meteorological factors. Meteorological factors and their influence on the body Meteorological weather factors
Long-term and annual patterns of distribution of precipitation, air temperature, humidity. Climatic (meteorological) factors largely determine the features of the groundwater regime. Groundwater is significantly affected by air temperature, precipitation, evaporation, as well as a lack of air humidity and atmospheric pressure. In their totality of impact, they determine the size and timing of groundwater recharge and give their regime characteristic features.
Under climate in meteorology understand a regular change in atmospheric processes resulting from the complex effects of solar radiation on the earth's surface and atmosphere. The main indicators of climate can be considered:
Radiation balance of the Earth;
Atmospheric circulation processes;
The nature of the underlying surface.
cosmogenic factors. Climate change largely depends on the magnitude solar radiation, it determines not only the heat balance of the Earth but also the distribution of other meteorological elements. The annual amounts of heat radiation falling on the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan range from 9,000 to 12,000 thousand kcal.
M.S. Eigenson (1957), N.S. Tokarev (1950), V.A. Korobeinikov (1959) note a regular connection between groundwater level fluctuations and changes in solar energy. At the same time, 4, 7, 11-year cycles are established. M.S. Eigenson notes, on average, once every 11 years, the number of spots (and flares) reaches its maximum number. After this epoch of maximum, it decreases relatively slowly in order to reach its minimum value in about 7 years. After the epoch of the 11-year cyclic minimum is reached, the number of sunspots naturally increases again, namely, on average, 4 years after the minimum, the next maximum of the 11-year cycle is again observed, etc.
A mass correlation analysis of the groundwater regime with different solar activity indices showed generally low correlations. Only occasionally does the coefficient of this connection reach 0.69. Relatively better connections are established with the Sun's geomagnetic disturbance index.
Many researchers have established long-term patterns atmospheric circulation. They distinguish two main forms of heat and moisture transfer: zonal and meridional. In this case, the meridional transport is determined by the presence of an air temperature gradient between the equator and the pole, and the zonal transport is determined by the temperature gradient between the ocean and the mainland. In particular, it is noted that the amount of precipitation increases for the European part of the CIS, Kazakhstan and Central Asia with the western type of circulation, which ensures the influx of moisture from the Atlantic, and decreases compared to the norm with the eastern type of circulation.
Paleogeographic data show that throughout the life of the Earth, climatic conditions have undergone repeated and significant changes. Climate changes occur as a result of many reasons: displacement of the axis of rotation and displacement of the Earth's poles, changes in solar activity in the past geological time, transparency of the atmosphere, etc. One of the serious reasons for its change are also major tectonic and exogenous processes that change the shape (relief) of the earth's surface .
Air temperature. Three temperature provinces can be distinguished on the territory of the CIS.
The first is a province with a negative average annual temperature. It occupies a significant part of the Asian territory. There is a wide development of permafrost rocks here (water is in a solid state and forms temporary flows only in the warm summer period).
The second province is characterized by a positive average annual air temperature and the presence of seasonally frozen soil in winter (the European part, the south of Western Siberia, Primorye, Kazakhstan and part of the territory of Central Asia). During the period of soil freezing, the supply of groundwater due to precipitation stops, while their runoff is still taking place.
The third province has a positive air temperature during the coldest period of the year. It covers the south of the European part of the CIS, the Black Sea coast, Transcaucasia, the south of the Turkmen and part of the Uzbek Republic, as well as Tajikistan (food takes place throughout the year).
Short-term temperature rises in winter, creating thaws, cause sharp rises in the level and an increase in the flow of groundwater.
A change in air temperature does not affect groundwater directly, but through the rocks of the aeration zone and the waters of this zone.
The mechanism of the impact of air temperature on the groundwater regime is very diverse and complex. Observations established regular rhythmic temperature fluctuations, the amplitude of which gradually decreases. The maximum groundwater temperature gradually decreases with depth to a zone of constant temperatures. The minimum temperature, on the contrary, increases with depth. The depth of occurrence of the belt of constant temperatures depends on the lithological composition of the rocks (aeration zone) and the depth of groundwater.
Precipitation are one of the most important regime-forming factors. It is known that atmospheric precipitation is spent on surface and slope runoff, evaporation and infiltration (they feed groundwater).
The amount of surface runoff depends on climatic and other conditions and ranges from a few percent to half of the annual amount of precipitation (in some cases even higher).
