The general name of the bovids. An animal of the bovid family is an artiodactyl of the bovid family. Habitat and distribution of bovids

bovids (Cavicornia) - a family of mammals from a number of deer-like mammals, uniting a number of genera of the largest mammals, including: bulls, yaks, buffaloes, buffalos, bison, musk oxen, goats, sheep, roe deer, antelopes and others.
The family is divided into a number of subfamilies, including (in the volume of the fauna of Europe):

1. subfamily Bulls (Bovinae), including genera Bull (Bos), Buffalo (Bubalus) Saiga (Saiga)
2. subfamily of goats (Caprinae), including the genera Kozitsya (Rupicapra), Baran (Ovis), Goat (Capra).
3. a number of subfamilies of "light" and mobile Bykovs from the common name "antelope".

Classification:
Subfamily Aepycerotinae - Impala
Alcelaphinae: Impala (Aepyceros melampus)
Aepyceros - impala (1 species)
Subfamily Alcelaphinae - Bubal
Alcelaphinae: White-faced Bubal (Damaliscus pygargus)
Alcelaphus (3 species)
Beatragus (1 species)
Connochaetes - wildebeest (2 species)
Damaliscus - Bubalo (4 species)
Subfamily Antilopinae - Antelopes
Antilopinae: Eland (Taurotragus oryx)
Ammodorcas (1 species)
Antidorcas (1 species)
Antilope - antelope (1 species)
Dorcatragus (1 species)
Eudorcas (3 species)
Gazella - gazelle (10 species)
Litocranius (1 species)
Madoqua (4 species)
Nanger (3 types)
Neotragus (3 species)
Oreotragus (1 species)
Ourebia (1 species)
Procapra (3 types)
Raphicerus (3 species)
Saiga - saiga (1 species)
subfamily Bovinae - bulls
Bovinae: Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Bison - bison (2 species)
Bos - bull (genus) (5 species)
Boselaphus - nilgai (1 species)
Bubalus - buffalo (4 species)
Pseudoryx (1 species)
Syncerus - buffalo (1 species)
Taurotragus - eland (2 species)
Tetracerus (1 species)
Tragelaphus (7 species)
subfamily Caprinae - goats
Caprinae: Bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus)
Ammotragus (1 species)
Budorcas (1 species)
Capra - goat (8 species)
Capricornis - Capricorn (6 species)
Hemitragus (3 species)
Naemorhedus (4 species)
Oreamnos (1 species)
Ovibos - musk ox (1 species)
Ovis - sheep (5 species)
Pantholops (1 species)
Pseudois (2 species)
Rupicapra - goat (2 species)
subfamily Cephalophinae – Duiker
Cephalophinae: Maxwell's duiker (Cephalophus maxwelli)
Cephalophus - Duiker (15 species)
Philantomba (2 species)
Sylvicapra (1 species)
subfamily Hippotraginae - shablehorns
Hippotraginae: Oryx (Oryx gazella)
Addax - Addax (1 species)
Hippotragus - shablerig (3 species)
Oryx - oryx (4 species)
subfamily Reduncinae - redunka
Reduncinae: Water Cob (Kobus kob)
Kobus - kob (5 species)
Pelea - Pele (1 species)
Redunca - redunka (3 species).

Morphology and anatomy

Bovids are characterized by the presence of horns in many cases in females and always in males (with the exception of jester forms), the absence of upper incisors and fangs, a 3-chambered stomach, and a developed caecum. Hornless cows are often called "horned" (from the ancient name of the horse "komoni").
Behavior, food, selection. The vast majority of Bovids are herd animals of open spaces. They feed on herbaceous plants, as well as leaves and shoots of trees.
Selection and home forms. Bovids, both in the past and now, are represented by numerous forms. From this family of mammals, people brought economically profitable meat and dairy breeds of domestic animals. By taming and selecting certain types of wildlife, people got domestic rams and sheep, goats and goats, bulls and cows, buffaloes. The main attention deserves the selection of traits of females from which the offspring, milk, wool, and horns were obtained.
Ancient hunting. Almost all species of the genus have been the main objects of human hunting since ancient times. Pictures of hunting have been known since the time of the creation of cave paintings of ancient people of the cave era of the development of civilization. Thanks to this, representatives of the Bykov family played an outstanding role in the development of civilization as a source of protein food.
modern hunting. In the future, the transition of people to a settled life and agriculture turned hunting into a separate branch of entertainment (royal hunting), and then into the delight of the general population. Today, Bovine hunting is a separate branch of the economy. In Ukraine, for this purpose, state reserved hunting farms were created (for example, the Zalesye DZLMG and the Crimean DZLMG), and now there are numerous forest hunting farms.

