The nation-state of its foundation is the essence of the trend. What are nation states. The main features of the state structure

One of the most important principles of the organization of modern statehood, which arose as a result of the collapse of traditional social ties and a sharp increase in the mobility of the population in the process of developing commodity-capitalist relations. The nation state as a political and legal reality arises from the need to clarify the traditional status of the state's subjects, who now, unlike foreigners, are subject to more stringent criteria of political loyalty, as well as civil rights and obligations defined by law. One of the most important functions of the nation state was the regulation of population migration. The principle of the nation-state is determined primarily by the system of international relations and is not only the realization of the desire of national movements to create their own statehood. This is the meaning of the international recognition of new states or, on the contrary, non-recognition of separatism and rebellious territories; this also explains the tough policy of rich countries in relation to poor migrants.

The real subject of the nation state can be two kinds of nations: ethnic and civil origin. The first kind of nation is created by ethnicity, which gives such objective criteria of national identity as a common origin, a common language, a common religion, a common historical memory, a common cultural identity. Accordingly, a nation-state with a single ethnic basis seeks to identify its political boundaries with ethno-cultural ones. Such kind of national states are typical, for example, for Central and Eastern Europe (Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, etc.). A nation of civil origin has a non-ethnic (and in this sense cosmopolitan) ideology (mythology) as its starting point. This role can be played by: the idea of popular sovereignty, "human rights", the communist worldview, etc. In any case, a nation of civil origin emphasizes the non-natural aspects of the national community, although it also implies the presence of such natural unifying moments as a common (state) language, common cultural and historical traditions, etc. The classical states formed from nations of civil origin were France and the United States. In the 20th century, such a type of nations of civil origin as "socialist nations" arose, many of which were composed of several ethnic communities (USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, etc.). Although the populations of many nation-states of civil origin are multi-ethnic, this in itself does not mean that they are less cohesive than the populations of nation-states of mono-ethnic origin. However, as historical experience shows (in particular, the collapse of "socialist nations"), the politics of large ethnic groups creates a potential or actual threat to the existence of civil nations.

As a result of the processes of modernization and globalization, the distinction of nation-states mentioned above is becoming more and more relative. On the one hand, none of the modern ethno-national states is completely mono-ethnic, and ethnic minorities existing or appearing in it are in no hurry to assimilate into the dominant (titular) ethnicity (nation). On the other hand, no nation-state of civil origin has ever been quite a "melting pot" for the ethnic characteristics of its citizens. The latter, expressing full loyalty to the national state and developing a cultural identity consistent with it, at the same time can retain important features of their ethnic origin (language, traditions), such as, for example, "Russian Armenians" in the Russian Federation or "American Chinese" in the USA . Taking into account the growing convergence of various types of nation-states, a number of common features can be distinguished for them:

National language as a means of official communication;

The system of officially adopted national-state symbols (coat of arms, flag, etc.);

State monopoly on the legitimate use of violence and on taxation;

Rational-bureaucratic administration and common legislation for all;

Stable currency with national symbols;

Access to the labor market and social guarantees for "citizens" and corresponding restrictions for "non-citizens";

If possible, a unified education system;

Development and promotion of national-patriotic ideas and symbols.

priority of national interests in foreign policy.

The nation state is an organization of a politically (state) united people - nation, serving as the social basis of the public political power of the state and the collective bearer of state sovereignty.

According to P. A. Sorokin, “a nation consists of individuals who:

- are citizens of one state;
- have a common or similar language and a common body of cultural values derived from a common past history...;
- occupy the common territory on which they lived and their ancestors live.

Only when a group of individuals belongs to one state, is bound by a common language and territory, does it really form a nation.

In such understanding of the nation state - it is a state within which both the government and society are united by a single history, common goals and objectives of future development. At the same time, the concept of a nation acquires not a national-ethnic, but a confessional or political-culturological meaning (for example, in the Russian Empire, the Russian nation was formed not on a national basis, but on a confessional basis: every person who professed Orthodoxy was considered Russian, respectively, the individual's belonging to the Russian The nation was determined not so much by the fact of birth from Russian parents, but by the fact of baptism. - R.R.).

