Terms 

International terrorism as a global problem of our time briefly. Terrorism is a global problem in the world. List of sources used

Terrorism today is the most powerful weapon, tool,

used not only in the struggle against the Power, but very often - by the Power itself to achieve its goals.

Modern terrorism takes the form of: international terrorism (terrorist acts of an international scale);

Domestic political terrorism (terrorist actions directed against the government, any political groups within countries, or aimed at destabilizing the internal situation);

criminal terrorism, pursuing purely selfish goals.

Terrorism appears when a society is going through a deep crisis, primarily a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political,

social, national, religious - for which the legitimacy of the existing government becomes questionable

People in most countries are unaccustomed to political violence and fear it.

Therefore, today the most common and effective methods of terror are violence not against government officials, but against peaceful, defenseless and, what is extremely important, people not related to the "addressee" of terror, with the obligatory demonstration of the catastrophic results of terror as it was, and to America during the explosion buildings of the shopping center in September 2001 Or the terrorist attack in Budenovsk. The object of the attack is a hospital, a maternity hospital. Or the events that took place in Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, as well as the explosion in Moscow, etc.

The task of terrorism is to involve a large mass of people for whom either the goals of terror are so lofty that they justify any means, or they are so indiscriminate in means that they are ready to realize any abomination.

Through "lofty motives" they usually involve young people, who, due to mental and moral immaturity, easily "bite" on radical national, social or religious ideas. It is most often involved through totalitarian (ie, completely suppressing the will of people and subordinating them only to the will of the "leader", "teacher"), religious or ideological sects. The most famous example is the Aum Shinrikyo sect.

The main method of financing is criminal activity. Which includes "usual" organized and unorganized

crime, taking control of key areas of the criminal business.

Today, the main source of financing for terrorism is the control of the drug business, racketeering, prostitution, arms trafficking, smuggling, gambling, and so on. For example, the main source of financing for the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso movement, the Afghan Taliban movement, the Lebanese Hezbollah is the drug business, and the Ceylon Tigers of Tamil Islam's Liberation are drugs and deals "weapons - precious stones." Such an "economically formed" terrorism is already capable of to serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of "their" country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for "laundering" money - in the form of controlled banks, firms, manufacturing enterprises. "

"Laundering" is most often carried out in crisis zones of the world, where state control is weakened. For this reason, Russia is now among the largest "laundries".

The capture of the "black" and "gray" economies with their multi-billion dollar turnover and armies of organized crime turns the leaders of terror into the masters of a powerful economic, political and military force. This "sphere of terrorist services" cannot remain unclaimed, including by "legal players" - states. Many states use terrorism for their own purposes - an example is the American "irangate", where the CIA financed the terror of the "contras" in Nicaragua with the proceeds from the sale of weapons to the "enemy" - Iran. The 8,000-15,000 terrorist fighters left after the Soviet Union left Afghanistan today have become one of the pillars of the development of terrorism in North Africa, Bosnia, the Middle East, Chechnya, Tajikistan and... the United States itself.

What happened and is happening in Bosnia, in turn, shows that the United States is systematically creating an Islamic terrorist environment in Europe in order to prevent the latter from becoming too independent.

The cooperation of special services with terrorism creates a qualitatively new phenomenon - special terrorism. The most famous example is Colombia, where only emergency international measures managed to wrest the state from the almost complete control of the drug mafia.

And Turkish terrorists - "gray wolves" - both inside Turkey and outside it, including in Azerbaijan, operate not only under the control, but also with the active participation of Turkish special services.

Terrorism as a mass and politically significant phenomenon is the result of an endemic "de-ideologization", when certain groups in society easily question the legitimacy and rights of the state, and thus self-justify their transition to terror in order to achieve their own goals. Covert operations, unfortunately, have become a necessary and widely used instrument of interstate

fight. Russia, too, cannot abandon them unilaterally. But playing it irresponsibly is extremely dangerous, as the United States learned from the example of Afghanistan when it tried to oppose bin Laden and his al-Qaeda movement.

