Can a complex sentence be complicated? Complicated proposal. Types of complications. What have we learned

Complicated is a simple sentence that contains an additional message in relation to the main message, designed in a non-expanded form, that is, not containing a grammatical basis: Imagination,born of life, in turn, sometimes receives power over life(Paust.). In terms of meaning, complicated simple sentences are similar to complex ones: an additional message can be converted into an independent one that has a grammatical basis: Imagination,which is born of lifein turn, it sometimes gains power over life.

An additional message can be represented as a turnover - a group of words in which there is a main and dependent (dependent) words.

The participial turnover is a participle together with the words dependent on it: Truth expressed in words is a powerful force in the lives of people(L. T.). Participial phrases answer questions of definitions and usually characterize nouns. The allocation of participial turnover in writing with commas depends on its location in the sentence relative to the characterized (defined) word.

A participle turnover is a participle together with words dependent on it: A man, chopping a hut, got angry at his ax(Cr.). Participles are circumstances and denote an additional action in relation to the main action expressed in the predicate. It is important to remember that the action called a gerund in a sentence is attributed to the actor who is designated as the subject. If you do not take this pattern into account, you can make a grammatical error. Yes, proposal Doing my homework, I turn off the radio incorrectly constructed: subject - radio, which means that the action called the adverbial turnover is attributed to him do homework; the meaning is distorted - it's not the radio that does the lessons. Correct option: Doing my homework, I turn off the radio- in this sentence to a noun radio questions of the accusative case already apply, and the subject is the pronoun I, action is attributed to him do homework, i.e. I turn off the radio and do my homework.

The comparative turnover is called so not by the parts of speech included in it, but by its function. With the help of a comparative turnover, the author of the statement compares objects, actions, states: In the forest, as in a good book, there is always an unread page.(L. L.). Comparative turnover can be expressed by a noun with or without dependent words and must be joined with the help of unions as, as if, as if, as if, exactly.

According to their meaning, the excretory-restrictive turns were also named: Now she, in addition to all her troubles, is busy reconciling

Oblonsky(L. T.). You can put questions of additions to them (except for what? - apart from all your troubles) therefore they are also called stand-alone additions. They are easy to recognize by the prepositions that are part of the revolutions: except for, besides, instead of, along with, over, except for.

The structure of a simple sentence can be complicated by both turnovers and single words, for example, a single gerund: Flaming, burning down, candles in rattling lanterns(Paust.).

An application is a secondary member of a sentence that answers the question of a definition, but, unlike it, is always expressed by a noun in the same case as the characterized word. The application can be both widespread (in the form of turnover): But our northern summer, a caricature of southern winters, will flicker and disappear...(P.), and single: A predatory animal lived near a snow-covered hut - ermine(Bian.).

A simple sentence can be complicated by homogeneous and clarifying members of the sentence, as well as words that are not grammatically related to the sentence: introductory constructions and appeals.

Any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary: Poisonous yellow flowers emerge from under the black forest water and immediately bloom over the water.(Prish.) - homogeneous predicates; It smelled of fresh grass, sage, the resinous scent of a nearby pine forest.(B.) - homogeneous additions. As can be seen from the examples, homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by coordinating unions or form union-free series.

Circumstances with the meaning of place and time often act as clarifying members of the sentence: Behind the outskirts, at the windmill, an old man was sitting on a mound(M.-P.); All the days, from dawn to dark, we spent on the banks of countless channels and lakes(Paust.). It must be remembered that a clarifying circumstance is in the event that it refers to another circumstance of similar significance, i.e., the circumstance of place can only be specified by the circumstance of place. This means that the proposal The lecture will take place in the auditorium at 11 a.m. there is no clarifying circumstance: the first - in the Assembly hall- has the meaning of place and cannot be specified by the circumstance of time at 11; this offer is uncomplicated.

Words that are not grammatically related to the sentence cannot be questioned; this distinguishes them from the members of the sentence.

Introductory constructions are used to show the attitude of the speaker to the statement. They can be used to express confidence: Harder than all artistscertainly, word artist(adj.), uncertainty: Still in courtmay be,I'll go on my sister's business(L.T.), give an emotional assessment of the events: Finally,to our indescribable joy,Yermolai is back(L. T.); And now it's notunfortunately(Ch.).

Introductory words indicate the source of the message: After all, there were combat fights, yes,they say,what else!(L.), in the order of thoughts: This morning he had two things to do:First of all,receive and send a deputation of foreigners going to St. Petersburg;Secondlywrite the promised letter to the lawyer(L. T.).

The appeal names the addressee of the speech (a person, animal or object of inanimate nature), to whom the statement is addressed: noble reader,Are all your relatives healthy?(P.); Who,waves,stopped you?(P.)

T114. Which sentence is simple compound?

1) The deadline for filing a tax return is the twenty-fifth of April.
2) The test is scheduled for Monday, and we have already begun to prepare.
3) The applications were signed and handed over to the office yesterday.
4) There are natural phenomena that are still very little studied.

T115. I. A. Krylov, the great Russian fabulist, was a contemporary AS. Pushkin. This simple sentence is complicated:

1) homogeneous subjects
2) a separate common definition
3) a separate common application
4) introductory words

T116. Choose the correct option to continue the sentence: Passing over the bridge

1) My hat fell off.
2) We are having trouble.
3) the path was difficult.
4) the carriage did not catch on the fence.

