Homogeneous definitions agreed and inconsistent. Agreed and inconsistent definition: examples. Isolated inconsistent definitions. Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, object or circumstance, determines the sign of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which the? whose?

The definition can refer to words of different parts of speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic relationship between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mother's book is an agreed definition, connection type: agreement, and mother's book is inconsistent, connection type is control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift is an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Compare: a center with five floors - a five-story center

(five-story center - inconsistent definition, communication type - management, and five-story center - agreed definition, communication type - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen - verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her is a possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.

Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

A variation of the application are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is an agreed application, the words of the river and Sukhony are in the same case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

definition agreement is:

agreement of definitions A definition is agreed, expressed by that part of speech, the forms of which are able to agree with the word being defined in case and number, and in the singular also in gender. These include adjectives, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers, participles. Cold morning, our class, second page, plucked flowers. Adjectives and ordinal numbers included in compound names and stable combinations are not distinguished as a separate member (definition). Leningrad region, railway, redcurrant, question mark, second signal system. The question of the syntactic function of cardinal numbers when combined with nouns in the form of indirect cases (except for the accusative) is solved in different ways: three pages are missing, suggest three students to study with three lagging behind. Some researchers consider such quantitative-nominal combinations to be free, highlighting agreed definitions in them that answer the question how much? According to another point of view (more legitimate), such combinations form a grammatical unity, since in many cases they are semantically indivisible, which is due to the inability to omit the numeral: two meters of fabric are missing, add to three liters of water, limit yourself to ten rubles, twenty steps from the station, about five months, a room for three people, living two floors above, an apartment of four rooms, a hand with six fingers, etc. If the agreed definition refers to a noun depending on the numbers two, three, four, and is between the components of the quantitative-nominal combination, then such constructions are usually observed: three large houses, three large windows, three large rooms, i.e. with masculine and neuter nouns, the definition is put in the form of the genitive plural, and with feminine nouns - in the nominative plural form. At that moment, three or four heavy shells exploded behind the dugout at once.(Simonov). The two outermost windows on the first floor are closed from the inside with newspaper sheets.(A. N. Tolstoy). Two large columns of Germans (Bubennov) are moving along these roads. However, if the nominative form of the plural of feminine nouns differs in stress from the genitive-case singular, then the definition is more often put in the form of the genitive plural: two high mountains, three younger sisters, four sheer cliffs. Two strong male hands picked her up (Koptyaeva). If the definition precedes the quantitative-nominal combination, then it is put in the form of the nominative plural, regardless of the grammatical gender of the noun being defined. For the first three years, she only came in fits and starts to Zabolotye (Saltykovo in-Shchedrin). The last two words were written in a large, sweeping, resolute hand (Turgenev). The remaining three horses, saddled, walked behind (S o l o h o v). However, adjectives are whole, full, kind, superfluous and some. others are used with masculine and neuter nouns in the genitive case: three whole months, two full buckets, a good four hours, an extra three kilometers. In combination with half- (in a complex noun) and one and a half (one and a half) both forms of agreement are possible: for half a year - for half a year, for a whole week and a half - for a whole week and a half. Separate definitions, standing after the word being defined, are usually put in the form of the nominative case. To the right of the door were two windows hung with handkerchiefs.(L. Tolstoy). The last two letters written in pencil scared me(Chekhov). If the agreed definition refers to two or more nouns that act as homogeneous members and have the singular form, then it can be both in the singular and in the plural, the singular form is usual in those cases where it is clear from the meaning of the statement that the definition explains not only the nearest noun, but also all subsequent ones. From a distance Vladimir heard an unusual noise and(Pushkin). Wild goose and duck arrived first(Turgenev). cf. also: Soviet science and art, school performance and discipline, the ebb and flow of the sea, every plant and factory, etc. The plural form of the definition emphasizes that it refers not only to the nearest noun, but also to other homogeneous members. There was a smell of the field, young rye and wheat were green (Chekhov). cf. See also: stone house and garage, older brother and sister, underachieving student and student, talented singer and singer, etc.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A. 1976.

What are agreed definitions?