The main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism subject to the following:

Recreating a sustainable block world;

lead; blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;

Prevention of the ideological justification of terror under the banner of "defending the rights of the nation", "defending the faith", etc.; the debunking of terrorism by all the forces of the media;

Transfer of all management of anti-terrorist activities to the most reliable special services, with no interference in their work by any other control bodies;

The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action against

complete destruction of terrorists;

No concessions to terrorists, not a single act of terrorism with impunity, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people - because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.

The aggravation of global problems at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has become a hallmark of the current stage in the development of the world community. They have become realities that largely determine today's features of international relations and the main directions of world politics.

Participation in international cooperation to overcome global problems should be considered as a specific form of continuation of the internal policy of the state beyond its borders into the global geopolitical space.

The goals and results of such participation testify to the political orientation of the state, the level of its social and cultural, scientific and technological development.

In our time, we are talking not only about the ability of individual states, but of the entire world community to find adequate responses to global challenges to its future. In this regard, it seems especially important to determine the significance of both universal problems in general and individual global problems for the development prospects of the world community.

In political global studies, a group of universal problems associated with the sphere of international relations is traditionally distinguished. Since the emergence of globalist studies, this group has been referred to as the central one - the problem of maintaining peace or, as it is also broadly referred to, the military-political global problem. This group also includes the problem of economic backwardness of many developing countries, the problem of nationalism and ethno-political conflicts, the problem of global controllability of the international community, etc.

Recently, the problem of international terrorism has become one of the most acute global problems of our time related to the sphere of international relations. This transformation is due, in our opinion, to the following reasons:

First, international terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming more and more widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in the regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and the most developed and prosperous states (in particular, the United States and Western Europe) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.

Secondly, international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the mournful account of their victims is thousands of killed and maimed people;

Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.

Fourthly, the connection of the modern phenomenon of international terrorism with other topical global problems of our time is becoming more and more obvious and evident. At present, the problem of international terrorism should be considered as an important element of the whole complex of universal, global problems.

The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has its own specific features. Let's consider in more detail the most important of them.

First of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and the societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of resolving the national issue, which has recently become more and more separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious type of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight against a state dominated by a different religion or other religious direction. Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits. Ecological terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.

In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of British scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”

Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is its difficult predictability. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values ​​and the logic of world development.

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community. This problem has its own specifics, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most of the global problems of modern international relations. It can be considered as one of the most urgent global problems of our time.

However, recent terrorist attacks, primarily the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in New York, have become unprecedented in the history of mankind in terms of their scale and influence on the further course of world politics. The number of victims, the size and nature of the destruction caused by terrorist attacks at the beginning of the 21st century turned out to be comparable with the consequences of armed conflicts and local wars. The retaliatory measures caused by these terrorist actions led to the creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, which included dozens of states, which previously took place only in the case of major armed conflicts and wars. Reciprocal anti-terrorist military actions also acquired a planetary scale.

Under these conditions, the global problem of international terrorism, in our opinion, cannot be considered only as an independent phenomenon. It began to turn into an important component of a more general military-political global problem related to the fundamental issues of war and peace, on the solution of which the further existence of human civilization depends.

Lebedeva Irina Nikolaevna

postgraduate student of the Department of Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics, LGTU, Lipetsk

The process of globalization gives rise to numerous socio-political crises, contradictions and conflicts, one of the ways to resolve which is terrorism. The study of terrorism in the modern world and the causes that directly give rise to it is closely related to the study of the process of globalization.

Terrorism acquired the character of a world problem back in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, turning into a weapon, a huge force of intimidation and destruction in the eternal and irreconcilable antagonism of different worlds, cultures, ideologies, religions and worldviews. Terrorism has become the "number one problem in the world" - the most dangerous, acute, complex and difficult to predict, cloaking and mimicking in more and more diverse forms and threatening all modern humanity.

The fears of many countries, religious, social groups in the era of globalization, caused by the erasure of mental, social, religious, economic, political borders between states and people and the danger of the destruction of religion, culture, language, as well as the confrontation of the West-East, North- South", developed countries and countries of the "third world" can give rise to extremist terrorist groups with an anti-globalization and anti-Western orientation.

