Meteorological hazards rules of conduct. Hazardous atmospheric phenomena (signs of approach, damaging factors, preventive measures and protective measures). What scale is used to measure movement and speed?

Meteorological emergencies are dangerous natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere under the influence of various natural factors or their combinations, which have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic facilities and the natural environment.

Meteorological emergencies include:

• meteorological phenomena associated with the movement of air in the atmosphere;
• meteorological phenomena associated with high and low temperatures;
• meteorological phenomena associated with precipitation;
• meteorological phenomena associated with the deposition of ice and sticking of wet snow on electrical wires;
• meteorological phenomena associated with the formation of ice on the roads;
• fog.

Meteorological phenomena associated with the movement of air in the atmosphere include:

• strong wind- movement of air relative to the earth's surface with a speed or horizontal component of more than 14 m/s;
• vortex- atmospheric formation with rotational movement of air around a vertical or inclined axis;
• Hurricane- wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which exceeds 32 m/s. Hurricane Katrina began forming on August 23, 2005 in the Bahamas. The wind speed during the hurricane reached 280 km/h. On August 27, 2005, the hurricane passed over the coast of Florida near Miami and turned towards the Gulf of Mexico. The most severe damage was caused to New Orleans in Louisiana, where about 80% of the city's area was under water. The disaster killed 1,836 people;
• cyclone- an atmospheric disturbance with low air pressure and hurricane wind speeds that occurs in tropical latitudes and causes great destruction and death of people. The local name for a tropical cyclone is typhoon;
• storm - prolonged very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m/s, causing severe waves at sea and destruction on land;
• tornado - a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s, which has a great destructive force (Fig. 8.8). A tornado is the most dangerous natural phenomenon associated with the movement of air in the atmosphere;
• flurry - a sharp short-term wind force up to 20–30 m/s and higher, accompanied by a change in its direction and associated with convective processes;
• dust storm- the transfer of large amounts of dust or sand by strong winds, accompanied by a deterioration in visibility, blowing the topsoil along with seeds and young plants, falling asleep crops and highways. In case of a dust storm, you should cover your face with a gauze bandage, a scarf, a piece of cloth, and your eyes with glasses.

Rice. 8.8.

Meteorological phenomena associated with high and low temperatures include:

• hard frost- this is a meteorological phenomenon, when the expected and observed negative anomalies of average daily air temperatures in November - March are from -10 to -25 ° C for at least 5 days and more or the minimum air temperature is close to extreme values;
• heatwave is a meteorological phenomenon when the expected and observed positive anomalies of average daily air temperatures in May-August for at least 5 days are +27°C or more, or the maximum air temperature is close to extreme values.

In the summer, a dangerous agrometeorological phenomenon can occur - drought. Drought- this is a complex of meteorological factors in the form of a prolonged absence of precipitation, combined with high temperature and a decrease in air humidity, leading to a violation of the water balance of plants and causing their inhibition or death.

Severe frost and heat are dangerous for the life and health of people, adversely affect their ability to work, and damage agriculture and industry. Also during such periods, the fire hazard increases. Long-term and extreme low temperatures pose a particular danger to public utilities due to freezing of water supply pipes on the streets and in buildings, which leads to a lack of water supply and water heating in people's homes.

High and low temperatures can be accompanied by strong winds. In winter, blizzards are dangerous. heavy blizzard- this is the transfer of snow above the ground by wind at a speed of more than 15 m / s and visibility of less than 500 m. A snowstorm is possible in combination with snowfall, which leads to a deterioration in visibility and skidding of transport routes.

In winter, the effect of the cooling force of the wind on the human body should be taken into account (Table 8.3).

In strong snowstorms and low temperatures, it is undesirable to move outside settlements. You can lose your bearings and freeze. The car can only move on major roads and highways. When leaving the car, do not leave it out of sight.

Table 8.3

The influence of the cooling force of the wind on the human body

Wind force, m/s

Temperature, °С

temperate zone

Growing danger zone

Dangerous area

Meteorological phenomena associated with precipitation include the following.

Grad - atmospheric precipitation falling in the warm season in the form of particles of dense ice with a diameter of 5 mm to 15 cm, usually together with heavy rain during a thunderstorm. Large hail is considered to be ice particles with a diameter of more than 20 mm. Strong hail is dangerous to human life and health, it can destroy crops, damage the roofs of buildings and vehicles.

Downpour (heavy rain)- this is short-term precipitation of great intensity, usually in the form of rain (rain with snow). Heavy rain is considered to be precipitation of 50 mm or more in 12 hours or 30 mm or more in 1 hour. Prolonged heavy showers are precipitation of 100 mm or more in 2 days. Heavy rains can cause floods, flooding of streets, mudflows, and impede traffic.

Heavy snowfall - this is a prolonged intensive snowfall (20 mm of precipitation or more in 12 hours), leading to a significant deterioration in visibility and difficulty in traffic.

Meteorological phenomena associated with the formation of ice and sticking of wet snow to electrical wires pose a danger to power supply, which can lead to wire breaks and disruption of power supply to settlements and regions. Such cases happen in Russia, in particular, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, in the Stavropol Territory, etc. Broken wires pose a danger to human life.

Ice- this is a layer of dense ice that forms on the earth's surface and on objects when supercooled drops of rain or fog (melted and then refrozen snow) freeze. Ice is dangerous for pedestrians and vehicles.

If the weather forecast indicates ice or icy conditions, measures should be taken to reduce the likelihood of injury, prepare low-slip shoes, attach metal heels or foam rubber to the heels, and stick adhesive tape on dry soles, you can rub the soles of shoes with sandpaper.

You should move carefully, slowly, stepping on the entire sole. In this case, the legs should be slightly relaxed, hands free. If you slip, you should

crouch to reduce the height of the fall. At the time of the fall, it is necessary to group up, and, rolling, soften the blow to the ground.

Fog - meteorological phenomenon, the accumulation of condensation products in the form of drops or crystals suspended in the air directly above the earth's surface, accompanied by a significant deterioration in visibility. Heavy fog is fog with a visibility of less than 100 m. Due to heavy fog, car accidents can occur, and airplanes cannot land at airports.

It's easy to get tired of the same weather day in and day out, but sudden changes can really shock people. Below are some of the rarest meteorological phenomena: some of them are beautiful, others are deadly, but all of them, without exception, inspire people with awe.

10. Multi-colored snow

On a frosty morning in 2010, residents of Stavropol, Russia woke up to find multicolored snow lining their streets. People were stunned when they saw light purple and brown snowdrifts. Other people who heard the story may have thought it was a fabrication, but the scientists who investigated the matter confirmed that it was a snowfall of many colors of snow.

It was not toxic, but experts warned against ingesting snow of any color, as it was most likely contaminated with dust brought over from Africa. The dust reached dizzying heights in the upper atmosphere, where it mixed with the usual snow clouds. This interaction caused beautifully colored snow to fall. This was not the first time something like this had happened - in 1912, black snow fell on Alaska and Canada. The black color was due to volcanic ash and rocks that also mixed with the snow clouds.

9. "Derecho" (Derecho)


In 2012, a huge and violent storm, consisting of multiple thunderstorms and strong winds, left a trail of destruction throughout the Midwest and mid-Atlantic region. This terrifying type of storm is called derecho, and in this case, the storm level has been upgraded to "super derecho" due to its strength.