Complicated simple sentence

Chapter 1.1. General questions of the theory of complicated sentences. 2

§ 1.1.1. The concept of a complicated sentence. The complication is semantic and syntactic. 2

§ 1.1.2. The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence. 3

§ 1.1.3. Types of complications. The complication is constructive and non-constructive. Additional predicativity and intra-row relations. 4

Chapter 1.2. Additional predictability. Its varieties. 5

§ 1.2.1. The concept of additional predicativity. Main Varieties 5

§ 1.2.2. Semi-predicative. 6

§ 1.2.3. Additional verbal predicativity. 7

§ 1.2.4. Additional predicativity and sentence members. 7

Chapter 1.3. Internal relationships. their main manifestations. eight

§ 1.3.1. A series as a syntactic construction. The concept of intra-row relations. eight

§ 1.3.2. Row types. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Series with heterogeneous members. eight

§ 1.3.3. Explanation and its varieties: the actual explanation, inclusion, clarification. nine

§ 1.3.4. Analogues of rows created by derivative prepositions with comparative-distinguishing relations. ten

Chapter 1.4. Allied constructions that complicate a simple sentence. eleven

§ 1.4.1. Constructions with parallel members (three-member union construction) and constructions without parallel members. eleven

§ 1.4.2. A construction with the union "as" in the meaning of "as". 12

§ 1.4.3. Constructions with comparative conjunctions. 12

§ 1.4.4. Construction without parallel members. Secondary Allied Link 13

Chapter 1.5. communication complication. fourteen

§ 1.5.1. insert structures. Their relation to complication.. 14

§ 1.5.2. Appeal. fifteen

Literature. 16

Chapter 1.1. General questions of the theory of complicated sentences

§ 1.1.1. The concept of a complicated sentence. Complication semantic and syntactic

The term "complicated sentence" can be considered traditional. In traditional syntax, various types of complication are usually described, but the general concept of a complicated sentence is not defined. And this is completely natural: a complicated sentence could not be defined in a generalized way, since complication meant very different syntactic phenomena. Complicated sentences included such sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and turns: separate members of the sentence, clarifying members of the sentence, homogeneous members, comparative phrase, introductory words and other introductory components, insertions, appeals and some others. Punctuation played an important role in what was taken into account when classifying a sentence as complicated: if a simple sentence has punctuation marks, then it is complicated.

An important role in the development of the theory of complicated sentences was played by numerous works of prof. A.F. Priyatkina, on which we will rely in explaining this phenomenon. A complete description of the complicated sentence is contained in the textbook by A.F. Priyatkina "Syntax of a Complicated Sentence". - M., 1990.

First of all, it is necessary to determine the relationship of a complicated sentence to syntactic units - to a simple or complex sentence. On the one hand, a complicated sentence can be a very complex formation, saturated constructively and semantically no less complex than a polypredicative formation. For example: He, the commissar, had to become on a par with Sarychev, if not by personal charm, not by past military merits, not by military talent, then by everything else: integrity, firmness, knowledge of the matter, and finally courage in battle(K. Simonov). The sentence is complicated by homogeneous members with the union "if not - so", non-union rows of homogeneous members and two explanations: "he, commissar" and an explanatory construction with a generalizing phrase "everything else". Another example:

On the other hand, despite the constructive and semantic complexity, a complicated sentence is a sentence with one predicative center (in our example, “it should have become flush”), the complication occurs within a simple, monopredicative sentence. Consequently, the question of the relation of this phenomenon to syntactic units is solved unambiguously: this sentence is simple, not complex, there is no grammatical polypredicativity, the main feature that distinguishes a complex sentence from a simple one, in a complicated sentence.

To define a complicated sentence as a special syntactic phenomenon, it is necessary to establish which syntactic aspect the concept of "complication" refers to, which syntactic aspect is meant. There is a semantic complication; semantic polypropositivity: a sentence is semantically complicated if it contains more than one proposition. Let's compare two examples: 1) Her new dress was noticed by everyone. - 2) Her embarrassment was noticed by all. In the first sentence, there is one proposition, enclosed in a predicative construction and a non-verbal distributor: “the dress was noticed by everyone” (“seen” - a predicate, “everyone” - a subject actant, “dress” - an object actant). There are two propositions in the second sentence: in addition to the one that is common with the first sentence (contained in the predicative construction), there is a second one, expressed by the predicate word "embarrassment" and the word form "her" spreading this word: "her embarrassment" - she was embarrassed. Thus, the second sentence is semantically complicated, but there is no formal-syntactic complication here; in the formal-syntactic sense, it is no different from the first sentence. Let's compare with the above proposals one more: Embarrassed, she fell silent. There are two propositions in this sentence (“she fell silent”, “embarrassed” - she was embarrassed), i.e. the sentence is semantically complicated, polypropitive, and in addition, there is a formal syntactic complication here, which manifests itself in the syntactic relation of additional predicativity: the adverbial phrase is in a two-way relationship - it refers not only to the predicate ("silenced" - why? - embarrassed, because was embarrassed; the connection of the participle with the verb-predicate is adjunction), but also to the subject, and this relation is formalized by intonational emphasis. Another example: There were flowers and gifts on the table. There is no semantic complication in this sentence, the sentence contains one proposition contained in the predicative core: the predicate "lay", the subjective actant - "flowers" ("gifts"), the adverbial actant - on the table. In a formally syntactical sense, this sentence should be considered complicated: there are special syntactic relations here - coordinative, expressed by the coordinative union "and". Let's look at another example: I don't think you love her. The sentence has an introductory word, accentuated intonation. Traditionally, sentences with introductory words are considered complicated. Is it true? What is the introductory word used for? It expresses the modus meaning, which refers to the semantic aspect of the utterance, conveying the attitude of the speaker to the content of the utterance (in this case, authorization, the presentation by the speaker of the utterance as “their own”, is combined with persuasiveness, an expression of non-categoricalness). In the grammatical, formal-syntactic aspect, the introductory word "in my opinion" does not play any role.