At the international level, a number of important documents aimed at regulating counter-terrorism measures have been adopted, such as: International Convention for the Suppression of the Taking of Hostages (1979) , International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997) , International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999) .

Terrorist activity in the modern world in the era of globalization has several trends:

1. Terrorism is becoming a dangerous barrier to resolving social, ethnic, religious, international conflicts, curtailing all political and legal guarantees and paralyzing relations between states, peoples, confessions, social groups, political parties, and public organizations.

Merging with organized criminal groups, including those of a global scale and with such types of illegal and immoral acts as drug trafficking, prostitution, corruption, human trafficking, slavery, organization of extremist armed gangs, arms trafficking, laundering of proceeds from crime, terrorist crimes become more and more sophisticated and cruel, and humanity - more and more vulnerable. Terrorist organizations associated with drug crime include Bright Path, Tupac Amaru in Peru and the PKK in Turkey.

2. A distinctive feature of modern terrorism as a global problem of our time is the blurring of the boundaries between domestic and international terrorism. Terrorists are increasingly penetrating the regions of other countries. For example, in Chechnya, the presence of citizens of countries near and far abroad, providing assistance to militants, was observed. Many militants who take part in terrorist activities within a state undergo training in criminal activities in camps and bases of a foreign state or group of states, and also receive the necessary material and technical assistance from there, tactical guidance, spiritual nourishment in extremist religious educational institutions, and often with the support of the power structures of such unfriendly countries or their groups, which they provide to realize their geopolitical interests (for example, to create a pan-Islamic and pan-Turkish state).

For this, tactics of provocations of interethnic and interreligious conflicts, revolutionary sentiments are used to overthrow objectionable regimes, primarily through ideological and information processing, sometimes developing into an information war. Ideological and information processing is based on the principles of "restoring historical justice", focusing people's attention on the immoral behavior of representatives of another nation, giving domestic conflicts and disasters that occur due to violations of safety regulations, a shade of the motive of interethnic struggle, hatred or enmity.

3. Terrorists cooperate with international sectarian groups and extremist associations, conducting extensive propaganda and launching an information war using various media against representatives of traditional faiths, undermining people's trust in them.

A person who has lost confidence in his traditional confession, but who has not lost faith in God, begins to seek intercession and spiritual support from sectarians or simply support them without joining a sect.

Such people become "blind tools" in the hands of extremists. Rejecting everything that was connected with the past worldview, and actively absorbing new, in his opinion, fair views, a person himself does not notice that he is becoming a fooled puppet in the hands of terrorist and extremist tycoons.

4.Terrorists to commit their criminal acts, both at the international and national-regional levels, are becoming more and more prepared in resource, tactical, organizational, technical, informational aspects.

Less and less often, terrorist groups claim responsibility for attacks that become larger, more brutal, inhuman, bloody.

A person and society as a whole feel more and more unprotected in the modern world, there is a feeling of fear and anxiety even in such life situations where, it would seem, nothing portends a tragedy.

Terrorists are becoming more and more unprincipled, choosing for their atrocities places sacred to humans: this is how explosions occur in churches of various faiths, burial places and memorable dates in different parts of the world. Despising the life of a person of a certain nation, confession and social group, terrorists seek to show hatred for their religion, contempt for their culture, history, for everything that representatives of this group, confession or nation treat with reverence and respect.

On the other hand, a cult of violence is developing, human life is depreciating, bitterness, cruelty, cynicism, mutual hatred between peoples and social groups is growing. The side that suffered from violence sometimes also wants revenge and retaliatory actions, sometimes no less inhuman, endangering completely third-party, innocent people. Political, legal and social guarantees, therefore, fade into the background, and conflicts resolved by violent means cause responses from the state, which do not always correspond to the norms of humanism and democracy.

5. Terrorists seek to get hold of chemical and biological weapons, weapons of mass destruction, secret developments at any cost. The number of non-explosive terrorist attacks has increased, for example, terrorist attacks using energy-information weapons (UHF and EHF rays), narcotic and intoxicating substances. The terms “narco-terrorism” and “narco-sabotage” (“narcogenocide”) appeared. Terrorist groups interact with drug traffickers not only to extract funds, but also to use narcotic and intoxicating substances in the commission of terrorist attacks and to correct the behavior of victims and members of the group.

