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The most influential international organizations in the world. International economic organizations. International organizations of the world. List of most influential institutions

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an international regional organization. APEC is the largest economic association (forum), which accounts for over 60% of world GDP and 47% of world trade (2004). Formed in 1989 in Canberra on the initiative of the Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand. The main goals of the organization are to ensure a free open trade regime and strengthen regional cooperation

Andean Community

The goals of the Andean Community are to promote the development of the participating countries through their integration and socio-economic cooperation; accelerating economic growth and employment; creation of a Latin American common market. The main directions of the Andean Group are reduced to the development of a unified economic policy, the coordination of ongoing projects, the harmonization of legislation: the exercise of control over the application of legal norms adopted within the Andean Group and their unified interpretation.

Arctic Council

The Arctic Council is an international organization established in 1989 at the initiative of Finland to protect the unique nature of the northern polar zone. The Arctic Council includes eight subarctic countries.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN, ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a political, economic and cultural regional intergovernmental organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was formed on August 9, 1967 in Bangkok with the signing of the "ASEAN Declaration", better known as the "Bangkok Declaration"

African Union (AU, AU)

The African Union (AU) is an international organization of 53 African states, the successor of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The course towards the creation of the African Union was proclaimed on September 9, 1999 at a meeting of African heads of state in Sirte (Libya) on the initiative of Muammar Gaddafi. On July 9, 2002, the OAU was officially reorganized into the AU.

"Big Eight" (G8)

The G8 - by most definitions, is a group of seven industrialized countries of the world and Russia. The unofficial forum of the leaders of these countries (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy) with the participation of the European Commission is also called, within the framework of which approaches to pressing international problems are being coordinated.

World Trade Organization (WTO, WTO)

The World Trade Organization (WTO) (eng. World Trade Organization (WTO)) is an international organization established in 1995 to unite various countries in the economic sphere and establish rules for trade between member states. The WTO is the successor to an agreement called the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The headquarters of the WTO is located in Geneva.

GUAM is an interstate organization established in October 1997 by the former Soviet republics - Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005 the organization also included Uzbekistan). The name of the organization was formed from the first letters of the names of its member countries. Before Uzbekistan left the organization, it was called GUUAM.

EuroAsEC

European Union (EU, EU)

The European Union (EU) is a unique supranational formation consisting of 25 European states that have signed the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty). It is noteworthy that the European Union itself is not an international organization as such, that is, it is not a subject of international public law, but it has the authority to participate in international relations.

Arab League (LAS)

The League of Arab States (LAS) is an international organization that unites more than 20 Arab and friendly non-Arab countries. Created March 22, 1945. The supreme body of the organization is the Council of the League, in which each of the member states has one vote, the headquarters of the League is located in Cairo.

MERCOSUR (South American Common Market, MERCOSUR)

MERCOSUR is the largest association in South America. MERCOSUR unites 250 million people and more than 75% of the total GDP of the continent. The organization's name comes from the Spanish Mercado Comun del Sur, which means "South American Common Market". The free trade agreement signed by Argentina and Brazil in 1986 was the first step towards the creation of a unified market. Paraguay and Uruguay joined this agreement in 1990.

Organization of American States

(OAS; Organizacion de los estados americanos), was created on April 30, 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota (Colombia) on the basis of the Pan-American Union, which existed since 1889.

Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is a military-political union created by the former Soviet republics on the basis of the Collective Security Treaty (CST), signed on May 15, 1992. The contract is renewed automatically every five years.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, NATO)

NATO (NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, North Atlantic Alliance) is a military-political alliance created on the basis of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949 in Washington by twelve states: the USA, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Iceland. Later, other European states also joined NATO. As of 2004, NATO includes 26 states.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE, OSCE)

OSCE (Eng. OSCE, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) -- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the largest regional security organization, which includes 56 states of Europe, Central Asia and North America. The organization sets itself the task of revealing the possibility of conflicts, their prevention, settlement and elimination of consequences.

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

United Nations (UN)

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security and develop cooperation between states. The foundations of its activity and structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, OPEC)

OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), is a cartel created by oil-producing powers to stabilize oil prices. Members of this organization are countries whose economy largely depends on income from oil exports. The main goal of the organization is to control world oil prices.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA, NAFTA)

The North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) is a free trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico based on the model of the European Community (European Union). NAFTA went into effect on January 1, 1994.

Arab Maghreb Union (UMU)

Arab Maghreb Union (Union du Maghreb Arabe UMA) -- Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia. Pan-Arab organization aimed at economic and political unity in North Africa. The idea of ​​creating a union appeared along with the independence of Tunisia and Morocco in 1958.

Commonwealth of Democratic Choice (CDC)

The Commonwealth of Democratic Choice (CDC) is a “community of democracies of the Baltic-Black Sea-Caspian region”, an alternative organization to the CIS, established on December 2, 2005 at the founding forum in Kyiv (Ukraine).