Thus, the complication of a simple sentence is a syntactic, grammatical phenomenon, and as such it has its own distinctive features.

§ 1.1.2. The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence

A simple sentence can be quite common, but not have signs of complication. For example: Two large lamps under glass shades burned brightly in the office. The predicative core of the sentence is “two light bulbs were on”, all other word forms are verbal distributors (“ brightly burned", " large light bulbs, light bulbs under lampshades», « glass lampshades") and the determinant "in the office", referring to the entire predicative core.

A.F. Priyatkina identifies the following features that distinguish a complicated sentence from an uncomplicated one:

1. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are only such syntactic positions that are expressed word forms: these are the components of the predicative core, the verbal distributors included in the sentence as components of the phrase (in the example given, such word forms are highlighted), as well as the determinants that spread the sentence as a whole and express the connection with the sentence by the word form (in this example, the determinant "in the office").

A complicated sentence has special syntactic positions: the distributor is introduced into the sentence directly, and not through a phrase, or the position is duplicated, that is, the sentence contains two (or more) subjects, additions, etc. For example: In the office, crowded with books, two large bulbs burned brightly. The sentence has a component introduced into it directly, which occupies a special syntactic position of a semi-predicative member. Therefore, this proposal is complicated. Another example: In our city in winter especially in January, very often there is ice. The selected component creates a complicated sentence, since there is a duplication of the syntactic position of the circumstance (“in winter, especially in January”).

2. Uncomplicated and complicated sentences differ in syntactic relations. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are syntactic relations of two types: predicative (the relationship between the subject and the predicate) and subordinate (the relationship of the verbal distributor to the main word, the determinant to the sentence).

In a complicated sentence, syntactic relations of other types are necessarily present: coordinative, semi-predicative, explanatory, etc. In the last two examples, there are such relations: semi-predicative (“closely crowded ...” in relation to the noun) and explanatory (“in winter, especially in January”).

Complicated simple sentence - what is it? An exhaustive answer to the question posed will be given in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about how a simple sentence can be complicated, as well as about which ones work in a particular case.

general information

A complicated simple sentence is a sentence that includes some kind of syntactic construction. Moreover, it should not have a grammatical basis.

It should be noted that among the constructions that complicate a simple application, definitions, additions, circumstances, and so on stand out. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Homogeneous Members

What does a simple compound sentence look like? Examples are provided in this article.

If you need to complicate any sentence, then homogeneous members are ideal for this. As a rule, this term is used in relation to those lexical units that answer the same questions, and are also associated with the same word. It should be noted that such members of the sentence are usually separated by commas (from each other). Let's give a clear example: "He collected information for an article in Moscow, and in Orenburg, and in Ufa."

Definitions

How is the sentence (simple) complicated, which is presented below: "The road, paved with tiles, went into the forest." It is difficult to define. This is a minor member, denoting a sign of an object and answering the following questions: "what?", "what?", "whose?" In this case, this is a separate definition. It should be noted that such expressions can be adjectives or pronouns with and without dependent words, as well as participles or participles and (rarely) numerals.

Let's take an illustrative example:

“By nature timid and modest, he was always annoyed at his own character traits.” This is a separate definition that refers to a pronoun.
“On the silver window from the frost, the flowers faded overnight.” This is a non-delimited definition.

How is such a complicated simple sentence isolated? This can be seen from the examples above. Commas should be used to highlight definitions that come after the defined lexical unit or refer to a personal pronoun.

Applications

A simple complicated sentence (a knowledge test on this topic is very often given after the theoretical part) may include any application, that is, a definition expressed by a noun. As a rule, it gives a completely different name, which characterizes the chosen object in a peculiar way. Here are some illustrative examples:

Punctuation of a simple compound sentence with an appendix:

separate personal pronouns;
applications with the union "as" are separated;
common applications that appear after the word being defined are isolated;
the comma is replaced by a dash if the appendix is at the very end of the sentence.

Add-ons

An addition is a secondary member of a sentence, denoting an object and answering questions of indirect cases. Such turns are isolated if they include the following words: besides, besides, over, including, except for, along with, excluding, instead of etc. For clarity, we give an example:

"She heard nothing but the sound of rain."
“I really liked the article, except for some details.”

Circumstances

A circumstance is a secondary member of the sentence, indicating the time, place, mode of action and reason, as well as answering the questions "when?", "Where?" "why?", "how?" Here's an example:

It should be noted that circumstances are always isolated if they are expressed by a gerund or as well as turns "despite the + noun".

Introductory constructions and appeals

A complicated simple sentence is a sentence in which there is (address) naming the person or object to whom or what they are addressing with a certain speech. Also, introductory constructions can be used instead of appeal. These are words, combinations or whole sentences, with the help of which the speaker expresses his subjective attitude to the content of a particular statement (for example, feelings, uncertainty / confidence, order of thoughts, source of the statement, ways of expressing thoughts, etc.).