Valentina Popova

Agreed definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are isolated in the following cases:
I. The agreed definition is separated, which stands after the word being defined and is expressed by participle with dependent words (participial phrase) or adjective with dependent words (adjective phrase):
1) Anfisa wore twenty-five large diamonds belonging to Anna Frantsevna (M. Bulgakov) in a suede bag. 2) -The sun poured into the room through a light grate reaching to the very floor (M. Bulgakov). 3) On the empty platform, long stripes of rainwater shone thinly, blue from the sky (I. Bunin).

Natalie

Such definitions, which are consistent with the nouns they define in gender, number, case, are usually expressed by adjectives (HARD day), participles (jumping boy), pronouns that change like adjectives (your diary, some kind of beast, some difficulties), ordinal numbers (fifth grade). When the noun changes, these definitions also change, that is, they AGREE with the nouns, which is why they are called so, in contrast to inconsistent definitions. Wed : big house, to a big house, big house - big - agreed definition. What house? around the corner. home around the corner, to the house around the corner. Around the corner - an inconsistent definition, when the noun changes, these words do not agree, the definition of "around the corner" does not change.

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they refer to their own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous terms with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which one can put the words without loss of meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika asakova

Isolation is the selection in writing by punctuation marks, and in oral speech by intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of the proposal, which answers the question: Which one? Whose? , underlined in a sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by the method of control or adjacency. For example: stairs (what?) to the attic. To the attic is an inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Naval borscht is an agreed definition (it is in the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high class players. High class players - an inconsistent definition.
For your information, the participial turn of speech is an agreed definition.

The attachment of definitions to words of subjective meaning (primarily nouns) forms their main function - naming the attribute of an object. By virtue of the same attachment, definitions (if they do not lose their defining function) cannot occupy the positions of determining members in the sentence, i.e.

They always duplicate the dependent component of the phrase, but often with more specific semantics, cf.: Children entered the first grade; The ninth this year became the first class in academic performance.

According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, referring to the word being defined, can be likened to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by adjectives: The door to the damp porch dissolved again (A.K.T.); communion: My steps resounded dully in the freezing air (T.); pronominal adjective: Our fortress stood on a high place (L.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled hair (T.); A carriage was waiting outside the third gate (Nab.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought power, one, but a fiery passion (L.).

The specific meanings of agreed definitions are very diverse and depend on the lexical meaning of the word by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote the quality, color of an object: She was tormented by a thirst for glory, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.); It was a clean, blue lake, with an unusual expression of water (Nab.). Definitions, expressed by relative adjectives, indicate the attribute of an object at its location and time: Yesterday we spent in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); The village library was near the school; a sign of an object by material: Through a frequent net of rain one could see a hut with a plank roof and two pipes (T.); affiliation: The dead man did not let the regimental banner out of his hands. Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather's face leaned over his face (M. G.); Farewell, sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your rumble in the evening hours (P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of the subject in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Occasionally, as if from someone's touch, I raised my head (Past.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions, expressed by negative and attributive pronouns, denote excretory-amplifying features: He knew every person, every family, every alley of this large working outskirts (Kat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the subject when counting: Sukhoedov (Pan.) was on duty in the ninth carriage.

Definitions expressed by participles can indicate a sign that is the result of some action: The fallen trees lay flat, without any relief, and those that remained standing, also flat, with a lateral shadow along the trunk for the illusion of being round, barely holding on to the torn nets of the sky with their branches ( Embankment).

Note. If a relative adjective or ordinal number is used in a figurative sense, the definition denotes a quality: In the golden, in the bright south, I still see you in the distance (Tyutch.); You are the first person in production.

Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to agreed ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poet's poems, a boat with sails) or adjoining (riding at a pace, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all oblique cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); A wet, woolly-gray sky rubs against the window leaf (Past.); He wore overalls, changed his mustache with a ring to a mustache with a brush (Fed.); The matter of the inheritance is holding me back for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom and edge? (M. G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father's cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There were no bigger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when stearin candles and soft-boiled boots are obtained (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He went with a step to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with an order to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can indicate belonging: Kutuzov's face, standing at the door of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L.T.); attitude to the team, institution, etc.: The blacksmith of the Putilov factory Ivan Gora was cleaning his rifle (A.N.T.); producer of action: Less and less often, quieter and more distantly, one hears the creak of wheels, then a gentle Little Russian song, then the sonorous neighing of horses, then fuss and the last chirping of sleeping birds (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and a rider dived from a dilapidated barrack into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relation of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the word being defined: You are a little cold, you cover your face with an overcoat collar (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition, denote a sign established by comparison with an object called the defining word: Moses is already walking in a bowler hat (Ch.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in oblique cases with prepositions can denote various features. Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, black marble writing instruments were arranged with deathly accuracy, folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign by the presence of some external feature in the object, details: ... A minute later, a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I went up to a stranger in a fur coat and saw him (Cupr.); People with whiskers stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of belonging in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships were buried under snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign that characterizes an object in a spatial sense: A girl was standing by the jamb in the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of the object: From sleep, sits in an ice bath (P.); a sign that limits the object in any respect: Before dawn in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of the object: Everything froze on the benches for the public (M. G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, denote a qualitative feature of an object that is inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent than other objects: It is unlikely that you had a stronger and more beautiful guy to see (N.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed in an adverb can indicate a sign in relation to quality, direction, time, mode of action: Between the windows stood a hussar with a ruddy face and bulging eyes (T.); They knew both lope with a lance, and cutting right and left with a saber (A.N.T.); Together with tea, they served us cutlets, soft-boiled eggs, butter, honey (T.).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, denoted by an often abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams (S.-Shch.); I could not stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father's neck (Kor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseological combinations, as well as syntactically inseparable phrases. In the sentence Tut, it’s true, you will read the vows in love to the grave (P.), the definition is expressed by the phraseological combination to the grave.

In the role of a definition expressed by a syntactically inseparable phrase, combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a quantitative numeral agreed with it most often act: A boy of about fifteen, curly and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty kept a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combinations of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.), “Here it is, then, as it happens,” said the old Nikolaev soldier with a spongy nose (Paust. ). Phrases consisting of adjectives and nouns in the genitive case are syntactically inseparable, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective, since it is in it that the designation of the delimiting feature is contained. In sentences, a man of medium height (L.) came out of the boat; He was wearing a short coat of bronze color and a black cap (T.); He fastened the bekeshi hooks, pulled a soldier's artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, this stocky figure and face of an oriental type (M. G.) attracted my attention; They were a husband, wife, their boy of seven years of extraordinary beauty (Fed.); Boys close to my age were thirteen years old (Past.) The phrases of medium height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan fur, oriental type, extraordinary beauty, close age are syntactically inseparable.

Less common are definitions expressed by syntactically inseparable phrases of other types. For example: A few minutes later we were at the fire in a circle of four shepherds dressed in sheepskins with wool up (M. G.); The upper heated water lies in a layer ten to twelve meters thick on deep cold water and does not mix with it at all (Paust.).

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a definitive meaning with shades of other meanings. Functional complication is especially typical for definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which, of course, is associated with their lexical and morphological nature.

The contradiction revealed here between the specific meaning of the dependent word form (spatial, temporal) and its relation to the word form of objective meaning (attributive) is resolved in the functional combination of two members in one. So, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings - spatial: I rented a room with a window on the Kremlin (Past.); temporary: This is my habit since childhood (T.); object meaning: At the battery heights, people with spyglasses were slightly distinguishable (Past.).

Agreed definitions can be common or single. They can refer to nouns, pronouns, substantiated words, i.e. adjectives that have passed into the category of nouns (living room, scientist).

Separation of agreed definitions

Common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them (participial or adjectival turnover), standing after the noun being defined:

Her face, red with frost, seemed very sweet to me.

The person who delivered the bad news has already disappeared.

Instead of a noun, the word being defined can also be pronominal noun or numeral:

Something blocking our way turned out to be a fallen tree in the light of the lantern.

The two who tried to escape were also here.

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the noun being defined in this sentence not carries a sufficiently pronounced meaning and needs to be defined:

He took on the appearance of a saddened man.

Also, common definitions that appear after the word being defined are not isolated, if in meaning they are connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, thereby performing two functions - attributive and predicative:

He stood still for a couple of minutes.

If such a double bond is not formed, then the definition is isolated:

I walked, busy with my thoughts, and did not immediately recognize him.