The main cause of the superstorm was the intense heat in the area, combined with the ripple in the jet stream. The state of Virginia suffered a massive power outage, cables snapped like twigs, trucks flipped on their side like they were made of cardboard. 13 people died.

Derechos are very rare in the mid-Atlantic region, occurring only once every four years or so. Another extremely devastating derecho happened in the US in 2009. The storm covered a distance of 1,600 kilometers in one day, leaving behind several dead and many more injured. During this storm, 45 terrible tornadoes hit the earth.

8. Snowstorm


Residents on the East Coast of the United States watched a typical blizzard in 2011 when they suddenly witnessed flashes of lightning and thunder that mixed with the snow. A snowstorm was happening right in front of their eyes.

A snowstorm mimics the internal processes of a normal thunderstorm by forming moist air through the upward movement. This combination of low humidity air and higher, colder air causes lightning and thunderstorms. This is why snowstorms are so rare, given that the lower layer usually does not experience warm temperatures during snowfall.

Meteorologists noted that the appearance of a snow storm most likely means that heavy snowfalls will fall. Researchers have found that there is more than an 80 percent chance that snow at least 15 centimeters deep will fall within a radius of 112 kilometers from a flash of lightning that occurs during a blizzard.

7. Colorful solar storm


We are all familiar with the phenomenon of the northern lights, which usually appear as blue and green swirls in the sky. However, sometimes solar storms are so strong that they cause a kaleidoscope of colors to appear and even become visible in regions where people have never seen them before. In 2012, one of these intense solar storms created a particularly beautiful glow over Crater Lake in Oregon. Scientists have suggested that two clouds of luminous particles are launched towards the Earth by sunspots, larger than our planet in size. The intensity of the auroras allowed people to see them at a great distance, up to the states of Maryland and Wisconsin. In addition, they also put on a beautiful show in Canada on their way down from the Arctic.

6. Double tornado


Tornadoes occur every year around the world, but twin tornadoes occur only once every 10 to 20 years. When they appear, they cause massive destruction. The city of Pilger, Nebraska knows firsthand how much damage these tornadoes can cause within minutes. A twin tornado that hit the city in 2014 claimed the life of a child and injured nineteen others.

There is some controversy as to exactly how twin tornadoes form. Some experts believe that the occlusion process contributes to the formation of these vortices. Occlusion occurs when a single tornado is surrounded by cold, moist air. When this "wrapped" tornado begins to weaken, it can lead to the formation of a second tornado. This usually happens when there is a lot of energy present in the original storm.

Others argue that storms with multiple eddies or even individual supercells are responsible for the formation of twin tornadoes. Whatever the reason, all experts agree that twin tornadoes are deadly and in the event of this phenomenon, people urgently need to look for a place to hide.

5. Vortex Squall (Gustnado)


A whirlwind squall is a term used to refer to a short term tornado that is completely isolated from the main thunderstorm from which standard tornadoes usually emerge. In 2012, a severe thunderstorm generated a whirling squall due to high wind speeds in southeastern Wisconsin. This rare occurrence stunned the local fire department, which rushed to help people caught in the storm.

A whirlwind squall is not as strong as a tornado and is formed when a downpour pulls cold air down from inside the storm. The cold air that is pushed down by the rain hits the ground hard and then spews out a gust of wind, which in turn becomes a whirling squall. A strong vortex squall usually forms when a lot of cold gusts formed on the ground mix with hot air. Whirlwind squalls last only a few minutes, however, they are quite capable of causing serious damage to the area around them.

4. Inversion


Just after Thanksgiving in 2013, visitors to the Grand Canyon noticed something strange - the canyon was quickly filling with thick fog. Tourists were delighted when the fog rolled over the park and eventually formed what looked like a waterfall of clouds. This weather anomaly is known as an inversion.

The inversion is caused by cold air sinking close to the ground while warmer air moves over it. The inversion at the Grand Canyon began when a storm passed through the area just before the holiday, causing the ground to freeze. As warmer air moved into the area, a beautiful inversion phenomenon formed. Rangers in the park have confirmed that smaller inversions are quite common here, but the larger ones that fill the entire canyon only happen once every ten years or so. This inversion lasted the whole day and the fog cleared only when it began to get dark.

3. Solar tsunami


2013 was a good year for rare meteorological events. In the middle of the year, two satellites registered something unusual happening on the surface of the Sun. A tsunami rolled along its surface as a result of a reaction to the release of matter into space.

The injection and subsequent solar tsunami gave scientists a deeper understanding of the dynamics of tsunamis, as well as how they occur on Earth. The Japanese satellite Hindoe and the Solar Dynamics Observatory play an important role in the study of events that occur on the Sun. They both study its ultraviolet radiation to ascertain the exact conditions on the surface.

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Hindoe has also collected enough data so that scientists can finally figure out why the solar corona is thousands of degrees hotter than its surface. It was during this study that scientists learned about the shock waves that follow the ejection of matter. This incident was very similar to the movement of a tsunami on Earth after an earthquake. Shock waves are very rare, which is why solar tsunamis are also rare.

2. Super refraction


Also in 2013, people living in northern Ohio woke up one morning and were stunned to find that they could see all the way to the Canadian coastline. This is absolutely impossible under normal conditions due to the way the Earth is curved. However, locals were able to see all the way to Canada due to a rare natural phenomenon known as superrefraction, in which beams of light are bent down towards the Earth's surface. The beams bend in this way due to changes in air density. During this light bending, distant objects can be easily seen because they are reflected in the light beams. Light from the sun bent down so strongly over Lake Erie that refraction made the Canadian coastline visible over 50 miles away.

1. Atmospheric blocking

Atmospheric blocking is quite possibly the rarest meteorological event on Earth, which is a good thing as it is also one of the most dangerous. It occurs when a high pressure system gets stuck and cannot move from one place to another. Depending on the type of system, this can either result in flooding or extremely hot and dry weather.

An example of atmospheric blocking is the 2003 European heat wave that killed 70,000 people. The anticyclone that got stuck in this case was very powerful and blocked any pressure release fronts. In 2010, 15,000 Russians died as a result of a heat wave caused by another atmospheric lockdown. And in 2004, atmospheric blocking in Alaska caused temperatures so high that glaciers began to melt and large wildfires started in the area. However, this does not always mean doom and gloom - during another atmospheric lockdown in 2004, positive effects were noted in Missouri, as temperatures remained pleasant and eventually yielded fantastic crops.

Ministry of Education of the PMR

Pridnestrovian State University named after T. G. Shevchenko

Department of Life Safety and Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge

Topic: "Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards"

Supervisor:

Dyagovets E.V.

Executor:

Student 208 group

Rudenko Evgeny

Tiraspol

PLAN

Introduction

Chapter 1. Metrological and agrometrological hazards

1. Strong fogs

Blizzards and snowdrifts

Tender and icy crusts

Rules of behavior of the population in case of snow drifts and actions to eliminate their consequences

Chapter 2

Conclusion

Bibliography

fog blizzard snow drift liquidation

Introduction

The spontaneous actions of the forces of nature, which are not yet fully subject to man, cause enormous damage to the economy of the state and the population.

Natural disasters are such natural phenomena that cause extreme situations, disrupt the normal life of people and the operation of objects.

Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snowdrifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms, fires, especially massive, forest and peat. Dangerous disasters are, in addition, industrial accidents. Of particular danger are accidents at the enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries. . Natural disasters occur suddenly and are of an extreme nature. They can destroy buildings and structures, destroy valuables, disrupt production processes, and cause death of people and animals.

