Sea fishing in the Barents Sea - fishing in Teriberka. Amateur fishing in the Barents Sea Features of national fishing in northern latitudes

How to get to the place of fishing:

The most convenient and cheapest way to get to Teriberka is by car. To make it profitable and comfortable for you on the road, there must be three people in the car (two drivers are required).

Why exactly three people and at least two drivers in the car?
Such a number of people allows you to comfortably get to Teriberka, without long stops. One driver drives the car, the second gets enough sleep lying in the back seat, the third participant secures.
*These are our recommendations based on experience, the decision to travel is yours to make. You can go alone, but will it be safe? Yes, you will have to pay for all the gas. You should not put passengers on all seats, you will deprive people of comfort and you most likely will not have enough trunk space for things and loading fish on the way back.

How many kilometers to Teriberka?
- from Vyborg 1550 km.
- from St. Petersburg 1400 km.
- from Moscow 2000 km.

How long does it take to get to the fishing spot?
- the road from St. Petersburg usually takes 18-26 hours, depending on road conditions, snacks, stops for photography, rest.

How much does it cost for petrol?
- on average, round-trip gasoline costs 15,000 rubles. to the car.

If I don’t have a car or I don’t want to drive my own, then how can I get to Teriberka?
There are several options:
- if there are free places in the cars of other participants and the desire of the owner, you can be taken with you.
- to agitate friends who have a car for a trip.
- buy a plane or train ticket to Murmansk, so that you can get to the sea in time, order a transfer to Teriberka. In this option, there are drawbacks, due to weather conditions, the road may be closed, then there is a high probability of being late for the right time in Murmansk. And an interesting question arises, how to bring the caught fish?

Tackle for sea fishing in the Barents Sea in Teriberka.

A memo for those who want to buy tackle for sea fishing. This article is purely personal recommendations based on many years of experience. We will tell you what gear we use and explain why.

What are sea fishing tackle made of?
Spinning, sea reel, braided cord, equipment - single hooks, carabiners, rings, punda with a tee.

Spinning for sea fishing in the Barents Sea.
The length of the spinning rod must be at least 1.6 meters and not more than 2.1 meters with a test of 300 to 1000 grams. With a large test, the fish can be dragged without fear that something will break, but the pleasure of playing is reduced in proportion to the test. But with a small test, the opposite is true. The rod is very sensitive, every jerk is felt, but you need to be careful with sudden movements, the spinning rod may not withstand excessive jerks.
The longer the rod, the more the jerks of the fish are felt, with a long rod it is not very convenient on the ship, it will interfere everywhere, it is more difficult to unravel, it is more difficult to lift the fish on board.
You need to find a middle ground for yourself, there is no ideal option.

There are two options for spinning with rings or rollers. Each has its pros and cons

Pros and cons of spinning with rollers:
The main plus of rollers is that they are very well tolerated by blows and spinning throws, and this very often happens on an iron vessel when pulling out fish. It is believed that spinning with rollers rubs the braid less. Of the minuses - sometimes the cord jumps off the rollers and gets stuck, this must be monitored.
Sea rod Mystic Heavy Pilk 59EH (175 cm, 500-1000g)

Marine rod Surf Master Commander with rollers 1.65m (300-700gr)

Pros and cons of spinning with rings:
Silent and light, rarely seen with a large test and a small length. Very often, the inserts in the rings fly out and break during transportation and fishing. You should always carefully place the spinning rod on the deck.
Sea rod Maximus Deep Hunter 210H

Recommendations:
- be sure to disassemble the spinning immediately after each fishing and rinse it in fresh water.
- The tip of the handle must be equipped with an axial rotation locking cross.
- The thicker the handle, the more comfortable.
- It is desirable to have an aluminum ring for attaching the coil.

Marine coil.
The best reel in terms of price-quality-reliability ratio Penn Commander pro 30. For many years the coil did not fail.

Recommendations:
- be sure to lubricate the mechanisms after each fishing season

- Comfortable thick handle
- The more bearings the reel has, the better.
- Mandatory presence of a logger.
- The reel must hold at least 250 meters of braided line with a diameter of 0.4 - 0.8 mm.

Cord
Braided cord should be selected with a diameter of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The breaking load must be at least 30 kg. Fishing line for sea fishing is not suitable, as it stretches during sharp strokes of the rod, and the equipment practically does not move at depth.
Recommendations:
- Take a cord with a color change every 10 meters. You can easily determine the depth and level of winding the bait.
- The most running cord diameter is 0.5 mm. with a breaking load of at least 45kg.
- Use special cord knots

- It is better to buy a winding of 300 meters.
- The cord is a consumable, it makes no sense to buy very expensive ones.

rigging
The equipment consists of a spinner and one or two single hooks.
We use "punds" with a tee in the equipment and no more than two hooks in the suspension.
"Pounds" have a relatively large weight - from 500 gr. up to 1 kg. The most optimal weight is 700 grams. Such a weight is necessary so that the “pound” sinks to the bottom as quickly and smoothly as possible without disturbing other fishermen, very often there are strong undercurrents in the Teriberka area, light tackle will be carried away and you will constantly be confused with partners.
The size of "Punda" is from 15 to 30 cm, this is the approximate size of capelin, herring and juvenile cod. We recommend making "Pounds" from stainless pipes and filling them with lead, it will be much cheaper than store-bought ones.
"Punda" is equipped with a large strong tee no less than No. 12. The larger the hook, the easier it is to pull it out of the fish's mouth. It is possible to plant a red cambric to the tee.
The tackle is equipped with a suspension, one or two single hooks with red cambric no less than No. 10, tied to the main cord on short leashes at a distance of 50-80 cm from each other above the "pound".
The gear should look like this:
Cord, swivel, carabiner, two-hook snap, carabiner, swivel ring, punda, ring, swivel, ring, tee
Recommendations:
- do not buy cheap and Chinese fittings, everything breaks and bends.

