Self-development 

Throwing belongs to athletics. The definition of the concept of "athletics

Olympic athletics are divided into five sections: running, jumping, all-around, walking, throwing. The program of men's disciplines at the Olympic Games has not changed since 1956. In total, 47 sets of awards are played, so athletics is the most medal-intensive sport.

Running disciplines: sprint, middle distances, long distances, hurdles, relay. These competitions are among the oldest in the program of the Olympic Games, they were held already in 1896.

Track and field athletics need specially equipped stadiums with tracks (8-9 in summer and 4-6 in winter). The width of each of them is 1.22 m. The lanes are provided with markings indicating the start, finish and corridor for passing the baton.

At the Olympics, judges always look at the photo finish in order to resolve controversial issues. Competitions are recorded for, then the athlete and the coach can determine their mistakes and successes. Major competitions are held in several preliminary rounds to distinguish the final group by results.

The technical disciplines of summer athletics include: vertical high jump, pole vault, horizontal long jump, triple jump, discus throw, shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw.

Vertical jumps begin with overcoming the bar at the minimum test height. The athlete is given three attempts for each of them. In this case, the athlete can transfer any number (of the three) remaining attempts to the next height. If the results of the athletes are equal, the advantage is given to the participant who spent fewer attempts. The jump is considered successful if the bar remains on the bars. The judge in this case raises a white flag.

A very difficult technical discipline is pole vaulting. It requires an athlete to have sprint qualities, jumping ability, and excellent coordination of movements. If during the attempt the pole breaks, the participant can repeat the jump with another equipment.

The task of the athlete when performing a long jump is to achieve the highest speed during the run-up and not step over the limit line. The athlete divides the exercise into four phases: run-up, repulsion, flight and landing. The technique of athletes may differ - there is a flight "in step", "bending" and "scissors" - each athlete chooses the most effective option for himself.

All-around is a combination of several athletics disciplines. The men's decathlon consists of: 100m run, long jump, high jump, shot put, 400m run, 110m hurdles, pole vault, discus throw, javelin throw, 1500m run. Women perform seven events: 100m hurdles, shot put, high jump, 200m run, javelin throw, long jump, 800m run.

A separate athletics discipline is walking. The athlete must strictly observe the technique of its implementation - constant contact of the foot with the surface. Men compete in 20 and 50 km distances, while women run 20 km.

All types of athletics are the most natural sport for a person. From an early age, we learn to walk and run, throw a ball - and athletics is all of these options familiar from childhood, but only in a slightly more complicated form. It is probably due to its organic nature that athletics have such a good effect on health. In addition, this is one of the most ancient sports known to mankind since 776 BC.

Athletics: sports

The types of athletics are quite different: this includes walking, and various types of running, including crosses and sprints, as well as all-around, technical types, such as jumping and throwing:

  • running (we will consider its types below in more detail);
  • jumps: high, long, pole vault, triple jump;
  • sports walking;
  • throwing projectiles: spears, discus, hammers, shots;
  • all-around.

Of all this diversity, running sports have reached the greatest popularity among amateurs - this is a free and enjoyable way to maintain the beauty and health of your body. And you don’t need any special equipment - just good running shoes and a tracksuit. Believe me, compared to other sports, this is a very small cost!

We are all introduced to jumping from athletics at school. Usually, after classes, those students who are particularly successful in this area are offered to attend a section for further development of abilities, from where there is a direct path to city, regional competitions and further to world championships.

All-around stands apart in athletics - this is a type of competition in which athletes compete not in one discipline, but in different ones, thanks to which it is possible to identify the most versatile athlete. Surprisingly, women who are engaged in all-around and are fluent in running at any distance and in long or high jumps are able to defeat even narrow specialists of specific individual types in competitions.