The most difficult value to determine evaporation , which also depends on a large number of different factors (deficiency of air humidity, nature of vegetation, wind strength, lithological composition, condition and color of the soil, and many others).
Of the part of atmospheric precipitation that penetrates into the aeration zone, a part does not reach the groundwater surface, but is spent on physical evaporation and transpiration by plants.
Lysimetric studies (Gordeev, 1959) obtained data on lysimeters laid at different depths:
A.V.Lebedev (1954, 1959) by calculation established the dependence of the value of groundwater recharge or infiltration and evaporation on the thickness of the aeration zone. The infiltration data characterize the period of maximum nutrition (spring), and the evaporation data characterize the minimum (summer).
Water infiltration in the aeration zone depends on the intensity of rain, lack of saturation and total water loss, filtration coefficient and reaches the greatest depth with longer sprinkling. The cessation of rain slows down the process of water advancement, in such cases, the formation of a “perched water” is possible.
Thus, the best conditions for groundwater recharge exist at shallow depths, mainly in spring during snowmelt and in autumn during prolonged precipitation.
The impact of precipitation on groundwater causes changes in reserves, chemical composition and temperature.
A few words about the snow cover, which is about 10 cm in the south, 80-100 cm in the north and 100-120 cm in the Far North, Kamchatka. The presence of water reserves in the snow does not yet indicate the magnitude of groundwater recharge. A significant role here is played by the thickness of the seasonally freezing layer and the duration of its thawing, the amount of evaporation and the dissection of the relief.
Evaporation. The amount of evaporation depends on a very large number of factors (air humidity, wind, air temperature, radiation, unevenness and color of the earth's surface, as well as the presence of vegetation, etc.).
In the aeration zone, both water coming from the surface as a result of infiltration and water from the capillary fringe evaporate. As a result of evaporation, water that has not yet reached groundwater is removed, and the amount of their supply decreases.
The influence of evaporation on the chemical composition of water is a complex process. The composition of water as a result of evaporation (in the arid zone) does not change, since water leaves salts during evaporation at the level of the capillary border. With subsequent infiltration, groundwater is enriched with the most easily soluble salts, their total mineralization and the content of individual components increase.
The greater the power of the aeration zone, the less evaporation (with depth). At a depth of more than 4-5 m in porous or slightly fractured rocks, evaporation becomes very small. Below this depth (up to 40 m and more), the evaporation process is almost constant (0.45-0.5 mm per year). With depth, the amplitude of fluctuations in the groundwater level attenuates, which can be explained by the dispersal of the feeding process in time and its balancing by groundwater flow.
In the Moscow region, with a sandy composition of the aeration zone and groundwater depths of 2–3 m on average, summer precipitation reaches groundwater only when rainfall is above 40 mm or during prolonged drizzling rain.
Atmosphere pressure. An increase in atmospheric pressure leads to a decrease in water levels in wells and flow rates of sources, and a decrease, on the contrary, to their decrease.
The ratio of groundwater level changes Δh caused by a corresponding change in atmospheric pressure Δp is called the barometric efficiency (Jacob, 1940).
Parameter B, equal to
Where γ is the density of water (equal to 1 g / cm 3 for fresh water),
characterizes the elastic and filtration properties of the horizon, as well as the degree of its isolation from the atmosphere (B=0.3-0.8).
A change in atmospheric pressure can cause a change in the level of groundwater up to 20-30 cm. In addition, gusts of wind, creating a rarefaction of atmospheric pressure, can lead to a rise in the level of up to 5 cm.
The regime-forming climatic factors discussed above do not exhaust the list of numerous natural processes that affect the groundwater regime.
Main: 3
Extras: 6
Test questions:
What is climate?
2. What are the three main indicators of climate?
3. List meteorological (climatic) regime-forming factors.
4. What is the impact of cosmogenic factors on the groundwater regime?
5. What are the long-term patterns atmospheric circulation, What are the main forms of heat and moisture transfer?
6. Give a description of the temperature provinces in the CIS.
7. What determines the depth of the belt of constant groundwater temperatures?
8. Impact of precipitation on groundwater.
9. Influence of evaporation on the chemical composition of water.
10. What determines the amount of groundwater recharge or infiltration and evaporation?
11. How does the water level in wells and the flow rate of sources change depending on atmospheric pressure?
12. What parameter is called barometric efficiency and what properties of the groundwater horizon does it characterize?
13. Can a change in atmospheric pressure cause a change in the level of groundwater?
Similar information.