The connection with the predicate is also observed in agreed definitions related to the secondary members of the sentence. Sometimes this connection is strong enough, sometimes not; in the first case, the definitions are isolated, in the second - not:

I saw her yesterday, completely healthy. - He sat ready to take off and go.

Two or more non-common definitions are separated after the word being defined:

The evening came, calm, quiet, cool.

However, the isolation of two non-common definitions is necessary only if there is another definition before the word being defined:

Tomorrow will be a stormy day, rich and fast. - A gray-haired and stocky man sat down on a bench.

A single circumstance after the word being defined is isolated when it indicates a state, reason, etc.:

He finally arrived, as calm as ever.

A common definition, separated from the noun defined by other members of the sentence, is also isolated: And again, chasing us all day, this man appeared. (cf. The man who has been chasing us all day has reappeared)

A single definition is isolated, standing immediately before the noun being defined, if, in addition to the attributive meaning, it also carries a circumstantial (causal, conditional, concessive):

Frustrated, I did not notice that we had arrived.

Separate definitions related to personal pronouns, because. such definitions always have an additional adverbial value:

He, red with anger, turned and left.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Separation of inconsistent definitions is associated with the degree of their prevalence (the number of words dependent on them included in the isolated group), the lexical meaning of the word being defined, and also the context.

Definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions) are separated if they contain, in addition to the main one, an additional message:

The doctor, with a scalpel in hand, came up to the table.

Most often, inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun are isolated prepositional:

1. With a proper name; since it points to a fairly definite object, the definition has the character of an additional sign: Paphnutius, with a sleepy look, left the room.

2. With a noun indicating the degree of relationship, profession, position, etc.: Father, with his sleeves rolled up, was again sitting in the office.

3. With personal pronouns, which are concretized in the conditions of the context: He, in a new shirt, entered with a terribly pleased look.

4. When combined as homogeneous members with separate agreed definitions: A guy came in, cheerful, with a bouquet of flowers, all shining.

Common inconsistent definitions are usually isolated, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: Another employee entered, a head taller than the previous one, and also climbed into the attic.

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According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, referring to the word being defined, can be likened to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by an adjective: The door to the damp porch dissolved again (A.K.T.); communion: My steps resounded dully in the freezing air (T.); pronominal adjective: From infancy, two muses flew to us, and my lot was sweet with their caress (P.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled hair (T.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought power, one, but a fiery passion (L.).

The meanings of agreed definitions are very diverse and depend on the lexical meaning of the words by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives indicate the quality of the object: She was tormented by a thirst for fame, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.). Definitions, expressed by relative adjectives, indicate the attribute of an object at its location and time: Yesterday we spent in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); The village library was near the school; sign of an object by material; Through the frequent mesh of rain one could see a hut with a plank roof and two pipes (T.); affiliation: The dead did not let the regimental banner out of the hands (Bl.). Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather's face leaned over his face (M. G.); Farewell, sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your rumble in the evening hours (P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of the subject in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Someone's steps were heard in the room (Azh.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions expressed by negative and attributive pronouns denote properties and qualities in a general way: He knew every person, every family, every alley of this large working outskirts (Cat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the subject when counting: Sukhoedov (Pan.) was on duty in the ninth carriage. Definitions expressed by participles can indicate a sign associated with an action: In the ensuing silence, the howling of a raging wind was clearly heard (Azh.).

Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to agreed ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poet's poems, a boat with sails) or adjoining (riding at a pace, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all oblique cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); He wore overalls, changed his mustache with a ring to a mustache with a brush (Fed.); The matter of the inheritance is holding me back for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom and edge? (M. G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father's cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There were no bigger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when stearin candles and soft-boiled boots are obtained (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He went with a step to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with an order to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can indicate belonging: Kutuzov's face, standing at the door of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L.T.); attitude to the team, institution, etc.: The blacksmith of the Putilov factory Ivan Gora ... was cleaning his rifle (A.N.T.); producer of action: Less and less often, quieter and more distantly heard: now the creak of wheels, now a gentle Little Russian song, now the sonorous neighing of horses, now fuss and the last chirping of sleeping birds (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and a rider dived from a dilapidated barrack into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relation of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the word being defined: You are a little cold, you cover your face with an overcoat collar (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in oblique cases with prepositions can denote various features. Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, black marble writing instruments were arranged with deathly accuracy, folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign by the presence of some external feature, detail: The servant jumped off the goat, unlocked the doors, and a minute later a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I went up to a stranger in a fur coat and saw him (Cupr.); People with whiskers stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of origin in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships were buried under snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign that characterizes an object in a spatial sense: A girl was standing at the jamb of the door to the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of the object: From sleep, sits in an ice bath (P.); a sign that limits the object in any respect: Before dawn in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of the object: Everything froze on the benches for the public (M. G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, often denoted by an abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams with success (S.-Shch.); I could not stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father's neck (Kor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseologically and syntactically inseparable phrases.

