It has no moral value. Moral values and moral ideals. The idea of reverence for life
Throughout the history of human civilization, most people have strived for goodness and creation, because they intuitively felt the correctness of this path in life. At the same time, at all times there were tyrants and criminals who aspired to power, totalitarianism and wars, as a result of which it was possible to seize other people's wealth and gain even more power. However, despite all the obstacles, moral values have always been perceived as the main factor in determining a person and his place in society.
Scientists and thinkers of the past noticed that morality is an integral part of every person, since it is inherent in him from birth. The proof of this is the fact that there are no bad children. All children from the point of view of psychology and higher ethics are good, because they do not yet have an adult outlook on life and the desire for profit, wealth, power over other people. A child may misbehave, but this does not mean that he is bad. Every child needs to be instilled with moral values, since they should become the main guideline for him in our troubled world.
The main feature of modernity is the absolutization of the concept of "freedom". It is she who becomes the main criterion for choosing the path of development for a person. Constitutional rights enshrined in law have become for many people the main factor in the commission of certain acts, and this, unfortunately, is not a very good indicator. If earlier moral values clearly defined the concept of good and evil, today such distinctions are practically not made, since there is no longer a clear understanding of these meanings. Evil is the violation of a certain law and the commission of an illegal act that violates the freedom of another person. If the law does not prohibit any action, then it automatically becomes permitted and correct. This is the most negative thing, especially for our children.
The main determining factor that played a significant role in the development and improvement of the human soul was religion. Today, it has been reduced to a simple, everyday ritual that no longer carries any spiritual significance. Despite the fact that people continue to celebrate Easter and Christmas, they no longer put spiritual meaning into these sacred holidays. This has become commonplace, as a result of which the moral values of most people have significantly decreased.
Freedom has become the main factor in the development, which today in actions and actions is guided not by the concepts of "moral or immoral", but "legal or illegal". Everything would be fine if our laws were adopted by really honest and decent people, and if they also corresponded to honor.
A good example can be moral values in philosophy, since for thinkers and sages, justice, honesty and truth are above all. Therefore, it would be useful to plunge into ancient wisdom and get acquainted with at least the well-known sayings of the thinkers of the past. As for our children, it is extremely necessary for them to learn from us adults about the basics of correct behavior and attitude towards other people from a very early age. play a major role in this matter, because at the initial stage of development they help the child to refrain from wrong actions and deeds, and subsequently give him a guideline in choosing the right path in life. After all, honesty and decency always win in the end, since this is a cosmic law, which a person cannot influence.
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Morality is the mind of the heart.
G. Heine
expressed in passions and actions.
Aristotle
Sl.1 Hello dear parents. I thank you for the fact that, despite being busy, you still found the time and came to talk on the burning topic “What moral values does my child need?” - It seems to me that if such a topic is of interest to the public, then our state can be proud of the fact that it has raised worthy parents who are not indifferent to the life of their child, and the new generation as a whole.
Sl.2 What is a person?(a certain substance endowed with qualities, deeds, actions, needs, desires, etc.).
Sl.3 Are all human qualities positive? Qualities are both positive and negative. As a rule, we are not always satisfied with the qualities that we possess. Before we take on children, it is necessary to understand ourselves, because our children are a mirror image of us. They copy everything exactly from ourselves.
Could you identify your flaws or are you unique people without a flaw? You have tickers, write on them the qualities that you would like to get rid of, list those skeletons that we carry with us for a long time and occasionally lock in the closet. I will help you get rid of them for a while. Are you ready to break up? May I collect them from you. There is a wonderful tradition in the East, everything you want to get rid of - put it on fire. I will immediately burn everything that prevents us from living so much. Well, we are clean before each other, I don’t know your shortcomings, you don’t know mine, we are now clean sheets for each other.
Tell me, are there any qualities in the world that you would like to acquire or strengthen their role?
You now have a wonderful opportunity to choose the qualities that you would like to see in yourself and in your child. I will ask you to write them down to put in different vessels, in one - what is for yourself, and in the opposite - for your child.
May I describe these qualities? I read from each vessel in turn. I postpone repetitive ones.
Look, in most cases, you have chosen rational qualities for yourself, the qualities of a business person, and for a child - kindness, compassion, responsiveness, sensitivity. Why? (parents' answers)
You're right. The answer is simple - because we lack this, and not only our children, they are lacking in society, they have become scarce. We are all in a hurry, in a hurry, building a career and we do not have time to look around and see how many of us are those who need our kindness, attention and responsiveness, that is, in a word ... - mercy.
Sl.4 video "Balls"
In the cycle of life, we devote little time to our children, and yet they still need us so much.
Sl.5 Which of these qualities would you take for your child? (+ and -)
Сr.6 Moral and immoral (+ and -)
The science of morality is called ethics. She talks about how to live, what actions to perform, how to treat people.