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
physical properties of the atmosphere that determine the weather and climate (or microclimate) and affect the state of the body.
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Page 1
The construction and operation of sea and river ports is carried out under the constant influence of a number of external factors inherent in the main natural environments: atmosphere, water and land. Accordingly, external factors are divided into 3 main groups:
1) meteorological;
2) hydrological and lithodynamic;
3) geological and geomorphological.
Meteorological factors:
wind mode. The wind characteristic of the construction area is the main factor determining the location of the port in relation to the city, the zoning and zoning of its territory, the relative position of berths for various technological purposes. Being the main wave-forming factor, the regime characteristics of the wind determine the configuration of the coastal mooring front, the layout of the port water area and external protective structures, and the routing of water approaches to the port.
As a meteorological phenomenon, the wind is characterized by direction, speed, spatial distribution (acceleration) and duration.
The direction of the wind for the purposes of port building and shipping is usually considered according to 8 main points.
Wind speed is measured at a height of 10 m above the water or land surface, averaged over 10 minutes, and is expressed in meters per second or knots (knots, 1 knot=1 mile/hour=0.514 meters/second).
If it is impossible to fulfill the specified requirements, the results of observations over the wind can be corrected by introducing appropriate corrections.
Acceleration is understood as the distance within which the wind direction changed by no more than 300.
The duration of the wind - the period of time during which the direction and speed of the wind were within a certain interval.
The main probabilistic (regime) characteristics of the wind flow used in the design of sea and river ports are:
· repeatability of directions and gradations of wind speeds;
Provision of wind speeds of certain directions;
· Estimated wind speeds corresponding to given return periods.
Water and air temperature. In the design, construction and operation of ports, information is used about the temperature of air and water within the limits of their change, as well as the probability of extreme values. In accordance with the temperature data, the terms of freezing and opening of the basins are determined, the duration and working period of navigation are established, the work of the port and the fleet is planned. Statistical processing of long-term data on water and air temperature involves the following steps:
Air humidity. Humidity is determined by the content of water vapor in it. Absolute humidity - the amount of water vapor in the air, relative - the ratio of absolute humidity to its limit value at a given temperature.
Water vapor enters the atmosphere as it evaporates from the earth's surface. In the atmosphere, water vapor is transported by ordered air currents and by turbulent mixing. Under the influence of cooling, water vapor in the atmosphere condenses - clouds form, and then precipitation falls to the ground.
A layer of water 1423 mm thick (or 5.14x1014 tons) evaporates from the surface of the oceans (361 million km2) during the year, and 423 mm (or 0.63x1014 tons) from the surface of the continents (149 million km2). The amount of precipitation on the continents significantly exceeds evaporation. This means that a significant amount of water vapor comes to the continents from the oceans and seas. On the other hand, water that has not evaporated on the continents enters rivers and further seas and oceans.
Information about air humidity is taken into account when planning the handling and storage of certain types of goods (eg tea, tobacco).
fogs. The occurrence of fog is due to the transformation of vapors into tiny water droplets with an increase in air humidity. The formation of droplets occurs in the presence of the smallest particles in the air (dust, salt particles, combustion products, etc.).
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RESEARCH OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN PRODUCTION AND TRAINING ROOMS
Meteorological factors of the working area
The normal well-being of a person at the enterprise and at home primarily depends on meteorological conditions (microclimate). The microclimate is a set of physical factors of the production environment (temperature, humidity and air velocity, atmospheric pressure and intensity of thermal radiation), which comprehensively affect the thermal state of the body.
Atmospheric air is a mixture of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, about 1% argon, carbon dioxide and other gases in small concentrations, as well as water in all phase states. Reducing the oxygen content to 13% makes it difficult to breathe, can lead to loss of consciousness and death, high oxygen levels can cause harmful oxidative reactions in the body.
Man is constantly in the process of thermal interaction with the environment. The body constantly produces heat, and its excess is released into the surrounding air. At rest, a person loses about 7,120 kJ per day, when doing light work - 10,470 kJ, when doing moderate work - 16,760 kJ, when performing heavy physical work, energy losses are 25,140 - 33,520 kJ. The release of heat occurs mainly through the skin (up to 85%) by convection, and also as a result of evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin.