To prevent this, energy-information and drug safety programs and targeted work with potential risk groups are needed.

6. Acts of terrorism in recent years have been directed to intimidate society as a whole. Here it would be appropriate to quote an aphorism from a memo for the militants of the Hamaz movement: “It is foolish to hunt a tiger when there are a lot of sheep around.”

The depth and scale of this global problem of our time, which threatens all of humanity, requires effective, urgent and joint countermeasures on the part of the state and the entire world community as a whole.

Russia is a "zone of vulnerability" for international terrorism, which is facilitated by the general negative crime situation in the country, the spiritual and moral crisis, the primitivization of culture, the emergence of aggressive religious, social, political groups, including those of a nationalist orientation, the cultivation of violence and disregard for morality and propaganda of counter-values, as well as unresolved territorial claims after the collapse of the USSR, the presence of claims hidden during the years of the Soviet Union between countries, nations and peoples, the activities of the special services of some states aimed at undermining the internal security of Russia, as well as anti-Russian propaganda deployed to destabilize the political situation in our country.

The Russian Federation is a polyconfessional state in which extremist religious groups exist. Representatives of some of them position themselves as defenders of moral values ​​and fighters against spiritual degradation in the conditions of the moral crisis experienced by Russia, thus attracting numerous supporters. A completely normal desire of a believer to resist lack of spirituality can turn into drawing him into an extremist group with an ideology of violence.

The problem of combating terrorism on a global scale is complicated by the lack of a unified counter-terrorism world information space and a unified counter-terrorism policy, politicized assessments, double standards of representatives of various countries in relation to terrorists, different approaches to defining the concept of terrorism, the lack of a clear definition of terrorism, recognized as a classic and covering all complex and the multifaceted features of this phenomenon, the difficulty of distinguishing between terrorist crime and the national liberation struggle of individual nations and peoples, supported by certain foreign states, weak human rights activities, the interest of some countries and political regimes in the cultivation of terrorism and violence both on their territory and abroad. abroad, concealment of terrorist activities and terrorist attacks on the territories of some states. For example, the task of developing a unified definition of the concept of terrorism encounters many obstacles of a political, ideological, spiritual nature and depends on the political regime and form of government in a particular country, its role in the world community and many other factors.

Combating this negative social phenomenon requires a comprehensive and integrated approach. The priority measures should be the following: comprehensive cooperation between special services and law enforcement forces in this struggle at the international level; the creation of a single counter-terrorism space, initially at least within the framework of the CIS countries; tightening legal consequences for persons associated with terrorist activities, etc.

Interest in the problem of terrorism in the context of globalization continues to grow steadily. To eliminate the causes that give rise to this dangerous social phenomenon, to adequately assess this threat, to put an end to terrorism as a method of political struggle, to stop its spread in the era of globalization is possible only with the joint efforts of the entire world community.

Bibliography:

  1. Baryshnikov D.N. International terrorism in the context of globalization// [Electronic resource] - Access mode - URL: http://www.kuchaknig.ru/catalog.php?action=by_letter_avtor&letter=%C1%C0%D0%DB%D8%CD%C8% CA%CE%C2+%C4.%CD (sample date May 6, 2012).
  2. Kalachev B.F. Drug terrorism in Russia: new characteristics of an old phenomenon // [Electronic resource] - Access mode - URL: http://www.narkotiki.ru/ocomments_2362.html (sample date 02.05.2012).
  3. Kostin A.I. Ecopolitology and global studies: Textbook for university students / A.I. Kostin. - M.: Aspect Press, 2005. - 418 p.
  4. International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (New York, December 17, 1979) // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. - M. - 1989. - issue. XLIII. - Art. 99.
  5. International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (New York, December 15, 1997) // Collected. legislation Ros. Federation of August 27, 2001. - No. 35. - Art. 3513.
  6. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (adopted by resolution 54/109 of the UN General Assembly of December 9, 1999) // Collected. legislation Ros. Federation of March 24, 2003. - No. 12.- Art. 1059.6.
  7. Olshansky D.V. Psychology of terror / D.V. Olshansky. - M., Yekaterinburg, 2002. - 319 p.
  8. Terrorism. Legal aspects of counteraction: normative and international legal acts with comments, scientific articles / ed. I.L. Trunova and Yu.S. Gorbunov. - Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 768 p.
  9. Tropinina T. Narcosituation in the world and transnational drug business /T. Tropinin. - M., 2002.// [Electronic resource] - Access mode - URL: http://www.crime.vl.ru/index.php?p=1351&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 (sample date 06.05 .2012).