Commonwealth of Nations (British Commonwealth, Commonwelth)

The Commonwealth, or the Commonwealth of Nations (English The Commonwealth, or English The Commonwealth of Nations; until 1946 the British Commonwealth of Nations - English The British Commonwealth of Nations) is a voluntary interstate association of independent sovereign states, which includes Great Britain and almost all its former dominions, colonies and protectorates.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, CIS)

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is an interstate association of most of the former Soviet republics of the USSR. Originally formed by Belarus, Russia and Ukraine; in the Agreement on the creation of the CIS, signed on December 8, 1991 in Minsk, these states stated that the USSR ceases to exist in conditions of deep crisis and collapse, and declared their desire to develop cooperation in the political, economic, humanitarian, cultural and other fields.

Commonwealth of Unrecognized States (CIS-2)

The Commonwealth of Unrecognized States (CIS-2) is an informal association created for consultations, mutual assistance, coordination and joint actions by unrecognized self-proclaimed state entities on the post-Soviet territory - Abkhazia, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and South Ossetia.

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe is the oldest international political organization in Europe. Its main stated goal is to build a united Europe based on the principles of freedom, democracy, the protection of human rights and the rule of law. One of the most significant achievements of the Council of Europe is the development and adoption of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) is a regional international organization. The English name of the organization does not contain the word "Persian" because the Arab states prefer to call this gulf "Arab".

Pacific Union (Pacific Island)

The Schengen Agreement

The Schengen Agreement is an agreement "On the abolition of passport customs control between a number of countries of the European Union", originally signed on June 14, 1985 by seven European states (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain). It entered into force on March 26, 1995. The agreement was signed in Schengen, a small town in Luxembourg.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

In 2003, the heads of government of the SCO member countries signed the Program of multilateral trade and economic cooperation for 20 years and a plan was drawn up. The plan includes over a hundred specific projects, themes and areas of cooperation, and also provides mechanisms for their implementation. Emphasis is placed on the following areas - transport communications, energy, telecommunications, agriculture, tourism, water management and nature protection.

27. Give a description of Ukraine from a political point of view (regime, system, form of government, system, party and electoral system, type of political culture and political behavior).

It is rather problematic to classify the political regime in Ukraine in the unstable socio-political situation during the period of transformation. Rather, we can talk about mixing different types of regimes in the absence of any one that clearly dominates. On the one hand, there is a division of power, the Law on Parties, freedom of speech, suffrage, on the other hand, the dependence of judges, significant restrictions on access and dissemination of information, covert censorship, uncontrolled use of administrative resources during the election period, and manipulation of voting results in favor of pro-government candidates. Examples of this kind testify to the serious authoritarian tendencies of power with rather weak democratic institutions of its limitation.

In accordance with the Constitution, Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state. The constitutional structure of Ukraine is based on the principle of the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms. The people exercise state power directly, as well as through the system of state bodies.

According to the state system, Ukraine is a unitary state. It is a single, united state, the administrative-territorial units of which do not have political independence. A unitary state has a single legal system, a single system of higher authorities, a single citizenship, etc.

The state structure of Ukraine is based on the principles of unity, indivisibility and integrity of the state territory, the complexity of economic development and the controllability of its individual parts, taking into account national and regional interests, national and cultural traditions, geographical and demographic features, natural and climatic conditions. The administrative-territorial units of Ukraine are: region, district, city, settlement and village council (one or several villages).

On politics, there are different points of view in determining the type of political system in our country, which is explained not only by different approaches, but primarily by the complexity and ambiguity of political processes in Ukraine associated with the transition from a totalitarian system to a democratic one.

Based on the formational approach, the political system in Ukraine can be classified as post-communist, which combines both elements of the command-administrative system and the modern democratic system. This is manifested, on the one hand, in the preservation of the structures and functions of the former administrative apparatus, the adaptation of many forms and procedures of the Soviet system of law to market conditions, etc., and on the other hand, the constitutional foundations for the formation and functioning of government bodies, the development of civil and political organizations, legal ensuring the protection of the rights of citizens, etc. Read in full: http://all-politologija.ru/ru/politicheskaya-sistema-ukrainy

At the present stage of the political regime of Ukraine, the following features are characteristic: 1) a cumbersome structure of state power institutions with poorly developed public institutions of influence on power; 2) paternalistic, guardian functions of the state not only in the socio-economic sphere, but also in promoting the development of elements of civil society; 3) the mechanism of checks and balances is ineffective; 4) political unstructured state power; 5) the party system is financially, materially dependent on the authorities and financially dominant social groups; 6) weak interaction between parties and pressure groups; 8) the absence of clearly defined ideological orientations, civilized forms of ideological pluralism, civilized centrism in politics.