Due to thermoregulation, the body temperature remains constant - 36.65 ° C, which is the most important indicator of normal well-being. A change in ambient temperature leads to changes in the nature of heat transfer. At an ambient temperature of 15 - 25 ° C, the human body produces a constant amount of heat (rest zone). With an increase in air temperature to 28 ° C, normal mental activity is complicated, the attention and resistance of the body to various harmful influences are weakened, and working capacity drops by a third. At temperatures above 33°C, the release of heat from the body occurs only due to the evaporation of sweat (I phase of overheating). Losses can be up to 10 liters per shift. Together with sweat, vitamins are excreted from the body, which disrupts vitamin metabolism.
Dehydration leads to a sharp decrease in the volume of blood plasma, which loses twice as much water as other tissues and becomes more viscous. Additionally, salt chlorides up to 20-50 g per shift leave the blood with water, blood plasma loses its ability to retain water. Compensate for the loss of chlorides in the body by taking salted water at the rate of 0.5 - 1.0 g / l. Under unfavorable conditions of heat transfer, when less heat is given off than is generated in the process of labor, a person may experience phase II of overheating of the body - heat stroke.
With a decrease in ambient temperature, the blood vessels of the skin narrow, blood flow to the surface of the body slows down, and heat transfer decreases. Strong cooling leads to frostbite of the skin. A decrease in body temperature to 35 ° C causes pain, when it drops below 34 ° C, loss of consciousness and death occurs.
Sanitary norms and rules (SN) set the optimal microclimatic conditions of the production environment: 19 - 21 ° C for computer equipment rooms; 17 - 20 ° С for classrooms, classrooms, auditoriums and a sports hall; 16 - 18°C for training workshops, lobby, cloakroom and library. Relative air humidity is taken as a norm of 40 - 60%, in warm weather up to 75%, in classes of computer equipment 55 - 62%. The speed of air movement should be within 0.1 - 0.5 m / s, and in the warm season 0.5 - 1.5 m / s and 0.1 - 0.2 m / s for rooms with computer equipment.
Human life can take place in a wide pressure range of 73.4 - 126.7 kPa (550 - 950 mm Hg), however, the most comfortable state of health occurs under normal conditions (101.3 kPa, 760 mm Hg. Art.). ). A change in pressure of several hundred Pa from the normal value causes pain. Also, a rapid change in pressure is dangerous for human health.
Medical climatology is the science of the influence of natural environmental factors on the human body.
Tasks of medical climatology:
1. The study of the physiological mechanisms of the influence of climatic and weather factors on the human body
2. Medical assessment of the weather.
3. Development of indications and contraindications for the appointment of various types of climatic treatment methods.
4. Scientific development of dosing methods for climatotherapeutic procedures.
5. Prevention of meteopathic reactions.
Classification of climatological factors
There are three main groups of natural factors external environment affecting a person:
1. Atmospheric or meteorological.
2. Space or radiation.
3. Telluric or terrestrial.
For medical climatology, the lower layers of the atmosphere are mainly of interest - the troposphere, where heat and moisture exchange between the atmosphere and the earth's surface, the formation of clouds and precipitation are most intensive. This layer of the atmosphere has a height of 10-12 km in the middle latitudes, 16-18 km in the tropics and 8-10 km in the polar latitudes.
Characteristics of meteorological factors
Meteorological factors are divided into chemical and physical. Chemical Factors atmosphere - gases and various impurities. The gases whose content in the atmosphere is constant include nitrogen (78.08 vol%), oxygen (20.95), argon (0.93), hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton, xenon. The content of other gases in the atmosphere is subject to significant changes. This applies, first of all, to carbon dioxide, the content of which ranges from 0.03 to 0.05%, and near some industrial enterprises and carbonic mineral sources it can rise to 0.07-0.16%.
The formation of ozone is associated with thunderstorms and the processes of oxidation of certain organic substances, so its content at the Earth's surface is negligible and very variable. Basically, ozone is formed at an altitude of 20-25 km under the influence of the UV rays of the Sun and, delaying the short-wave part of the UV spectrum - UVS (with a wavelength shorter than 280 nm), protects living beings from death, i.e. plays the role of a giant filter that protects life on Earth. Atmospheric air may also contain small amounts of other gases - ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, various nitrogen compounds, etc., which are mainly the result of air pollution by waste products from industrial enterprises. Some gases enter the atmosphere from the soil. These include radioactive elements and gaseous metabolic products of soil bacteria. The air may contain aromatic substances and phytoncides secreted by plants. Finally, there are suspended liquid and solid particles in the air - sea salts, organic substances (bacteria, spores, plant pollen, etc.), mineral particles of volcanic and cosmic origin, smoke, etc. The content of these substances in the air depends on many factors (for example, , wind speed, time of year, etc.).