In terms of the nature of their impact on objects, individual natural phenomena can be similar to the impact of certain damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and other means of attack by the enemy.

Each natural disaster has its own characteristics, the nature of damage, the volume and scale of destruction, the magnitude of disasters and human casualties. Each leaves its mark on the environment in its own way.

Advance information makes it possible to carry out preventive work, to alert forces and means, to explain to people the rules of conduct.

The entire population should be ready to act in extreme situations, to participate in the elimination of natural disasters, to be able to master the methods of providing first aid to the victims.

Natural disasters are hazardous natural phenomena or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such magnitude that cause catastrophic situations characterized by a sudden disruption of the life of the population, damage and destruction of material values, defeat and death of people and animals.

Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other and in interconnection: one of them can lead to another. Some of them often arise as a result of not always reasonable human activity (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in mountainous areas, during the construction of dams, laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, snow avalanches, glacial collapses, etc.). P.).

Earthquakes, floods, extensive forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms and hurricanes, tornadoes, snow drifts, and icing are the real scourge of mankind. Over the last 20 years of the 20th century, more than 800 million people in the world suffered from natural disasters (over 40 million people a year), more than 140 thousand people died, and the annual material damage amounted to more than 100 billion dollars.

Good examples are three natural disasters in 1995. San Angelo, Texas, USA, May 28, 1995: tornadoes and hail hit a city of 90,000 people; the damage caused is estimated at 120 million US dollars.

Accra, Ghana, July 4, 1995: The heaviest rainfall in almost 60 years caused severe flooding. About 200,000 residents lost all their possessions, more than 500,000 more could not get into their homes, and 22 people died.

Kobe, Japan, January 17, 1995: An earthquake that lasted only 20 seconds killed thousands of people; tens of thousands were injured and hundreds were left homeless.

Natural emergencies can be classified as follows:

1.Geophysical hazards:

2.Geological hazards:

.Marine hydrological hazards:

.Hydrological hazards:

.Hydrogeological hazards:

.Natural fires:

.Infectious morbidity in humans:

.Infectious incidence of farm animals:

.The defeat of agricultural plants by diseases and pests.

.Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards:

storms (9 - 11 points);

hurricanes and storms (12 - 15 points);

tornadoes, tornadoes (a kind of tornado in the form of a part of a thundercloud);

vertical vortices;

large hail;

heavy rain (rainstorm);

heavy snowfall;

heavy ice;

severe frost;

strong blizzard;

heatwave;

heavy fog;

frosts.

CHAPTER 1. Metrological and agrometrological hazards

A dangerous hydrometeorological event (HH) is understood as a phenomenon that, by its intensity, duration or time of occurrence, poses a threat to people's safety, and can also cause significant damage to sectors of the economy. At the same time, hydrometeorological phenomena are assessed as OH when critical values ​​of hydrometeorological values ​​are reached. Dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena have an adverse impact on the production and economic activities of the company. According to the UN, in the last decade 1991-2000. more than 90% of the people who became victims of natural hazards died from severe meteorological and hydrological events.

1. Strong fogs

Fog is generally an aerosol with a droplet-liquid dispersed phase. It is formed from supersaturated vapors as a result of condensation. Atmospheric fog is a suspension of small water droplets or even ice crystals in the surface layer. The prevailing droplet sizes are 5-15 microns. Such droplets can be kept in suspension by ascending air currents at a speed of 0.6 m/s. When the number of such droplets in 1 dm3 of air reaches 500 or more, the horizontal visibility in the surface layer of the atmosphere drops to 1 km or less. That's when meteorologists talk about fog. The mass of water drops in 1 m3 (this value is called water content) is small - hundredths of a gram. A denser fog, of course, is characterized by a higher water content - up to 1.5 and 2 g per 1 m.

Mist Characteristics . The water content of fog is used to characterize fogs, it indicates the total mass of water droplets per unit volume of fog. The water content of fogs usually does not exceed 0.05-0.1 g/m3, but in some dense fogs it can reach 1-1.5 g/m3. In addition to water content, the transparency of the fog is affected by the size of the particles forming it. The radius of fog droplets usually ranges from 1 to 60 µm. Most of the drops have a radius of 5-15 microns at a positive air temperature and 2-5 microns at a negative temperature.

Fog is a more frequent occurrence in the coastal regions of the seas and oceans, especially on elevated shores.

Where do water droplets come from in the air? They are formed from water vapor. When the earth's surface is cooled due to thermal radiation (thermal radiation), the layer of air adjacent to it is also cooled. The content of water vapor in the air in this case may be higher than the limit for a given temperature. In other words, the relative humidity becomes 100% and the excess moisture condenses into droplets. Fog formed by this (by the way, the most common) mechanism is called radiation. Radiation fog is formed most often in the second half of the night; in the first half of the day it dissipates, and sometimes passes into a thin layer of low stratus clouds, the height of which does not exceed 100-200 m. Especially often, radiation fogs occur in lowlands and wetlands.

Advective fog is formed by the horizontal movement (advection) of warm, moist air over a cooled surface. Such fogs are frequent in oceanic regions with cold currents, for example, near Vancouver Island, as well as off the coast of Peru and Chile; you the Bering Strait and along the Aleutian Islands; off the western coast of South Africa "over the cold Bengal current and in the Newfoundland region, where the Gulf Stream meets the cold Labrador current; on the east coast of Kamchatka over the cold Kamchatka current and northeast of Japan, where the cold Kuril current and the warm Kuroshio current meet. Similar fogs are often observed on land, when warm and humid oceanic or sea air invades the chilled territory of a continent or a large island.

Climbing fogs appear in warm and humid air as it rises along the slopes of mountains. (As you know, in the mountains - the higher, the colder.) An example is the island of Madeira. There is practically no fog here at sea level. The higher the mountains, the greater the average annual number of foggy days. At an altitude of 1610 m above sea level, there are already 233 such days. True, in the mountains, fogs are practically inseparable from low clouds. Therefore, at mountain weather stations, on average, there is much more fog than on the plains. At El Paso Station in Colombia, at 3,624 meters above sea level, there are an average of 359 foggy days per year. On Elbrus at an altitude of 4250 m, on average, there are 234 days with fog a year, on the top of Mount Taganay in the Southern Urals - 237 days. Among stations close to sea level, the largest average number of days with fog per year (251) is observed in the US state of Washington - on Tatush Island, and in our country - on Cape Patience (121) in Sakhalin and Cape Lopatka (115) in Kamchatka. One of the largest centers of fog formation is located in the Republic of Zaire. There are many swamps on its territory, the equatorial-tropical climate prevailing here is characterized by high temperatures and air humidity, the country is located in a vast basin with weakened air circulation in the surface layers of the atmosphere. Due to such conditions, 200 or more foggy days are observed annually in the southwestern part of the republic. Of course, when people talk about a foggy day, this does not mean that the fog stays around the clock. The longest average duration of fog is observed in our country at Cape Patience and is 11.5 hours. But if we introduce another indicator of "nebula" - the average annual number of hours with fog, then the Fichtelberg mountain weather station (GDR) holds the record here - 3881 hours. This is slightly less than half the number of hours per year. The longest was a three-month dry fog over Europe in 1783, caused by the intense activity of Icelandic volcanoes. In 1932, humid fog at the American Cincinnati airport at an altitude of 170 m above sea level lasted 38 days. Fogs can become more frequent in certain months of the year. In July, all Patience can be up to 29 days with fog, in August on the Kuril Islands. - up to 28 days, in January-February on the mountain peaks of the Crimea and the Urals - up to 24 days.