Morality and moral relations are the basis of being and the basis for the development of society. The moral behavior of a person depends on the presence of certain positive and negative qualities and character traits.
Positive(moral) qualities of a person's character (kindness, mercy, attention to the younger, older, diligence, patience, honesty, justice, masculinity, and others) allow a person to live a clean life according to the laws of society in order to fulfill his spiritual destiny.
Negative(immoral) qualities of a person's character determine his moral instability, uncertainty in life. Such a person constantly fluctuates in behavior, choice of action, and can be tempted by the Devil to commit all kinds of crimes.
Cunning, greed, deceit, a tendency to steal and other negative qualities rooted in the Soul of a person push him to immoral acts, violation of the laws of society and make him a criminal. Such a path may end in the death of the Soul and the body.
Thus, morality determines spirituality, and immorality determines lack of spirituality.
Sl.7 parable "Battle of two wolves"
The old sage taught the life of his grandchildren. He told them:
There is a battle going on in me... it is a terrible fight between two wolves. One represents fear, anger, envy, grief, regret, greed, arrogance, self-pity, guilt, resentment, resentment, lies, inferiority, false pride, superiority, and ego. The other represents joy, peace, love, hope, generosity, sincerity, humility, kindness, benevolence, friendliness, empathy, sharing, truth, compassion and faith.
The older man looked at the children with a firm gaze.
The same battle is going on within you and also within other people.
The children thought about it for a minute, and then one of them asked the grandfather:
Which wolf will win?
The one you feed, - answered the old Indian.
Sl. 8 What is Morality? Ozhegov describes it this way: “Morality There is an acceptance of responsibility for one's actions. What is morality? If you think about the etymology of the word, then it already has the answer to my question: “Chernobrow’s white-faced the temper of such a meek "- whose portrait is this and from which fairy tale?
The princess from the fairy tale "About the dead princess and the seven heroes".
"But the princess is young,
blooming silently,
Meanwhile, she grew and grew.
She rose and blossomed.
MORAL - temper, character, like (to accept with the soul), therefore, MORAL - this is what my soul manifests.
And if so, then what is beauty
And why do people deify her?
She is a vessel in which there is emptiness,
Or fire flickering in a vessel?
ON THE. Zabolotsky
Sl.9 What are human values? What can a person appreciate? What is of value to you?
There are material, socio-political and spiritual values. Each person has his own moral values - this is what he values most in life, what is sacred to him, what he is convinced of and what guides his actions.
С.10 Moral (moral) values -
- The ancient sages considered prudence, benevolence, courage, and justice to be the main of these virtues.
- In Judaism, Christianity, Islam, the highest moral values are associated with faith in God and zealous reverence for him.
- Honesty, fidelity, respect for elders, diligence, patriotism are revered as moral values among all peoples.
Sl.11. Parable:
Human values
A peasant had a son who began to misbehave. Having tried all the ways of influence, the father came up with the following: he dug a pillar against the house and, after each misconduct of his son, drove a nail into this pillar.
Some time passed, and there was no living space left on the pillar - it was all studded with nails. This picture struck the boy's imagination so much that he began to improve. Then for each of his actions, his father began to pull out one nail. And then the day came when the last nail was pulled out, but this made a completely unexpected impression on the boy: he wept bitterly.
Why are you crying? his father asked. “Are there no more nails?”
There are no nails, but the holes remain, - answered the son.
What method of persuasion do you use?
Sl. 12 The main goal of moral education is to achieve harmony of ideals and actions with universal values, which is based on the need to serve people and goodness.
Sl.13 Commandments of education.
Sl.14 The Golden Rule of Morality "Do to others the way you would like to be treated to you."