In the sentence Tut, it’s true, you will read the vows in love to the grave (P.), the definition is expressed by the phraseological combination to the grave.

In the role of a definition expressed by a syntactically inseparable phrase, combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a quantitative numeral agreed with it most often act: A boy of about fifteen, curly and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty kept a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combinations of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.); - Here it is, it means, as it happens - said the old Nikolaev soldier with a spongy nose (Paust.), As well as phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun in the genitive case, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective due to the grammatical incompatibility of the genitive case of the name with the word being defined . In sentences: A man of average height (L.) got out of the boat; He was wearing a short coat of bronze color and a black cap (T.); He fastened the bekeshi hooks, pulled a soldier's artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, this stocky figure and face of an oriental type (M. G.) attracted my attention; These were a husband, a wife, their boy of seven years of extraordinary beauty (Fed.) phrases of medium height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan fur, oriental type, extraordinary beauty are syntactically inseparable, since it is impossible to say a man of growth, a coat of color, a hat of astrakhan fur, a type face, beauty boy.

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a defining meaning not in its pure form, but a meaning complicated by other shades. Functional complication is especially typical for definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which, of course, is associated with their lexical and morphological structure. So, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings, for example, spatial ones: The employee at the table is tired of watching them ... (Already); temporary: This is my habit since childhood (T.), etc.

Definitions expressed by adverbs can also be functionally complicated. For example, the definitive-spatial meaning: The Germans hoped to enter Petrograd without much trouble. Their numerous agents were preparing a massacre in Petrograd - an explosion from the inside (A.N.T.); definitive-temporal meaning: The successful fishing of beluga in winter enriched the fishermen even more (Kupr.).

Applications

An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case. When defining an object, the application gives it a different name. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun, a substantiated participle and an adjective, as well as a substantiated numeral. For example: So lived Mikhail Vlasov, a locksmith, hairy, gloomy, with small eyes (M. G.); It was she, the Peterhof stranger (Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fedya, you would give fourteen years old (G.).

Applications can characterize the subject in relation to age, kinship, profession, specialty, occupation, national and social affiliation, etc.: We, workers, need to learn (M. G.); Here is our Zoechka, a waitress in the dining room (Gran.); And he gave the money to the mermaid for preservation, the things of my daughter (P.); During the war years, a concrete builder became a sapper soldier (B. Paul); may be the name of an object: And the steamer "Turgenev" was already considered by that time a ship, quite outdated (Cat.); can serve as a designation of the quality, properties of the object being defined: Dr. Hufeland, the miracle doctor sent by the Prussian king, looked in amazement at the head drowned in pillows, disfigured by old, long-healed wounds (Nikul.); And since ancient times, a fisherman, and a hard-working scientist, and a painter, and a poet have been bearing tribute to Baikal from the soul of his lover (Tvard.).

Applications can be expressed by nouns that have lost their specific meaning in the context and turned into demonstrative words (person, people, people, woman, business, etc.). With them, there must be explanatory words, in which the characteristic of the subject lies. For example: Sometimes, instead of Natasha, Nikolai Ivanovich appeared from the city, a man with glasses, with a small blond beard, a native of some distant province (M. G.); The coachman Yehudiel, an extremely slow man, heavy on his feet, reasonable and sleepy, stood at the gate and diligently regaled Bitch (T.) with tobacco; Engineer Kucherov, a bridge builder, sometimes drove through the village on a racing droshky or in a carriage, a plump, broad-shouldered, bearded man in a soft crumpled cap (Ch.).