It should be noted that references are always separated by commas. As for introductory structures, they can be separated with a dash or brackets. To illustrate, here are a few examples:

"Once - I don't remember why - there was no concert."
"The winter seems to be cold."
"The essence of American films (if you've seen them) is somewhat monotonous."
"Oh Mary, how beautiful you are."

Specifying members of a sentence

Clarifying members of a sentence are those that explain others. It should be noted that most often clarifying are the circumstances of time and place. In addition, definitions sometimes act as such members of a sentence.

Here are some examples:

“The downpour began in the evening, around eight o’clock.”
"Ahead, at the very roadside, a large fire was burning."

Qualifying members are always separated by commas.

How to define a simple complicated sentence

If you come across a task in which you need to find a simple complicated sentence, then perhaps the following algorithm will help you:

Eliminate all sentences without punctuation marks.
Highlight the stem and eliminate those sentences where punctuation marks separate the stem from each other.
Regarding the rest of the sentences, you should try to find out why they have certain punctuation marks (introductory words, homogeneous members, adverbial or participial phrases, etc.).

> Complicated sentences

COMPLICATED OFFERS

Complicated offers include:

sentences with homogeneous members;

sentences with separate members;

sentences with introductory or plug-in constructions;

proposals with appeals.

Proposals with homogeneous members

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, characterized by the following features:

1) perform the same syntactic functions (they are the same member of the sentence);

2) have the same relation to the same member of the sentence (cf .: heterogeneous definitions ( Petals flew from the almond trees and lay, pale, on dark earth wet paths, reminiscent of almonds in gingerbread(Nabokov) - (on the ground(which?) dark and tracks(which?) wet) and homogeneous definitions ( The history of the plant turned out to be complex and interesting (Paustovsky));

3) are connected by an allied or allied (composing) connection;

4) have the same type of semantic relations (cf.: heterogeneous circumstances ( Behind his back usually there was a whisper of surprise(Shalamov) - arose(where?) behind the back and arose(when?) usually) and homogeneous circumstances ( And the birch is cute and in the sun, and in most gray day, and in the rain (Prishvin));

5) have the same morphological expression (optional feature).

All members of a sentence can be homogeneous ( In good prose pictorial and narrative balanced(Kataev). I I sit down at the presidium table and looking around gathered(Kataev). A three-year break in education threatened to destroy everything hope, all plans (Shalamov). Orioles in the green make their gold, hurried, four-sound cry(Nabokov). Walking to the tram stop sadly, silently (Kataev). Laevsky had a habit of carefully inspect your pink palms, gnaw nails or crush finger cuffs(Chekhov)).

Note.

The distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions deserves special attention.

Homogeneous definitions denote different features of the same object ( Full , good-natured, cheerful Filippov loved people, loved and knew how to do good to people(Shalamov)) or distinctive features of different objects ( Everyone was humble simple and wonderful Russian people(Paustovsky)), expressing enumerative relations.

The following definitions are not homogeneous:

1) one of the definitions is directly related to the defined word, and the other refers to the entire SS “definition + defined word” ( There are very rich mineral sources(Paustovsky). The main strength of the green came from tall thick-crowned trees that stood on the sides of it(Olesha));

2) there is an explanatory relationship between the definitions (sometimes you can insert explanatory unions that is, namely: - Melion without one! - Winking, a cheerful soldier, passing close in a torn overcoat, said and disappeared; followed him another, old soldier(L.N. Tolstoy). One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed somehow familiar to Rostov; another, unfamiliar the rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov), rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch of the garden(L.N. Tolstoy)).

Samples of rows of homogeneous sentence members

Homogeneous members of the sentence form a homogeneous series (group, block). The block may include two or more homogeneous members of the proposal.

1. A number of homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by an allied connection ( Arrived orioles, quail, swifts, coastal swallows (Prishvin). Ropes stretched , creaked, crackled, rang… (Shukshin). Large rare flakes of snow fall sheer, slowly (Shalamov). Somewhere in the carriage heard the deaf vote, cozy coughing (Nabokov). Rural life teaches you to look at the same object healthy, without exaggeration (Grigorovich)).

2. A number of homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by an allied (coordinative) connection (it is possible to combine homogeneous members in pairs):

connecting unions ( Face and arms his were orange from an italian tan(Kataev). Boris Leonidovich corrected pencil mistakes and gave book(Shalamov). In the morning we became recall Yes mind scatter (Korolenko). The faces of the compositors were depicted and poorly hidden pleasure, and fright, and curiosity... (Bitter). They agreed. Wave and a rock, Poems and prose, ice and flame Not so different(Pushkin). We were young and further have not learned value simplicity(Shalamov). The arrivals dumped their bags and chests in the corridor(Kataev). We invited for tea old man and postman (Korolenko). Nothing was visible behind the rain seas, nor sky (Bitter));

opposing unions ( A talented person, a Russian intellectual in his acquaintances and connections, Sobol is a lot printed, but looking for not glory, a something other (Shalamov);

dividing unions ( Ganchuk too laughed, then frowned brows (Trifonov). Due to the self-confidence with which he spoke, no one could understand whether he was very smart or very stupid What he said(L.N. Tolstoy));

comparative (gradational) unions ( However, At-Davan did not notice any of this confusion, nor this spiritual movements (Korolenko). My character is great put up like with a disadvantage funds, and with excess them(Greene));

affiliations ( You are all so quit where, and forget (L.N. Tolstoy)).