Athletics: running

Running types of athletics are quite diverse, some require endurance, others require the ability to quickly develop speed. They include a variety of variations:

  • sprint (standard distances - 100 m, 200 m and 400 m);
  • hurdling (100 m, 400 m);
  • middle-distance running (usually distances from 800 to 3000 m are equated to average distances, this also includes 3000 m hurdles);
  • long-distance running (standardly there are two of them - 5000 m and 10,000 m);
  • cross (cross-country running);
  • marathon (running along the track for very long distances);
  • relay race (the most team type of track and field athletics, including the following options: 4 × 100 m, 4 × 200 m, 4 × 400 m, 4 × 800 m or 4 × 1500 m).

Athletics can be practiced both at the professional level and at the amateur level. In the United States, many residents of both cities and small towns regularly run medium distances. to keep the body in shape. In addition, such exercises perfectly strengthen the cardiovascular system and lungs, promote endurance and muscle tone. Moreover, it is running that is the main enemy of belly fat.

In addition, as it is easy to see, the types of running in athletics do not at all imply exclusively single lessons: the relay race requires special coherence from the team, which means it develops team spirit and the ability to work in a team.

By the way, children can be sent to the athletics section from the age of 7-8. At this age, the body is already ready for loads of this kind, and besides, if it turns out that the child has the ability, in the future he will be able to play sports professionally.

Athletics is one of the ancient sports that combines running at various distances, long and high jumps, discus, javelin, hammer, grenade throws (shot put), walking, and athletics all-around.

The history of the development of athletics is inextricably linked with the Olympic Games of antiquity and modernity. At the first Olympic Games in 776 BC. e. only one type of athletics was played - running for one stage (approximately 19.27 m). Later, the program of the Games included running for stage 2 and all-around - pentathlon (pentathlon), which included 4 types of athletics - running, long jump, discus and javelin throw.

The countdown of the "age" of domestic athletics has been conducted since 1888, when the first circle of joggers was formed near St. Petersburg. In 1908, the first Russian athletics championship took place, in which 50 participants competed. In 1912, Russian athletes, among whom were 47 athletes, performed at the V Olympic Games in Stockholm.

The first steps in athletics are associated with the introduction in the country in 1918 of universal military training (Vsevobuch). In different years, national championships were held, and since 1934 they have become annual. In the 30s. our athletes have managed to significantly improve their skills, and in some sports reach the level of European and world achievements.

In 1946, at the European Championships in Oslo, our athletes won 20 medals, including 6 gold medals, gaining international recognition.

In the program of the modern Olympic Games, athletics is represented by 24 events for men and 14 for women.

The basis of athletics are the natural movements of a person. Therefore, figuratively speaking, every person from early childhood, having barely learned to walk, run, jump and throw, becomes an athlete. After all, athletics consists of running, jumping and throwing.

Regular practice of this sport contributes to comprehensive physical development and health promotion. The best age to start regular athletics is 10-11 years old.

Athletics is part of the physical education system. Track and field exercises were one of the main parts of all levels of the All-Union GTO physical culture complex. More than half of the types of athletics is running - a method of movement in which, according to the definition of P.F. Lesgaft, the body "either touches the ground with one foot, then flies in the air." Running is a valuable means of physical education, it is part of almost all other sports.

Short distance running (sprint).

100m run The Olympic winner in the 100m is called the fastest man on Earth. The best modern runners develop speeds over 39 km / h over this distance. Before the 1st Olympic Games (1896), runners started running from the “high start” position (slightly bent over and putting one foot forward). The American athlete T. Burke for the first time at the start went down on one knee and leaned on the ground with both hands. He became the winner of the 1st Olympiad, and since then all athletes start just like him. This position is called the low start. True, at that time Burke's result was only 12.0 s - in our time this is the standard of the 1st category for women. But four years later, at the II Olympic Games in Paris (1900), the winner showed a result of 11.0 s. And in order to overcome the next milestone - 10 s, the runners took 68 years. At the XIX Games (1968) in Mexico City, American runner D. Hines ran 100 m in 9.95 s. This result remained a world record for 15 years.

