Makarov pistol and the Stechkin automatic pistol.

Nikolai Fyodorovich Makarov

In 1947-1948. in the USSR, a competition was held for a new compact pistol for senior officers of the Soviet Army. The new pistol should be smaller and lighter than the TT, have better accuracy and reliability with the same damaging effect of a bullet of a 7.62-mm cartridge or a new ammunition 9X18 V.V. Semin with a reduced charge of gunpowder. Nikolai Fedorovich prepared two samples: TKB-412 chambered for 7.62 and TKB-429 caliber 9 mm. The latter was put into service in 1951 under the name "Makarov Pistol" (PM). Is a personal weapon in Soviet and post-Soviet armed forces and law enforcement agencies.

Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev

Born in Tula in a family of hereditary Tula gunsmiths. From the age of eleven, he began working at the Tula Arms Plant, and his personal inventive business began in 1916, when he developed an automatic carbine, in which the main structural elements were implemented, which he invariably adhered to in the future when creating various models of automatic weapons.

Degtyarev was born in Tula in a family of hereditary Tula gunsmiths.

In 1924, he began work on the creation of the first sample of a 7.62-mm light machine gun, which was put into service in 1927 under the name DP (Degtyarev Infantry). On the basis of the light machine gun, the DA and DA-2 aircraft machine guns, the DT tank machine gun, and the RP-46 company machine gun were then created. In 1934, the Degtyarev PPD-34 submachine gun was adopted. In 1930, Degtyarev developed a 12.7 mm DK heavy machine gun, which, after being improved by Shpagin in 1938, was named DShK. In 1939, the Degtyarev DS-39 machine gun entered service.

During the Great Patriotic War, he developed and transferred to the troops a 14.5-mm anti-tank rifle PTRD and a light machine gun of the 1944 model (RPD).