When combining a proper noun (name of a person) and a common noun, a common noun usually acts as an application: In a frenzy, the sailor Pavlinov suffocated - a cheerful and mocking person (Paust.); It seemed to her that Rybin, an elderly man, was also unpleasant and insulting to listen to Pavel's speeches (M. G.).

However, if it is necessary to clarify the person, to specify it, as an application, a proper name can be used with a common noun. In this case, the sign of the face is of primary importance. For example: The rest of the brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei (Shol.) to the smallest detail.

Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in quotation marks in writing), are always applications and stand in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who landed from the battleship Potemkin on the Romanian coast was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.).

The application can be attached to the word being defined with the help of explanatory unions, that is, or, like, etc.: The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us (Ax.); Klavichek, as a baker by profession, was sent as an inspector to the supply department (N. Ostr.); This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a wooden fence (T.); with the help of words, for example, by name, by nickname, and the like: Dear cook Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear Cub (M. G.), leads the kitchen; ... I had to become a footman to a Petersburg official, by the name of Orlov (Ch.).

Combinations of applications with defined words are distinguished from some combinations similar in form, the components of which are not connected by attributive relations. These include the following pair combinations: combinations of synonyms (stitches-paths, grass-ant, clan-tribe, time-time, mind-mind, wedding-marriage, chic-shine); combinations of antonyms (export-import, purchase and sale, questions-answers, income-expenses); combinations of words by association (name-patronymic, grandfathers-great-grandfathers, viburnum-raspberry, bread-salt, mushrooms-berries).

In addition, the components of some types of compound words are not applications (although they resemble them in form): b) complex words, part of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, unfortunate leader).

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of an object, person or phenomenon in relation to the word being defined, the punctuation in the sentence depends.

Answer questions in the beginning which? which? which? which? which the? and can be expressed by an adjective, participle, participial turnover or ordinal number. They are associated with the word being defined by means of agreement, that is, they are used in the same number, gender and case as the word being defined:

(which?) good advice (singular, m.r., im.p.);

(which?) studied topic (singular, female, im.p.);

(what?) carefully selected illustrations (pl., tv.p.);

(which one?) at the second window (singular, cf., rod.p.).

Contrary to the agreed definitions, inconsistent are associated with the method of control or adjunction defined by the word and can be expressed by a noun, adverb, comparative degree of an adjective, infinitive, pronoun, syntactically inseparable combination:

the cloth ( which?) in a flower (them. noun with a preposition; management)

money ( which?) on loan (adv.; management)

story ( which?) more fun (adj.; control)

order ( which?) advance (infinite; adjoining)

newspaper ( which?) "Evening News" (weekly synth. construction; adjunction).

The easiest way to find the differences between agreed and inconsistent definitions is to compare the sentences in which they are used.

Agreed definitions coincide with the word being defined by grammatical features, most often they are in preposition, and it is not difficult to establish their connection.

bright beam searchlights lit up far corner yard.

Above the snowy field the wind was raging.

Icicle falling from the roof crunched underfoot.

On the letter, agreed-upon definitions that refer to a personal pronoun are highlighted with commas.

cheered up, she enthusiastically set to work.

He, whole and unharmed, stood at the door with a bunch of flowers.

In the postposition, the agreed definitions expressed by the participial turnover are separated by commas.

In the forest, noticeably thinned by mid-autumn, the pines looked like giant candles.

In sentences with inconsistent definitions, the punctuation marks are subject to the general rules of punctuation and are not directly related to the “defined word + definition” construction.

He never met in his life a kinder and more considerate person.

This look down annoying, and the need to act on orders perceived as bullying in a sophisticated form.

Mustache brush bristled like a March cat.

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

Agreed definitions are used in the same grammatical form as the word being defined.
In contrast to agreed definitions, inconsistent ones are connected with the way of control or adjunction defined by the word, therefore, it is difficult to find such a connection by grammatical features: it is established according to the meaning of the sentence.
snake coiled in an emerald ring.(agreed definition)
Hippo weighing a ton moves with up to sixty kilometers per hour. (inconsistent definitions)
Agreed definitions are most often expressed by adjectives, participles, participles, ordinal numbers - changeable parts of speech.
Inconsistent definitions are case forms of a noun, adverb, infinitive or inseparable syntactic constructions, for example, phraseological phrases.
Spring rain, sprinkled on the first flowers, revived colors blazing bright under bare trees.
Desire to do a good job in the language very commendable.
In sentences with agreed definitions, punctuation depends on the position of the definition and the part of speech to which it refers.
Punctuation in sentences with inconsistent definitions is subject to general rules.