3. A number of homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by a combined connection ( His knowledge differed liveliness, precision and depth (Nabokov). On the other side they curled merrily willows, young oak tree and willows (Korolenko). Andrei took out from a purse pocket got iron coin, slowly approached to the pole put a coin in a cap, lying upside down on a hurdy-gurdy, and turned around back(Fedin)).

A number of homogeneous members of the sentence may include generalizing words that have a broader (than homogeneous members) meaning. Generalizing words are the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members ( Everything around - huts, sunflowers, acacia and dry grass- was covered with this rough dust(Paustovsky). There are organ-grinders in St. Petersburg in general three various origins: Italians, Germans and Russians (Grigorovich). All furniture - sofas, tables and chairs- were made of light wood, shone with time and smelled of cypress, like icons(Paustovsky). In the first two years of the Faculty of Medicine, students read theoretical natural sciences items - chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology (Veresaev)).

Generalizing words can be in front of a number of homogeneous members of the sentence or after it ( All this - sounds and smells, clouds and people- it was strangely beautiful and sad, it seemed the beginning of a wonderful fairy tale(Bitter). She forgave him all: residence in the kitchen, disgust to the lessons disobedience and numerous quirks (Greene). All this - and night, and gave, and the mountains, and stars, and mists- it seemed to me full of unprecedented charms ...(Korolenko). None I wasn't surprised at the time, buddy mine, neither I, nor Volodya… (Averchenko). And tousled by the wind grass and rusty in the grass puddle, and lonely clumsy pine on her - all it was nice Sergey(Bitov). Majesty , severity, classicism heck, plastic pos - all This perfectly suited the images of her repertoire(Grossman). He led a wandering life for a long time, playing everywhere- and in taverns, and at fairs, and on the peasant weddings, and at balls; finally got into the orchestra and, moving higher and higher, reached the conductor's seat(Turgenev)).

In some cases, generalizing words can take both positions ( I was eager to read about everything: and about herbs, and about the seas, and about the sun and stars, and about great of people, and about the revolution - about everything that people know well, but I don't know yet(Paustovsky)).

Proposals with separate members

Isolation is one of the ways to complicate a simple sentence, which consists in the semantic, intonational and punctuation separation of secondary members to give them syntactic independence. All secondary members of the sentence can be isolated.

Separate definitions

The main ways of expressing isolated definitions:

participial (Large buds of horse chestnuts , still as if smeared with wood glue, were not going to burst(Kataev). He could not make out the features of Lezhnev, standing with his back to the light and looked at him in disbelief.(Turgenev). He glanced briefly at the other soldier, sitting on a stump (Fedin). The Russian language is very rich in words, related to the seasons and natural phenomena associated with them (Paustovsky));

adjectival turnover ( Nesvitsky with an embittered look, red and unrecognizable, shouted to Kutuzov that if he did not leave now, he would probably be taken prisoner(L.N. Tolstoy));

single adjective (Drizzling rain - small, grey, sticky (Dombrovsky). Petals flew from almond trees and lay, pale, on the dark earth of a wet path, resembling almonds in gingerbread(Nabokov));

substantive turnover (To this village, along a narrow country path, a young woman was walking, in a white muslin dress, a round straw hat and with an umbrella in her hand (Turgenev). wide face, with prominent cheekbones, straight eyebrows, slightly upturned nose and thinly defined lips, was almost rectangular and breathed a peculiar energy(Korolenko)).

Separate circumstances

The main ways of expressing isolated circumstances:

single gerund ( wide sheet, spinning, falls from a tree leaning over a fence(Kataev). Over the last word of Tolpennikovstopped and thinking, put the started sheet aside and took another ...(Andreev));

participial turnover ( AND, smiling affably she's gone(Trifonov). Athletes emerge growing out of a coach like branches from a trunk...(Christmas). would learn, looking at the elders! (Griboyedov). Sitting on the bus, he heard not far from him the overflow of Russian speech(Nabokov). Drizzling rain, slightly rustling through the trees (Korolenko). Life went on slowly, like an old fortuneteller, Mysteriously whispering forgotten words (Block). Rounding the high cape , the ship entered the bay(Korolenko). He, without looking up, looks at the judges, throwing in the direction of the lawyer jerky and booming words (Andreev). He had just left his desk and, standing near, with a tired and slow movement, brought a glass of strong tea to his mouth(Andreev));

prepositional combination ( To I can say that my character has developed a calm, gentle,despite all the ups and downs of life (Kataev). Regiment, thanks to strictness and diligence of the regimental commander, was in excellent condition compared to others who came to Braunau at the same time(L.N. Tolstoy). She sometimes sits in a picturesque pose, but suddenly, God knows by what inner movement, this picture pose will be broken by a completely unexpected and again charming gesture(Goncharov). Despite your grief or maybe, precisely because of his grief she took care of all the hard work of cleaning and packing orders and was busy all day(L.N. Tolstoy). Just wanted to give you and your mother my advice, in view of his new and undoubtedly forthcoming attempts (Dostoevsky));

adverb ( Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly (Bitter)).