Fog significantly complicates transport communication due to a decrease in horizontal visibility, so this atmospheric phenomenon is of particular concern to airport dispatchers, workers in sea and river ports, pilots, ship captains, and car drivers. Over the past 50 years, 7,000 people have died on Earth from the activity of fogs.

Difficulties associated with aviation and flights.

The wind speed during radiation fog does not exceed 3 m/sec. The vertical thickness of the fog can vary from a few meters to several tens of meters; rivers, large landmarks and lights are clearly visible through it. Visibility near the ground can deteriorate to 100 or less. Flight visibility deteriorates sharply when entering the fog layer on landing. Flight above the radiation fog does not present any particular difficulties, since in most cases it is located in spots and makes it possible to conduct a visual orientation. However, in the cold season, such fogs can occupy large areas and, merging with the overlying stratus clouds, persist for several days. In this case, fog can be a serious obstacle to flight operations.

Flying at low altitudes across a foggy front is quite difficult, especially if the fog layer merges with: the overlying frontal cloud and the fog zone is wide. In the presence of fog at the front, it is more expedient to fly above the upper limit of the fog.

Fog in mountainous areas occurs when air rises and cools along windward slopes, or when clouds formed in another area move in and obscure the hills. In the absence of clouds over the ridge, flying above such fog presents no serious difficulties.

frosty mists - a frequent occurrence at airfields, where they occur during takeoff and landing, while taxiing aircraft, during vehicle operation. In these cases, the visibility on the runway may deteriorate to several hundred meters, while around the airfield at this time, excellent visibility is maintained.

It is customary to call fog when the range of horizontal visibility does not exceed 1 km. With a visibility range of 1 to 10 km, the accumulation of the smallest drops of water or ice crystals in the surface layer of air should not be called fog, but haze. When flying over a layer of darkness, the pilot may not see the ground, while the aircraft is clearly visible from the ground. With a thinner layer of haze, the pilot will see the ground directly below him, but when descending and entering the haze layer, he may not see the airfield, especially when flying against the sun. In light winds, landing is best done in such a direction that the sun remains behind. The upper boundary of haze in the presence of a delaying layer (inversion, isotherm) is usually sharply defined and can sometimes be perceived as a second horizon.

Cancellation of flights due to heavy fog. In Moscow on November 22, 2006 there was an unprecedented fog. Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports were in such a dense veil that the dispatchers had to redirect two dozen aircraft to alternate airfields.

Difficulties encountered on the roads.

Fogs, as you know, when they arise, create a thick veil over the surface of the earth, interfering with road and rail traffic. In this case, there is a difficulty in movement, a slowdown in movement, as well as car accidents in which many people die.

Examples of road accidents. A major traffic accident occurred on September 11, 2006 at the entrance to Krasnodar. Due to heavy fog at the entrance to the city from Rostov-on-Don, 62 cars collided. As a result of a car accident, one person died, 42 people were hospitalized with injuries of varying severity.

In Istanbul on November 17, 2006, more than a hundred cars collided due to fog. 33 people were injured, doctors fear for the lives of at least two of the victims. A major accident happened on the highway leading from Istanbul to the city of Edirne, which is located near the Bulgarian border.

Difficulties associated with maritime navigation.

With light fog, visibility is reduced to 1 km, with moderate fog - up to hundreds of meters, and with heavy fog - up to several tens of meters. And then the ships temporarily anchor, the sirens of the lighthouses turn on. Sometimes, due to fog, ships stumble upon rocks, or icebergs. Yes, maybe

Example. The Turkish sea straits Bosphorus and Dardanelles are closed for navigation due to thickened fog, visibility in the straits has decreased to 200 meters.

The most famous tragedy at sea associated with fog. tita ́ nick is an English Olympic-class liner, the largest passenger steamship in the world at the time of its construction, owned by the White Star Line. During the first voyage on April 14, 1912, she collided with an iceberg due to thick fog and sank after 2 hours and 40 minutes. Of the 2223 passengers and crew members, 706 survived. The Titanic disaster became legendary and was one of the largest shipwrecks in history.

Fog protection at sea. The navigation system for small craft is intended for navigation of small-tonnage craft in conditions of limited optical visibility (night, fog, snow, rain, high smoke, etc.) or its absence, when control and navigation is carried out by visual control, or according to other optical or IR data. -sensors, difficult or impossible.

Harm to agriculture.

Fogs adversely affect the development of crops. With fog, relative humidity reaches 100%, so frequent fogs in the warm season favor the reproduction of plant pests, the appearance of bacteria, fungal diseases, etc. When harvesting grain, fog contributes to the accumulation of moisture in grain and straw; damp straw is wound on the working parts of the combine, the grain is poorly threshed and a significant part of it goes into the chaff. Wet grain needs to dry longer, otherwise it may germinate. Frequent fogs in late summer and autumn make it difficult to harvest potatoes, as the tubers dry slowly. In winter, fogs “eat up” the snow, and if after that a sharp cooling occurs, an ice crust forms.

. Blizzards and snowdrifts

A snowstorm (blizzard) is the transfer of snow by a strong wind over the surface of the earth. The amount of snow carried is determined by the wind speed, and the areas of snow accumulation are determined by its direction. In the process of snow drifting, snow moves parallel to the ground. At the same time, most of it is transported in a layer with a height of less than 1.5 m. Loose snow rises and is carried by the wind at a speed of 3-5 m/s or more (at a height of 0.2 m).

There are ground (in the absence of snowfall), riding (with wind only in a free atmosphere) and general blizzards, as well as saturated blizzards, i.e., carrying the maximum amount of snow possible at a given wind speed, and unsaturated. The latter are observed with a lack of snow or with a high strength of the snow cover. The solid discharge of a saturated blowing blizzard is proportional to the third power of the wind speed, and that of a riding blizzard is proportional to its first power. At a wind speed of up to 20 m/s, blizzards are classified as weak and ordinary, at a speed of 20-30 m/s - as strong, at high speed - as very strong and super-strong (in fact, these are already storms and hurricanes). Weak and ordinary blizzards last up to several days, stronger ones - up to several hours.

Snow accumulation during blizzard transport is many times greater than the accumulation of snow, which is observed as a result of snowfalls in calm weather.

Snow deposition occurs as a result of a decrease in wind speed near ground obstacles. The shape and size of the reserves are determined by the shape and size of the obstacles and their orientation with respect to the direction of the wind.

In Russia, snowy regions of the Arctic, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East and the North of the European part are primarily subject to heavy snow drifts. In the Arctic, snow cover lasts up to 240 days a year and reaches 60 cm, in Siberia, respectively - up to 240 days and 90 cm, in the Urals - up to 200 days and 90 cm, in the Far East - up to 240 days and 50 cm, in the north European part of Russia - up to 160 days and 50 cm.

An additional negative effect during snow drifts occurs due to severe frost, strong wind during snowstorms and icing. The consequences of snow drifts can be quite severe. They are able to paralyze the work of most modes of transport, suspending the transportation of people and goods. Wheeled vehicles cannot normally drive on flat snowy roads if the snowpack is thicker than half the diameter of the wheel. People who find themselves on the ground in isolation due to snow drifts are at risk of frostbite and death, and in the conditions of snowstorms they lose their bearings. With heavy drifts, small settlements can be completely cut off from supply lines. The work of utilities and energy enterprises is becoming more difficult. If drifts are accompanied by severe frosts and winds, power supply, heat supply, and communications systems may fail. The accumulation of snow on the roofs of buildings and structures in excess of excessive loads leads to their collapse.