The main sources of the threat of terrorism.

The 20th century will go down in the history of mankind not only with its outstanding scientific and technological discoveries and achievements, but also as a century that has written a number of black pages in this history, including one of the most tragic social and social phenomena.

The very concept of "terrorism" comes from the Latin word - "terror" - fear, horror.

Terrorism- violence or the threat of its use against individuals or organizations, as well as the destruction (damage) or the threat of destruction (damage) of property and other material objects, creating the danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or other socially dangerous consequences.

These actions are carried out with the aim of violating public security, destroying the population or influencing the adoption of decisions by the authorities that are beneficial to terrorists, or satisfying their illegal property and (or) other interests, encroachment on the life of a state, public or other figure, committed in order to stop it. activities or out of revenge, etc.

Terrorism is the danger facing the modern world. It is a reality of today that terrorism increasingly threatens the security of most countries.

As a socio-political phenomenon terrorism is a set of crimes committed with the use of violence by individuals and specially organized groups and communities. It is aimed at expanding the influence of certain forces in society, eliminating or subjugating the activities of their political opponents, and, as a result, at seizing and subjugating political power.

The history of terrorism goes back centuries. Terrorist acts accompany the development of civilization.

One of the first mentions is connected with the terrorist attacks committed in 66-73. BC. a Jewish political group that fought by methods of terror against the Romans for the autonomy of Thessalonia.

In subsequent history, one can find examples of terrorism of various kinds. St. Bartholomew's Night, the French bourgeois revolution, the Paris Commune entered history as symbols of cruelty and unjustified violence.

The main sources of the threat of terrorism

Terrorism - this is a global problem.

The most famous international terrorist organizations:

- "Irish Republican Army";

- "Aum Shinrikyo";

- "Hamas";

- "World Front of Jihad";

- "Radical Islamic Wahhabi sect" created by Bin Laden.

The organizers of terrorist actions seek to sow fear among the population, protest government policies, cause economic damage to the state or private firms, and so on.

According to the State reports of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia for 2005-2007. and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for 2007, over the past 5 years, terrorism has claimed the lives of 1275 people, and in total more than 5 thousand people have suffered from terrorist acts (Table 1).

Table 1

Structure of medical losses and medical support

victims of terrorist attacks in 2002-2007. in Russia

An analysis of the consequences of the terrorist attacks, as a result of which more than 5,000 people suffered, shows that irretrievable losses ranged from 3.1–41.8%, while most of the losses were sanitary (Table 2).

table 2

Structure of losses in terrorist acts in the Russian Federation (1999-2004)

Location of the attack

Dead Losses

Sanitary

of them hospitalized

Manezhnaya Square,

st. Gurianova

Buynaksk

Volgodonsk

The largest share of irretrievable losses was determined in Buynaksk, Mozdok and Beslan, where a large proportion of severe sanitary losses was also observed.

The wave of terrorism swept over not only the republics of Transcaucasia, but also reached the Republic of Tatarstan. In Kazan, in preparation for the 1000th anniversary of the founding of the city, acts of a terrorist nature were uncovered (an explosion on January 8, 2005 of a gas pipeline in the city of Bugulma, an attempt to undermine a power line support in the Vysokogorsky district on January 20, 2005, product pipeline in the Laishevsky district). In addition, crimes of a terrorist nature are recorded annually by law enforcement agencies. Among them are contract killings, criminal explosions, kidnappings, threats of terrorist attacks.