200m run Runners overcome the first half of the distance in a turn, and the second half in a straight line. The world record in this type of running is 19.8 s, which means that the runner overcame every 100 m in an average faster than 10 s. The strongest 100m runners usually do well in the 200m. The double victory is especially honorable. Only 7 athletes managed to win two distances at the Olympics, including the outstanding Soviet sprinter V. Borzov. At the 1972 Munich Games, he ran the 100m in 10.14s and the 200m in 20s.

400m run This is exactly the length of a full circle of a modern stadium. This is one of the most difficult distances in athletics: the athlete must combine high speed with excellent speed endurance. The world record in the 400m, also set in Mexico City at the XIX Olympic Games (1968), is 43.8 s. And this means that the Negro runner L. Evans overcame every 100 m faster than 11 s.

Sprinting at 100, 200 and 400 meters is also included in the program of women's competitions (women have been participating in the modern Olympic Games since the IX Olympiad in Amsterdam, 1928). In the half century that has passed since then, women's performance has grown rapidly and is now on par with the recent performance of men. Thus, women's world records in the 100 m run are 10.88 s; in the 200 m run - 22.06 s; in the 400 m run - 48.94 s. The best runner of our time can be called the Polish athlete I. Shewinska. She is the owner of Olympic gold medals in the 200 and 400 meters, the winner of many competitions and the Olympic Games (1964, 1968, 1976).

Relay race 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m. Sprint relays are one of the most exciting sports spectacles. The four runners (relays are held for men and women), as if connected by an invisible thread, rush along the track, passing at full speed at the end of each stage wooden or plastic sticks - relay races - to teammates. Since all runners, except for the first one, run the distance on the move, the speed of sprinters is very high. For example, the American R. Hayes at the Tokyo Games (1964) ran his stage in the 4 × 100 m relay in 8.6 s.

In the 70s, the strongest relay teams for men were American, and for women, runners from the GDR.

Middle distance running

800m run. Runners run two full circles around the stadium. They start on separate lanes, and after turning they go to the edge of the stadium and run along one lane. Most often, hardy runners won at this distance. But sometimes athletes who combined 400 and 800 m runs also achieved success. At the XXI Olympic Games in Montreal, the Cuban athlete A. Juantorena performed brilliantly: he won the 800 m distance with a new world record - 1 min 42.5 s, and after for several days he became the Olympic champion in the 400 m run. Women's competitions in the 800 m run were included in the program of the 1928 Olympic Games, and then, after a break, from 1960. The first Soviet champion of the Olympic Games (1960) at this distance was L Lysenko with a new world record - 2 min 4.3 s, and in 1976 T. Kazankina repeated her triumph, she won the 800 m run in Montreal with an amazing result - 1 min 54.94 s.

1500m run. This distance is also popular among runners. Partly because European and American athletes are big fans of the 1 mile (non-Olympic) run, which is close in distance (1609 m) to the 1500 m run. At the Olympics, athletes from Luxembourg, Ireland, Kenya, Finland and New Zealand. For women, this distance has been included in the Olympics program since 1972. Soviet athletes knew no equal in the 1500 m run: L. Bragina won in Munich, and T. Kazankina won in Montreal. She also owns a phenomenal world record in the 1500 m run - 3 min 56 s.

Running for long and extra long distances.

Running for 5000 and 10000 m (stayer run). Athletes require great diligence and perseverance in training, endurance and reasonable running tactics, as well as an economical distribution of forces over a distance. Famous runners of the past had such qualities: P. Nurmi (Finland), the owner of many Olympic gold medals; Soviet runner V. Kuts, who rightfully became the hero of the Melbourne Olympiad after victories at distances of 5 and 10 km; Olympic champion in 1960 P. Bolotnikov. At the Olympiads in Munich and Montreal, the wonderful Finnish stayer L. Viren won 2 distances and won 4 gold medals.