The legal interpretation of the nation as a community of equal citizens, first introduced by the French Constitution of 1791, has found application in modern law. In the preamble to the constitutions of the French Republic of 1946 and 1958. (the preamble of the Constitution of the French Republic of 1958 contains a reference to the preamble of the Constitution of 1946 - R. R.) on behalf of the nation, the rights of citizens are guaranteed, "the solidarity and equality of all French people in relation to the burden arising from national disasters" is proclaimed. In addition, it is fixed that "The French Union is made up of nations and peoples", that is, a clear distinction is made between the concept of "nation" as a state entity and the concept of "people". A similar approach is reflected in the Spanish Constitution. In Art. 2 speaks of "the indestructible unity of the Spanish nation, which is one and indivisible for all Spaniards" . And in Art. 11 of the concept of "citizenship" ( nationalidad) and "nationality" are identified.

As an ethno-state unity, the nation appears in the basic laws of a number of sovereign states that emerged on the territory of the former USSR. Thus, an attempt is made to legally consolidate the statist model of the nation and state mono-ethnicity, which in fact does not exist in this state, but on the contrary, there is a complex national structure. In the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, for example, the state is considered as a form of self-determination only Kazakh nation (part 1 of the Fundamentals of the constitutional order). And the preamble to the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic speaks of the desire to “ensure the national revival of the Kyrgyz” and adherence to the “idea of national statehood”.

Since in the nation state national interests “merge with the tasks of the state into one whole, into the totality of public and public interests”, then, according to supporters of the statist approach, the interests of the nation as a single entity are expressed primarily in international law, where the nation acts as a state. Thus, in the UN Charter, for example, the United Nations actually means an organized union of states. According to G. Kelsen, the UN Charter regulates relations between nation-states, and K. Okeke believes that in the UN Charter the concepts of "state" and "nation" are interchangeable.

Depending on the understanding of the nation, mono-national and multi-national states are distinguished. In mono-ethnic states, the names of the nation and the titular nationality coincide (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, etc.). In polynational states, the concept of a nation is complex and is expressed by the concept of a “multinational people” (USA, Australia, Russia, etc.).

The fundamental principles of the nation state are:

- equality of national-ethnic groups (nationalities, nationalities, ethnic groups) that form a nation. Inadmissibility of national discrimination and racism;
- legal consolidation of the state language along with the preservation of languages of interethnic communication;
- national self-determination (cultural autonomy). The inadmissibility of secession - the withdrawal of a local national-ethnic group (national subject) from the composition of a single state - a single nation.

This is a complex phenomenon that consists of three interrelated elements:

Forms of government;

Territorial device;

Forms of state regime.

Types of forms of government, depending on the sovereignty of the subjects of the state:

- simple forms a: unitary state. A unitary state is a simple state that consists of administrative-territorial units that do not have sovereignty, or a state that is not divided into administrative-territorial units (Singapore, Malta);

- complex shape: confederation and federation. A confederation is a temporary union of several sovereign states (USSR). The Federation is a complex state consisting of sovereign state entities (the Russian Federation).

Commonwealths and interstate associations cannot belong to the forms of state structure.

Policy

One of the forms of the state in antiquity was the policy. The policy was a state association of landowners who were engaged in various crafts.

A polis is a people's state-city, whose citizens had the right to property, socio-economic and political rights. The policy consisted of two parts: the center and the chora adjacent to the center of the agricultural territory.

The political system in the policies was the most diverse: democracy, monarchy, oligarchy. The supreme power in democratic policies belonged to the people's assembly, in oligarchic ones - to the census assembly, in monarchical ones - to the monarch.

Nation

A nation is a large group of people who are united by cultural, political, socio-economic and spiritual generalization.

A nation can be viewed in two ways: as a group of people who are citizens of one state, and as an ethnic generalization of people with a common language and similar identity.

The nation is divided into two types: monoethnic And polyethnic. Nowadays, mono-ethnic Nazis are extremely rare, and mostly in remote countries, for example, in Iceland.

Often, a nation is created on the basis of many ethnic groups, which, due to historical circumstances, were brought together on one territory. The concept of "nation" appeared not so long ago - at the beginning of the 18th century, and finally entrenched in society during the French Revolution.

State - nation

The nation-state is a constitutional type of state. The nation-state expresses the form of organization and self-determination of the nation that lives on the territory of the state itself. The national character of the state is always enshrined in constitutions.