And because of the development of transport and tools for catching the beast, the state of the populations of many species of Polohorns has deteriorated significantly, and some species have disappeared completely. In particular, in Ukraine over the past few centuries have disappeared: the original bull (tour), saiga, European bison (bison), common roe deer. In 2009, a number of actions were held in Ukraine to protect Europe's largest species of the Polohorn family - the European bison (bison) - under the name "2009 - the year of the bison (Bison bonasus) in Ukraine".
Problems of poaching. One of the main problems of hunting management is poaching, which is also called "illegal hunting", because of which many claims of nature conservationists and ecologists are addressed to hunters. There is a huge difference between hunters and poachers. Each hunting group and each hunting farm is interested in increasing the populations of game animals, including species of the Bovid family, and in strict control of poaching.
In Ukraine and neighboring countries, Bovids are represented by the following genera and species:

1. subfamily Bulls (Bovinae)

genus Bull - Bos (destroyed in the wild)
view Bull initial, or tour - Bos primigenius (destroyed in the wild)
species Bull domestic, or cattle (domesticated form of Bos taurus)
genus Buffalo - Bubalus (introduced)
species Indian buffalo - Bubalus bubalis (introduced, often kept in Transcarpathia)
genus Saiga - Saiga (destroyed in the wild in Ukraine)
species Tatar saiga - Saiga tatarica (destroyed in the wild in Ukraine)
2) goat subfamily (Caprinae)
genus Roe deer - Rupicapra (destroyed in the wild in Ukraine)
common roe deer, or mountain roe deer - Rupicapra rupicapra
genus Baran - Ovis (introduced)
domestic sheep species - Ovis aries (introduced, widely cultivated)
view Wild ram, or mouflon - Ovis musimon
genus Goat - Capra (introduced)
domestic goat species - Capra hircus (introduced, often kept on the farm)
In addition, a large number of different species of this family are kept in zoos, in particular in Askania-Nova. There are fewer and fewer Bovids left in the wild.

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Types of bovids

maned ram

general characteristics

The bovid family includes 140 species ranging from the 5 kg dikdik to the 1000 kg bison. An important difference is the horns: they are almost always one pair (an exception is the genus of four-horned antelopes), and the length can be from 2 cm to 1.5 meters. Some species have horns only in males, but most have them in both sexes. These are bony structures firmly connected to the skull. Unlike deer and pronghorns, bovids never have branched horns. The largest representative of the family is the gaur (up to 2.2 m tall at the withers and weighing more than a ton), and the smallest is the pygmy antelope (weighs no more than 3 kg and is as tall as a large domestic cat).

The main part of the bovids lives in open areas. The African savannahs are an ideal living space for many species. There are also species that live in mountainous areas or in forests.

Digestive system

Most members of the family are herbivores, although some antelopes may eat animal food as well. Like other ruminants, bovids have a four-chambered stomach, which allows them to digest plant foods such as grasses that cannot be used as food by many other animals. Such food contains a lot of cellulose, and not all animals are able to digest it. However, the digestive system of ruminants, which are all bovids, is able to digest such food.

Horns

The horns are attached to a protruding frontal bone. The length and width are different (the girth of the argali horns, for example, is 50 cm). The horns of the bovids grow all their lives, but never branch. Consist of a substance of epidermal origin. Basically, the horns are used by males in skirmishes with relatives.

Evolution

In historical terms, bovids are a relatively young group of animals. The oldest fossil that can be safely attributed to the bovids is the genus Eotragus(en:Eotragus) from the Miocene. These beasts resembled modern crested duikers, were no larger than roe deer, and had very small horns. Even during the Miocene, this genus split, and in the Pleistocene all the important lineages of modern bovids were already represented. During the Pleistocene, bovids migrated across the then-existing natural bridge from Eurasia to North America. Bovids did not naturally make their way to South America and Australia, but domesticated species today exist in almost all countries of the world.

According to geneticists, the time of separation of ruminants ( Ruminantia) on bovids ( Bovidae) and giraffes ( Giraffidae) has been dated to 28.7 million years ago (Oligocene).