Chemicals contained in the air can actively affect the body. Thus, the saturation of the air with sea salts turns the coastal coastal zone into a kind of natural salt inhalation, which has a beneficial effect on diseases of the upper respiratory tract and lungs. The air of pine forests with a high content of terpenes can be unfavorable for patients with cardiovascular diseases. There are negative reactions from increasing the content of ozone in the air.
Of all the chemical factors, oxygen is of absolute importance for life. When climbing mountains, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air decreases, which leads to oxygen deficiency and the development of various kinds of compensatory reactions (an increase in breathing and blood circulation, the content of red blood cells and hemoglobin, etc.).
Fluctuations in the partial pressure of oxygen, which in the same area are the result of fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, are very small and cannot play a significant role in the occurrence of weather reactions. The human body is influenced by the oxygen content in the air, which depends on atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. The lower the pressure, the higher the temperature and humidity of the air, the less oxygen it contains. Fluctuations in the amount of oxygen are more pronounced in continental and cold climates.
TO physical meteorological factors include air temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind.
Air temperature is determined mainly by solar radiation, in connection with which periodic (daily and seasonal) temperature fluctuations are noted. There may be sudden (non-periodic) temperature changes associated with general atmospheric circulation processes. To characterize the thermal regime in climatology, average daily, monthly and annual temperatures, as well as maximum and minimum values, are used. To determine the temperature changes, there is a value called the interdiurnal temperature variability (the difference between the average daily temperatures of two adjacent days, and in practice, the difference in the values of two successive morning measurements). A slight cooling or warming is considered to be a change in the average daily temperature by 1-2ºC, a moderate cooling or warming - by 3-4ºC, a sharp one - more than 4ºC.
Air is heated by transferring heat from the earth's surface, which absorbs the sun's rays. This happens mainly with the help of convection, i.e. vertical movement of air heated from contact with the underlying surface, in place of which colder air from the upper layers descends. In this way, a layer of air 1 km thick is heated. Above - heat transfer in the troposphere; this is determined by planetary scale turbulence, i.e. mixing of air masses; there is a movement of warm air from low latitudes to high latitudes before the cyclone and the intrusion of cold air masses from high latitudes in the rear of the cyclones. The temperature distribution along the height is determined by the nature of convection. In the absence of water vapor condensation, the air temperature decreases by 1ºC with an increase for every 100 m, and when water vapor condenses - only by 0.4ºC. As a result, as we move away from the Earth, the temperature decreases by an average of 0.65°C for every 100 m of altitude (vertical temperature gradient).
The air temperature of a given area depends on a number of physical and geographical conditions. The presence of vast water spaces in coastal areas reduces daily and annual temperature fluctuations.
In mountainous areas, in addition to the height above sea level, the location of mountain ranges and valleys, the accessibility of the area to winds, etc. are important. Plays the role and character of the landscape. A surface covered with vegetation heats up during the day and cools less at night than an open surface.
Temperature is one of the important characteristics of the weather, the season. According to E.E. Fedorova - L.A. Chubukov, on the basis of the temperature factor, three large groups of weather are distinguished: frost-free, with a temperature transition through 0 ° C and frosty weather.
Extreme (maximum and minimum) temperatures can have an adverse effect on a person, contributing to the development of a number of pathological conditions (frostbite, colds, overheating, etc.), as well as sharp fluctuations. A classic example of this is the case when, on one of the January nights in 1780, in St. Petersburg, as a result of an increase in temperature from - 43.6 ° C to + 6 ° C, 40 thousand people fell ill with influenza.
Atmosphere pressure measured in millibars (Mb) or millimeters of mercury (mmHg). In mid-latitudes at sea level, air pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art. As it rises, the pressure decreases by 1 mm Hg. Art. for every 11 m in height. Air pressure is characterized by strong non-periodic fluctuations that are associated with weather changes; while pressure fluctuations reach 10-20 mb. A weak change in pressure is considered to be a decrease or increase in its average daily value by 1-4 mb, moderate - by 5-8 mb, sharp - more than 8 mb.