State power in Ukraine is exercised according to the principle of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. Legislative, executive and judicial authorities exercise their powers within the limits established by the Constitution and in accordance with the laws of Ukraine.

Ukraine is a unitary parliamentary-presidential republic. Government - Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. The highest legislative body is the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Judicial system – supreme and constitutional courts

The Ukrainian regions have their own legislative and executive power: regional Soviets of people's deputies and heads of regional administrations (governors) appointed by the country's president.

On December 8, 2004, the Constitution (1996) was amended to transform Ukraine from a presidential-parliamentary to a parliamentary-presidential republic.

The popularly elected President remained the head of state. He retained quite significant powers: the right to veto laws adopted by the Verkhovna Rada, the right to implement foreign policy, the right to dissolve parliament, the right to make a number of appointments, including the ministers of defense and foreign affairs, the chairman of the SBU, the Prosecutor General, etc.

However, the right to form the Cabinet of Ministers passes from the President to the parliamentary majority, which must be formed by the parties that won the elections. And the Cabinet of Ministers now bears political responsibility only before the Verkhovna Rada. In this regard, the electoral system also changed: the mixed system was replaced by a proportional electoral system with a 3% barrier to entry.

Thus, as a result of the constitutional reform, the powers of the President are reduced, while the powers of the Verkhovna Rada and the Cabinet of Ministers, especially in the sphere of domestic policy, are expanded.

The following characteristics of the political system of Ukraine are distinguished:

    It is relatively stable (on the surface), but can easily become unstable due to conflicts between the main political blocs.

    It is distinguished by a relatively low rate of social processes and is not sufficiently receptive to innovations.

    The system does not have sufficiently effective modern traditions and experience of independent functioning.

    It is centralized, with some elements of regionalism and decentralization.

    Differs in low reactivity.

    It is a system of transitional (from the Soviet model) type.

A multi-party system is being formed in Ukraine. In 2010, over 150 parties were registered in the country. Several dozen of them participated in the elections.

The last parliamentary elections were held in 2014.

The proportional electoral system of Ukraine provides an opportunity to allocate seats in parliament according to the number of votes received by a party or bloc in elections. Therefore, many parties have a chance to get their representatives into parliament. But the parliamentary barrier (3%) limits these chances. To increase their chances of overcoming the rating barrier, some parties form pre-election blocs.

International organizations- one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states. They are created on the basis of an agreement between the participants. The activities of international organizations are regulated by their charter. The effectiveness of the activities of organizations depends on the degree of coherence that states can achieve.

Organizations differ in areas of activity (issues of peace and security, economy, culture, health, transport, etc.); by composition of participants (universal, regional); by scope of authority, etc.

The main goals and objectives of all international organizations are the creation of a constructive multilateral base for international cooperation, the establishment of global and regional zones of peaceful coexistence.

A special place among interstate international organizations is occupied by the United Nations (UN) - as a universal international organization of general competence.

This chapter provides information on the most famous international economic and economic-political organizations.

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO) - Wikiwand UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945. Proposals for reform of the UN, including an increase in the number of permanent members of the Security Council, are currently being discussed.

The United Nations system includes the UN with its principal and subsidiary bodies. 17 UN specialized agencies have been formed, as well as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is also included in the UN system as an intergovernmental one.

Specialized UN events are held to strengthen international cooperation and mutual understanding.

Member States: At present, over 180 countries of the world are members of the UN. Observers to the UN - Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc.

Support for peace and international security.

Development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination.

International cooperation to resolve world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature.

Promoting respect for human rights.

The transformation of the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals.

Structure:

  1. General Assembly.
  2. Security Council.
  3. Economic and Social Council.
  4. Guardian Council.
  5. International Court.
  6. Secretariat.

The General Assembly (GA) is the main body of the UN, uniting all its members (on the principle of "one state - one vote"). It is authorized to consider questions and make recommendations on problems that are in the political and material spheres within the scope of the Charter. Although the GA resolutions are advisory in nature and are not legally binding on all UN members, they are backed by the authority of the United Nations. The General Assembly determines the policy and program of action of the organization. GA sessions are held annually, but extraordinary sessions may also be convened.

The Security Council (SC) is the only UN body that can make decisions that are binding on the 148 UN members. Using a number of measures for the peaceful settlement of international conflicts, in the event that the warring parties are not ready to participate in the peace process of negotiations, the Security Council can take coercive measures.

Decisions to impose military sanctions are taken only when non-military sanctions prove insufficient. Groups of observers and UN peacekeeping forces (“blue helmets”) are sent to conflict areas.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent maples (, France), with the right to "veto", and ten non-permanent members, elected for a period of two years in accordance with regional quotas (five seats for the states of Asia and one for the states of Eastern Europe , two for states and two for countries in Western Europe).

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is responsible for the activities of the United Nations in the economic and social spheres and performs the tasks assigned to it in connection with the implementation of the recommendations of the General Assembly (studies, reports, etc.). It coordinates the activities of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.