Feature of modern terrorism- terrorist organizations have a highly developed infrastructure, which often includes a whole network of strongholds, camps for the training of saboteurs.

Many terrorist organizations have the latest means of electronic communications. The latest equipment allows them to connect to the communication systems of law enforcement agencies fighting them.

According to foreign experts, fissile materials, components of chemical and biological weapons are now more accessible to terrorists than ever before, because there is free trade, weak export controls, openness of data on the latest developments in the field of chemical and biological weapons.

In a number of states, terrorists are trying to create a biological formulation similar to the Ebola virus and pathogenic types of microorganisms that can affect certain ethnic groups and races. Many of them are able to exchange information on chemical and biological weapons via the Internet.

And in the new training program for terrorist groups "World Jihad Front" there is a section on working with toxic substances and gases such as "sarin". Terrorists are taught how to make strong agents to infect water bodies on the basis of commercially available chemicals.

The underground structures of the "World Jihad Front" in a number of European countries may have portable, easily camouflaged explosive devices, incl. chemical agents. In this regard, from January 1, 1998. all units of the US Armed Forces in Europe and even members of the families of military personnel have received means of protection against chemical weapons.

State budgetary vocational education

institution of the Sverdlovsk region Sukholozhsky multidisciplinary technical school

ESSAY

TOPIC: "International terrorism is a global problem of our time"

Executor

Koneva Karina Sergeevna

1st year student

specialty: "Technologist"

Supervisor

Kalugina Svetlana Anatolievna

Dry Log, 2018

CONTENT


3 Terrorism: background and causes

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov, terrorism is defined as the policy and practice of terror - the intimidation of one's political opponents, expressed in physical violence up to destruction, or in cruel intimidation of the population. Thus, a characteristic feature of terrorism is the reliance on force in achieving its goals - to intimidate the population and sow panic.

Terrorism is the method by which an organized group or party seeks to achieve its stated goals primarily through the systematic use of violence.

Background of terrorism:

    the presence of social, national and religious problems that have existential significance for a given social, national or other group and are related to its self-esteem, spirituality, fundamental values, traditions and customs

    war and military conflicts, in which terrorist acts become part of hostilities, for example, raids on Russian cities by Chechen fighters outside of Chechnya in 1995-1996.

    the presence of social groups that differ from their near and far neighbors by a high level of material well-being and culture, as well as by virtue of their political, economic and military power or other capabilities, dictating their will to other countries and social groups. The former arouse envy and hatred, they are endowed with all the features of a most dangerous and perfidious enemy, who, if it is impossible to defeat him in an open conflict, can be secretly inflicted with separate painful blows.

    the existence of secret or semi-secret societies and organizations, in particular religious and sectarian ones, which endow themselves with magical and messianic abilities, develop the only true, in their opinion, teaching of saving humanity or radically improving its life, creating a system of all common good, justice and prosperity, eternal salvation of the soul, etc.

    long-standing traditions of using terrorism in Russia to solve primarily political problems. In Russia, terrorism was initiated from the 1860s, then it turned into revolutionary and counter-revolutionary and, without interruption, into Stalinist repressions.

    unresolved important economic and financial issues, including at the legislative level, as well as conflicts in the division of property, poor protection of merchants, financiers and other business people from law enforcement agencies. In this regard, terrorist attacks against these individuals have become commonplace in order to intimidate them, sometimes with the simultaneous elimination of competitors.

The main reasons include:

    exacerbation of contradictions in the political, economic, social, ideological, ethno-national and legal spheres;

    the unwillingness of individuals, groups and organizations to use the system of social life accepted for the majority of society and the desire to obtain advantages through violence;

    the use of terrorist methods by individuals, organizations, states to achieve political, economic and social goals.

Terrorism, unfortunately, tends to dynamic development.

The first condition for the emergence of terrorism - formation of the information society. In its modern forms, terrorism emerged in Europe in the 19th century. with the development of the press. The more powerful the mass media become, the higher their role in shaping public sentiment, the wider the wave of terrorism.