How to catch?
Catching takes place on a sheer lure. At the captain's signal, the tackle is lowered to a depth, usually 1 - 2 meters from the bottom. Next, you need to sharply rhythmically pull the spinning rod. The swing amplitude should be 1-2 meters. In the process of flashing, we change the speed, amplitude, try different options. When changing the place of fishing, the captain gives a signal and everyone raises the tackle on board.

What time do we start and end fishing?

Teriberka has long been considered the most profitable place for sea fishing due to its proximity to the open sea. Capelin comes here to spawn, and this is a delicacy for cod. Yes, and the cod itself spawns here. From March to June, huge shoals of fish gather in the Teriberka region and it is easy to catch it at depths of 20 to 120 meters.

07:30 - 08:00 from the port of Teriberka
- Boarding the boat
- Checking documents by border guards
- Departure of the vessel

Transfer to the place of fishing: Dolgaya Bay - 40 min., Cape Teribersky - 1 hour, Opasovo Bay - 1.5 hours, about. Kildin - 3 hours

At the request of guests, for cooking fish soup or other delicacies, you can hide from excitement in the nearest lip. There you can fish in a calm atmosphere and clean up the deck. In the sea, food, as a rule, is not cooked, shakes.

In the event of stormy weather, force majeure, MORF exercisesthe captain makes his own decision to stop fishing and goes to the port.

18:00-20:00 Arrival in Teriberka

Checking the catch by a fish inspector
- Unloading the catch

The ichthyofauna of the Barents Sea is the richest. At least 140 species have been noted here. Most of them are typical marine forms that spend their entire lives in salt waters and breed here. Some species are anadromous (salmon, trout, char, whitefish, etc.). their life cycle takes place in both salt and fresh water. Some species belong to river fish and are found only in desalinated waters near the mouths of rivers (pike, ide. Palim)

All fishes and fish-like fish living in the Barents Sea represent 53 families. The richest species are cod (18 species), eelpouts (13 species). goby (12 species), flounder (9 species), salmon and stingray (7 species each). Most families are represented by 1-2 species.

Many commercial fish make long migrations and in different seasons of the year can be found in different areas, penetrating far to the north and east. First of all, these are the most important fish for trawling, such as cod, haddock, and sea bass. the same places.

In relation to temperature conditions, all Barsnetsvomorsky fish can be assigned to two groups: representatives of the borsal-arctic or warm-water-boreal fauna. Most of the marine fish. having commercial importance, belongs to the boreal low arctic fauna, i.e. organisms widespread in the seas south of the Arctic Circle, but adapted to life in more severe conditions. For such species (ceibdb. capelin, cod), the Barents Sea is the northern or eastern boundary of distribution. The borsal fauna contains about half of all species, but they are usually found only in the western part of the sea, not going far to the east. Typical representatives of another group are polar cod and navaga. Mackerel, blue whiting, whiting, argentina are noted among the warm-water guests in the Barents Sea. brama.

Compared to the Barents Sea, the species composition of the ichthyofauna of the White Sea is much poorer. According to some researchers, 51 species are registered. according to others - 68. Of these, 12 are semi-passable. The impoverishment of the ichthyofauna of the White Sea is primarily due to the peculiarity of the living conditions of animals; it is not for nothing that it is called a sea of contrasts. By its nature, it is a harsh and cold sea. But in summer it becomes warm water. Boreal inhabitants are forced to adapt to existence in various temperature conditions, as well as conditions of long-term (up to 6 months) starvation, of course, sacrificing a lot. As a result, they differ in slower growth, smaller size and fertility, as well as a shorter life span from similar species inhabiting the Barents Sea, where seasonal changes in conditions occur gradually, without a sharp transition from winter to summer. This is clearly seen in the example of the White Sea cod, which is an ancient native of the Atlantic Ocean. In the course of thousands of years of adaptation to difficult living conditions, it has acquired a number of characteristic features that sharply distinguish it from the Atlantic cod. The Belomorskaya is inferior to it in terms of life expectancy by 2 times, by body length by 3, and by weight by dozens of times. The average body growth per year for Atlantic cod is 16 times greater. She can breed for 16 years, and the White Sea - only 8 years. The fecundity of the latter is also much lower, so for the whole life it lays eggs almost 15 times less.

The Arctic inhabitants of the White Sea are in incomparably better conditions. Low water temperature does not affect their vital activity. All of them breed in winter, and after that they begin to feed themselves.

The main commercial fish of the White Sea are herring, navaga, smelt, cod, flounder and whitefish. A special place is occupied by salmon. Until the mid-60s, it was caught 3-4 times more than on the Murmansk coast, and the total catch was one third of the world catch of this type of salmon. Now catches have dropped sharply. Human activity has significantly changed the ichthyofauna, unfortunately, not for the better. The introduction of new fishing gear, the improvement of vehicles has led to the undermining of previously numerous populations, such as Atlantic herring. Pollution of water bodies, regulation of river flows. the creation of artificial reservoirs, the construction of dams, the rafting of timber seriously affect fish stocks. Various measures for acclimatization - breeding of new species can have negative consequences. This can lead and has already led to the undermining of local populations, the disappearance of the most adapted to certain conditions of fish species.

Sharks. A rather primitive group of animals that has a number of specific differences from bony fish. So, for example, sharks do not have real bones, their skeleton is cartilaginous. The upper part of the caudal fin is larger than the lower. The skin is covered with a special - placoid - scales. The jaws of sharks are well armed with sharp teeth arranged in several rows.