Classification

Bovids are currently subdivided into eight subfamilies:

• Subfamily Aepycerotinae- Impala
• Subfamily Alcelaphinae- Bubals, or cow antelope
• Subfamily Antilopinae- Real antelopes
• Subfamily Bovinae- Bulls and Markhorn Antelopes
• Subfamily caprinae- Goat
• Subfamily Cephalophinae- Duikers
• Subfamily Hippotraginae- Saber-horned Antelopes
• Subfamily Reduncinae- Water goats

This family also includes fossil genera:

• † Pachytragus

see also

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing Bovids

- Sonya? are you sleeping? Mother? she whispered. No one answered. Natasha slowly and cautiously got up, crossed herself and carefully stepped with her narrow and flexible bare foot on the dirty cold floor. The floorboard creaked. She, quickly moving her feet, ran like a kitten a few steps and took hold of the cold bracket of the door.
It seemed to her that something heavy, evenly striking, was knocking on all the walls of the hut: it was beating her heart, which was dying from fear, from horror and love, bursting.
She opened the door, stepped over the threshold and stepped onto the damp, cold earth of the porch. The chill that gripped her refreshed her. She felt the sleeping man with her bare foot, stepped over him and opened the door to the hut where Prince Andrei lay. It was dark in this hut. In the back corner, by the bed, on which something was lying, on a bench stood a tallow candle burnt with a large mushroom.
In the morning, Natasha, when she was told about the wound and the presence of Prince Andrei, decided that she should see him. She didn't know what it was for, but she knew that the date would be painful, and she was even more convinced that it was necessary.
All day she lived only in the hope that at night she would see him. But now that the moment had come, she was terrified of what she would see. How was he mutilated? What was left of him? Was he like that, what was that unceasing groan of the adjutant? Yes, he was. He was in her imagination the personification of that terrible moan. When she saw an indistinct mass in the corner and took his knees raised under the covers by his shoulders, she imagined some kind of terrible body and stopped in horror. But an irresistible force pulled her forward. She cautiously took one step, then another, and found herself in the middle of a small cluttered hut. In the hut, under the images, another person was lying on benches (it was Timokhin), and two more people were lying on the floor (they were a doctor and a valet).
The valet got up and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in his wounded leg, did not sleep and looked with all his eyes at the strange appearance of a girl in a poor shirt, jacket and eternal cap. The sleepy and frightened words of the valet; "What do you want, why?" - they only made Natasha come up to the one that lay in the corner as soon as possible. As terrifying as this body was, it must have been visible to her. She passed the valet: the burning mushroom of the candle fell off, and she clearly saw Prince Andrei lying on the blanket with outstretched arms, just as she had always seen him.
He was the same as always; but the inflamed complexion of his face, the brilliant eyes fixed enthusiastically on her, and in particular the tender childish neck protruding from the laid back collar of his shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish look, which, however, she had never seen in Prince Andrei. She walked over to him and, with a quick, lithe, youthful movement, knelt down.
He smiled and extended his hand to her.

For Prince Andrei, seven days have passed since he woke up at the dressing station in the Borodino field. All this time he was almost in constant unconsciousness. The fever and inflammation of the intestines, which were damaged, in the opinion of the doctor who was traveling with the wounded, must have carried him away. But on the seventh day he ate with pleasure a piece of bread with tea, and the doctor noticed that the general fever had decreased. Prince Andrei regained consciousness in the morning. The first night after leaving Moscow was quite warm, and Prince Andrei was left to sleep in a carriage; but in Mytishchi the wounded man himself demanded to be carried out and to be given tea. The pain inflicted on him by being carried to the hut made Prince Andrei moan loudly and lose consciousness again. When they laid him down on the camp bed, he lay with his eyes closed for a long time without moving. Then he opened them and whispered softly: “What about tea?” This memory for the small details of life struck the doctor. He felt his pulse and, to his surprise and displeasure, noticed that the pulse was better. To his displeasure, the doctor noticed this because, from his experience, he was convinced that Prince Andrei could not live, and that if he did not die now, he would only die with great suffering some time later. With Prince Andrei they were carrying the major of his regiment, Timokhin, with a red nose, who had joined them in Moscow, wounded in the leg in the same Battle of Borodino. They were accompanied by a doctor, the prince's valet, his coachman and two batmen.

9.4. Bovid family - Bovidae

This family includes antelopes, goats, rams, bulls. All of them have horns without processes that do not change during life. The horn consists of a hollow horn sheath, impaled on a bony outgrowth of the skull, and grows from the base. Females have smaller or absent horns than males. On the tracks of bovids, there are almost never prints of additional hooves. Most of our bovids are inhabitants of the steppes, deserts and mountains, but there are also forest species and one arctic. In steppe species, the hooves are small and very hard; the inhabitants of the mountains have hooves with an elastic inside, which "stick" to the rocks, like the rubber shoes of climbers, and also absorb shock when jumping from stone to stone.

In Russia, there are bovids of eight genera.

• - taxonomic category in biol. systematics. S. unites close genera that have a common origin. The Latin name of S. is formed by adding the endings -idae and -aseae to the base of the name of the type genus.

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• - Taxonomic category of related organisms, rank below the order and above the genus. usually consists of several genera ...