L.N. Tolstoy in a letter to R. Rolland wrote about moral rules: “The simplest and shortest moral rule is to force others to serve yourself as little as possible and to serve others as much as possible. Demand from others as little as possible and give others as much as possible. This rule, which gives our existence a reasonable meaning and the happiness that follows from it, resolves all difficulties. “When a person consciously or intuitively chooses some kind of goal, life task in life, at the same time he involuntarily gives himself an assessment. By what a person lives for, one can judge his self-esteem - low or high. If a person lives to bring good to people, ease their suffering, give people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of his humanity. Only a vital goal allows a person to live his life with dignity and get real joy. Optimism is the power of hope, which does not dry up where others have despaired. A merry man creates a merry world for himself, a gloomy man creates a gloomy world for himself. |
Morality is the mind of the heart. Morality is the warehouse of the soul, Morality is the acceptance of responsibility for one's actions. "Everything that is beautiful is moral." Moral law: love your neighbor as yourself. Give light, and darkness will disappear by itself. The main goal of moral education is to achieve harmony of ideals and actions with universal values, which is based on the need to serve people and goodness. Each person is a reflection of his inner world. As a man thinks, so he is. |
Moral values "Kindness is a language that the dumb can speak and the deaf can listen to"
Memo to parents |
| Methods and conditions for the moral education of a child in the family | ||
1) Atmosphere of love. 2) Atmosphere of sincerity. 3) Explanation. Word impact. 4) A big mistake in family education is reproaches. |
5) V.A. Sukhomlinsky considered punishment as an extreme measure of influence. attitude towards people. But punishment should not offend the dignity of a person, express disbelief in him. 6) Reprimand. 7) V.A. Sukhomlinsky considers a very important method in education 8) It is necessary to cultivate feelings. It means both by word and deed to evoke feelings, to awaken feelings, deliberately creating an appropriate situation or using a natural setting. |
9) Regular work in the presence of a child. 10) It is necessary to exclude the so-called surplus irritants from the life of the child: luxury, poverty, excessive delicacies, disorderly eating, tobacco, alcohol. 11) Protect the child from contact with immoral people. 12) Parents need to pay attention to the chastity of family |
Value - a concept that reflects, of course, the positive significance of any material object or phenomenon of the spiritual life of people (unconditional good). This concept combines a rational moment (realization of something as a benefit for a person or society) and an irrational moment (experiencing the meaning of an object or phenomenon as important, significant, striving for it).
Value is for a person everything that has a certain significance for him, personal or social meaning (the significance of a person, the significance of things produced by a person, spiritual phenomena that are significant for a person and society). The quantitative characteristic of this sense is the assessment (significant, valuable, more valuable, less valuable), expressing the significance of something verbally. Evaluation forms a value attitude towards the world and oneself, leads to the value orientations of the individual.
A mature personality is usually characterized by stable value orientations. Stable value orientations become norms. They determine the forms of behavior of members of a given society. The value attitude of the individual towards himself and the world is realized in emotions, will, determination, goal-setting, ideal creation. On the basis of human needs and social relations, people's interests arise, which directly determine a person's interest in something.
Each person lives in a certain system of values, the objects and phenomena of which are designed to satisfy his needs. In a certain sense, we can say that value expresses the mode of existence of a person. The system of value orientations, which is formed under the influence of values, determines the spiritual structure of the personality and directly affects its development. The philosophical doctrine of values is called axiology. The main spiritual values of society are moral, religious and aesthetic values.
Moral values determine the human in a person. Without the development of moral values, it is impossible to become a person with independence, responsibility, high spirituality and socially formed. Moral regulations that socially determine people's behavior, refracting through the inner world of a person and acquiring a truly humanistic status, become the moral values of the individual.
The main moral values of the individual are:
Good (an extremely positive moral value, an absolute good for the person himself of other people) is the main value and the main delimiter of the moral and the immoral;
Duty and moral choice (moral value, the appropriation of which by a person, demonstrates the degree of his moral maturity, humanity, spirituality);
The meaning of life (an unconditional moral value that endows a person's life with integrity, direction, meaningfulness);
Conscience (moral value, showing the ability of the individual to moral introspection and self-esteem);
Happiness (moral value, revealing the moments of the highest satisfaction of the individual with his being, manifested in professional success, spiritual and personal self-realization);
Friendship (moral value, spiritual closeness of individuals);
Love (spiritual and physical unity of people);
Honor (social and moral status of the individual, achieved through his efforts and merits);
Dignity (unconditional moral value of any person as a representative of the human race);
- patriotism, citizenship (recognition of them as values means the moral and human maturity of the individual);
The synthesis of moral values is moral ideal - a generalized idea of the goodness of a certain era, personified in the image of a perfect personality (reflected by individual moral consciousness as a role model).
Moral values are closely interconnected with each other, and their significance increases with their full assimilation by the individual. It should be noted that moral values both in the inner world of the individual, and in the public consciousness, and in the course of human history are closely interconnected with aesthetic, religious values, or with an atheistic perception of reality. Their specific historical relationship forms the basis for the worldview of man and society.
Moral relations cover all spheres of a person's inner world and all areas of his external social relations. Always and everywhere a person can and should strive to behave morally, although we are far from always absolutely sure of the actual beneficialness of our moral act or that we acted in the best way. Often we make a choice between different moral values, inevitably sacrificing some of them to others.
Moral values are formed on the basis of those realities and actions that we not only evaluate, but also approve, i.e. we evaluate them as kind, good, good, etc.
A moral act is based on the natural moral feelings of a person, his positive qualities, the ideals and norms of moral behavior learned by him in the process of living in society.
In ethics based on humanism, love for a person, the following general moral ideals and norms are usually put forward: honesty, truthfulness, commitment, sincerity, fidelity, devotion, reliability, benevolence, benevolence, non-infliction of harm to other people, non-damage to private or public property, benevolence, conscientiousness, decency, gratitude, responsibility, justice, tolerance, cooperation.