In snowy areas, the design and construction of buildings, structures and communications, especially roads, should be carried out taking into account the reduction of their snow penetration.

To prevent drifts, snow protection fences are used from structures prepared in advance or in the form of snow walls, shafts, etc. Fences are built in snow-prone directions, especially along railways and important highways. At the same time, they are installed at a distance of at least 20 m from the edge of the road.

A preventive measure is to notify authorities, organizations and the public about the forecast of snowfalls and snowstorms.

For orientation of pedestrians and drivers of vehicles caught in a blizzard, milestones and other signs are installed along the roads. In mountainous and northern regions, stretching of ropes is practiced on dangerous sections of trails, roads, from building to building. Holding on to them, in a storm, people navigate the route.

In anticipation of a snowstorm, at construction and industrial sites, crane booms and other structures that are not protected from the effects of the wind are fastened. Stop working in open areas and heights. Strengthen the mooring of ships in ports. Minimize the exit of vehicles on the routes.

Upon receipt of a threatening forecast, the forces and means intended to combat drifts and carry out emergency recovery work are alerted.

The main measure to combat snow drifts is the clearing of roads and territories. First of all, they clear the railway and highways, runways of airfields, station tracks of railway stations from drifts, and also provide assistance to vehicles caught in a disaster on the way.

In the most severe cases, paralyzing the life of entire settlements, the entire able-bodied population is involved in clearing snow.

Simultaneously with the clearing of drifts, they organize continuous meteorological monitoring, search for and release of people and vehicles from snow captivity, assistance to victims, traffic control and transport wiring, protection and restoration of life support systems, delivery of emergency cargo by special snow-driving vehicles to blockaded settlements, protection of livestock facilities . If necessary, they carry out a partial evacuation of the population and organize special public transport routes in columns, as well as stop the work of educational institutions and institutions.

Blizzards and snow drifts created by them every few decades are possible in the subtropics of Asia, North Africa, and the USA, but are especially common in areas of stable snow cover. Here, the volume of snow transport during the winter through one meter of a blizzard front is usually measured in tens, and in some places in thousands of cubic meters; the thickness of drifts on the roads of Scandinavia, Canada, the north of the USA exceeds 5 m.

In the European part of Russia, the average number of days with a snowstorm is 30-40, the average duration of a snowstorm is 6-9 hours. Dangerous snowstorms make up about 25%, especially dangerous snowstorms, about 10% of their total number. Every year on the territory of the whole country there are on average 5-6 strongest snowstorms that can paralyze railways and roads, cut off communication and power lines, etc.

3. Snow and ice crusts

Snow and ice crusts are formed when snow sticks and water drops freeze on various surfaces. Wet snow sticking, the most dangerous for communication lines and power transmission lines, occurs during snowfalls and air temperatures in the range from 0° to +3°C, especially at a temperature of +1 -3°C and wind of 10-20 m/s. The diameter of snow deposits on wires reaches 20 cm, weight is 2-4 kg per 1 m. Wires are torn not so much under the weight of snow as from wind load. On the roadway under such conditions, a slippery snow run-up forms, paralyzing traffic almost in the same way as an icy crust. Such phenomena are characteristic of coastal regions with mild, wet winters (western Europe, Japan, Sakhalin, etc.), but are also common in inland regions at the beginning and end of winter.

When rain falls on frozen ground and when the surface of the snow cover gets wet and then freezes, ice crusts are formed, called icing. It is dangerous for grazing animals, for example, in Chukotka in the early 80s, sleet caused a mass death of deer. The type of ice cover includes the phenomenon of icing of moorings, offshore platforms, ships due to freezing of water splashes during a storm. Icing is especially dangerous for small vessels, the deck and superstructures of which are not raised high above the water. Such a vessel can gain a critical ice load in a matter of hours. Every year, about ten fishing vessels perish in the world from this, hundreds are in a precarious position. Spatter ice on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan reaches a thickness of 3-4 m, greatly hindering economic activity in the coastal strip.

When supercooled fog drops freeze on various objects, ice and frost crusts form, the first - at an air temperature range of 0 to -5 ° C, less often up to -20 ° C, the second - at a temperature of -10-30 ° C, less often up to -40 °C.

The weight of ice crusts can exceed 10 kg/m (up to 35 kg/m in Sakhalin, up to 86 kg/m in the Urals). Such a load is devastating for most wire lines and for many masts. Glaze recurrence is highest where fogs are frequent at air temperatures from 0 to -5°C. On the territory of Russia, it sometimes reaches tens of days a year.

The impact of ice on the economy is most noticeable in Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, in the southern regions of the former USSR and is mainly depressing. Occasionally emergencies are created. For example, in February 1984, in the Stavropol Territory, ice and wind paralyzed roads and caused accidents on 175 high-voltage lines; their normal work resumed only after 4 days. When there is ice in Moscow, the number of car accidents triples.

4. Rules for the behavior of the population in case of snow drifts and actions to eliminate their consequences

The winter manifestation of the elemental forces of nature is often expressed by snow drifts as a result of snowfalls and snowstorms.

Snowfalls, the duration of which can be from 16 to 24 hours, strongly affect the economic activity of the population, especially in rural areas. The negative impact of this phenomenon is exacerbated by snowstorms (blizzards, snowstorms) in which visibility deteriorates sharply, transport communication is interrupted, as well as intercity. Snowfall with rain at low temperatures and hurricane winds creates conditions for icing of power lines, communications, contact networks, electric transport, roofs of buildings, various types of supports and structures, causing their destruction.

With the announcement of a storm warning - a warning about possible snow drifts - it is necessary to limit movement, especially in rural areas, to create the necessary supply of food, water and fuel at home. In some areas, with the onset of the winter period, it is necessary to stretch ropes along the streets, between houses, helping pedestrians navigate in a strong snowstorm and overcome strong winds.

Snow drifts are especially dangerous for people caught on the way, far from human habitation. Snow-covered roads, loss of visibility cause complete disorientation on the ground. When driving by road, you should not try to overcome snow drifts, you should stop, completely close the blinds of the car, cover the engine from the side of the radiator. If possible, the car should be installed with the engine in the windy direction. Periodically, you need to get out of the car, shovel the snow so as not to be buried under it. In addition, a car not covered with snow is a good guide for the search party. The car engine must be periodically warmed up in order to avoid its "freezing". When warming up the car, it is important to prevent exhaust gases from flowing into the cab (body, interior), for this purpose it is important to ensure that the exhaust pipe is not covered with snow. If there are several people on the road together (in several cars), it is advisable to get everyone together and use one car as a shelter; water must be drained from the engines of other vehicles. In no case should you leave the shelter-car: in a heavy snowfall (blizzard), landmarks at first glance, seemingly reliable, can be lost after a few tens of meters. In rural areas, with the receipt of a storm warning, it is necessary to prepare the required amount of food and water for animals kept on farms. Cattle kept on remote pastures are urgently driven to the nearest shelters, pre-equipped in the folds of the terrain or to stationary camps.