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• - taxonomic category between order and genus. Contains a single genus or monophyletic group of genera sharing a common origin...

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• - in biology - part of the CLASSIFICATION of living organisms above the KIND and below the GROUP. The names of families are written with a capital letter, for example, Feline - for a family that includes all types of cats ...

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• - Alu-family - A family of moderately repetitive DNA sequences known in many mammals and some other organisms...

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• - a term very close, and for some authors coinciding with the term ore formation. According to Magaqian, “paragenetic ass. m-fishing and elements, formed in certain geol. and physico-chemical. conditions”...

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• - or crested antelope - a species of antelope ...

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• - Jumper, artiodactyl mammal of the bovid family. Body length 120-140 cm, tail length up to 87 cm, weight 32-36 kg. The back and sides are yellow-brown, with dark stripes on the sides; head and underside of body are white...

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"The Bovine Family" in books

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Suborder: Ruminantia = Ruminants

Family: Bovidae (Cavicornia) = Bovids

Characteristics of the POLOR family.

Sizes from small to large. So, Neotragus pygmaeus has a height at the withers of about 25 cm and a weight of 2-3 kg, and a bison has a height at the withers of up to 200 cm and a weight of up to 1000 kg. General build from light and slender to heavy and massive. Limbs are usually high. Males, and in many species also females, have a pair of unbranched horns (Tetracerus has two pairs). The horns are permanent, non-replaceable bone outgrowths of the frontal bones, covered on the outside with a horny sheath of epidermal origin. The growth of the horn, in contrast to deer, comes from its base. Thus, the top of the horn represents its oldest part. Periodic intensification and deceleration of the growth of horns is characteristic, as a result of which peculiar rings form on its horny surface. The shape of the horns is extremely varied - from completely straight, long and thin to short, thick and strongly curved or spirally twisted. If the direction of bending or twisting of the horn occurs inward, towards the horn of the opposite side, then such horns are called homonymous, if the right horn is folded or curved to the right, and the left horn to the left - heteronymous. In cross section, the horns are round, oval or triangular. On their surface there are often protrusions, transverse folds and rings or longitudinal ribs.

The coloration is very diverse - from white to almost black, usually without sharp color patterns. Many species have a white field on the thighs - a “mirror”. There are usually many specific glands in the skin: preorbital, interhorn, inguinal, interdigital, caudal and etc. Nipples 1-2 pairs.

There are 4 (rarely 2) fingers on the limbs, but the lateral (II and V) fingers are greatly shortened and, although they have small hooves, they usually do not touch it when walking on hard ground. From the metacarpal bones of the lateral fingers, only the proximal and distal parts are preserved.

The frontal bones are strongly developed in the skull. The parietal bones are shifted back. The lacrimal bone has a strongly developed facial part with or without a fossa for the preorbital gland. Usually there is only one opening of the lacrimal canal. Ethmoid openings are absent or poorly developed. The bones of the skull are strongly pneumatized. The premaxilla is usually relatively small, the maxillary is very large. Sometimes the second premolars in the lower, and occasionally in the upper jaws do not develop or fall out early. The cheek teeth are hypselodont and tetraselenodont (four-lunar).

The stomach is complex, clearly divided into 4 sections: scar, mesh, book and abomasum. The gallbladder is usually present. The placenta is policoti-icy.

Widely distributed across the globe. The restored range covers Africa (without Madagascar), Europe (except for the British Isles), goes north to the south of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Gulf of Finland, the Upper Volga, the Samara Luka and the south of the Urals. Beyond the Urals, the range includes the south of Western Siberia and most of Central and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast and south of Asia, the range covers the entire southern part of the Asian mainland with most of the adjacent islands. In the New World, the range covers most of North America south to California, Florida and northern Mexico, the Arctic archipelago, and the northern and eastern coasts of Greenland. As a result of excessive fishing or for other reasons, the ranges of most species have been significantly reduced.

They live in a wide variety of places - from dense forests to steppes, semi-deserts and deserts on the plains, in the foothills and high in the mountains - above almost all other mammals (up to 5500 m above sea level). However, the largest number of species inhabits open spaces. They live in herds, sometimes very large - up to several thousand heads. Much less common in small groups or alone. They feed on plants, mainly herbs.

Most species are polygamous, although some are monogamous. Males of some bovids during the breeding season have a harem of females. The inhabitants of the tropics, as a rule, have no seasonality in reproduction. The duration of pregnancy is 4-11 months. In the litter from one to 4-5 cubs.

Many species of bovids are of significant importance as game animals from which meat and skin are obtained. A number of species served as the ancestors of the most important domestic animals.