Several types of sharks live in Arctic waters. Of these, the giant shark stands out for its size, reaching 11-13 m. The herring shark is much smaller, as well as the widespread spiny katran shark, reaching a length of only 1 m. The last species began to hunt in our century because of the fish oil that is mined from the liver, and also began to be used for processing into fishmeal. Earlier, back in the last century, the basis of shark fishing was the polar shark, whose length exceeds 6 m and weighs about 1000 kg. Currently, this fishery has almost completely stopped.

Cartilaginous fish include rays, very peculiar marine animals. These are typically benthic organisms, which is clearly evidenced by their appearance: the body of the stingray is flat, as if flattened. In our region, there are stellate, arctic, smooth, shagreen and spiny rays.

The Herring family includes the most widespread commercial species, such as the Atlantic and Atlantic-Scandinavian herring. The biology of herring is very interesting. Upon reaching puberty (by 5-6 years), such fish form spawning herds. Depending on the time of spawning, eggs are deposited in a continuous layer on the bottom either near the coast or on ocean banks. The main spawning grounds for Murmansk herds are the coasts of Norway. Herring no longer returns to the Barents Sea. Hatched larvae during the first year of life form large clusters. The size of the larva is 0.5 cm, the size of an adult animal reaches 40 cm and the weight is 600 g. Usually, the herring is much smaller. In summer and autumn, the approach of herring to the northern shores of the Kola Peninsula is noted. In rich harvest years, the Atlantic herring enters the White Sea.

A variety of the Atlantic herring is the small White Sea herring, which in some years plays an important role in the fishery. Herring also includes sprat, etc.

Sigo family. One of the hard to define groups. It is believed that 6 species inhabit Northern Europe, which are divided into more than 50 subspecies and forms. Whitefish are related to another family - salmon fish. Common to both families is the presence of an adipose fin in both. But there are also differences: whitefish have larger scales, a smaller mouth. absence of teeth on the jaws and a deep notch on the caudal fin. The color of whitefish is silver-gray. They are widely distributed in both rivers and lakes.

In the Murmansk region, whitefish is the most important commercial fish. Forms a large number of groups - each large lake has more than one herd, which differ in appearance, lifestyle, behavior. Some herds migrate. Whitefish feed on various small crustaceans. Spawning usually occurs in autumn, but timing may vary between groups. Caviar is deposited on pebbly shallows. Its further development before hatching takes 2 months.

The same family includes vendace, peled.

Salmon family. Members of this family are quite large. The body (except for the head) is completely covered with scales. All have an adipose fin that sits between the dorsal and caudal fins. The origin of this family is associated only with the northern hemisphere; they got into more southern water bodies due to acclimatization. Many species make forage migrations to the sea and thrive in cold waters. Because of the ability to live both in sea (salty) and fresh water and migration from rivers to lakes and seas, these fish are called anadromous. The most important type of anadromous - salmon.

Atlantic (noble) salmon. In the North of Russia, Atlantic salmon is called salmon. This is a large fish, reaching a length of 1.5 m. Individual specimens can weigh up to 30-40 kg. The salmon body is elongated, moderately laterally compressed, with a relatively thin caudal peduncle. Caudal fin in adult fish with a shallow notch. The coloration of Atlantic salmon changes at different stages of the life cycle. Juveniles have from 8 to 11 wide dark transverse stripes on the sides, between which small red spots are visible, hence the name parr. By the end of the river period of life, the juveniles change their coloration: the transverse striping disappears, and the body color from yellowish-greenish or olive becomes silvery. In salmon living in the sea, the body is silver-white below, the back is brown-green. On the surface of the body, especially above the lateral line, small X-shaped dark spots are scattered. With the approach of spawning, sexually mature fish begin to acquire mating attire (loose). They lose their silver color and become bronze or brown. Red and orange spots appear on the head and sides. Not only the appearance changes, but also the skeleton. In males, the front teeth increase, the snout and lower jaw lengthen and curve in a hook-like manner (sometimes similar changes are observed in older females). During this period, the fish stop eating.

Being a typical migratory fish, the Atlantic salmon spends part of its life in the sea, part in the river. On the Kola Peninsula in Lake Imandra salmon lives, the entire life cycle of which takes place in fresh water. Salmon from the rivers of the Barents and White Seas feed on the Norwegian Sea, where they keep close to the shore - at depths of no more than 120 m. They feed on capelin, gerbil, herring, smelt and other fish, as well as some crustaceans. Having lived in the sea from 1 to 3-4 years. adult individuals migrate (up to 1.5 thousand km long) to the rivers where they hatched. Here the salmon grown in the sea breeds.

Salmon spawning occurs in October - November, when the water temperature in the rivers drops to 9-7 ° C. For this, areas are selected with a current speed of 0.5 to 1.5 m / dc and depths of 0.2 to 1.5-2 m. and tail, it digs a depression 2-3 m long in the sandy-pebble soil, where it lays eggs, which are immediately inseminated by males. Then, with the help of her tail, she fills the eggs with gravel and pebbles, thus arranging a nest. Spawning of each female can last up to two weeks. During this time, she arranges several nests.

Most adult Atlantic salmon die after the first spawning. Part of the spawning spawners survive and come to spawn again. Separate individuals can survive even after the second spawning and come to the river for the third, and in exceptional cases - for the fourth time. The surviving spawned individuals (roller) sometimes roll into the sea soon after breeding, but more often remain in the river for the winter and leave in the spring after the ice breaks. At the same time, they begin to actively feed. An interesting biological feature of salmon is the presence of dwarf males in its population. Unlike ordinary anadromous fish, they never leave the rivers and become sexually mature already in the second year of life with a length of only about 10 cm. In appearance, dwarf males do not differ much from juveniles (parr), however, they participate in spawning along with ordinary males.