The general category for denoting moral values is the category good (good) covering the totality of actions, principles and norms of moral behavior. One of the most difficult questions of ethics is precisely the problem of the nature of the good. Related to it is the question of the origin of the ethical: is it given to people from above? Is it inherent in man naturally, from birth? Is it generated by society or is it rooted in the individual himself?
Are there any general moral principles that go beyond individual, national and cultural boundaries and are inherent in all people? Can we consider their status objective, i.e. not dependent not only on man, but also on society and even the gods, as Socrates would say?
Humanistic ethics tends to answer in the affirmative the question of the existence of general moral principles. It can be assumed that they are partially based on the bioethical inclinations of people, are rooted in human nature, and are, as it were, genetically encoded. At the same time, they were honed historically on the experience of many generations of people. As a result, moral principles give the impression of being unshakable, self-evident and generally accepted. They prove their solidity by the success of their application in a variety of life circumstances. It can be imagined that countless individuals, tribes and even societies perished if they made a mistake in choosing good and evil. It can even be argued that humanity did not die out because it was guided by certain moral standards. General moral principles have been tested by time and experience so that they seem absolute, and to some even given from above, or supernatural.
Nevertheless, ethical principles are historical, they are formed in society, they have a social origin. General ethical standards are public norms that are equally understood and valued by the majority of people, the same for everyone and for everyone.
The natural premises of the ethical in man are also important for understanding the nature of morality. A person is initially ethical, from birth he contains a huge moral potential, a kind of matrix of an infinite number of moral inclinations, inclinations, opportunities, etc.
The ethics of humanism proceeds from the already potentially or actually existing humanity of each person, as the most promising and reliable starting point, the beginning from which the formation, disclosure, functioning and development of moral feeling and thinking begins here and now, where the establishment and enrichment of the world of moral values and moral perfection of man.
No matter how great the role of the environment, nature, society and other external realities in a person's life, he himself is the main and, in fact, the only carrier, subject and creator of moral realities in his life. A person who has been formed, has become, is able to radically change value priorities. As an independent being, he is able to constantly reflect on good and do it. Man is an active, leading principle, in relation to which the rest of society and nature act as a condition, environment and means.
One of the important proofs of the historical, and not genetic, moral priority of the individual is se moral perfection.
There are ethical teachings that not only prescribe to the individual a certain list of values and norms of behavior, but also offer their own principles of improvement. Among them, for example, are the ethics of love, the ethics of humility (non-violence), the ethics of virtues, the religious ethics of piety, obedience, redemption and salvation, offering perfection in fear, love, humility, sacrifice, service, prayer, in self-restraint and abstinence, etc. d.
Humanistic ethics does not focus on any one moral value, ethical principle, or positive quality of a person. This is ethics broadly understood humanity. Humanity combines care for a person, his recognition as a value and love for him, reverence and reverence for human and any other life. The ethics of humanism is the ethics of free and meaningful moral self-determination, self-actualization, self-realization, improvement and breakthrough to other realities that lie outside the personality - to one's own kind, society and nature.
Introduction
Moral values and their role in human life. Freedom and responsibility
The concept of aesthetic. Goodness and beauty in the spiritual experience of modern man
Religion and its role in the modern world
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Since the formation of society, moral values began to exist. They determined the life of a person, his position and relations in the community.
Freedom for a person did not belong to him at all, there were periods when for centuries a person remained in bondage. And in our time, a person depends on the laws, the foundations of society and traditions. He must be responsible for his actions, because if he does not realize what he has done, this will lead to consequences that he will regret.
How wonderful it would be if goodness and beauty went hand in hand, but these days this is not always the case.
Religion, just like in ancient times, is of great importance in the modern world. It unites millions of people, gives them hope in difficult times, and forms the moral norms of people's behavior. But there is also a negative aspect: against the background of religious differences, conflicts arise between people of different faiths.
1. Moral values and their role in human life. Freedom and responsibility
The most important philosophical issues under the jurisdiction of philosophical anthropology also include the spiritual life of man and those basic values that underlie his existence.
The values that ensure human life are health and safety, material wealth, relations in society that contribute to the self-realization of the individual and the freedom of her choice. The moral values of a person are a set of rules and norms of behavior in society.
The rules of morality were contained in the mythological and religious systems of any society. And moral values were inextricably linked with religious systems.
In antiquity, independent ethical teachings appeared, outside the religious and mythological systems, the most important of which are ethical rationalism, hedonism And stoicism. Ethical rationalism proceeds from the fact that it is enough for a person to know what is good and what is evil in order for him to act morally. Non-moral behavior is treated as ignorance
Hedonistic ethics presents the desire for pleasure as the meaning of human life. In ancient philosophy, it is represented by the teachings of Epicurus. In everyday language, we use the name "cynics" for those who disregard moral values. "Cynics", or cynics, in ancient philosophy called the philosophical school, whose representatives questioned the moral rules of behavior. Stoicism is a doctrine whose followers preached contempt for wealth and fame, taught indifference to fate and perseverance. Christianity proposed a system of moral values based on the gospel story, where the main value is the love of God and "the preparation of the soul for eternal life. In the Renaissance, a humanism as a philosophical and ethical system that represents a person and his creative self-realization as the highest value.