Standalone add-ons

As a rule, objects with prepositions are separated apart from, along with, besides, (not) excluding, except for, including, beyond, instead of: Beloved woman should not notice, see other men, except for me; they must all seem unbearable to her(Goncharov). But contrary to what was invariably done in all previous battles, instead of the expected news of the flight of the enemy, slender masses of troops returned from there in upset, frightened crowds(L.N. Tolstoy). I knew all this before I began to love; and loving, I already analyzed love, as a student dissects the body under the guidance of a professor and, instead of the beauty of forms sees only muscles, nerves...(Goncharov).

Note. In the scientific literature, such constructions are also called restrictive-excretory turns.

Separate members of the sentence can be in pre- and post-position in relation to the component being defined ( Rattle and knock , rolled up a train(Averchenko). Emelyan ruefully spread his hands and watched on me, smiling broadly and kindly (Bitter). Even small daisies, grown on lawns, cast miniature shadows(Kataev). I read the magnificent descriptive prose of the great Russians natural scientists and travelers,discovering new birds and insects in Central Asia (Nabokov). By stairs , propeller , companions climbed to the mezzanine(Ilf and Petrov)).

Offers with introductory and plug-in structures

Introductory and plug-in structures are structures characterized by the following features:

1) a certain degree of autonomy in the proposal;

2) an added value in relation to the rest of the sentence (contain comments, explanations, remarks or indicate the speaker's attitude to the content of the sentence);

3) special, "excretory", intonation.

Words, combinations of words and sentences are used as introductory and plug-in constructions. These components are not members of the proposal.

Introductory constructions

Introductory constructions express various types of relations / attitude of the speaker to the statement / reported.

Types of introductory structures by value

Meaning	Introductory constructions	Text illustrations
Indication of the source of the message	They say your way, my way, your way and etc.	mistletoe, according to local beliefs* brings happiness to the living and long memory to the dead* Paustovsky). *To my mind* , this can't be(Kataev). In him, they say, live completely black, like coal, marsh pikes(Paustovsky). These ridicule and comic persecution, according to my understanding* even humiliated me(Dostoevsky). According to their concepts* , it was a strange poet(Paustovsky).
Emotional evaluation	As luck would have it, as luck would have it, fortunately, unfortunately, to your shame, you think, thank God, it’s a strange thing, I’m ashamed to say and etc.	*To great happiness* , it primarily belongs to Russian literature(Paustovsky). But, to his surprise* and the ringing of the bell turned out to be a dream too*(Dostoevsky).
Indication of degree of certainty/ uncertainty	Without a doubt, without a doubt, certainly, undoubtedly, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, really, should, naturally, apparently, as it is known, probably, undoubtedly, obviously, apparently, in all probability apparently and etc.	deep, seemed, cosmic silence stopped over the shore(Paustovsky). *Probably* it's just a fantasy(Kataev). *Obviously* , it is not enough for a great poet to be only a poet(Olesha). I, certainly, was aware of all the reasonableness of these councils, but could not follow them(Korolenko). At the same time, the guest apparently, guessed that Velchaninov completely recognized him: it flashed in his eyes(Dostoevsky). *Without a doubt* Velchaninov slept and fell asleep very soon after the candles were put out; he clearly remembered it later(Dostoevsky). *Must be* , each person has his own happy time of discovery(Paustovsky). Now me perhaps* best not to think about it(Aksenov). I have no words* , craftsmanship is a good thing(Shalamov). *It seemed* , he just wants to relax, drink tea, lie down ...(Korolenko).
Indication of the relationship between parts of the statement	Moreover, firstly (secondly, thirdly etc. ), in general, means, for example, in addition, by the way, by the way, finally, for example, in essence, in essence, suppose, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand, from the point of view, apparently, thus and etc.	*On the other side* , imagination very often to some extent affects the course of our lives, our deeds and thoughts, our attitude towards people(Paustovsky). *Besides* , you need to buy a good pocket watch in Moscow for all your navigators(Kataev). Marya Gavrilovna was brought up on French novels and, consequently, was in love(Pushkin). Here, by the way, in absentia goes to the Technical(Kataev). *First of all* , few people did not like her, but Secondly- Anemone herself was not too picky in choosing her friends ...(Dostoevsky).
Indication of a way of expressing thoughts	In other words, in other words, in other words, in short, in short, in one word and etc.	*Word* , something unlucky happened to the soldier, causing laughter(Olesha).
An indication of the degree of commonness	It happened, as always, as usual, as it should be, as it should be, as a rule and etc.	princess, as always, spoke smiling and listened laughing(L.N. Tolstoy).
Eagerness to get attention	You see, you see, you know how you see, you see, as you like, you want, between us, you can imagine, you will not believe and etc.	*Notice* , the person who turned the binoculars to the distance begins to smile enlightenedly(Olesha). AND, believe me, they are punished for their betrayal of the cause of the Bourbons(L.N. Tolstoy).
Update information	To put it more correctly, to put it more correctly, in fact, in essence, to say it better, one can say, more correctly, more correctly, more precisely and etc.	The other area was in fact, another world(Kataev).

Plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions contain additional messages, notes, clarifications, incidental remarks, amendments, etc. to the main content of the proposal ( Engineer ( also with a Russian surname) constructs a "time machine" capable of moving both into the future and into the past(Olesha). She sighed and - first time I saw it with her- crossed herself three times, whispering something with dry lips(Bitter). Solodovnikov went into his office ( for some reason, through the efforts of the same kindest Anna Afanasyevna, he had his own little office), sat down at the table and thought(Shukshin). Gleb came home from work (he worked at the sawmill ), washed, changed clothes... (Shukshin). Bald old man his name was Ivan Gordeevich- was still affectionate, but also silent(Mamin-Sibiryak)).