Embryos hatch in April-May. In the rivers, juveniles spend from 1 to 5 years, most often 2-4 years. It grows slowly during this period: before migrating to the sea, the average length of juveniles is 10-15 cm, and body weight does not exceed 20 g.

Despite the high fecundity of salmon (one female lays from 3 to 10 thousand eggs), the commercial return from the eggs spawned by the female is very low - only 0.04-0.12%, and 87-90% of the fry that left the nests die on the first the same year of life in the river, and less than 1% survive to go to sea.

Commercial salmon fishing was carried out in 18 rivers of the Kola Peninsula. However, due to irrational fishing, the number of many populations has significantly decreased, and fishing had to be stopped. So. As a result of hydroconstruction, the populations of the Teriberka and Voronya rivers have been lost. In the future, the loss of populations of Drozdovka is possible. Ivanovka and Iokangi. At present, only in some rivers of the peninsula salmon populations of commercial importance have been preserved (the rivers Var-zuga, Umba). The largest in the Barents Sea basin is the Pechora population, the average annual number of which in different periods ranged from 80 to 160 thousand. In the last decade, annual catches have decreased by 2 times. There are many reasons. Continuing mole rafting of timber on salmon rivers, the construction of various kinds of hydroelectric power stations. irrational fishing, poaching, pollution of water bodies with industrial waste - all together leads to a decrease in the stocks of this most valuable fish in our region.

Pink salmon. Work on acclimatization in the waters of the Barents and White Seas of Pacific salmon - pink salmon was started in 1956. Caviar from the Far East was delivered by aircraft to fish hatcheries in our region, where it was additionally incubated. For a number of years, the plants of the Northern Basin produced from 6 to 36 million juveniles. In addition, for several years at the Taibol plant, additional juveniles were obtained from caviar collected from local producers. In some years, pink salmon entered the rivers of the European North in large quantities. Such mass entries on the Kola Peninsula were noted in 1960. 1965. 1971. 1973. 1975 and 1977. After the importation of caviar was stopped in 1978, the number of pink salmon began to decline. In recent years, single specimens have entered the rivers of the Barents Sea basin.

Spawning of pink salmon in the rivers of the Murmansk region occurs in August - October when the water temperature in the river drops to 5 ° C and below. In sexually mature individuals, the nuptial attire begins to appear even in the sea, but it acquires its final form already at spawning grounds. The spawning of pink salmon is similar to the spawning of other salmon. The average fecundity of a female is 1.5 thousand eggs. After spawning, the producers die. The juveniles leave their nests the following year when the water temperature in the river is above 5°C and migrate to the sea almost immediately. In a year. having become sexually mature, pink salmon returns to the river to procreate. The entry of fish begins in May, reaches a maximum in July - August and continues until October.

Long-term work on acclimatization in the Barents and White Seas and fbushes did not give encouraging results. However, this type of salmon can be fully used as an object of mariculture. In this regard, in recent years, the development of methods for pasture rearing of pink salmon has begun on the White Sea. For these purposes, in 1984-^-1985. The import of pink salmon caviar from the Magadan region to the Onega fish hatchery was resumed, which was reconstructed specifically for the incubation of caviar of this species.

In recent years, a new species has been used for acclimatization - steelhead salmon, one of whose varieties is rainbow trout. This species was originally distributed in the rivers of the West Coast of North America, but then it began to be actively settled on other continents. Representatives of this species grow well, are more resistant to high temperatures, tolerate slight pollution of water bodies, so it is used for breeding in water bodies where heated water is discharged from nuclear power plants. For example, at the Kola nuclear power plant, such experiments had some success.

However, the release of new species into local water bodies is highly undesirable, since they can displace such valuable local species as, for example, brown trout. It lives in lakes, its weight can reach up to 4 kg. For spawning, it rises into rivers and streams with a fast current. The biology of brown trout is similar to that of its close relative, salmon. Brown trout has 2 main forms - passage and residential. It is extremely sensitive to water quality, does not tolerate water pollution at all.

In the rapids of most rivers of the Murmansk region, brook trout lives, smaller than brown trout, although both belong to the same species. The difference in size is due to their habitat and. hence the difference in nutrition and growth rates. Trout and brown trout differ in color only in adulthood, while juveniles are very similar.

Arctic char, or palia, a fish with very small scales, reaching large (up to 10 kg or more) sizes, should also be attributed to this species. Lake char is much smaller. Char is a valuable object of fishing, like other salmon. It is highly sensitive to water quality, temperature, chemical pollution, and acclimatizing species. In this regard, special methods of protecting char are needed to prevent its loss from the ichthyofauna of our water bodies.

The grayling (Kharpus family) is also sensitive to unfavorable factors. This species is widespread in the water bodies of the Murmansk region. The grayling is small in size, usually does not exceed 40 cm (rarely - up to 50 cm), weight - within 1-1.5 kg. This is a typical river fish that prefers clean clear water rich in oxygen. Grayling also lives in lakes. It feeds on insect larvae (caddis flies, mayflies), as well as mollusks, small crustaceans and adult insects that have fallen into the water, especially during the mass summer of mayflies and caddisflies.

Smelt family. Small relatives of noble salmon and brown trout. Very widespread. Many of them are typically marine species, some go to fresh water for spawning, and a small part lives there permanently. Representatives of this family have dorsal and adipose fins, scales easily falling off. Freshwater smelt rarely exceeds 20 cm. The mouth is large, large teeth are located on the jaws. Freshly caught smelt smells like fresh cucumber. Spawning takes place in early spring, still under the ice. In addition to the fact that smelt is of commercial importance, it is also of great importance as an object of mass food for other fish species. Very sensitive to water pollution.