In the XVIII century. The idea that the main category of morality is duty was developed by Emmanuel Kant. He formulated the "categorical imperative" - the moral law to which all people must obey: "Act in such a way that the maxim of your behavior at any time could also be the norm of universal legislation."
Moral values play a huge role in human life. For example, having promised something to someone, it is impossible not to fulfill the promise. in the eyes of this person, you become an unreliable person who cannot be relied upon, and this is contrary to moral values.
Relatives, friends, relatives and those who surround us - this is society. And therefore, we need to cherish their love, trust, and friendship, and without observing at least the basic moral rules of behavior, we simply cannot exist.
The most important condition for the morality of the individual is his freedom, the possibility of moral self-determination. Without this, morality, as a special mechanism for regulating human relations, is out of the question. If we do not choose anything of our own free will, we are not free. However, in full growth, the theme of freedom as a choice becomes in Christianity, which connects with the free decision of a person his movement along the path of good or evil. Christianity proceeds from the fact that the will of a person is free, that is, she herself makes a choice, not being a simple consequence of some determinant reasons. A person can either accept the hand of Christ extended to him, or evade divine help and support, choosing a different path.
If we reject the mechanistic understanding of sociocultural laws, in which human life is a rigid chain of links tightly connected to each other, then it will be found that the laws of society and everyday life are laws-trends. They are statistical, that is, they act only on a large array of events and situations. At the level of both being and everyday life, probabilistic relations dominate, which, within the framework of a trend, make it possible to choose. Almost every everyday situation has a number of alternatives, and a person is free to prefer this or that way of behavior, this or that assessment. Free will from the possibility of choice can and must move into the reality of choice - to be embodied in an act, in a position, in a manner of behavior.
The human will has the ability to freely choose one or another position, but this depends on some conditions:
Condition 1. To implement free choice, there must be no external coercion and prohibition. If a person is in the literal sense of the word chained, under direct threat of death, fundamentally limited in his abilities and cannot act at his own discretion - he does not choose and is not free, at least in practical terms.
Condition 2. In order for a free choice to take place, consciousness and reflection are needed, the ability to see the available options and stop at one of them. In my opinion, awareness is a necessary moment of free choice, its irremovable attribute. If a person chooses spontaneously, according to the principle “I cannot do otherwise”, then in 99% of cases his choice will be erroneous and will not bring him anything good.
It happens that a person is not able to decide what value to choose, and then he wants to abandon the decision. Eliminate. "Get to the bottom." Leave the problem to others. However, this means that even the absence of a choice is a choice. Doing nothing is also an act.
Not to help - keep silent, close your eyes - this is also a free decision. To no lesser extent, this provision applies to the choice between equal values. If you didn’t choose, it means that someone chose for you, and people most often know who can solve the issue “for them” and in what way. Therefore, avoiding choice is nothing more than self-deception.
Responsibility is the other side of freedom, its « alterego » - the second "I". Responsibility is inextricably linked with freedom and always accompanies it. The one who acts freely is fully responsible for what he has done.
Behave Responsibly- means to be able to actively act from your place, act according to the logic of events, understanding and realizing how your actions will respond to you and others. This means to foresee (feel, grasp) the consequences of each step and strive to prevent a possible negative course of events. Responsible behavior in this sense is reasonable and prudent behavior in the good sense of the word - the behavior of someone who cares about what will happen to him and others. Responsibility also means the ability to correctly understand the needs of both others and your own. We behave responsibly in relation to others when we respect their personalities, we strive to help when asking for help, to support if necessary, when we affirm their existence and contribute to their development. Indifference, as well as an attempt to “break another over the knee”, is always an irresponsible attitude towards him. The same goes for your relationship with yourself. Being responsible for oneself means both taking care of one's own preservation and development, and a reasonable ability to manage one's own behavior, not giving free rein to irrational passions.
The first essential condition of responsibility is the very freedom of action. If a person was bound, unconscious, or imprisoned, there is no free choice, and we cannot hold the individual morally responsible for what happened to him and around him. He didn't have a choice. He could not act according to his will.