The International Court of Justice is the main legal organ of the United Nations. The Court is open to all states of the world and individuals (even non-members of the UN).

The Secretariat operates under the direction of the Secretary General and is responsible for the day-to-day work of the UN. The Secretary General - the chief official of the UN - is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The High Commissioner for Human Rights, appointed by the Secretary General, is responsible for the activities of the UN in the field of human rights.

The official languages ​​of the UN are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

The headquarters is in New York.

WORLD BANK GROUP

The World Bank Group includes four institutions: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); International Finance Corporation (IFC); International Development Association (MAP); Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION

AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) - INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) The idea of ​​IBRD was formulated at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944. IBRD as a specialized agency is part of the UN system.

Objectives: to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the Member States by encouraging investment for production purposes; encouraging private and foreign investment by providing guarantees or participating in loans and other investments by private lenders; encouragement of economic and social progress in developing countries through long-term financing of development projects and programs in order to ensure the growth of production; stimulating the growth of international trade and the development of productive resources of the IBRD member states.

Currently, the IBRD includes about 180 states (including Russia). Membership is also open to members of the World Monetary Fund (IMF) on terms determined by the IBRD.

Funding Sources: IBRD, to which all member countries are subscribers to capital, finances its lending operations primarily from this capital, borrowings from financial markets, and repayments on pre-existing loans.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund began to function in 1946. As a specialized agency, it is part of the UN system. The IMF has about 180 member countries.

Objectives: to encourage international cooperation in the field of monetary policy; promoting the growth of world trade; maintaining the stability of currencies and streamlining currency relations between member states; provision of loan assistance to Member States, if necessary.

Membership is open to other states on conditions determined by the IMF (the amount of authorized capital, quotas, voting rights, special drawing rights, etc.).

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are an IMF tool that allows the creation of foreign exchange reserves on the basis of an international agreement in order to prevent the danger of a permanent shortage of foreign exchange reserves.

Funding sources: Member contributions (quotas) supplemented by IMF loans from its members. 150

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO)

It was established in 1949 on the basis of the signing and ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty (“Washington Treaty”). The process of political changes in recent years (the collapse of the USSR, the cessation of the Warsaw Pact Organization, etc.) has led to a number of NATO statements in recent years, including: the London Declaration "North Atlantic Alliance in the process of change" (1990), and cooperation” (1991); "A new strategic concept of the alliance" (1991); statement of the NATO Council with an invitation to join the program "Partnership for Peace" (1994), etc.

Member States (16): Belgium, UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, USA, France. (Iceland, which does not have its own armed forces, is not part of the integrated military structure; Spain does not participate in the integrated command structure; France in 1966 withdrew from the integrated military structure).

Objectives: to ensure the freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; joint action and all-round cooperation in order to strengthen the security of the Member States, ensure a just and lasting peace in Europe based on common values, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

The headquarters of the governing bodies is in Brussels.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) - ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)

The final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in 1975 in Helsinki () by the heads of state and government of 33 countries of Western Europe, as well as the United States and. It became a long-term program for the development of the process of detente and cooperation in Europe.

A new period in the work of the OSCE began with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed in 1990.

The OSCE's relations with the United Nations are based on a framework agreement concluded with the UN Secretariat and observer status in the UN General Assembly.

Objectives: to promote the improvement of mutual relations, create conditions for ensuring a lasting peace; supporting the détente of international tension; recognition of the close interdependence of peace and security in Europe and throughout the world.

EUROPEAN UNION (EU) - Wikiwand EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

The Treaty on the European Union (EU), signed in 1992 in Maastricht (Netherlands) by the heads of state and government of 12 member states of the European Economic Community, entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Treaty introduces EU citizenship in addition to national citizenship.

The predecessor of the EU was the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by Luxembourg, Germany, and in 1958 with the aim of creating a common market for goods, capital and labor by abolishing customs duties and other restrictions on trade, and pursuing a coordinated trade policy.

Later the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland (1973), Spain, Portugal (1981) and Greece (1986) were admitted to the Community.

Since 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden have become EU members.

Cyprus, Malta, Turkey, countries of Eastern Europe also filed official applications with a request to join the EU.

The European Union (EU) is built on three pillars:

  1. European Communities (European Coal and Steel Community - ECSC; European Economic Community - EEC; European Atomic Energy Community - EURATOM) with the forms of cooperation provided for by the Treaty on European Union.
  2. Joint foreign and international security policy.

3. Cooperation in domestic and legal policy. Member States (15): Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden.

Formation of a close union of the peoples of Europe.

Promoting balanced and lasting progress through: creating a space without internal borders, strengthening economic and social interaction, establishing an economic and monetary union, and creating a single currency in the future.

Carrying out a joint foreign policy, and in the future, a joint defense policy.