Marathon run (42 km 195 m). It got its name from the town of Marathon. According to legend, after the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), a Greek warrior-messenger carried the news of the victory of the Greeks over the Persians to Athens. Having come running, he announced the victory and fell down dead. The marathon race is dedicated to this feat of a warrior. The first Olympic champion was the Greek athlete S. Louis. Twice (1960, 1964) an athlete from Ethiopia A. Bikila became the Olympic champion. His Olympic victories were the first big successes for African runners.

Obstacle running (hurdling).

Running 110 m hurdles. At the first Olympic Games, athletes overcame 100 m, and the height of the barriers was 1 m. Later, the distance increased by 10 m, and the height of the obstacles (at a distance of 10) became 106.7 cm. It is no coincidence that most hurdlers are tall people with high speed, flexibility and coordination of movements. Between the hurdles, the best athletes perform three running steps, and then the “attack” of the hurdle follows. For women, the distance is shorter - 100 m and barriers are lower - 84 cm. Until 1972, competitions for women were held at a distance of 80 m and the height of the barriers was 76.2 cm. World records at these distances belong to R. Nehemia (USA) - 13 s and G. Rabshtyn (Poland) - 12.48 s.

400m hurdles. This difficult distance requires both speed, endurance and the ability to overcome obstacles from hurdlers. The best hurdlers in the world cover the distance in less than 48 s, and on the “smooth” (without barriers) 400-meter distance they have results better than 46 s. The world record in the 400 meters belongs to the 1976 Olympic champion American E. Moses - 47.45 s. This distance is also included in the program of women's competitions, excluding the Olympic Games.

Running on 3000 m with obstacles (steeple chase). Only men compete in this type of running, and world records have been recorded since 1954, when a standard arrangement of obstacles was introduced (5 wooden barriers were placed around the stadium - 400 m, and after one of them there was a pit with water). As a rule, steeple chasers are excellent stayers who have mastered the technique of overcoming obstacles. In 1978, the Kenyan stayer H. Rono set four world records at once - in the 3000, 5000, 10000 m and 3000 m hurdles!

Sports walking.

Walking 20 km. Unlike running, race walking requires constant support on the ground. The leg is placed on the heel, then there is a “roll” on the toe, after which the leg is straightened, remaining straight to the vertical position of the athlete.

Until 1956, the Olympic program included walking for 10 km, and in Melbourne at the XVI Games the distance was doubled. And the very first start of the Soviet runners was crowned with a brilliant victory: L. Spirin became the Olympic champion, and A. Mikenas and B. Junk took second and third places.

In subsequent years, the remarkable Soviet athlete V. Golubnichy knew no equal. He won two gold, silver and bronze medals at the Games in Rome, Tokyo, Mexico City and Munich.

Walking 50 km. Competitions are held, as in the previous distance, along the highway with a start and finish at the stadium. These are difficult tests - athletes are on the road for more than 4 hours. In addition to the already mentioned types of walking and running, competitions are also held at other distances (3000 m, 20000 m, in an hour run), but they are not included in the program of the Olympic Games.

Athletics jumps.

High jump. The athlete is given three attempts to overcome each height. If he fails in all three, he is eliminated from the competition. It happens that several jumpers overcome the last height, then the winner is the one who spends the least number of attempts on this height.

At first, they jumped with the “scissors” style, then the “wave”, then the “roll” styles came to replace and, finally, the “flip” style, when the athlete overcomes the bar, turning his chest to it in a horizontal position. In 1968, the American R. Fosbury overcame the bar with his back to it. This style is called Fosbury. But the world records for men and women still belong to athletes using the "flip" method, which was developed in detail by Soviet coaches and scientists. It was with the help of this style that the athlete from the GDR R. Ackerman took a height of 2 m, and the Soviet jumper V. Yashchenko - 2 m 34 cm. Before them, the famous Soviet athlete V. Brumel, who 6 times (1961 -1963) set world records - from 2 m 23 cm to 2 m 28 cm.