Offers with appeals

Appeal - a word (noun - proper or common noun, substantiated word) or combinations of words that name the addressee of the speech; this allows the speaker to attract the attention of the interlocutor.

Appeals can be placed at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence ( Friend , it is forbidden whether to walk further away to choose a nook?(Griboyedov). Us, Alexey Stepanych, with you I couldn't say two words(Griboyedov). - Ah, Nastya how boring you are with your eternal details(Pushkin). How good are you , about the night sea- Here it is radiant, there it is gray-dark ...(Tyutchev). You are again, again with me, insomnia! (Akhmatova). Rest you too my good city! (Kataev). Goodbye, road to Lanzheron, goodbye!(Olesha). I know you firsthand, oh upper Volga city! (Kuzmin)).

The appeal can not only name the addressee of the speech, but also express the attitude of the speaker towards him ( Let's, Yurka, to prepare together at VGIK, at the screenwriting department!(Aksenov)).

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The complication of the sentence arises in the presence of members of the sentence and units that are not members of the sentence with relative semantic and intonational independence.

The complication of the proposal is caused:

1) homogeneous members,

2) isolated members (including clarifying, explanatory, connecting, participial, participle, comparative turnover),

3) introductory words and sentences, plug-in constructions,

4) appeals,

Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous are two or more members of a sentence that are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-union connection and perform the same syntactic function.

Homogeneous members are equal in rights, do not depend on each other.

Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating unions or simply enumerative intonation. In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating unions (causal, concessive), for example:

It was helpfulbecause educational game.

The book is interesting,although complex.

Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members.

Homogeneous members may have the same or different morphological expression:

He oftenhad a coldandlayweeks in bed.

Some difficulty is the identification of the homogeneity of definitions.

Definitions are considered homogeneous in the following cases:

1) they are used to list the varieties of objects, characterizing them on the one hand:

Scattered on the tablered,blue,greenthe pencils.

2) they list the signs of one object, evaluated positively or negatively, i.e., synonymous emotionally:

It wascoldsnowy,boringit's time.

3) the following definition reveals the content of the previous one:

opened before himnew,unknownhorizons.

4) the first definition is an adjective, the second is a participial turnover:

On the table laylittle,illegibly signedenvelope.

5) with reverse word order (inversion):

There was a briefcase on the table— large,leather.

With homogeneous members, there can be generalizing words- words with a more general meaning in relation to homogeneous members. Generalizing words are the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members, and can be both before and after homogeneous members.

1. Generalizing word to homogeneous members:

Allchanged: and mineplans and mymood.

All: and mineplans and mymood- suddenly changed.

Allchanged somehow:circumstances, myplans, mymood.

2. Generalizing word after homogeneous members

In the tablein cabinets— everywhere

In the tablein cabinets- in a word,everywherescraps of papers and newspapers lay scattered about.

Separate members of the sentence

Separate are called secondary members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning, intonation and punctuation.

Any members of the sentence can be isolated.

Detached definitions can be consistent and inconsistent, common and non-common:

This person,skinny,with a wand in his hand, was unpleasant to me.

The most common are isolated definitions expressed by participial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and nouns in oblique cases.

Detached circumstances are more often expressed by gerunds and participles:

Waving his arms, he spoke quickly.

Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition can also be isolated in spite of:

Despite my best efforts, I couldn't sleep.

Separation of other circumstances depends on the intention of the author: they are usually isolated if they are given special importance or, on the contrary, are considered as a side note. Circumstances with prepositions are especially often isolated due to, owing to, in view of, due to lack of, according to, due to, due to, in spite of:

Contrary to the forecast, the weather was sunny.

From the number additions very few are isolated, namely, additions with prepositions apart from, besides, excluding, beyond, apart from, including:

In addition to him, there were five other people.

Some isolated members may be clarifying, clarifying or connecting.

Clarifying a member of a sentence is called, answering the same question as the other member after which it stands, and serving to clarify (usually it narrows the scope of the concept expressed by the member being specified). Qualifier members can be common. Any members of the sentence can be clarifying:

Hisingenuity, actuallythe speed of reaction amazed me(subject).

Down below,in the shade, the river roared(circumstance).

explanatory is a sentence member that names the same concept as the explained member, but in different words. Explanatory terms are preceded or can be inserted with conjunctions namely, namely, that is, or(= that is):

Last,fourthpart of the novel ends with an epilogue.

Connecting is a member of the proposal containing additional clarifications or comments. Attaching members are usually attached with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, in particular:

He was often laughed at, andfair.

Appeal

Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names the person (less often - the object) to which the speech is addressed.

Appeal can be expressed in one word and ambiguous. A one-word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in I. p., a non-one-word appeal may include words or an interjection dependent on this noun about:

Dear granddaughter Why did you rarely call me?

Waiting for a flight from Sochi , go to the arrivals area.

I'm yours againoh young friends ! (the title of the elegy of A. S. Pushkin).

An appeal can be expressed by a noun in the form of an indirect case if it denotes a sign of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed:

Hey,in Hat , are you extreme?