With the formation of ice, the scale of the disaster increases. Ice formations on the roads make it difficult, and on very rough terrain they completely stop the operation of road transport. The movement of pedestrians is difficult, and the collapse of various structures and objects under load becomes a real danger. Under these conditions, it is necessary to avoid being in dilapidated buildings, under power and communication lines and near their supports, under trees.

In mountainous areas, after heavy snowfalls, the risk of avalanches increases. The population is informed about this danger by various warning signals installed in places of possible avalanches and possible snow falls. These warnings should not be neglected, their recommendations should be strictly followed. To combat snow drifts and icing, civil defense formations and services are involved, as well as the entire able-bodied population of the given region, and, if necessary, neighboring regions. Snow removal works in cities are primarily carried out on the main transport routes, the work of life-supporting energy, heat, and water supply facilities is being restored. Snow is removed from the roadway to the leeward side. They widely use engineering equipment, which is on the equipment of formations, as well as snow-removing equipment of objects. All available transport, loading equipment and the population are involved in the work.

CHAPTER 2. Description of icing in Kamensky, Rybnitsa and Dubossary regions

Over three thousand settlements of Ukraine, especially the Vinitsa region, as well as northern Pridnestrovie, suddenly lost light, heat and communications as a result of the violence of the elements on the night of November 26-27. Trees, poles, wires, wet from prolonged rains, as a result of a sudden cold snap, were instantly overgrown with a thick layer of ice and collapsed from gravity and gusts of wind of 18-20 meters per second. Even some antenna masts of the Pridnestrovian television and radio center "Mayak" did not survive.

According to preliminary estimates, about 25% of all forests of the PMR, which had been grown for decades, perished. The raging elements spared the city of Dubossary itself. Literally a few meters from the head station, which feeds the entire city, it froze, otherwise Dubossary would have lost heat and light for a long time.

Otherwise, the picture is regional. 370 towers of high-voltage power lines and 80 low-voltage ones were destroyed. Damaged 12 transformers. According to preliminary data, the damage inflicted only on the enterprises of regional power networks amounted to 826 billion rubles. The material losses of Telecom TG are estimated at 72.7 billion rubles. Total - almost 900 billion rubles.

Kamensky district, as the northernmost, suffered the most from the natural disaster. The elements damaged about 2.5 thousand hectares of the state forest fund. This makes up 50% to 70% of forested areas. More than 150 km have been put out of action. power lines, 2880 electrical pylons were blocked. Gardens were badly damaged. For several days, the regional center was left without heat and light. A day and a half without water.

In the Mayak village of the Grigoriopol region, the elements swept away the concrete poles of power lines like matches. The radio antenna, which propped up the clouds in cloudy weather, collapsed. For its repair, approximately 400 thousand USD will be needed.

The village of Mayak, the villages of Gyrton, Glinnoe, Kamarovo, Kolosovo, Makarovka, Kotovka, Pobeda, Krasnaya, Bessarabia, Frunzovka, Veseloye, Kipka were left without electricity.

A heavy anticyclone left the elements on the outskirts of Tiraspol.

CONCLUSION

There are serious reasons to believe that the scale of the impact of disasters and catastrophes on the social, economic, political and other processes of modern society and their drama have already exceeded the level that allowed them to be treated as local failures in the measured functioning of state and public structures. That threshold of systemic adaptation, which allows the system (in this case, society) to absorb deviations from the permissible parameters of life and at the same time maintain its qualitative content, apparently, was passed in the 20th century.

Before the individual and society in the XXI century. a new goal is emerging more and more clearly - global security. Achieving this goal requires a change in a person's worldview, value system, individual and social culture. New postulates are needed in the preservation of civilization, ensuring its sustainable development, fundamentally new approaches to achieving integrated security. At the same time, it is very important that there should not be dominant problems in ensuring security, since their consistent solution cannot lead to success. Security problems can only be solved comprehensively.

The surface of the Earth will continuously change under the influence of natural processes. Landslides will occur on unstable mountain slopes, high and low water in the rivers will continue to alternate, and storm surges will flood the sea coasts from time to time, and there will be fires. Man is powerless to prevent the natural processes themselves, but it is in his power to avoid casualties and damage.

It is not enough to know the patterns of development of catastrophic processes, to predict crises, to create disaster prevention mechanisms. It is necessary to ensure that these measures are understood by people, that they are in demand, that they pass into everyday life, being reflected in politics, production, and the psychological attitudes of a person. Otherwise, the state and society will face the “Cassandra effect”, which is almost always mentioned by eyewitnesses of major disasters: many people do not follow warnings, ignore danger warnings, do not take steps to save (or make erroneous actions).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Kryuchek N.A., Latchuk V.N., Mironov S.K. Security and protection of the population in emergency situations. M.: NTs EIAS, 2000

.S.P. Khromov "Meteorology and climatology": - St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1983

.Shilov I.A. Ecology Moscow: Higher school, 2000.

.Newspaper "Pridnestrovie". Issue from 30.10.00 - 30.12.00

Similar jobs to - Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards

Meteorological phenomena are a natural phenomenon that is dangerous to human life and can cause significant damage to his economy. Today, such climatic anomalies happen every day in different parts of the Earth, so it would be useful to learn more about them and get acquainted with the basic rules of behavior during cataclysms.

Hazardous natural phenomena group 1

This group includes climatic anomalies that can threaten the safety of a person and his property in the event of a long duration or high intensity.

Examples of dangerous meteorological phenomena of category A1:

A1.1 - Extremely strong wind. Its gusts can reach speeds above 25 m/s.

A1.2 - Hurricane. This is a separate type of wind anomaly. Gust speeds can reach up to 50 m/s.

A1.3 - Flurry. A sharp increase in wind (short-term). Gusts can reach up to 30 m/s.

A1.4 - Tornado. This is the most destructive and life-threatening natural phenomenon. A strong wind is localized into a funnel, which is directed from the clouds to the ground.

The following meteorological hazards in this category are associated with precipitation:

A1.5 - Heavy rain. Heavy rain may not stop for a very long time. The amount of precipitation exceeds 30 mm in 1 hour.

A1.6 - Heavy mixed rain. Precipitation falls in the form of showers and sleet. There is a drop in air temperature. The amount of precipitation can reach up to 70 mm in 12 hours.

A1.7 - Extremely heavy snow. These are solid precipitation, the amount of which in 12 hours can exceed 30 mm.

The following meteorological phenomena are included in a separate line:

A1.8 - Continuous downpour. Duration of heavy rain - at least 12 hours (with minor breaks). The amount of precipitation exceeds the threshold of 100 mm.

A1.9 - Big city. Its diameter should be from 20 mm or more.

The second group of hazardous natural phenomena of category A1

This section includes such climatic anomalies as a blizzard, fog, heavy icing, abnormal heat, etc.

Meteorological hazardous natural phenomena of the second group of category A1:

A1.10 - Strong snowstorm. The wind carries snow at a speed of 15 m/s and more. At the same time, the visibility range is about 2 m.

A1.11 - Sandstorm. The wind carries dust and soil particles at a speed of 15 m/s and higher. Visibility range - no more than 3 m.

A1.12 - Fog-haze. There is a serious clouding of the air due to the large accumulation of particles of water, combustion products or dust. The visibility range is less than 1 m.

A1.13 - Heavy frost deposits. Its diameter (on wires) is at least 40 mm.

The following meteorological phenomena of category A1 are associated with temperature changes:

A1.14 - Extremely severe frost. Values ​​vary by geographic location and time of year.