Pole vault. This type of athletics is included in the program only for men's competitions. World records in this form grew along with the improvement of the pole for jumping. At first it was wooden, then bamboo, then metal, and in recent years, jumpers use a pole made of fiberglass and synthetic materials. The world record is 5 m 70 cm.

Long jump. It is performed with an arbitrary run, after which they push off with their strongest foot from a wooden bar dug into the ground. If the athlete steps over his leading edge, then the jump is not counted.

Far jumps were successful for a few jumpers. Only in 1968, at the Olympic Games in Mexico City, the American B. Beamon "flew" by 8 m 90 cm. The European record (8 m 66 cm) belongs to an athlete from Greece L. Tsatumas. In our country, I. Ter-Ovanesyan jumped the farthest (8 m 35 cm). Women only in 1976 approached the line of 7 m.

The first seven-meter line was overcome by the Soviet athlete V. Bardauskene (7.09 m).

Triple jump. This difficult type of track and field athletics requires the speed of a sprinter, a good long jump and literally "steel" muscles from the jumper. The jumper, after a run, pushes off the bar with the strongest leg, lands on the same leg, then after the second step on the other leg and ends the jump by landing in a sand pit. The best jumpers of the world “fly away” beyond the mark of 17 m, and the world record set in high-altitude Mexico City by the Brazilian J. Carlos de Oliveira is 17 m 89 cm. The best jumper of the 70s is the winner of three Olympiads V. Saneev. The length of the jump is the distance from the leading edge of the bar to the nearest footprint left in the sand after landing. In both types of long jumps, three attempts are given.

Athletics throws.

Exercises in throwing a discus, a spear, a hammer and other sports equipment, as well as in throwing a shot at a distance, contribute to the development of strength, agility, speed and coordination of movements, the formation of applied skills.

Shot put. The shot is pushed into a sector (approximately 45°) from a circle (diameter - 213 cm), which is limited by a metal ring or a wooden rim. Previously, the athlete, being with his back in the direction of the push, made a sliding jump and, together with the rotation of the body, pushed the core forward. In 1971, the well-known Soviet trainer V.I. Alekseev proposed a new method of shot put with the rotation of the thrower's body and moving it in a circle. Using this method, Alekseev's student A. Baryshnikov set a world record in 1976 - 22 m. Among women throughout the 70s, Alekseev's student, Olympic champion N. Chizhova, was also the strongest.

Discus throw. Throwing is made from a circle with a concrete base, with a diameter of 2 m 50 cm, fenced with a net. Outstanding success among men was achieved by the American discus thrower A. Orter, winner of four Olympiads (1956-1968). In women in recent decades, G. Reinsch has been the strongest disco-bolt. She holds a world record equal to 76 m 80 cm. The Soviet athlete F. Melnik in 1976 was the first in the world to throw a projectile at 70 m 50 cm.

Hammer throwing. The projectile is clasped with the fingers of both hands, untwisted, then 2-4 turns are made and it is sent to the 45 ° sector marked in the field.

Domestic throwers in this kind of athletics have won many olympiads. In 1978, Muscovite B. Zaichuk for the first time in the world threw a projectile over 80 m.

Javelin-throwing. Since ancient times, people have competed in accuracy and range of javelin throwing. This type of competition has survived to this day. Throw a spear from a curved bar dug flush into the ground in a sector of about 29 °. The world record with the longest throw of a projectile of the new model (since 1986) 98 m 48 cm belongs to the Czech thrower J. Zelezny. Among women - also Czech B. Shpotakova (72 m 28 cm).

Athletics all-around.

It is a combination of physical exercise in one or more sports. The purpose of the all-around is to reveal the versatile psychophysical qualities and motor skills of athletes.

Decathlon. It is rightfully considered the crown of athletics. Only men compete in this difficult competition. The decathlon program includes 100, 400 and 1500 m runs, 110 m hurdles, high jump, long jump and pole vault, shot put, discus throw and javelin throw.