The second most important condition for the completeness of a person's moral responsibility is the premeditation of his actions. We are morally responsible, first of all, for what we wanted to do, what we consciously chose, what we aspired to. But what if we brought harm to others by accident, by mistake, unintentionally? As then? It must be said that unintentionality, although it mitigates moral responsibility, does not completely remove it. If someone played with a gun and accidentally killed his best friend, he also experiences pangs of conscience and suffers from guilt. And if the court acquits such an accidental killer or punishes him only for negligence in handling weapons - that is, for frivolity, then the moral responsibility will be much higher. Perhaps this is paradoxical, but people who unwittingly caused other people's troubles, often completely "guilty without guilt", experience the entire burden of responsibility for what happened, even if no one from the outside condemns them strictly. Probably, this happens because it is difficult for us to console ourselves with the role of the “toy of fate” and the “tool of fate”. The question always arises: “Why me and not another?” We do not want to be a simple means, even in the hands of Providence, we are intensely looking for a hidden impulse of our own that can explain our dramatic role in someone else's life history, and this "personal interpretation" of what happened makes us feel responsible.
Responsible behavior is opposed to irresponsible - these are acts "at random", actions that are performed somehow, without taking into account the consequences for oneself and for others. Irresponsibility is always associated with indifference and frivolity, or with excessive self-confidence, and often with both. When a person irresponsibly makes a free choice, he puts himself and others in a position of a high degree of uncertainty, because the consequences of a rash, random, blind choice are unpredictable. They can probably be detrimental to anyone who is drawn into a particular situation. With irresponsible behavior, the individual does not experience a sense of anxiety, tension inherent in responsibility, does not concentrate his attention on the business he has taken on. He believes that "it will not be easy to take out", and is often mistaken.
And here comes into force the second understanding of responsibility, we are talking about the responsibility that "bear". “To bear responsibility” means to take on all the consequences of the acts committed, in the full sense of the word, to pay for them. In turn, irresponsibility in this context means an attempt to blame the consequences of one's actions on others, to make them pay for their own cowardice, unreasonableness or unbridled daring. Jean-Paul Sartre, who believed that a person is an absolutely free being in choice, saw the only moral norm that people must necessarily obey - this is responsibility for any free choice. You can invent your own morality - the strangest and most bizarre, you can be excessively kind or unrestrainedly cruel - this is your choice. However, at the same time, you must take upon yourself and only upon yourself all the consequences of your behavior. If you say that you were forced, coerced, seduced or confused, you are lying, because the last decision is always made by the person himself. Pain, contempt, exile, ruin must be accepted by the freely choosing individual as well as love, wealth or fame, because every result is the result of his free choice, and not a single soul in the world is responsible for your own actions.
2. The concept of aesthetic. Goodness and beauty in the spiritual experience of modern man
The human world includes beauty, it is intuitively clear to everyone. Every person is capable of love, and for the most part they love the beautiful, the beautiful, the sublime. And accordingly, many, to put it mildly, do not like the ugly and base. However, a naive-intuitive understanding of the world of beauty is not enough for a confident orientation in it. Here, as usual in problematic situations, there is a need for good philosophy. Interestingly, until the middle of the XVIII century. philosophers did not attach due importance to the sphere of beauty. Philosophers of antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, considered independent sections of philosophy, for example, logic and ethics, but not aesthetics. Why?
The Greek word "aestheticos" means "pertaining to feelings". But feeling was considered just a moment of cognitive or practical activity. When it became clear that the world of the sensual-emotional has not only a subordinate, but also an independent meaning, the time has come for aesthetics, within which such values as beauty and beauty receive their understanding. The founder of aesthetics, Baumgarten, defined beauty as the perfection of the sensual, and art as the embodiment of beauty. The category of the beautiful concretizes the category of beauty, because it is more specific, explicitly includes elements of comparison: something is not just beautiful, but very beautiful, beautiful and as far as possible from the ugly, the antipode of the beautiful. Emphasizing the originality of aesthetic perception, Kant characterized it as "expediency without purpose." Aesthetic judgment is not interested in anything else, it has an independent value. In human life, the aesthetic principle has its own special niche.
Where and how does the aesthetic exist? The simplest answer to this question is as follows: aesthetic, and this includes beauty, is a property of an object. Such an answer from the point of view of understanding the symbolic, symbolic nature of the aesthetic is rather naive. Being included in the process of symbolization, the aesthetic unites, connects the subject with the object, the spiritual with the corporeal. Both "naturalists" who consider aesthetic properties to belong to objects, and those who reduce the aesthetic to the perceptions of the individual, are mistaken. The secret of the aesthetic lies in the amazing consistency of the "face" of the object with the inner emotional-figurative life of a person. In his aesthetic attitude to nature, to others and to himself, a person constantly checks everything for humanity, looking for proportions that would organically connect him with the external environment.
The value character of the aesthetic is especially clearly manifested in the ratio of the beautiful to the ugly in it, and they are far from being equivalent. Man strives not for the ugly and base, but for the beautiful and sublime. Deprive the world of the aesthetically positive, and you will lose much more than half of your sense perception.