Air humidity in climatology it is characterized by two values - vapor pressure ( in mb) and relative humidity, i.e. the percentage of elasticity (partial pressure) of water vapor in the atmosphere to the elasticity of saturating water vapor at the same temperature.
Sometimes the elasticity of water vapor is called absolute humidity, which is actually the density of water vapor in the air and, expressed in g/m 3 , is numerically close to the vapor pressure in mmHg. Art.
The difference between the saturating and actual elasticity of water vapor at a given temperature and pressure is called lack of moisture or lack of saturation.
In addition, allocate physiological saturation, i.e. the elasticity of water vapor at a human body temperature of 37 ° C, equal to 47.1 mm Hg. Art.
Physiological deficiency of saturation- the difference between the elasticity of water vapor at a temperature of 37 ° C and the elasticity of water vapor in the outside air. In summer, the vapor pressure is much higher, and the saturation deficit is less than in winter.
In weather reports, relative humidity is usually indicated, because. its change can be directly felt by a person. The air is considered dry at a humidity of up to 55%, moderately dry - at 56-70%, humid - at 71-85%, very humid (raw) - above 85%. Relative humidity is measured in the opposite direction to seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations.
Air humidity in combination with temperature has a pronounced effect on the body. The most favorable conditions for a person are those under which the relative humidity is 50%, and the temperature is 16-18ºС. With an increase in air humidity, which prevents evaporation, heat is difficult to tolerate and the effect of cold intensifies, contributing to a greater loss of heat by conduction. Cold and heat in a dry climate are easier to bear than in a humid one.
As the temperature drops, the moisture in the air condenses and forms fog. This is also possible when warm, moist air is mixed with cold, moist air. In industrial areas, fog can absorb toxic gases, which, entering into a chemical reaction with water, form sulfurous substances. This can lead to mass poisoning of the population. In epidemic areas, fog droplets may contain pathogens. With humidity, the risk of air infection is higher, because. moisture droplets are more diffusible than dry dust and can therefore reach the furthest reaches of the lung.
Clouds, formed above the earth's surface by condensation of water vapor contained in the air, may consist of water droplets or ice crystals. Cloudiness is measured according to an eleven-point system, according to which 0 corresponds to the complete absence of clouds, and 10 points to overcast. The weather is considered clear and slightly cloudy at 0-5 points of lower cloudiness, cloudy - at 6-8 points and cloudy - at 9-10 points.
The nature of the clouds at different heights is different. Clouds of the upper tier (with a base over 6 km) consist of ice crystals; they are light, transparent, snow-white, almost do not retain direct sunlight and at the same time, reflecting them diffusely, significantly increase the influx of radiation from the firmament (scattered radiation). Clouds of the middle tier (2-6 km) consist of supercooled drops of water or a mixture of ice crystals and snowflakes, are denser, have a grayish tint, the sun shines through them weakly or does not shine through at all. The clouds of the lower tier look like low gray heavy ridges, shafts or a veil covering the sky with a continuous cover, the sun usually does not shine through them. Daily changes in cloudiness do not have a strictly regular character, and the annual variation largely depends on the general physical and geographical conditions and landscape features. Cloudiness affects the light regime and is the cause of precipitation, which sharply disrupts the daily temperature and air humidity. It is these two factors, if they are pronounced, that can have an adverse effect on the body in cloudy weather.
Precipitation can be liquid (rain) or solid (snow, grain, hail). The nature of precipitation depends on the conditions of their formation. If ascending air flows at high absolute humidity reach high altitudes, which are characterized by low temperatures, then water vapor freezes and falls out in the form of grains, hail, and melted - in the form of heavy rain. The distribution of precipitation is influenced by the physical and geographical features of the area. Rainfall is generally less on the continent than on the coast. On the slopes of the mountains facing the sea, there are usually more of them than on the opposite ones. Rain plays a positive sanitary role: it purifies the air, washes away dust; drops containing microbes fall to the ground. At the same time, rain, especially prolonged rain, worsens the conditions of climatotherapy.
Snow cover, due to its high reflectivity (albedo) to short-wave radiation, significantly weakens the processes of solar heat accumulation, intensifying winter frosts. The albedo of snow to UV radiation is especially high (up to 97%), which increases the effectiveness of winter heliotherapy, especially in the mountains. Often short-term rain and snow improve the condition of weather-labile people, contributing to the disappearance of previous weather-related complaints. If during the day the total amount of precipitation does not exceed 1 mm, the weather is considered without precipitation.