The nation-state has a monopoly on the use of force within its territory and on the formulation of binding rules. The basis of the nation-state is the recognition of all citizens as a single nation, with a common culture, history and language.

a state formed on the historically established ethnic territory of a particular nation (ethnos) and embodying its sovereignty.

Historically G.n. usually took shape where the beginning of the formation of a nation (ethnos) coincided in time with the formation of the state, in connection with which state borders most often basically coincided with ethnic ones (for example, in Western Europe and Latin America). Creation of G.N. - one of the most important trends in social development, especially in the early stages of national movements. The national in statehood finds its expression in its construction according to the national-territorial principle; the functioning of state bodies and the conduct of office work in the relevant state language; in a wide representation in the bodies of G.n. the nationality that gave him the name and is the "titular"; in reflecting national characteristics in legislation, etc.

The concept of "G.N." in ethnic terms, it is used in a double sense. Firstly, to designate states with an almost homogeneous national (ethnic) composition of the population (Japan, North and South Korea, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Bangladesh, Denmark, Brazil, Poland, Iceland, Hungary, many Arab countries, especially on the Arabian Peninsula ). And, secondly, when characterizing a state that currently has a more or less noticeable part of a non-national population, but historically formed on the territory of the settlement of one nation, one ethnic group as a result of its self-determination and therefore bearing its name (Bulgaria, Sweden, Finland, Turkey , Syria, Australia, New Zealand, etc.).

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NATIONAL STATE

one of the most important principles of the organization of modern statehood, which arose as a result of the collapse of traditional social ties and a sharp increase in the mobility of the population in the process of developing commodity-capitalist relations. The nation state as a political and legal reality arises from the need to clarify the traditional status of the state's subjects, who now, unlike foreigners, are subject to more stringent criteria of political loyalty, as well as civil rights and obligations defined by law. One of the most important functions of the nation state was the regulation of population migration. The principle of the nation-state is determined primarily by the system of international relations and is not only the realization of the desire of national movements to create their own statehood. This is the meaning of the international recognition of new states or, on the contrary, non-recognition of separatism and rebellious territories; this also explains the tough policy of rich countries in relation to poor migrants.

The real subject of the nation state can be two kinds of nations: ethnic and civil origin. The first kind of nation is created by ethnicity, which gives such objective criteria of nationality as a common origin, a common language, a common religion, a common historical memory, a common cultural identity. Accordingly, a nation-state with a single ethnic basis seeks to identify its political boundaries with ethno-cultural ones. Such kind of national states are typical, for example, for Central and Eastern Europe (Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, etc.). A nation of civil origin has a non-ethnic (and in this sense cosmopolitan) ideology (mythology) as its starting point. This role can be played by: the idea of popular sovereignty, "human rights", the communist worldview, etc. In any case, a nation of civil origin emphasizes the non-natural aspects of the national community, although it also implies the presence of such natural unifying moments as a common (state) language, common cultural and historical traditions, etc. The classical states formed from nations of civil origin were France and the United States. In the 20th century, such a type of nations of civil origin as "socialist nations" arose, many of which were composed of several ethnic communities (USSR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, etc.). Although the populations of many nation-states of civil origin are multi-ethnic, this does not in itself mean that they are less cohesive than the populations of nation-states of mono-ethnic origin. However, as historical experience shows (in particular, the collapse of the "socialist nations"), the politics of large ethnic groups creates a potential or actual threat to the existence of civil nations.

Incomplete definition ↓

A special type of state, characteristic of the modern world, in which the government has power over a certain territory, the majority of the population are citizens who feel themselves part of a single nation. Nation-states originated in Europe, but in the modern world they are global.

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nation state

nation-state), public.territ. an education that has the status of a state with appropriately drawn up borders (self-determination), and the people living in it are united in self-identification based on a common culture, history, race, religion and language and consider themselves a nation. N.g. forms a single and sovereign polit, community, authorities to-rogo majority of us. recognized as legitimate (legitimacy). Almost all state-va in order to nurture a sense of nat. participation use, although not always successfully, symbolism, rituals, shrines, the education system, the media and weapons. strength. N.g. are a subject of international law on the basis of mutual recognition and membership in the international. org-tions, for example. UN. However, after the collapse of the columns, the system of borders pl. state-in were carried out artificially, without regard to ethnic. and religions, idiosyncrasies, which led to the inevitable division of us. on the basis and minorities. In such formations, the likelihood of conflicts is very high.

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