Development of cooperation in the field of justice and internal affairs.

Organs. EU: European Council; European Parliament; Council of the European Union; European Commission; European Court.

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

The NAFTA agreement was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington and came into force on January 1, 1994.

Member States: Canada, Mexico, USA. Objectives: The agreement provides for the creation of a free trade zone within 15 years; measures are envisaged to liberalize the movement of goods, services, capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. Unlike the EU, the NAFTA countries do not envisage the creation of a single monetary system and the coordination of foreign policy.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) - Wikiwand ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)

The organization was established in 1961. It became the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed in 1948 in order to make the best use of American economic and financial assistance for the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with European recipient countries of this assistance.

Applications for membership in the OECD of Hungary, the Republic of Korea, and are currently being considered. Russia cooperates with the OECD by signing in 1994 the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities.

Objectives: to contribute to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic development, employment growth and living standards while maintaining the financial stability of member states; promoting economic and social well-being by coordinating the policies of member states; harmonization of OECD assistance to developing countries.

COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS - COMMONWEALTH

The Commonwealth of Nations is a "voluntary association of independent states" symbolized by the British monarch, recognized as head of the Commonwealth.

Sovereign states pursue independent policies and cooperate on the basis of common interests and in order to promote international understanding. The relations of the member states are defined in the Westminster status of 1931 as independent and equal in domestic and foreign policy.

The Commonwealth consists of 30 republics, 5 monarchies with their own kings, and 16 states that recognize the British monarch as head of state, represented in these countries by a governor general.

Member States (about 50): Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, United Kingdom, Grenada, Greece, Dominica, Indonesia, Canada, Cyprus, Malaysia, Malta, Nigeria, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis, , . Objectives: To promote the well-being of peoples.

At meetings of heads of state and government of the Commonwealth member states, the international situation, issues of regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, as well as special programs of the Commonwealth are discussed.

ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) - Wikiwand ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU)

It was established in 1963 at a conference of heads of state and government.

Objectives: to promote the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to secure independence and national rights; support for the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in economic, social, cultural, scientific and other important areas of life, etc.

The headquarters of the General Secretariat is in Jeddah.

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS) - Wikiwand LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS)

The Arab League Pact formed the basis of the League of Arab States formed in 1945. It was signed by seven Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan).

Member States. (22): Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia.

Goals: strengthening ties between Member States in various sectors (economy, finance, transport, culture, healthcare); coordinating the actions of member states to protect national security and ensure their independence and sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force to settle disputes; respect for the regimes existing in other countries and refusal to try to change them.

The headquarters is in Cairo.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

It was organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The charter was adopted in 1965, later it was repeatedly amended.

Member States (12): Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia.

Goals: coordination and unification of the oil policy of the Member States; determination of the most effective means of protecting the interests of the participating States; finding ways to ensure price stability on world oil markets; environmental protection, etc.

UNION OF ARAB MAGRIB (UAM)

Formed in 1989. Member States (5): Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia.

Objectives: to contribute to the successful solution of issues of economic development, to ensure greater competitiveness of the goods of the countries of the region in the markets of the world.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

Established in 1985. Member States (7): Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Objectives: to accelerate the economic development, social progress and cultural development of the member countries and the establishment of peace and stability in the region.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

Objectives: to promote regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres in order to strengthen peace in the region; accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint action in the spirit of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport and communications in order to improve the living standards of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc.

ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - Wikiwand ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC)

The organization was founded on the initiative in 1989.

Member States (18): Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Philippines, Chile.

Goals: creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community; easing mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; expanding cooperation to areas such as trade, the environment, etc. A group of eminent figures from the APEC countries is instructed to put forward ideas for the future of the organization and discuss ways to implement them.

Formed on the basis of the Treaty of Montevideo II, signed by the LAST member countries and entered into force in 1981.

Goals: creation of a common market of countries and Mexico. Unlike LAST, the LAI integration process provides for a differentiated progress towards the creation of a common market, taking into account the level of economic development of the participating countries.

Within the framework of the LAI, subregional groups are preserved: the Treaty of the La Plata River Basin, 1969 (members - Argentina, Bo-158 Libya, Brazil, Paraguay, ), Cartagena Agreement, 1969 (members - Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador), Agreement on cooperation between the countries of the Amazon zone, 1978 (members - Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador).

ANDINA SYSTEM OF INTEGRATION (SIA) - SISTEMA DE INTEGRACION ANDINA (SIA)

Formed on the basis of the Andean Pact. It includes two independent blocks of institutions: for political cooperation and for economic integration.

As a follow-up to the 1969 Cartagena Agreement on the establishment of the Andean Subregional Integration Group, a document was adopted called the Andean Strategy, which declared the development of the Andean economic space, the deepening of international relations, and the contribution to the unity of Latin America. At the same time, the “Peace Act” was adopted, which provided for the deepening of the integration process, the creation of the Andean Common Market (free trade zone, customs union) by 1995.