Decathlon competitions are held in 2 days (5 types per day).

In 1972, Soviet decathletes N. Avilov and L. Litvinenko won at the Munich Olympics. Now the world record belongs to the American R. Shebrla - 9026 points.

Pentathlon. Women, unlike men, compete in 5 types - 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump and 800 m run. This program has been introduced since 1977. The world record belongs to S. Murray.

1888 is considered the year of the birth of national athletics, when a circle of joggers was formed in Tyarlev (a town near St. Petersburg). But athletics received real development only after 1917.

In 1946, our athletes entered the broad international arena. Since 1952 they have been performing at the Olympic Games.

Athletics is a complex sport, which includes many types of different disciplines, it is not for nothing that it is considered the queen of sports, and even the expression “Faster, higher, stronger” by 2/3 can be attributed to it. At the first ancient Greek Olympic Games, athletics was the main sports program. And from that time to this day, it has been the most popular and main of the sports. Basically, such popularity is due to the fact that there is no need for expensive equipment for playing sports. Thus, the countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia to this day become winners in various disciplines.

It is thanks to the worldwide development, great popularity and constant evolutionary progression that athletics is the “queen of sports” (a title that she received in the second half of the 20th century). For several decades, there has not been a day that this title could be canceled. continues to be "at the head" of the sports world and is highly respected.

History of occurrence

In fact, athletics was known long before ancient Greece, thus, many centuries BC. e. peoples from Africa and Asia regularly held competitions. But the first documentary records, dishes, clay tablets, frescoes and drawings, which spoke about the first exercises that develop strength (running and others), of course, have come down to us from ancient Greece. But here's the paradox, the Greeks attributed all power sports to and this is no accident, because hammer throwing or marathons over long distances can hardly be called athletics, so the division is rather arbitrary. By the way, running is one of the most ancient competitions of athletes; it was the only sport in which dates back to 776 BC. e. Since then, much has changed, and now, thanks to the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896, this is also reflected in athletics to a large extent.

Origin in Russia

The development of sports took place all over the world, and athletics in Russia did not stand aside. The first running competition was held in 1888. This year is considered the beginning of athletics in Russia. The first All-Russian championship was held in 1908, since then the Russian Athletics Federation has constantly held competitions in these sports, the winner of which is the athlete or team that was able to demonstrate the best result in the final attempts of technical disciplines or races. All championships take place in several stages, with the exception of running, all-around and walking.

Types of athletics

Athletics is a sport that combines a lot of different disciplines, among them are:

Naturally, among all sports, running disciplines have achieved the greatest popularity. This is due to their availability and ease of maintaining their health and body in sportswear, but this does not mean at all that athletics is just running. Other sports are common all over the world, but if they require additional equipment or sportswear, then all you need to run is comfortable clothes and shoes.

Gymnastics

Artistic and rhythmic gymnastics also belong to athletics, the only differences are that the first is multidisciplinary, and the exercises in it are performed on apparatus and on the floor. At the same time, there are specific women's sports and there are men's. Gymnastics competitions are held within the framework of the Olympic Games, European and world championships, where both individual and team competitions are held. Thus, they are included in the mandatory, and it can be safely stated that athletics -

Modern athletics: doping

If you look at the root of the emergence of sports, it will be seen that this is not only a test of one’s capabilities and improvement of results during honest training, but also thanks to various drugs that are referred to as doping in the modern world. Even 40 years ago, doctors and professional athletes declared that athletics is a sport in which people have already reached their maximum potential.

Even though doping causes great harm to the body as such, it destroys the whole idea of ​​fair competition and bringing out the best. The “plague of modern sports”, as doping is called, is unlikely to be stopped by anyone. Doctors come up with new methods to bypass control. There is even an opinion that modern competitions are not a struggle of athletes, but of their doctors, because due to the introduction of commerce in sports, it is not the personal achievements of the athlete that come to the fore, but his profitability in return on investment.