In colloquial speech, the appeal can be expressed by a personal pronoun; in this case, the pronoun is distinguished intonation and punctuation:

Hey,you , come here!

The appeal is not grammatically connected with the sentence, is not a member of the sentence, is separated by commas, can take any place in the sentence. An appeal at the beginning of a sentence can be separated with an exclamation point:

Petya ! Come here immediately!(the sentence is one-part, definitely personal, common, complicated by appeal).

Plug-in structures

Introductory words and phrases show the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought or to the way it is expressed. They are not members of the sentence; they are distinguished in pronunciation intonation and punctuation.

Introductory words and phrases are divided into groups depending on the meaning they express:

1) feelings, emotions: unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, fortunately, to surprise, to joy, strange thing, the hour is not even, thanks again and etc.:

Fortunately , the weather improved in the morning.

2) assessment by the speaker of the degree of reliability of the reported: of course, undoubtedly, perhaps, perhaps, it seems, should be, of course, in fact, in essence, in essence, in fact, I suppose, I think and etc.:

Perhaps the weather will be fine today.

3) the source of the reported: in my opinion, I remember, they say, they say, according to, they say, according to and etc.:

To my mind , he warned about the departure.

4) the connection of thoughts and the sequence of their presentation: firstly, finally, further, on the contrary, on the contrary, most importantly, thus, on the one hand, on the other hand and etc.:

One side , an interesting offer,with another - dangerous.

5) a way of designing thoughts: in a word, so to speak, otherwise / rather / more precisely, in other words and etc.:

He came in the evening andprecisely speaking , almost at night.

6) addressing the interlocutor in order to attract attention: let's say, let's say, understand, excuse me, imagine, do you understand, believe and etc.:

I am thisbelieve , did not know.

7) assessment of the measure of what is being said: the most, the least, at least without exaggeration:

He spoke to meat least like a big boss.

8) degree of commonness: happens, happens, happens, usually:

He,as usual sat in the corner of the room.

9) expressiveness: jokes aside, to be honest, it will be said between us, it's funny to say and etc.:

I,honestly , very tired.

It is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous unions, adverbs, words of nominal parts of speech.

Word but may be introductory, but may be an adversative conjunction (= but), used to connect homogeneous members, parts of a complex sentence or sentences in the text:

The rain, however, charged for a long time- introductory word.

Mistakes are not rough, but unpleasant— union (can be replaced by but).

Word finally is introductory if it is in the enumeration series (often with introductory words Firstly Secondly etc.), and is an adverb if its value is equal to the adverbial expression eventually:

I finally came out to the clearing— adverb.

Firstly, I'm sick, secondly, I'm tired, and finally, I just don't want to go there.- introductory word .

Similarly, it is necessary to distinguish between introductory and non-introductory use of words. thus, in fact, and others.

Introductory can be not only words and phrases, but also suggestions. Introductory sentences express the same meanings as introductory words, can be introduced by conjunctions if, how, how much and etc.:

Elegance,I think , will never go out of fashion(= in my opinion).

This book,if I'm not mistaken released last year(= in my opinion).

I come and— can you imagine? - I don't leave anyone at home(= imagine).

The proposal may include insert structures expressing an additional remark. Insert constructions usually have a sentence structure, are separated by brackets or dashes, and may have a different purpose of the statement or intonation than the main sentence.

Finally ( it was not easy for me! She allowed me to come.

Direct and indirect speech

The statements of other persons included in the author's narration form the so-called alien speech, which can be direct and indirect.

Direct speech- verbatim reproduction of someone else's statement.

Indirect speech- retelling someone else's speech in the form of a subordinate clause or minor members of a simple sentence. Wed:

He said, "I want to go with you."

He said he wanted to come with us.

He spoke of his desire to come with us.

In indirect speech, the speaker's words undergo changes: all personal pronouns are used from the point of view of the author of the retelling; appeals, interjections, emotional particles are omitted, being replaced by other lexical means:

The brother said, "I'll be late."® The brother said that he would come late.

She told me: “Oh, dear, how good you are!”® She enthusiastically told me that I was very good.

A question translated into indirect speech is called indirect question and is done in two ways:

I kept thinking who it was.

I kept thinking: who would it be?

Direct speech can be after, before or inside the words of the author, and also frame the words of the author on both sides, for example:

1) direct speech after the words of the author:

The boy asked: "Wait for me, I'll be there soon."

Mom asked again: “How long do you need, five minutes?”

"I'm staying home",I said decisively.

"Why?"Anton was surprised.

"Go to sleep,Melnikov decided.“It has been a very difficult day.”

"It's decidedhe added dreamily to himself, “at least I’ll finally get some sleep on the weekend.”

"What should I do?he thought, and said aloud:"Okay, I'm going with you."

In the last example, the author's words contain two verbs with the meaning of speech-cogitative activity, the first of which refers to the previous part of direct speech, and the second to the next; this is what causes such punctuation marks.

4) direct speech within the words of the author:

He threw over his shoulder: "Follow me"and walked down the corridor without looking back.

Direct speech can take the form dialogue. The dialogue is formatted in two ways:

1. replicas follow each from a new paragraph, are not enclosed in quotes, each is preceded by a dash:

— Will you come?

— Don't know.

2. Replicas follow in a line:

"So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago?- "About two years".- "On whom?"- "On Larina".- "Tatyana?"“Do you know them?”"I'm their neighbor"(A. S. Pushkin) .