In an effort to multiply and develop the world, first of all, the beautiful, the beautiful, a person turns to art. Art, as already noted, is the embodiment of beauty, which, of course, implies the creation of the latter.
Beauty can be expressed by sound, light, substance, movement, rhythm, human body, word, thought, feeling. As you know, there are many types of art: architecture, sculpture, literature, theater, music, choreography, cinema, circus, applied and decorative arts. Every time something is the bearer of beauty, for example, in the case of music, the sounds that are extracted by musicians through musical instruments. Art is the ability to express oneself in terms of beauty. Feelings are also beautiful if they lead to positive value experiences. There are countless examples of this, from the love of Romeo and Juliet to the courage of a warrior defending his homeland.
For a designer, engineer, technician, it is very important to see the similarities and differences between, on the one hand, a work of art and, on the other hand, a technical artifact, i.e. technical product or device. The Greek "techne" means art, craftsmanship. Both the artist and the technician are skilled craftsmen, although the goals of their work and creativity do not coincide. The purpose of a work of art is to function as a symbol of beauty, beauty; the purpose of a technical artifact is its usefulness to humans. It cannot be ruled out that in some cases a technical product is also a work of art, but this is far from always the case. At the same time, any technical artifact does not fall out of the aesthetic world. Moreover, as it turned out, the usefulness of a technical product does not oppose its aesthetic merits, but forms with it a peculiar, but desirable unity for a person. Awareness of this fact led to the development of design, artistic construction of objects, including technology. The word "design" is of English origin and very well captures the essence of technical aesthetics. It consists of the root stem "zain" (sign, symbol) and the prefix "di" (separation). The designer carries out various symbolic activities. He translates his spiritual world into technical signs relevant to technology users. For a designer, technology is not just pieces of iron, but a symbol of beauty, beauty. According to Leo Tolstoy, "The concept of beauty not only does not coincide with goodness, but rather is opposite to it, since goodness mostly coincides with the victory over addictions, while beauty is the basis of all our addictions." And I, perhaps, agree with this opinion, since goodness is a spiritual state of a person in which he does not pay attention to any external factors affecting him, but is guided by the spirit of the soul and heart. This can be manifested in his work, and in communication with people, actions and thoughts.
Beauty is mainly manifested by some external factors. Let's take, for example, girls who are only concerned about their appearance, they spend hours in beauty salons, are busy with various procedures, but behind this “doll” mask is empty. There is nothing interesting, communication with them will not bring any impressions and will not cause any emotions. You will say that a person should be beautiful both in soul and body, and I agree with this, but in this case external data become beautiful, and the inner world is absent. This confrontation between goodness and beauty, in my opinion, will always be.
3. Religion and its role in the modern world
Religion (from Latin religio - piety, piety, shrine, object of worship) is a form of worldview in which the development of the world is carried out through its doubling into the otherworldly - "earthly", natural, perceived by the senses, and the otherworldly - "heavenly", supernatural , supersensible. The formation of an artificial (theoretical, artistic or other) "world", in contrast to the real, life, objective world, is a feature of all forms of its spiritual assimilation by people. They say: "the world of scientific theory", "the world of fairy tales", "the world of music". The specificity of religion lies in the special nature of its "second" world and its semantic role. The basis of the religious worldview is the belief in the existence of one or another variety of supernatural forces and in their dominant role in the universe and people's lives.
Faith is a way of existence of religious consciousness, a special mood, an experience that characterizes its internal state. An external, socially significant form of manifestation of faith is a cult - a system of established rituals, dogmas. Socially significant ideas, feelings, actions are combined in religion, as well as in the worldview in general, with the individual involvement of people in its ideas, images, meanings, with their personal creativity. Both are obligatory "poles", conditions for the life of religious consciousness.
Religious ideas cannot be derived from the feelings and experiences of an individual. They are a product of the historical development of society. There were and still are many variants of religious beliefs. Such forms of religions as Christianity, Buddhism, Islam are considered world and to this day have a large number of adherents in different countries. Religion is a socially organized (and organizing) faith of human communities, a form of their worship of "higher powers", and thus the most revered values embodied in them by this society.
The nature of a religious worldview is complex and requires careful study. Until recently, its assessment in our literature has been extremely simplified and coarsened; it was interpreted simply as a system of "ignorant" ideas about the world and man. Meanwhile, religion is a certain phenomenon of spiritual culture, a form of ideology that has a social nature and functions. The ideological content and social roles of religious teachings are ambiguous, subject to historical changes and rethinking. What is their most common essence?