As the habit of reading newspapers and magazines is complemented by the habit of listening to the radio, watching TV, “surfing” the Internet, the field of potential impact of terrorism on society grows, its possibilities expand. Both technological and political prerequisites are significant here.

Totalitarian regimes that have the technological aspects of the information society (fascist Germany, the USSR, North Korea), but at the same time block the free exchange of information using police methods, are not vulnerable to terrorism.

The most favorable conditions for the development of terrorism have developed in the so-called democratic countries, where domestic and foreign terrorists use the freedom of the press to propagate their views and bring threats to the general public, the right of "political asylum", etc. Great Britain is an example of this: on the territory of this country, militants are recruited into Chechnya and Al-Qaeda, political asylum is provided to bandits and criminals who are on the international wanted list. The result for the UK itself is deplorable - the terrorist events in London on July 17, 2005. The planting of American-style "democracy" goes through both, in fact, state terrorism, and the creation of conditions, including open financial support for the seizure of power by the opposition with pre-prepared leaders ( for example, in Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, etc.).

The second condition for the emergence of terrorism - development of the technological environment of human existence. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the industrial environment is becoming more complex and vulnerable. The development of technology gives a person the opportunity to destroy the social, technological and natural environment pointwise.

For the destruction of any material object, energy is needed that is equal to or correlated with that necessary to create this object. In ancient times, the destruction of a dam or a pyramid would require a significant number of people, a sufficiently long time and would not go unnoticed. The development of technology made it possible to accumulate energy and accurately use it to destroy objects or the natural environment (the dagger and crossbow gave way to dynamite, a rifle with an optical sight, a grenade launcher to a compact ground-to-air missile, etc.).

The technological environment is becoming denser, more energetically saturated and more vulnerable.

The ability of the state to block the activities of terrorists at every point in social space at any arbitrary moment turns out to be less than the ability of attackers to strike.

The third condition for the emergence of terrorism - the erosion of traditional society and the formation of a modernized society oriented towards liberal values. Terrorism occurs when traditional culture is replaced by a society familiar with the concept of the social contract. Liberal values ​​and ideas of the social contract give an idea of ​​the guaranteed human life and the responsibility of the authorities to the citizens.

The attacks loudly proclaim that the authorities are not able to guarantee the life, health, peace of mind of citizens and, therefore, are responsible for this. Here is the essence of the mechanism of political blackmail, which is used by terrorists. If the society does not react to the actions of terrorists in accordance with the program imposed by them, or unites around the authorities, then terrorism becomes ineffective.

The fourth condition for the emergence of terrorism- real problems arising in the course of historical development. They can have very different dimensions - political, cultural, social. In a prosperous country, solitary acts of mentally unbalanced outcasts are possible, but terrorism as a phenomenon has not yet been expressed. The most frequent grounds for terrorism are separatism and national liberation movements, as well as religious, ethnic, and ideological conflicts. Terrorism is a phenomenon inherent in the crisis stages of the modernization transition. Characteristically, the completion of modernization reforms removes the grounds for terrorism.

Terrorism emerges at the boundaries of cultures and epochs of historical development: the most striking example is the situation in Israel and the Palestinian Authority: a deeply traditional Palestinian society comes into contact with a modernized Israeli society.

Terrorism does not and cannot exist in totalitarian and authoritarian societies. There are no conditions for its occurrence, and any manifestation of anti-state activity is fraught with terror against entire regions, peoples, confessions, social categories. Equally, terrorism is ineffective in disintegrating countries where power has crumbled and does not control society, such as Somalia or Afghanistan.

Terrorism is possible if at least a part of society sympathizes with the cause of terrorists. Unlike saboteurs - specially trained professionals who can work in a hostile environment - terrorists need support among the population. The loss of this support leads to the extinction of terrorist activity.

Terrorism is an indicator of crisis processes; it is an emergency feedback channel between society and government, between a separate part of society and society as a whole. It testifies to acute trouble in a certain zone of social space. In this respect, terrorism does not have a purely forceful, police solution. The localization and suppression of terrorists is only part of the fight against this evil. The other part, which is the main and only promising one, involves political, social and cultural transformations that remove the grounds for the radicalization of society and turning to terrorism. The implementation of this kind of transformation is possible only if there is a developed civil society, not only in a single country, but on a global or at least continental scale.