Capelin. This is a medium-sized schooling pelagic fish with a body length of up to 20-22 cm. It is found in the Arctic waters of the North Atlantic, including throughout the entire Barents Sea. Sometimes, during the years of large numbers, it also enters the White Sea. During the year, it makes regular migrations (foraging, wintering, spawning). Depending on the season, fish are concentrated in different parts of the sea area. In summer, during the feeding period, flocks of large sexually mature capelin live in the northeastern regions of the sea; smaller immature (at the age of 1-2 years) accumulates in the central regions. In September-October, with the seasonal cooling of the Barents Sea waters, the wintering migration of sexually mature capelin begins: from the feeding areas, the fish moves to the south and south-west. In the initial period of wintering in the central regions of the Barents Sea, accumulations of individuals of various age groups are observed - here there is a mixing of sexually mature and immature fish. Later, separation occurs: large individuals (14-20 cm long) migrate to the southern regions for spawning, and immature capelin remains in wintering areas (north of 74 ° 30 "N. Lat.).

The main spawning of the Barents Sea capelin occurs most often from February to May in the regions of Finmarken and on the Murmansk coast at depths from 12 to 280 m. Females spawn slightly sticky eggs right on the bottom - on sand or fine gravel. In the period from April to June, there is a mass hatching of larvae, which are carried from the spawning areas by the Murmansk and Novaya Zemlya currents in the east and northeast directions. In late August - early September, juvenile capelin (its length at this time is 3-4 cm) spreads in the central part of the Barents Sea (up to 76-77 ° N). and to the east it reaches the shores of Novaya Zemlya. In October-November, capelin underyearlings, mixing with sexually mature fish that came from the north from feeding places, create wintering aggregations.

Capelin is characterized by a rapid growth rate in the initial period of life. By the end of the first year, the average length of the fish is 10-12 cm. The maximum length (20-22 cm) of the Barents Sea capelin reaches the age of 4 years. The age limit for males is 7 years, for females - 6. Capelin is a typical plankton feeder.

Its main food is mass species of meso- and macroplankton (calanuses, euphausiids, hyperiids, chstognats). In general, capelin feeds on any available food. Following food, it makes vertical migrations, the daily rhythm of which is most pronounced in March - April: at sunrise, capelin descends into the bottom layers of the sea, and at sunset rises to the upper horizons. In summer, under polar day conditions, although vertical migrations are observed, they do not have a clear diurnal rhythm.

In recent years, capelin stocks have been severely undermined, mainly due to the irrational method of fishing - deep-sea trawls. Therefore, it was decided to stop fishing for several years to restore capelin stocks.

Cod family. Exclusively marine fish (except for one species). They have 2-3 dorsal fins and 1-2 anal fins, there is a mustache on the chin, and small scales. A distinctive feature of these fish is the absence of spines on all fins. About 30 species live in European waters, the most important of which is cod, which is very widespread. Stays in packs. It feeds on various crustaceans, worms, fish, especially small species such as gerbil and capelin. Adult fish migrate as different races of cod spawn at different depths and in different areas.

Cod has long been the most important commercial species. If earlier there were rather large specimens - up to 90 kg, then in recent years cod is much smaller - an average of about 10 kg or less. The biology of cod is well understood, but there are still many problems. The most important of them is the determination of the size of the fish catch, the correct conduct of fishing, since the number of cod in the Barents Sea basin turned out to be severely undermined.

Other commercial marine fish include sea bass, haddock, halibut and catfish. Among the representatives of freshwater fauna, in addition to the species already mentioned, pike and river perch should be noted, which are found in many reservoirs and are well known to amateur fishermen.

Concluding a brief review of the class of fish, we note that the ichthyofauna of the Murmansk region is rich and diverse. Since ancient times, fish have been fished in the seas, lakes and rivers in the Kola North. The most important commercial species were and still are cod, halibut, and salmon. Excessive fishing, irrational fishing methods, severe environmental pollution have drastically reduced fish stocks. It is no coincidence that in recent years the fishing fleet has been fishing far beyond our territorial waters. At the end of the 1980s, the question arose of introducing a ban on fishing in the Barents Sea. Several fish hatcheries were built, 3 fishery reserves were organized on the rivers Note, Ponoye and Varzuga, and the fight against poaching and pollution of water bodies is being carried out. However, this is clearly not enough and more decisive measures are required to prevent the impoverishment of the composition of the ichthyofauna and the number of populations of especially valuable species.

BARENTS SEA

The sea is within the continental shelf, and therefore relatively shallow. The average depth is 229 m, the maximum is 600 m. Depths over 400 m make up only 3% of the area, and shallow water with depths up to 200 m - 48%. The bottom has a very complex relief: hills and banks alternate with underwater valleys and depressions. The Barents Sea shelf is the widest in the world. It stretches from south to north for 700 miles.

The system of permanent currents in the Barents Sea is formed under the influence of many factors. The main ones are the constant inflow of warm Atlantic waters, water exchange with neighboring seas and the complex bottom topography.

The heat content of the water masses of the Barents Sea is determined mainly by the inflow of warm Atlantic waters, solar heating and heat loss in the autumn-winter period. It changes from year to year. This is due to pulsations of the North Cape current and the degree of summer heating. With the weakening of these processes, the pressure of water masses from the north increases, which adversely affects the distribution and concentration of bottom fish in shallow waters of the southern part of the Barents Sea.

Having many features of the Arctic seas, the Barents Sea is closely connected with the North Atlantic Ocean. The so-called Icelandic low and the Arctic region of high atmospheric pressure interact here. The North Atlantic Current and its branches have a significant impact on the climate. This geographical position determined the complexity of the climate and hydrological regime of the Barents Sea.