In the system of physical education Athletics occupies a dominant place due to its diversity, availability, dosage, as well as its applied value. Various types of running, jumping and throwing are an integral part of every lesson of physical culture of educational institutions of all levels and the training process of many other sports.

Acquisition of skills and abilities of scientific and methodological activities;

Formation of a complex of motor skills and physical qualities necessary in the professional activity of a specialist in physical culture and sports

Athletics- the most popular sport that contributes to the comprehensive physical development of a person, as it combines common and vital movements (walking, running, jumping, throwing). Systematic athletics exercises develop strength, speed, endurance and other qualities necessary for a person in everyday life.

Classify athletics sports It is possible according to various parameters: groups of types of athletics, gender and age characteristics, venues. The basis is five types of athletics: walking, running, jumping, throwing and all-around.

Classification track and field sports by sex and age characteristics: male, female species; for boys and girls of all ages.

In the latest sports classification in athletics, women have 50 sports held in stadiums, highways and cross-country, and 14 sports held indoors, for men - 56 and 15 sports, respectively.

Next sports classification is given according to the places of training and competitions: stadiums, highways and country roads, rough terrain, sports arenas and halls.

By structure track and field sports are divided into cyclic, acyclic and mixed, and from the point of view of the predominant manifestation of any physical quality: speed, power, speed-strength, speed endurance, special endurance.

Also types of athletics divided into classical (K) (Olympic) and non-classical (all others).

To date, the program of the Olympic Games for men includes 24 type of athletics, in women - 22 type of athletics who play the largest number of Olympic medals.

Consider athletics groups.

Walking

Walking- a cyclical type, requiring the manifestation of special endurance, is carried out for both men and women.

For women, entries are made: at the stadium - 3, 5, 10 km;

  • in the arena - 3.5 km;
  • on the highway - 10, 20 km.

For men, runs are held: at the stadium - 3, 5, 10, 20 km;

  • in the arena - 3.5 km;
  • on the highway - 35, 50 km.

Classic views (K):

  • for men - 20 and 50 km,
  • for women - 20 km.

Run

Run divided into categories: smooth running, hurdling, steeplechase, relay running, cross-country running.

Smooth running- cyclic type, requiring the manifestation of speed (sprint), speed endurance (300-600 m), special endurance.

Sprint, or sprinting, is held at the stadium and in the arena. Distances: 30, 60, 100 (K), 200 (K) m, the same for men and women.

long sprint held at the stadium and in the arena. Distances: 300, 400 (K), 600 m, the same for men and women.

Endurance running:

- middle distances: 800 (K), 1000, 1500 (K) m, 1 mile - held at the stadium and in the arena for men and women;

Long distances: 3000, 5000 (K), 10,000 (K) m - held at the stadium (in the arena - only 3000 m), the same for men and women;

- extra long distances - 15; 21.0975; 42.195 (K); 100 km - held on the highway (it is possible to start and finish at the stadium), the same for men and women;

- ultra long distances - daily run is held at the stadium or highway, both men and women participate. There are also competitions for 1,000 miles (1,609 km) and 1,300 miles, the longest continuous running distance.

Hurdling- in terms of structure, a mixed type that requires the manifestation of speed, speed endurance, agility, flexibility. It is held for men and women, at the stadium and in the arena. Distances: 60, 100 (K) m for women; 110 (K), 300 m and 400 (K) m for men (the last two distances are held only at the stadium).

Running with obstacles- the structure is a mixed species, requiring the manifestation of special endurance, dexterity, flexibility. It is held for women and men at the stadium and in the arena. Distances for women - 2000 m; distances for men - 2000, 3000 (K) m. Soon this type of running for women will become Olympic.

relay race- in terms of structure, a mixed type, very close to cyclic types, a team type, requiring the manifestation of speed, speed endurance, agility. Classic events 4x100 m and 4x400 m are held for men and women at the stadium. The arena hosts 4 x 200 m and 4 x 400 m relay competitions, the same for men and women.