Wind characterized by direction and speed. The direction of the wind is determined by the direction of the world from which it blows (north, south, west, east). In addition to these main directions, intermediate components are distinguished, in the amount of 16 points (northeast, northwest, southeast, etc.). The strength of the wind is determined by the thirteen-point Simpson-Beaufort scale, according to which:
0 corresponds to calm (anemometer speed 0-0.5 m/s),
1 - quiet wind,
2 - light wind,
3 - weak wind,
4 - moderate wind,
5-6 - fresh wind,
7-8 - strong wind,
9-11 - storm,
12 - hurricane (more than 29 m/s).
A sharp short-term increase in wind up to 20 m/s and above is called a squall.
Wind is caused by pressure differences: air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The greater the difference in pressure, the stronger the wind. The inhomogeneity of pressure in horizontal directions is due to the inhomogeneity of the thermal regime on the Earth's surface. In summer, the land heats up more than the water surface, as a result of which the air above the land expands from heating, rises, and spreads in horizontal directions. This leads to a decrease in the total mass of air and, consequently, to a decrease in pressure at the Earth's surface. Therefore, in summer, relatively cool and humid sea air in the lower layers of the troposphere rushes from the sea to land, and in winter, on the contrary, dry cold air moves from land to sea. Such seasonal winds ( monsoons) are most pronounced in Asia, on the border of the largest mainland and the ocean. They are also observed in the Far East. The same change of winds is observed in coastal areas during the day - this breezes, i.e. winds blowing from the sea to land during the day, and from land to sea at night, spreading for 10-15 km on both sides of the coastline. In the southern seaside resorts in the summer during the daytime, they reduce the feeling of heat. In mountainous areas, mountain-valley winds arise, blowing up the slopes (valleys) during the day, and down from the mountains at night. The mountainous areas are characterized by a peculiar warm dry wind blowing from the mountains - hair dryer It is formed if there are mountains in the path of the air current with a large difference in pressure between the two sides of the mountain range. Rising air leads to a slight decrease in temperature, and lowering - to a significant increase. As a result, cold air, descending from the mountains, heats up and loses moisture, so the air temperature during a hair dryer can rise by 10-15ºС or more in a short (15-30 minutes) period of time. In the case of air moving in a horizontal direction from hot and very dry areas, dry winds occur, in which the humidity can drop to 10-15%.
At low temperatures, the wind increases heat transfer, which can lead to hypothermia. The lower the air temperature, the harder the wind is tolerated. In hot weather, the wind increases skin evaporation and improves well-being. A strong wind has an unfavorable effect, tires, irritates the nervous system, makes breathing difficult, a small wind has a tonic and stimulating effect.
Electrical state of the atmosphere determined by the strength of the electric field, electrical conductivity of air, ionization, electrical discharges in the atmosphere. The earth has the properties of a negatively charged conductor, and the atmosphere - a positively charged one. The potential difference between the Earth and a point at a height of 1 m (electrical potential gradient) is 130 V. Air conductivity due to the number of positively and negatively charged atmospheric ions (aeroions) contained in it. air ions are formed by ionization of air molecules due to the detachment of electrons from them under the influence of cosmic rays, radioactive radiation from the soil and other ionizing factors. The released electrons are immediately attached to other molecules. This is how positively and negatively charged molecules (aeroions) with high mobility are formed. Small (light) ions, settling on suspended air particles, form medium, heavy and ultra-heavy ions. In humid and polluted air, the number of heavy ions sharply increases. The cleaner the air, the more light and medium ions it contains. The maximum concentration of light ions occurs in the early morning hours. The average concentration of positive and negative ions ranges from 100 to 1000 per 1 cm 3 of air, reaching several thousand per 1 cm 3 in the mountains. The ratio of positive to negative ions is unipolarity factor. Near mountain rivers, waterfalls, where water splashes, the concentration of negative ions increases sharply. The coefficient of unipolarity in coastal zones is less than in areas remote from the sea: in Sochi - 0.95; in Yalta - 1.03; in Moscow - 1.12; in Alma-Ata - 1.17. Negative ions have a beneficial effect on the body. Negative ionization is one of the healing factors in cascade bathing.