The climate of the sea, in comparison with other seas of the Arctic, is characterized by mild winters, a large amount of precipitation and relatively high air temperatures in summer. In the coldest month of the year - February - the air temperature averages -25° in the north of the sea and -5° in the southwest. In August, the warmest month, the average air temperature is 0° in the north and +10° in the southwest.

In winter, northern winds with a force of 10–11 m/s prevail, in summer the direction of the winds is not constant, and their strength is about 2 times lower. In the Barents Sea, there are frequent fogs, snow loads (even in June) and increased cloudiness.

Coastal waters are rich in various living organisms that serve as food for fish. Thickets of green, red and especially brown algae are significant, among which ascophyllum, a number of species of fucus and kelp stand out.

The ichthyofauna of the Barents Sea includes 114 species of fish: marine, anadromous and found only in desalinated river spaces. They are subdivided into arctic, warm-water-arctic and warm-water. The arctic include - navaga, polar cod, blue and spotted catfish, black halibut; to warm-water-Arctic - cod, haddock, striped catfish, halibut, flounder, ruff, capelin; to warm-water - blue whiting, herring, pollock, sea flounder, ruff, etc.

In terms of the number of species, the families of cod (19), flounder (9), salmon (7) and goby (12) are the richest.

The Barents Sea is characterized by high and low tides, the height of which is 4 m. Thanks to them, there are strong currents in narrow bays - bays. At high tide, whole flocks of fish - cod, saithe, flounder, haddock and others - rush to the shore in search of food. This is the most favorable time for fishing with sports and amateur gear. Fishing at depths is not very accessible due to harsh conditions.

About some fish

Cod. Among the bottom fish of the Barents Sea, cod is the most important species. Breeds off the northwestern coast of Norway, fattening in a wide area of the southern part of the Barents Sea and the Medvezhinsky-Spitsbergen region.

The body of cod, like other cod species, is more or less elongated, covered with small cycloid scales. Fins without spines, with segmented rays. Lateral line white. The upper jaw strongly protrudes forward. The barbel on the chin is well developed. The color varies greatly from dark, ash gray to greenish gray and red with spots of dark, gray-brown, yellow and other colors.

The approach of cod to spawning grounds usually begins in the second half of February and ends in early May. The largest and oldest cod are the first to appear on the spawning grounds. Caviar is floating.

In the first years of life, cod makes only seasonal movements in feeding areas - coastal shallow waters. At the age of 3–4 years, cod gathers in large shoals, and at the age of 4–5 years it already moves over considerable distances.

In feeding areas and during migrations, cod stays not only at the bottom, but also in the water column.

In summer, cod lives on the banks, adhering to the 200-meter isobath. In winter, it usually rolls to great depths.

In spring, large numbers of cod enter the southern part of the Barents Sea from the west and move east as the water warms up. Here, on the banks, she feeds intensively during the summer and, with the onset of winter cooling, begins her return migrations to the west, to spawning grounds off the coast of Norway. Schools of immature cod remain for the winter in the Barents Sea. The paths of feeding migrations coincide mainly with the direction of the currents. In spring and autumn, cod makes daily vertical migrations.

Cod grows quickly. The age limit for cod should be 22 years. Individual cod specimens may live longer. So, in July 1945, cod was caught in the Barents Sea at the age of 24 years, 169 cm long, weighing 40 kg.

The basis of food is capelin, polar cod, own juveniles and juveniles of other fish, flounder-ruff, lumpenus, gerbil and other fish. An important role in nutrition is played by kapshak and shrimp.

Salmon. It breeds in the rivers of the Kola Peninsula, Karelia and the coast of the Arkhangelsk Region, washed by the White and Barents Seas. The female salmon digs nests in the pebble soil of the river, lays eggs there, which is immediately fertilized by males, and fills the nest with pebbles. After spawning, some of the spawned fish die, some overwinter in the river, and after the ice breaks up and is removed from the river, it rolls into the sea. Some individuals after feeding in the Barents, Norwegian and White Seas return to their native rivers for repeated spawning.

After hatching from eggs and leaving pebble nests, salmon fry grow and develop in the river for up to three or four years, after which they slide into the sea and go to feeding grounds located in the Barents and Norwegian Seas.

Salmon feeding in the sea lasts from one to three or even more years. The size and weight of the fish going to the rivers depends on the feeding time. After a year of fattening in the sea, salmon (called tinda) weighs 2–2.5 kg, after two years - 3–3.6 kg. Fish that have been fattening in the sea for more than three years reach a weight of 9–12 kg, and some specimens even reach 40 kg. But such giants are rare.

Sport fishing for salmon is allowed only on a few rivers flowing into the Barents and White Seas. Among them on the Kola Peninsula are the rivers Titovka, Belousikha, Voronya, Kuzreka and Kanda. Salmon fishing is carried out under licenses purchased for a fee in the Murmansk Regional Society of Hunters and Fishers and in the Murman Fish Farm.

Brown trout. The closest relative of salmon, no less interesting object of sport fishing. Its numbers have declined markedly in recent years. The trout has a residential lake form and anadromous. At a certain age, the latter slides into the sea and feeds there, like salmon, but unlike salmon, it does not go far, it stays close to its native river. The living lake trout reaches a weight of 2 kg or more, while the anadromous trout also gains more weight.

There is no specialized sea fishing for brown trout, but it can be caught in the mouths of those rivers that are allocated for salmon sport fishing under a license issued for salmon fishing.