Competitions can also be held at the stadium with different lengths of stages: 800, 1000, 1500 m and a different number of them. Relay races are held along city streets with unequal stages in length, number and contingent (mixed relay races - men and women).

Previously, the so-called Swedish relay races were very popular: 800 + 400 + 200 + 100 m for men, and 400 + 300 + 200 + 100 m for women.

Cross running - cross country running, a mixed species that requires the manifestation of special endurance, dexterity. Always held in a forest or park area. For men, distances are 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 km; for women - 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 km.

track and field jumps

track and field jumps are divided into two groups: jumping over a vertical obstacle and jumping for a distance. The first group includes: a) high jumps from a running start; b) pole vault with a running start. The second group includes: a) running long jumps; b) triple run jump.

First group track and field jumps:

a) high jump with a run (K) - an acyclic type that requires the athlete to demonstrate speed-strength qualities, jumping ability, agility, flexibility. It is held for men and women, at the stadium and in the arena;

b) pole vault with a running start (K) - an acyclic sport that requires the athlete to demonstrate speed-strength qualities, jumping ability, flexibility, agility, one of the most difficult technical types of athletics. It is held for men and women, at the stadium and in the arena.

Second group track and field jumps:

a) long jumps with a run (K) - according to the structure they belong to a mixed type, requiring the athlete to demonstrate speed-strength, speed qualities, flexibility, agility. They are held for men and women, at the stadium and in the arena;

b) triple run jump (K) - an acyclic type that requires the athlete to demonstrate speed-strength, speed qualities, dexterity, flexibility. It is held for men and women, at the stadium and in the arena.

Track and field throwing

Track and field throwing can be divided into the following groups: 1) throwing projectiles with and without aerodynamic properties from a direct run; 2) throwing projectiles from a circle; 3) pushing a projectile from a circle.

Moreover, it should be noted that in throwing it is allowed to perform any type of run-up according to the technique, but the final effort is performed only according to the rules. For example, you need to throw a spear, a grenade, a ball only from behind the head, over the shoulder; you can only throw the discus from the side; throwing a hammer - only from the side; you can push the core from the jump and from the turn, but be sure to push.

Javelin-throwing(K) (grenade, ball) - an acyclic sport that requires the athlete to demonstrate speed, strength, speed-strength qualities, flexibility, dexterity. Throwing is performed from a straight run, men and women, only at the stadium. The spear has aerodynamic properties.

Discus throw(TO), hammer throwing(K) - acyclic types, requiring strength, speed-strength qualities, flexibility, dexterity from an athlete. Throwing is performed from a circle (limited space), by men and women, only in the stadium. The disk has aerodynamic properties.

Shot put(K) - an acyclic sport that requires the athlete to demonstrate strength, speed-strength qualities, and dexterity. Shot is performed from the circle (limited space), by men and women, in the stadium and in the arena.

All-around

Classic types of all-around are: for men - decathlon, for women - heptathlon. The decathlon includes: 100 m, length, shot, height, 400 m, 110 m s/b, discus, pole, javelin, 1500 m. For women, the heptathlon includes the following types: 100 m s/b, shot, height, 200 m, length, spear, 800 m.

TO non-classical types of all-around include: octathlon for boys (100 m, length, height, 400 m, 110 m s/b, pole, disc, 1500 m); pentathlon for girls (100 m s/b, core, height, length, 800 m). The sports classification defines: for women - pentathlon, quadrathlon and triathlon, for men - 9athlon, heptathlon, hexathlon, pentathlon, quadrathlon and triathlon. Tetrathlon, earlier it was called "pioneer", is held for schoolchildren 11-13 years old. The types that are part of the all-around are determined by the sports classification, the replacement of types is not allowed.