Studies show that fantastic religious ideas about animate forces, unreasonably superior to human, “natural” forces, reflect the constant intrusion into the lives of people by natural and social processes that are “alien” to them, bearing the features of chance and catastrophe. The mysterious forces of nature and history (rock, fate) were interpreted as "higher forces". Religion developed on the basis of the consciousness of people's dependence on such uncontrollable forces as the illusory replenishment of society's weakness in front of them. The principles of good and evil were bizarrely intertwined in ideas about "higher powers", the demonic and divine sides of religion developed in parallel for a long time. Hence the mixed feeling of fear and respect of believers in relation to higher powers. From the nightmare of evil spirits, believers sought salvation in turning to divine powers.
The worship of "higher powers" gradually leads to the concept (image) of God - the highest being worthy of worship. In the mature forms of religions, the idea of God conquers everything demonic, frees itself from it. By analogy with the relationship "father - son" and others, God is thought of as the lord and at the same time the intercessor, the savior of man. God is also thought of as the guardian of custom, tradition, morality, cultural ties that bind people, and spiritual values revered in society. The egoistic desire to propitiate the gods, to call them as assistants is combined with their disinterested veneration, the desire to follow a high standard. With the strengthening of this moment, the development within the framework of religious consciousness - at its highest levels - of ethical ideas, ideals, norms is connected. The religious and ethical attitude towards the deity often gives faith a bright, joyful character, contributing to the formation of high universal values.
Religion is a complex spiritual formation and socio-historical phenomenon that does not fit into unambiguous, straightforward characteristics. One of the historical missions of religion, acquiring unprecedented relevance in the modern world, has been and is the formation of consciousness of the unity of the human race, the significance of universal human moral norms, enduring values. But in the same religious worldview, completely different moods and ideas can be expressed: fanaticism, enmity towards people of a different faith, of which there are many examples in the past and present. The experience of our days gives examples of irreconcilable enmity between different groups of people of the same faith. But this, we repeat, does not provide grounds for an unambiguous assessment of the socio-political role of religious views in general.
Religion is a multifaceted and multi-valued phenomenon. It is generated by the specific laws of the development of society. Social processes will ultimately determine its fate. Today, with all the vulnerability of the ideas of the supernatural world principle in the light of the achievements of science, with all the fantastic forms in which the religious worldview is expressed, the influence of religious ideas on the public consciousness of different countries and regions is still very great.
This is largely due to the fact that the "human world" of religions in its own way reflects the vast real life experience of mankind, snores a system of emotional and figurative ideas and experiences, values, norms of life, moral ideals that are so necessary for modern humanity. With the help of solemn, festive rituals, religion cultivates human feelings of love, kindness, tolerance, compassion, mercy, conscience, duty, justice, and others, seeking to give them a special value, to connect with the experience of the sublime, sacred. Raising the spiritual and value side of people's lives on a pedestal, religious consciousness contributed to the development of human spirituality, this indeed “supernatural” aspect of human existence in a certain sense. It is social and therefore cannot be captured by means of natural, "natural" explanations. In addition, it is associated with the ideal side of culture, with human subjectivity, and therefore is not grasped as something material, tangible, and is less amenable to rational-theoretical interpretation and regulation.
It can be concluded that religion has been and remains the most important factor in the formation of a morally stable and humane society. After all, religion makes a person understand what is good and what is bad; respect for ancestors and respect for parents.
Conclusion
The values that ensure human life are health and safety, material wealth, relations in society that contribute to the self-realization of the individual and the freedom of her choice. The moral values of a person are a set of rules and norms of behavior in society. These rules should guide a person in his life.
The most important condition for the morality of the individual is his freedom. . If we do not choose anything of our own free will, we are not free. However, we will not be fully free, since we are dependent on moral social principles and legislation. Well, of course, responsibility for one's actions should be inherent in a person from childhood, without it there will be no personality as such.
Aesthetic is a metacategory, that is, the broadest and most fundamental category of aesthetics. It reflects the common features of the beautiful, the ugly, the sublime, the base, the tragic, the comic, the dramatic and other characteristics of life and art.
Good lies within a person. Good should improve the world, make it better, because the more good we do, the more it comes back to us. But if goodness and beauty are united, our life will shine with all the colors of life.
Well, in conclusion, I will talk about religion. It keeps our minds and actions within a certain moral framework, teaches us to respect our parents and respect our elders. This is not always the case these days, but still, for the most part, we try to keep to this moral framework.
List of used literature
1. Lavrinenko V.N., Ratnikova V.T. "Philosophy". - M.: Unity-Dana, 2004. 356-360str.
2. Spirin A.G. "Philosophy". - M.: Gardariki, 2004. 279-283 pp.
3. Rychkov A.K. "Philosophy". - M.: Vlados, 2004. 173-175 pp.
4. Guchilov N.F. "Philosophy". - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. 298-301 pp.
5. Kokhanovsky V.P. "Philosophy". - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2005. 340-342 pp.
6. Gubin V.D. "Philosophy". - M.: Prospekt, 2007. 184-187 pp.
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8. Razin A.V. "Philosophy". - M.: Gardariki, 2006. 304-307 pp.
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