A1.15 - Abnormal cold. In winter, for 1 week, the air temperature is below the meteorological norm by 7 degrees or more.

A1.16 - Extremely hot weather. Maximum temperatures vary by geographic location.

A1.17 - Abnormal heat. In the warm season, for 5 days or more, the temperature is above the norm by at least 7 degrees.

A1.18 - Fire situation. Its indicator belongs to the fifth class of danger.

Hazardous phenomena of nature category A2

This group includes agrometeorological anomalies. Any phenomenon in this category is capable of causing enormous damage to agriculture.

Meteorological natural phenomena related to type A2:

A2.1 - Frost. The temperature of air and soil drops sharply during harvesting or active vegetation of crops.

A2.2 - Waterlogging of the soil. The soil at a depth of 100 mm is visually fluid or sticky (for 2 weeks).

A2.3 - Dry wind. It is characterized by air humidity less than 30%, temperature above 25 degrees and wind from 7 m/s.

A2.4 - Atmospheric drought. Lack of precipitation at an air temperature of 25 degrees for 1 month.

A2.5 - Soil drought. In the upper soil layer (20 cm), the moisture coefficient is less than 10 mm.

A2.6 - Abnormally early appearance of snow cover.

A2.7 - Freezing of the soil (upper layer up to 20 mm). Duration - from 3 days.

A2.8 - in the absence of snow cover.

A2.9 - Slight frost with high snow cover (more than 300 mm). The temperature is not lower than -2 degrees.

A2.10 - Ice cover. Frost crust from 20 mm thick. The duration of soil cover is at least 1 month.

Rules of conduct in case of dangerous meteorological phenomena

During climatic phenomena, it is important to remain calm and reasonable, not to panic.

Wind meteorological natural phenomena (examples: storm, hurricane, tornado) are dangerous for human life only in the immediate vicinity of the source of the anomaly. Therefore, it is highly recommended to hide in specially equipped shelters underground. Do not approach windows, as there is a high risk of injury from broken glass. It is forbidden to be outdoors, on bridges, near power lines.

During abnormal events, movement on the roadway and the countryside should be limited. It is also recommended to stock up on food and water. It is forbidden to stay near power lines and sheer roofs.

In case of flooding, it is necessary to take a safe place on a hill and mark it for subsequent detection by rescuers. It is not recommended to be in one-story rooms, as the water level can rise sharply at any moment.

Record weather anomalies

Over the past 20 years, nature has brought many surprises to humanity. These are all kinds of dangerous meteorological phenomena (examples: huge hail, record-breaking strong winds, etc.) that claimed the lives of people and caused maximum damage to the economy.

In May 1999, the strongest wind gust on the Fedjit scale was recorded. The tornado was categorized F6. The wind speed reached 512 km/h. The tornado demolished hundreds of residential buildings and claimed the lives of dozens of people.

In the summer of 1998, about 30 m of snow fell on the famous Mount Baker in Washington state. Rainfall continued for several months.

The highest temperatures were recorded in Libya in September 1992 (58 degrees Celsius).

The largest hailstorm took place in the summer of 2003 in Nebraska. The diameter of the largest specimen was 178 mm, and its fall speed was about 160 km/h.

The rarest meteorological phenomena

In 2013, the morning after, visitors to the Grand Canyon witnessed a unique natural phenomenon called "inversion". Thick fog descended into the crevices, forming a whole waterfall of clouds.

In the same 2013, the residents of the state of Ohio saw in their yard a huge part of the territory located around their city, right up to the Canadian border. This phenomenon is called superrefraction, when rays of light bend under the pressure of air and reflect objects located far away at great distances.

In 2010, in Stavropol, people could observe multi-colored snow. The city was covered in brown and purple drifts. The snow was not toxic. Scientists have found that the precipitation was colored in the upper atmosphere, mixed with particles of volcanic ash.

What are hazardous weather events?

The glow of fire on the horizon. During the spring and half of the summer of 2016, 1.4 million hectares of forest burned down in Russia, which caused damage in the region of three billion rubles. Photo: extremeinstability.com

According to Roshydromet, the number of dangerous meteorological phenomena is increasing year by year. 2015 set a dismal record of 571 extreme weather events, more than in any of the previous 17 years, the agency said in a report. What are dangerous weather phenomena, what they are and what they threaten - in the article of the Climate of Russia portal.

As Russia's climate becomes more maritime and less continental as a result of warming, the number of hazardous phenomena that cause damage increases, says the head of the climatology department of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center (VNIIGMI-WDC) Vyacheslav Razuvaev.

Number of reported severe weather events from 1998 to 2015. Roshydromet data

According to the definition of Roshydromet, hazardous meteorological phenomena are natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere and / or near the surface of the Earth, which, in terms of intensity, scale and duration, have or can have a damaging effect on people, agriculture, economic facilities and the environment.

In other words, extreme weather always threatens well-being, health and life. To predict dangerous phenomena, Roshydromet has developed criteria - according to them, experts determine the degree of danger of an impending or already occurring disaster. A total of 19 weather phenomena have been identified that may pose a serious threat.

Element number 1: wind

Very strong wind (at sea - a storm). The speed of the elements exceeds 20 meters per second, and with gusts it increases by a quarter. For high-altitude and coastal areas, where winds are more frequent and intense, the standard is 30 and 35 meters per second, respectively. Such weather causes the fall of trees, elements of buildings and free-standing structures, such as billboards, breaks in power lines.

A strong wind can not only break umbrellas, but also cut wires. Photo: volgodonsk.pro

In Russia, Primorye, the North Caucasus and the Baikal region suffer from storms more often than other regions. The strongest winds blow in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, the islands of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and in the city of Anadyr on the edge of Chukotka: the air flow speed often exceeds 60 meters per second.

Hurricane- the same as a strong wind, but even more intense - with gusts, the speed reaches 33 meters per second. During a hurricane, it is better to be at home - the wind is so strong that it can knock a person down and cause injuries.

Trees felled by the 1998 hurricane near the walls of the Kremlin. Photo: Alexander Putyata / mosday.ru

On June 20, 1998, in Moscow, wind gusts reached 31 meters per second. Eight people became victims of bad weather, 157 sought medical help. 905 houses were de-energized, 2157 buildings were partially damaged. The damage to the city economy was estimated at one billion rubles.

Squall- wind speed of 25 meters per second, not weakening for at least a minute. It poses a threat to life and health, can damage infrastructure, cars and houses.

Tornado in Blagoveshchensk. Photo: ordos / mreporter.ru

Tornado- a vortex in the form of a pillar or cone, heading from the clouds to the surface of the Earth. On July 31, 2011, in Blagoveshchensk in the Amur Region, a tornado overturned three trucks, damaged more than 50 support poles, roofs of houses, non-residential buildings and broke 150 trees.

A meeting with a vortex can be the last in life: inside its funnel, the speed of air flows can reach 320 meters per second, approaching the speed of sound (340.29 meters per second), and the pressure can drop to 500 millimeters of mercury (the norm is 760 mm Hg). st). Caught in the range of this powerful "vacuum cleaner" objects rise into the air and rush through it at great speed.

Most often, tornadoes are found in tropical latitudes. The type of vortex depends on what it has absorbed into itself. So, water, snow, earth and even fiery tornadoes are distinguished.

frost called a temporary decrease in the temperature of the soil or air near the ground to zero (against the background of positive average daily temperatures).