ANDINA PACT (AP) - ACUERDO DE INTEGRACION SUBREGIONAL ANDINA (AISA)

Created on the basis of an agreement that entered into force in 1969.

Member States (5): Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador. In 1976, Chile withdrew. Since 1969 it has been an associate member.

Goals: liberalization of regional trade and introduction of common external tariffs; creation of a common market by 1985; coordination of economic policy in relation to foreign capital; development of industry, agriculture and infrastructure through joint programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources.

LA PLATA GROUP - ORGANIZACION DE LA CUENCA DE LA PLATA

Formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and Joint Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969.

Member States (5): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Objectives: optimal use and protection of the natural resources of the La Plata basin.

In 1986, a long-term program of economic cooperation was signed between Argentina and Brazil - the "Integration Act", to which Uruguay joined, and in 1991 Paraguay.

COMMON MARKET OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTHERN CONE - EL MERCADO COMUN DEL SUR (MERCOSUR)

Formed as a development of the Integration Act of 1986 on the basis of the Treaty on the Common Market of the countries of the Southern Cone in 1991.

Member States (4): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. For economically less developed Bolivia, instead of direct participation in integration, it is envisaged to maintain existing benefits.

Objectives: Creation of a common market of the participating countries within 10 years on the basis of projects and enterprises carried out within the framework of the La Plata Organization.

AMAZON PACT - EL PASTO AMAZONICO

Formed on the basis of the Agreement on Cooperation in the Amazon and entered into force in 1980.

Member States (8): Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Ecuador.

Objectives: accelerated joint development and rational use of the natural resources of the basin, their protection from foreign exploitation, cooperation in the creation of infrastructure.

ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES (OCAS) - ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS CENTROAMERICANOS (OESA)

Formed in 1951 at the conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador and Costa Rica.

Objectives: Economic and political integration of the states of Central America, cultural cooperation of the participating countries, prevention and settlement of emerging conflicts.

CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM)

Political and economic organization for cooperation in the field of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policy, creation of joint facilities.

The community was formed in 1973 on the basis of the Chagua Ramas Treaty (Trinidad and Tobago).

Member States (13): , Bahamas (member only of the Community, not of the Common Market), Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Guyana, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica. Associate members: British and Virgin Islands, Terke and Caicos.

Goals: Political and economic cooperation; foreign policy coordination; economic rapprochement through the liberalization of mutual trade and the establishment of a common customs regime; policy coordination in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the field of education and health.

CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (CCM) - CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (ССМ, CARICOM)

Formed in 1974 in accordance with the annex to the Treaty of Chaguaramas, includes all members of the CC, with the exception of the Bahamas.

Governing bodies: Conference of Heads of Government and Common Market Council. In 1976, the participating countries introduced uniform customs tariffs. In 1982, at the Conference of Heads of Government, a proposal was put forward to create an Association of Caribbean States. In 1994, the Conference considered the prospects for membership of the COP-KOR in NAFTA.

ASSOCIATION OF THE CARIBBEAN STATES (ACG) - ASOCIACION DE LOS ESTADOS CARIBES (AEC)

The agreement establishing the ACG was signed by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994.

Member States: Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Montserrat, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica.

Objectives: To promote the economic integration of Caribbean countries.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)

The forerunner of the OAS was the Pan American System - a set of bodies and organizations operating under the control of the United States in the first half of the 20th century.

The OAS was formed in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the Charter of the OAS. At present, all 35 independent American states are members of the OAS. In 1962, Cuba was excluded from participation in the work of the OAS bodies.

Goals: maintaining peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts between Member States; organizing joint actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; promotion of economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of the participating countries.

international organizations) - 1) associations of states or associations of national societies (associations) of a non-governmental nature and individual members for consultations, coordination of activities, development and achievement of common goals in various areas of international life (political, economic, scientific and technical, social, cultural, military etc.); 2) one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states.