Char. In addition to salmon and brown trout, the object of sport fishing in the Barents Sea basin can be anadromous char, the most cold-loving form of salmon fish. The char breeds in the rivers of the Kola Peninsula, the north of the Arkhangelsk region, Novaya Zemlya, flowing into the Barents and Kara Seas, and feeds in the sea before coming to the rivers to spawn. The char reaches a weight of 2–3 kg. It is caught in the same way as salmon and trout in the estuarine sections of rivers when moving from the sea to rivers for feeding.

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The Barents Sea is located on the continental shelf. The southwestern part of the sea does not freeze in winter due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current. The southeastern part of the sea is called the Pechora Sea. The Barents Sea is of great importance for transport and for fishing - large ports are located here - Murmansk and Vardø (Norway). Before World War II, Finland also had access to the Barents Sea: Petsamo was its only ice-free port. A serious problem is the radioactive contamination of the sea due to the activities of the Soviet / Russian nuclear fleet and Norwegian radioactive waste processing plants. Recently, the sea shelf of the Barents Sea in the direction of Svalbard has become the object of territorial disputes between the Russian Federation and Norway (as well as other states).

The Barents Sea is rich in various fish species, plant and animal plankton and benthos. Seaweeds are common off the south coast. Of the 114 species of fish living in the Barents Sea, 20 species are the most important for commercial purposes: cod, haddock, herring, sea bass, catfish, flounder, halibut, etc. Mammals are found: polar bear, seal, harp seal, beluga whale, etc. The seal is being hunted. Bird colonies abound on the coasts (guillemots, guillemots, kittiwakes). In the 20th century, the king crab was introduced, which was able to adapt to new conditions and begin to multiply intensively.

Finno-Ugric tribes - the Sami (Lapps) - have lived off the coast of the Berents Sea since ancient times. The first visits of non-autochthonous Europeans (Vikings, then Novgorodians) began, probably, from the end of the 11th century, and then intensified. The Barents Sea was named in 1853 in honor of the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. The scientific study of the sea was started by the expedition of F. P. Litke 1821-1824, and the first complete and reliable hydrological description of the sea was compiled by N. M. Knipovich at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Barents Sea is the marginal water area of the Arctic Ocean on the border with the Atlantic Ocean, between the northern coast of Europe in the south and the islands of Vaigach, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land in the east, Svalbard and Bear Island in the west.

In the West it borders on the Norwegian Sea basin, in the south - on the White Sea, in the east - on the Kara Sea, in the north - on the Arctic Ocean. The area of the Barents Sea, located to the east of Kolguev Island, is called the Pechora Sea.

The shores of the Barents Sea are predominantly fjord-like, high, rocky, and heavily indented. The largest bays are: Porsanger Fjord, Varangian Bay (also known as Varanger Fjord), Motovsky Bay, Kola Bay, etc. East of the Kanin Nos Peninsula, the coastal relief changes dramatically - the coasts are mostly low and slightly indented. There are 3 large shallow bays here: (Cheshskaya Bay, Pechora Bay, Khaipudyrskaya Bay), as well as several small bays.

The largest rivers flowing into the Barents Sea are Pechora and Indiga.

The surface currents of the sea form a counterclockwise circulation. Along the southern and eastern periphery, the Atlantic waters of the warm North Cape current (a branch of the Gulf Stream system) move east and north, the influence of which can be traced to the northern shores of Novaya Zemlya. The northern and western parts of the circulation are formed by local and Arctic waters coming from the Kara Sea and the Arctic Ocean. In the central part of the sea there is a system of intracircular currents. The circulation of sea waters changes under the influence of changes in winds and water exchange with adjacent seas. Of great importance, especially near the coast, are tidal currents. The tides are semi-diurnal, their greatest value is 6.1 m near the coast of the Kola Peninsula, in other places 0.6-4.7 m.

Water exchange with neighboring seas is of great importance in the water balance of the Barents Sea. During the year, about 76,000 km³ of water enters the sea through the straits (and the same amount leaves it), which is approximately 1/4 of the total volume of sea water. The largest amount of water (59,000 km³ per year) is carried by the warm North Cape current, which has an exceptionally great influence on the hydrometeorological regime of the sea. The total river flow to the sea is on average 200 km³ per year.

The salinity of the surface layer of water in the open sea during the year is 34.7-35.0 ppm in the southwest, 33.0-34.0 in the east, and 32.0-33.0 in the north. In the coastal strip of the sea in spring and summer, salinity drops to 30-32, by the end of winter it rises to 34.0-34.5.

The Barents Sea occupies the Barents Sea Plate of the Proterozoic-Early Cambrian age; anteclise bottom elevations, depressions - syneclises. Of the shallower landforms, there are remnants of ancient coastlines, at depths of about 200 and 70 m, glacial-denudation and glacial-accumulative forms, and sand ridges formed by strong tidal currents.

The Barents Sea is located within the continental shallows, but, unlike other similar seas, most of it has a depth of 300-400 m, an average depth of 229 m and a maximum depth of 600 m. depth 63 m)], depressions (Central, maximum depth 386 m) and trenches (Western (maximum depth 600 m) Franz Victoria (430 m) and others). The southern part of the bottom has a depth of mostly less than 200 m and is distinguished by a leveled relief.

From the cover of bottom sediments in the southern part of the Barents Sea, sand prevails, in some places - pebbles and crushed stone. On the heights of the central and northern parts of the sea - silty sand, sandy silt, in depressions - silt. An admixture of coarse clastic material is noticeable everywhere, which is associated with ice rafting and the wide distribution of relict glacial deposits. The thickness of the sediments in the northern and middle parts is less than 0.5 m, as a result of which ancient glacial deposits are practically on the surface on some hills. The slow rate of sedimentation (less than 30 mm in 1 thousand years) is explained by the insignificant influx of terrigenous material - due to the features of the coastal relief, not a single large river flows into the Barents Sea (except for the Pechora, which leaves almost all of its alluvium within the Pechora Estuary), and the coasts of the land are composed mainly of strong crystalline rocks.