If such a meteorological phenomenon occurs during the period of active vegetation of plants (in Moscow it usually lasts from May to September), agriculture will be damaged, up to the complete destruction of the crop. In April 2009, in Stavropol, frost losses were estimated at almost 100 million rubles.

hard frost registered when the temperature reaches a dangerous value. Each region usually has its own. In Nizhny Novgorod on January 18, 2006, the temperature dropped to minus 35 degrees Celsius, as a result of which 25 people sought medical help in one day, of which 21 were hospitalized with frostbite.

If in the period from October to March the average daily temperature is seven degrees below the long-term norm, then the abnormal cold. Such weather leads to accidents in housing and communal services, as well as to the freezing of agricultural crops and green spaces.

Element number 2: water

Heavy rain. If more than 30 millimeters of rain fell in an hour, such weather is classified as a heavy downpour. It is dangerous because the water does not have time to go into the ground and drain into the rain sewer.

In August 2016, Moscow was flooded twice, and each time it led to serious consequences. Photo: trasyy.livejournal.com

Heavy rains form powerful streams that paralyze traffic on the roads. Washing away the soil, water masses bring down metal structures to the ground. In hilly or ravine-dissected areas, heavy rainfall increases the risk of mudflows: water-saturated soils sag under their own weight - entire slopes slide down, burying everything that comes in their way. And this happens not only in the mountains and hilly areas. So, on August 19, 2016, as a result of a prolonged downpour, mudflow blocked traffic on Nizhniye Mnevniki Street in Moscow.

If at least 50 millimeters of precipitation falls in 12 hours, meteorologists classify this phenomenon as " Very heavy rain”, which can also lead to the formation of mudflows. For mountainous areas, the critical indicator is 30 millimeters, since the likelihood of catastrophic consequences is higher there.

A powerful mud stream with fragments of stones is a mortal danger: its speed can reach six meters per second, and the “head of the elements”, the leading edge of the mudflow, is 25 meters in height. In July 2000, a powerful mudflow hit the town of Tyrnyanz in Karachay-Cherkessia. 40 people were missing, eight were killed, eight more were hospitalized. Residential buildings and infrastructure of the city were damaged.

Continuous heavy rain. Precipitation that fell within half or a whole day should exceed the mark of 100 millimeters, or 120 millimeters in two days. For rainy areas, the norm is 60 millimeters.

Landslide after prolonged heavy rain in Moscow. Photo: siniy.begemot.livejournal.com

The probability of flooding, flushing and convergence of mudflows during prolonged heavy rain increases dramatically. To combat the elements in large cities, networks of drainage collectors have been laid. They are designed on the basis of long-term rainfall data, but climate change, leading to an increase in the amount of rain, often prepares unpleasant surprises. With frequent and prolonged showers, sewage sewers need regular inspections and cleaning. Soil and debris from construction sites especially clog the drainage system, said the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin, commenting on the flooding of the capital on August 19, 2016.

Very heavy snow. This type of dangerous phenomenon means heavy snowfall, as a result of which more than 20 millimeters of precipitation falls in 12 hours. This amount of snow blocks roads and makes it difficult for cars to move. Snow caps on houses and structures can bring down individual elements and break wires with their weight.

In March 2016, as a result of a heavy snowfall, traffic in the capital was paralyzed, and cars in the yards were covered with snow. Photo: drive2.ru

On the night of March 1-2, 2016, Moscow was covered with 22 millimeters of snow. By message service "Yandex.Traffic", in the first half of the day there were nine-point traffic jams on the roads. Dozens of flights were canceled due to the rampant disaster.

hail It is considered large if the diameter of the ice balls exceeds 20 millimeters. This weather phenomenon poses a serious danger to property and human health. Hailstones falling from the sky can damage cars, shatter windows, destroy vegetation, and destroy crops.

Stavropol city broke all local records and at the same time the cars of the townspeople. Photo: vesti.ru

In August 2015, hail hit the Stavropol Territory, accompanied by heavy rain and wind. Eyewitnesses filmed on smartphones hailstones the size of a chicken egg and a diameter of five centimeters!

strong blizzard called a weather phenomenon in which for half a day the visibility from flying snow is up to 500 meters, and the wind speed does not drop below 15 meters per second. During the rampage of the elements, driving becomes dangerous, flights are canceled.

During the snowstorm that covered Moscow in December 2012, the opposite side of the street was not visible, and the whole city was in traffic jams. Photo: rom-julia.livejournal.com

Intense snowfall often leads to traffic accidents and many kilometers of traffic jams. On December 1, 2012, the media reported that after a long snowfall in Moscow, motorists spent the night right in their cars, and traffic jams stretched for 27 kilometers on the M10 highway in the Tver region. Drivers were provided with fuel and hot meals.

Heavy fog, or haze, are called conditions under which for 12 hours or more visibility is from five to zero meters. The reason for this may be a suspension of tiny drops of water with a moisture content of up to one and a half grams of water per cubic meter of air, soot particles and tiny ice crystals.

In heavy fog, visibility is only a few meters. Photo: PROMichael Kappel / Flickr

Meteorologists determine atmospheric visibility using a special technique or using a transmissometer device. Reduced visibility can provoke traffic accidents and block the operation of airports, as was the case in Moscow on March 26, 2008.

Strong ice. This weather phenomenon is recorded by a special device - an icing machine. Among the characteristic features of this bad weather are ice from 20 millimeters thick, wet, non-melting snow 35 millimeters high, or frost half a centimeter thick.

Ice provokes many accidents and leads to casualties. On January 13, 2016, in Tatarstan, this meteorological phenomenon caused a series of accidents in which dozens of cars were damaged.

Element number 3: earth

Dust storm It is recorded by meteorologists when, for 12 hours, dust and sand carried by the wind at a speed of at least 15 meters per second impair visibility at a distance of up to half a kilometer. On April 29, 2014, a dust storm raged for several hours in the Irkutsk region. The element partially disrupted the power supply of the region.

A storm in the Irkutsk region covered the region with dust« cap." Photo: Alexey Denisov / nature.baikal.ru

Dust storms are common in regions with dry, hot climates. They disrupt the movement of cars and block air traffic. Sand and small stones flying at high speed can injure people and animals. After the passage of such storms, it is necessary to clear roads and premises from sand and dust, as well as to restore agricultural land.

Element number 4: fire

Abnormal heat It is recorded by meteorologists when in the period from April to September for five days the average daily temperature is seven degrees above the climatic norm of the region.

The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction noted that from 2005 to 2014, more than 7,000 people died from the effects of heat waves. 2016 set a new world temperature record - 54 degrees in Mithrib, Kuwait. For Russia, the maximum remains 45.4 degrees in Kalmykia, which were recorded on July 12, 2010.

Heatwave- the temperature exceeds the established dangerous threshold in the period from May to August (the critical value for each territory is different).

This leads to droughts, increased fire risk and heat stroke. On August 8, 2016, in Chelyabinsk, where the temperature did not drop below 32 degrees for a week, 25 people with symptoms of overheating sought medical help. Six of them were hospitalized. Agricultural losses amounted to 2.5 million rubles.

Extreme fire hazard. This type of dangerous phenomenon is declared at high air temperature, associated with a lack of precipitation.

Fires are a real scourge of protected nature, annually destroying 0.5 percent of the world's forests. Photo: Gila National Forest / Flickr

— Digest of the main events of the Year of Ecology-2017

- . What did the metaphysical journey through the Russian North lead to?