Great Definition

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

fr. organisation, from lat. organizo - I give a slender appearance, arrange) - one of the main organizational and legal forms of international cooperation in the modern world; voluntary organizations whose activities cover a variety of aspects of international relations: economic, political, cultural. The number of international organizations is steadily growing - if at the beginning of the 20th century. Since there were about 40 intergovernmental and 180 non-governmental organizations, there are currently about 300 and 5,000 respectively. The first international organization was the Universal Postal Union, established in 1875. Modern international organizations include: 1) regional organizations: the Council of Europe, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the League of Arab States (LAS), the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) , Organization of African Unity (OAU), Organization of American States (OAS); 2) organizations of an economic nature: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), etc.; 3) professional organizations: the International Organization of Journalists (IOJ), the International Political Science Association (IAPN), the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL); 4) demographic organizations: Women's International Democratic Federation (IDFW), World Youth Association (WWA); 5) organizations in the field of culture and sports: International Olympic Committee (IOC); 6) military-political organizations: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Pacific Security Pact (ANZUS), etc.; 7) trade union organizations: the International Conference of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the World Confederation of Labor (WCL), etc.; 8) various organizations in support of peace and international solidarity: the World Peace Council (WPC), the International Peace Institute in Vienna, etc.; 9) organizations for the protection of victims of wars, catastrophes and natural disasters: International Red Cross (ICC); 10) environmental organizations: Greenpeace, etc. The most significant role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 in order to maintain the global security system. The UN Charter enshrined such principles of international cooperation as the sovereign equality of all its members, the resolution of international disputes by peaceful means, the renunciation of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The structure of the UN consists of: 1) the UN Secretariat (headed by the Secretary General); 2) Security Council (15 countries, including 5 permanent members with veto power - Russia, USA, UK, France, China); 3) General Assembly (all member countries of the organization); 4) a number of organizations - structural units of the UN, including: WHO (World Health Organization), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNESCO (World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IMF (International Monetary Fund), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNICEF (International Children's Fund), International Court of Justice.

To understand the essence of international political relations, it is necessary to define the main subjects of world politics. In political science literature, four main subjects are most often distinguished that play a significant role in the system of international relations: national states, interstate associations, international governmental organizations and non-governmental (non-governmental) organizations and movements. Let us briefly dwell on their characteristics.

Nation (sovereign) states act in the system of international relations as the main subjects of foreign policy activity. In the international arena, they enter into various relations with each other, determine the forms of specific relationships and interactions within the world community, at the regional level, as well as on a bilateral basis. Often certain aspects of international politics are even personified with specific political leaders of individual countries: the Napoleonic Wars, the Monroe Doctrine, the Marshall Plan for post-war Europe, and so on.

Interstate associations are coalitions of states, military-political blocs (for example, NATO), integration organizations (EU), political associations (League of Arab countries, Non-Aligned Movement). These are associations on an interstate basis, which play a very important role in modern politics.

International government organizations - a special type of associations, which includes representatives of most countries of the world, often with mismatched political orientations and interests. Such organizations are created to discuss problems of universal importance and to coordinate the activities of the world community (UN, UNESCO, etc.).

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states. An international organization is an association of states, in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty, for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, which has the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from rights and obligations of states into an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Any intergovernmental organization must have at least six features.

First, it is created in accordance with international law. This is the most significant feature of decisive importance. Any governmental organization must be created on a legal basis, namely, the organization must not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole.

In addition, any international organization is created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.). Sovereign states are the parties to such an agreement, and, more recently, intergovernmental organizations have also become participants in international organizations. For example, the EU is a member of many international fisheries organizations.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in a particular area: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary (IMF) and others. But such an organization as the UN should coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between member states. Sometimes states refer the most complex issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and resolution.

It is very important for every international organization to have an appropriate organizational structure. This sign, as it were, confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation. Intergovernmental organizations have headquarters, members represented by sovereign states and subsidiary bodies.

The next important feature of an international organization is its rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its founding act. An international organization cannot exceed its authority. An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, i.e. has an autonomous will distinct from the will of the Member States. This sign means that any organization in its field of activity can choose independently the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. Thus, an international organization that has the above features is considered an international intergovernmental organization.

For example, the Council of Europe was founded in accordance with the Charter in May 1949. The purpose of this Organization is to achieve greater unity among its members in the name of protecting and implementing the ideals and principles that are their common achievement, promoting their economic and social progress.

The activity of the Council of Europe is focused on such issues as the legal support of human rights, promotion of awareness and development of European cultural identity, search for joint solutions to social problems, development of political partnership with the new democratic countries of Europe, etc.

The governing bodies of the Council of Europe are the Committee of Ministers, the Consultative Assembly, the Meeting of Sectoral Ministers and the Secretariat. The Committee of Ministers is composed of the ministers of foreign affairs of the member states, and is the highest body of the Council of Europe. It decides on the program of work of the organization, approves the recommendations of the Consultative Assembly. At the ministerial level, it usually meets twice a year. Monthly meetings at the level of permanent representatives of the member states of the Council of Europe are also envisaged. 40 states are members of the Council of Europe. The organization is headquartered in Istanbul.

Modern international organizations are divided into two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The role of both of them is significant, and all of them contribute to the communication of states in various spheres of life.

International non-governmental organization any international organization not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement is considered. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Such organizations are created on the basis of a constituent act. They arose at the beginning of the 19th century, and at present there are about 8,000 of them. International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations. And in some areas they are even leaders. For example, the Committee of the Red Cross, whose principles of activity are humanity, impartiality, independence and voluntariness, has made a great contribution to the interaction of states in various fields.