Agreed definitions are so called because they are connected in the sentence with the subject or minor members by the subordinate connection of agreement.

Agreed definitions are, as a rule, the words of the following parts of speech and word forms:

adjectives;
pronouns-adjectives;
ordinal numbers;
participles are single and with dependent words (participle turnover).

I see your lot on a bright forehead (A. S. Pushkin)

Lot which? your(sp. singular m.p. possessive pronoun).

The softest and most touching poems, books and paintings were written by Russian poets, writers and artists about autumn (K. Paustovsky).

This sentence has agreed definitions expressed by adjectives:

poems(noun in the form of im.p. pl.) what? the softest and most touching(the form of im.p. pl. of the superlative degree of the adjective);
poets(etc. pl.) what kind? Russians(etc. pl.).

A yellowish foam was carried along the river, similar to a downed squirrel (K. Paustovsky).

foam what? yellowish(v.p. unit. of f.r.);
foam what? looks like a squirrel(w.p. unit)

We will keep in mind that non-isolated and isolated definitions, expressed by turns with the main word in the form of an adjective or participle, are one member of the sentence - an agreed definition.

In bright stripes, gray-gray winters covered with night dew go into the distance.

Ozimi which? gray, covered with night dew- agreed homogeneous definitions expressed by adjectives and participles.

Through narrowed eyelids, he [the cat] watched the birds jumping on the ground, but they kept at a safe distance (M. Prishvin).

through the eyelids(ch.p. pl.) what? screwed up(c. p. pl. participles);
for the birds what? jumping on the ground- an agreed definition expressed by participial turnover;
at a distance what? safe(p.p. singular cf. adjective).

Inconsistent definitions do not coincide in grammatical form with nouns (pronouns, etc.). They are associated with the main word by a subordinating connection of control, less often, by a way of adjoining.

Inconsistent definitions are expressed by words of different parts of speech, for example:

1. noun, pronoun in the form of an indirect case with or without a preposition

Huge dark green leaves of white water lilies floated on the surface of the water.

In this proposal, apart from the agreed definitions ( huge dark green leaves, white water lilies) we indicate a number of inconsistent, related to the noun way of control:

on the surface(pp. sg. f.r.) whose? water(r.p. unit h.f.r.);
leaves(s.p. pl.) whose? water lily(r. p. pl.).

His whole face was small, thin, freckled (I. S. Turgenev)

Face whose? his(possessive pronoun in the form of singular singular)

2. Inconsistent definition - a syntactically indivisible phrase (noun and adjective, noun and numeral)

The wardrobe (what?) of ebony was huge (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

A boy (what?) about twelve years old ran out to meet the guests.

3. The simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective acts as an inconsistent definition

One of the girls, (what?) older, barely paid attention to me (A.P. Chekhov).

4. Inconsistent definition - adverb

A playful summer breeze flew wide open through the windows (what?) and began to blow the curtains with a sail.

5. The indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) explains the noun.

The desire (what?) to win, according to contemporaries, was the main quality of the commander A. Suvorov.

The simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective, adverb and infinitive are attached to the main word by adjunction.

Table with examples

Test

Let us check ourselves and indicate in the following sentences agreed and inconsistent definitions.

Following the suitcase was brought in a small mahogany chest with piecework made of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and a fried chicken wrapped in blue paper (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

It grew in a small clearing, a straight and slender birch with a white trunk, with fragrant, varnished leaves (N. Wagner).

Greenish gloomy air, filled with solar smoke and yellow reflections of rocks, flowed over us (K. Paustovsky).

In the noise of the wind, it was as if the distant cry of a baby was heard, and sometimes the howl of a hungry wolf (S. T. Aksakov).

His stern face was sad and mocking, as if disappointed (A.P. Chekhov).

After walking a little, I got to a small river with the funny name Dunno, sat down on the bank and threw a fishing rod (G. Skrebitsky).