The climate of the Barents Sea is influenced by the warm Atlantic Ocean and the cold Arctic Ocean. Frequent intrusions of warm Atlantic cyclones and cold Arctic air determine the great variability of weather conditions. In winter, southwest winds prevail over the sea, in spring and summer - northeast winds. Frequent storms. The average air temperature in February varies from -25 °C in the north to -4 °C in the southwest. The average temperature in August is 0 °C, 1 °C in the north, 10 °C in the southwest. Cloudy weather prevails over the sea during the year. Annual rainfall varies from 250 mm in the north to 500 mm in the southwest.

Severe climatic conditions in the north and east of the Barents Sea determine its large ice cover. In all seasons of the year, only the southwestern part of the sea remains free of ice. The ice cover reaches its greatest distribution in April, when about 75% of the sea surface is occupied by floating ice. In extremely unfavorable years at the end of winter, floating ice comes directly to the shores of the Kola Peninsula. The least amount of ice occurs at the end of August. At this time, the ice boundary moves beyond 78°N. sh. In the northwest and northeast of the sea, ice usually stays all year round, but in some favorable years the sea is completely free of ice.

The inflow of warm Atlantic waters determines the relatively high temperature and salinity in the southwestern part of the sea. Here, in February - March, the water temperature on the surface is 3 °C, 5 °C, in August it rises to 7 °C, 9 °C. North of 74° N. sh. and in the southeastern part of the sea in winter the surface water temperature is below -1 °C, and in summer in the north 4 °C, 0 °C, in the southeast 4 °C, 7 °C. In summer, in the coastal zone, the surface layer of warm water 5-8 meters thick can warm up to 11-12 °C.

The sea is rich in various species of fish, plant and animal plankton and benthos, so the Barents Sea is of great economic importance as an area of intensive fishing. In addition, the sea route is very important, connecting the European part of Russia (especially the European North) with the ports of Western (from the 16th century) and Eastern countries (from the 19th century), as well as Siberia (from the 15th century). The main and largest port is the non-freezing port of Murmansk, the capital of the Murmansk region. Other ports in the Russian Federation - Teriberka, Indiga, Naryan-Mar (Russia); Vardø, Vadso and Kirkenes (Norway).

The Barents Sea is the region where not only the merchant fleet, but also the Russian Navy, including nuclear submarines, is deployed.

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Barents Sea

The water area of the Barents Sea is 1400 thousand km2, the volume of water is 332 thousand km3. Its maximum depth is 600 m, the average depth is about 200 m. For the most part, the Barents Sea is located on a plateau with depths of less than 200 m, and depths of more than 500 m are only in a trench protruding from the west. In the eastern shallow water there are several bottom uplifts - “cans”. From the west, waters of the warm Atlantic current penetrate into the sea with a water temperature of 4-12 ° C, salinity of 34.8-35.2 ppm, so the southwestern part of the sea does not freeze in winter. The waters of the western part of the sea are warmed to the bottom, however, in the middle and eastern parts of the sea, 7/8 of the water column is with negative temperatures. In one day, about 150 km3 of warm Atlantic water penetrates into the Barents Sea between Cape North Cape and Bear Island, of which 2/3 then turn first to the north and then back to the west. Only an insignificant part of them enters the Kara Sea through the Kara Gates.

The surface temperature of the water in the Barents Sea in winter (February) is 3-5°, in summer it rises. At the junction of warm and cold water masses, powerful vertical circulation occurs and the so-called “polar fronts” are formed, where, as a result of good aeration of the deep layers and the removal of biogenic elements to the surface, an increased development of plankton and benthos occurs, and nekton hydrobionts accumulate - objects of fishing. In the Barents Sea, the species composition of fish (ichthyofauna) includes 150 species from 41 families. Three ecological groups of species can be distinguished here: 1) boreal (temperate warm water), 2) moderate cold water, and 3) arctic.

There are about 17 commercial fish species, most of them are boreal, for example, Atlantic herring, salmon, cod, haddock, saithe, sea bass, halibut. It is these species that account for up to 80% of the total fish catch in the Barents Sea. They breed, as a rule, off the coast of Norway, and their juveniles feed directly in the Barents Sea. Arctic fish (polar shark, small-vertebral herring, navaga, black halibut, polar flounder, smelt) are distributed mainly in the eastern, colder part of the Barents Sea and in the White Sea. Their commercial value is relatively small.

Moderately cold-water fish, such as capelin, stingrays, catfish, etc., have slightly more weight than Arctic fish in local fisheries. However, only six species play the main role in the fishery, which account for 95% of the total catch in the reservoir: cod, haddock, polar cod, sea bass, herring and capelin.

The average fish productivity in the Barents Sea is about 4.5 kg/ha (about four times higher than in the White Sea). At the end of the 70s of this century, the catches in the Barents Sea were maximum and reached almost 0.9 million tons, but later they were significantly reduced as a result of excessive “pressure” of fishing and low yields of generations of such fish as capelin, herring, cod, haddock, sea bass, etc. The ratio of species in catches also changed: for example, if before 1976 the basis of the catch of the USSR was cod and sea bass valuable in nutrition, then after 1977 capelin became the basis of catches (70-90% of catches ). Later, capelin stocks also dropped sharply, which caused an indirect “hit” to cod, since capelin is the main food for cod. In addition, during capelin fishing with small-mesh fishing gear, juveniles of other valuable fish species were caught in large numbers. As a result of all this, the Barents Sea has lost its former great economic importance for us, but after the restoration of stocks of valuable species, this value, presumably, will be restored.