Non-state (non-governmental) international organizations and movements are also active subjects of politics. These include international associations of political parties (for example, Christian, communist, socialist - Socialist International), trade unions (World Federation of Trade Unions, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, etc.), youth, students, pacifist movements, etc.

Recently, informal international movements and organizations, such as “people's diplomacy”, “greens”, etc., have begun to play a special role. In modern literature, non-state international organizations also include multinational corporations, church and religious associations, and a number of others that, being organizations of a political nature, nevertheless, they have a significant impact on international political processes.

Particular attention should be paid to those subjects of international politics that play a destructive role and can pose a threat to the normal development of international relations and undermine both international and national security. First of all, these are states that proclaim claims to world domination, as well as build their foreign policy on the basis of predatory and revanchist aspirations. Secondly, the destructive subjects of international politics are international terrorist groups and organizations, transnational drug trafficking associations, international mafia structures, Masonic organizations, and some international religious associations. Relations between the subjects of politics in the international arena are built and developed on a different basis. It can be a relationship of cooperation and struggle, mutual support and competition. Of particular importance in the peaceful resolution of international conflicts is the policy of reasonable compromises that take into account the mutual interests of states.

2. " big seven”- these are the seven leading ones with a market economy. In this. The group includes the USA, Japan, France, Italy and Canada.

The G7 holds annual high-level economic meetings with the participation of representatives of the countries of the European Union. From consideration of relatively narrow issues (exchange rates, control over exports and imports), the leaders of the G7 have today moved on to a general analysis, a search for ways to influence the pace and proportions of its development. More than 50% of the world's gross domestic product is accounted for by the G7 member countries.

3.European Union.

This is an economic grouping, which includes 12 Western European countries: France, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, and (list of countries as of 1992).

The European Union was formed with the aim of creating a common market for goods, capital and labor by abolishing customs duties in trade between community members, pursuing a coordinated trade policy with respect to third world countries, joint activities in the field of energy, transport and coordinating a common economic and social policy.

4. NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

This is a military-political union that arose in 1949. It includes: USA, UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Portugal,. The official goal of NATO is to ensure the security of peace-loving states and the maintenance of world peace. Obviously, with the collapse of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (a military-political union of former socialist states), NATO members should strive to create a collective security system in Europe.

The headquarters of this military-political bloc is located in Brussels.

5. Organization of American States (OAS).

It is the largest grouping of states in the Western Hemisphere. It includes about 30 states of Northern and.

The goals set by the OAS are to strengthen peace and security in the region, prevent disagreements and peacefully resolve disputes, act together in the event of aggression, help resolve the political, economic and legal problems of the American countries, join forces for the purposes of scientific, technical and cultural progress.

The headquarters of the OAS is located in.

6. Organization of African Unity (UAE).

This is the largest and most influential grouping of independent countries. By its nature, it is an interstate political organization. It unites over 50 states of the continent. Its main goals are the development of all-round political and economic cooperation between African countries, the strengthening of their solidarity and unity in the international arena, the elimination of all types of colonialism, the protection of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries. The headquarters of the OAU is located in.

7. United Nations (UN).

The most influential international organization that unites sovereign states on a voluntary basis with the aim of maintaining and strengthening international peace and security, as well as developing cooperation between states. The fight against colonialism and gross and mass violations of human rights are also important areas of UN activity.
The name of this organization was proposed by US President Franklin Roosevelt. The official date of the creation of the UN is 1945, when the UN Charter was ratified by the majority of signatory states. The Charter states that the UN was created in order to save the coming generation from the scourge of war, develop friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and contribute to the resolution of international problems of an economic, social and cultural nature.

All peace-loving states that recognize its Charter and are ready to fulfill it can be members of the UN.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The UN headquarters is located in New York.

There are many specialized agencies within the UN, such as:

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Its main goal is to achieve a wider use of atomic energy by the countries of the world and to ensure that its use cannot be diverted to military purposes. The Agency advises and assists in the implementation of national programs. The agency is headquartered in .

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

The objectives of the organization are to fight against the world, to promote better nutrition and improve the standard of living of people; increasing the productivity of agriculture, fish farming and forestry; improvement of the distribution system for food and agricultural products.

The headquarters of the organization is located in Rome.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

The range of activities of this organization covers a wide range of issues: the fight against illiteracy, the content and planning of education, the creation in developing countries of centers for the training of qualified personnel, activities to develop international cooperation in the field of science; research in the field of human rights and peacebuilding; use of space communications for educational purposes. The headquarters of UNESCO is located in Paris.

World Health Organization (WHO).

This is also a specialized agency of the UN, which aims to achieve the highest possible level of health for all peoples. WHO organizes the fight against diseases, their elimination at the international level, assists various countries in the fight against infectious and other diseases, conducts international control over the quality of medicines, drug control, international actions in the field of quarantine and epidemiological surveillance. The headquarters of the WHO is located in Geneva.