CONCLUSION

Terrorism has many faces. Terrorism is not only a cult and practice of violence, it seeks to substantiate its ideology. Criminal in nature, it can be intrastate, and in this case it is carried out not only by criminal groups, but also by the totalitarian state apparatus of repression, thus being state terrorism. Great damage to the world legal order and international relations is caused by international terrorism, largely growing on the basis of hatred for the world, internecine religious extremism and chauvinism.

Terrorismis a method that some organized groups or political parties use to achieve their goals. Terrorism is based on violence. A distinctive feature of terrorism is the use of violence against not the enemy, but peaceful people who are often unaware of the political confrontation. Terrorist acts, in particular, include hostage-taking, hijacking, organizing street explosions, and so on. The goal of terrorism is to hurt as many people as possible. For some reason, supporters of terrorism believe that this draws attention to their demands. In the 70s of the last century, the term "international terrorism" appeared. The United Nations defines “international terrorism” as: “the commission, organization, facilitating, financing or encouragement by agents or representatives of one state of acts against another state, or the connivance on their part of the commission of such acts, which are directed against persons or property and which, by their nature, have a purpose cause fear in statesmen, groups of individuals or the population as a whole.

Defining terrorism is not an easy task. Forms and methods of terrorist activities have changed significantly over time. This phenomenon has a stable negative assessment, which gives rise to an arbitrary interpretation. On the one hand, there is a tendency for an unjustifiably extended interpretation, when some political forces, without sufficient grounds, call their opponents terrorists. On the other hand, unjustified narrowing. The terrorists themselves tend to call themselves soldiers, partisans, saboteurs behind enemy lines, and so on. Hence the difficulties of both legal and legal definitions and the general theoretical understanding of terrorism.

A mandatory condition for terrorism is the resonance of a terrorist action in society. Widespread dissemination of information about a terrorist attack, turning it into the most discussed event, is a key element of terrorist tactics. A terrorist attack left unnoticed or classified loses all meaning.This distinguishes a terrorist act from such close phenomena as sabotage or political assassination. Sabotage is a forceful act of a subversive nature carried out by the special services of the state. Sabotage is valuable in direct damage to the enemy, the public outcry of the operation is of no interest to the saboteur and is even dangerous. Ideally, sabotage imitates a man-made disaster, an accident, or a forceful act committed by another force. Such acts of sabotage as political assassinations committed by the special services, the real perpetrators prefer to blame on the false perpetrators. According to the general opinion of jurists, terrorism in any of its forms is the most socially dangerous of all the crimes described by criminal law.

In my opinion, terrorism is our collective enemy and a line must be drawn under it. We should use our enormous economic power to completely isolate and destroy countries that provide safe havens for terrorists. It must be realized that terrorists cannot exist in the dunes of the desert or in the depths of the Mediterranean or Red Seas. They need a place where they can plan their actions, train, eat, drink and sleep. They need false papers, weapons, explosives, bank accounts, and a thousand other things that only a government can provide them to help them do what they did. With each time, the scale of victims and destruction is growing. Russia went through a period when terrorism came to our homes. And no one is immune from the repetition of tragedies. The world must join forces in a just fight. The terrorist attack showed that the policy of double standards is doomed to disaster. This is a natural result of the indulgence of terrorists by the great powers.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

    Bukreev V.I., Aggressive man (origins of international terrorism)// "Flint", 2011.

    Nepersov M.M., Saprykov V.N., Modern terrorism: social origins, goals of manifestation// M., Science, 2012.

    Ostroukhov V.V., Topical issues of combating international terrorism at the present stage // Law and Security, No. 3 - 4, 2010.

    Sosnin V.A., Nestik T.A. Modern terrorism. Socio-psychological analysis//Cogito-Center, 2015.

    Hoffman B., Terrorism - a look from the inside / / M., 2012.

Electronic resources:

    http://posredi.ru

    https://vawilon.ru

    https://allrefres.ru

    https://studfiles.net

    http://referatwork.ru