Official permission for a drainage pit. Do-it-yourself drainage hole in a private house. Sealed cesspools
The issue of wastewater disposal in dachas and suburban areas is often solved by constructing a sewage pit. During its construction, it is necessary to comply with sanitary standards for storage tanks, which are given in regulatory documentation and legislative standards. Violation of them may result in administrative and even criminal penalties. You will find information about the most important rules for the placement and construction of septic tanks, as well as the norms for the distance of a cesspool in this article.
Cesspools permitted by SNiP
In a suburban area, to dispose of household waste, they often dig a drainage hole or build a storage tank with sewer pipes. The requirements for their arrangement and operation are carefully specified in SanPiN 42-128-4690-88 and SNiP 30-02-97.
These regulatory documents prohibit the uncontrolled construction of such structures, which helps preserve the health of those living in the house and the ecology of the site. They stipulate that it is possible to equip a septic tank only after obtaining permission from the SES and approval of the construction project. To do this, your document must comply with all sanitary standards specified in regulatory documents.
Important! The relevant services have the right to check the condition of the sewage pit and its compliance with the project.
The classic design is an open type sump tank - a leaky structure without a bottom. It is intended for use in suburban areas where people live temporarily. This design can serve 1-2 people. According to SanPiN requirements, a cesspool without a bottom must accommodate up to 1 m 3 of wastewater per day.
In loose soils, the walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete rings, a brick wall or another method. The walls of the pit in clay do not require reinforcement.
To reduce the negative impact of wastewater, it is necessary to create filter layer at the bottom of the structure. According to the requirements of sanitary organizations, it is created from sand (20-30 cm) and crushed stone (50 cm). Do not use fine stone bedding, because... it quickly becomes clogged with sewage. This design allows liquid waste to partially flow into open ground.
Building a cesspool is permitted if the groundwater is located far from the surface. You cannot install an open septic tank in a swampy area.
The storage tank is covered from above with a concrete slab with a thickness of at least 120 mm. It should be 30 cm larger than the diameter of the container. A hatch is made in it through which the tank is cleaned. A clay fill is placed around the neck to prevent rainwater or floods from entering the sump.
The design of the drive must necessarily include ventilation system, through which the gas generated during long-term storage of sewage is discharged outside. This is usually a pipe with a diameter of 100 mm, protruding from the tank to a height of at least 1.5 m. If the purifier is sealed, the gas may explode. The main disadvantage of this design is the contamination of soil, water and even plants by sewage.
If the estimated amount of waste per day is 1 m3, SanPin prohibits the use of cesspools without a bottom. In this case, a large sump is built from brick, concrete or metal, which does not allow water to enter the soil. The bottom of the tank must be covered with a concrete bottom. You can install several small products nearby instead of one.
The most common material for a sealed drain pit is reinforced concrete rings with a diameter of 700-2000 mm and a height of 900 mm. After installation, the joints between them are sealed with waterproof material. Brick tanks are popular. Assembling such a wall is not difficult; you can do the work yourself.
The cesspool standards will always be met if you use plastic products factory made. All components and places necessary for operating the device have already been manufactured. All that remains is to determine the required size of the product and install it in its original place.
Most compliant with sanitary standards cesspools in the form of septic tanks. These are environmentally friendly systems in which sewage is almost completely purified of impurities. After passing through all the reservoirs, the liquid can be used for irrigation. Solid waste is removed mechanically.
In urban environments, it is allowed to install yard sedimentation tanks if there is no central sewage system nearby. The underground part is made waterproof, and a single structure of tightly fitted beams and blocks is installed above it. For ease of cleaning, the front wall of the toilet is removable. The maximum filling of the tank is 35 cm to the ground surface. Otherwise, it will be difficult to cope with the consequences of overfilling the pit. It is allowed to build one storage facility for several apartments.
The volume of the tank is calculated by competent organizations, which take into account the number of people living in the yard. The structure is equipped with a lid and a grid for separating insoluble fractions.
It is necessary to think in advance about how to pump out sewage from the tank. If you plan to use a vacuum cleaner, ensure it has access to the storage tank.
Rules for placing a storage device on a site
The location for the main element of the local sewer system on the site is selected in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”, as well as in compliance with the rules of good neighborliness. To properly build a storage tank, study the norms of the cesspool on the site, which largely depend on its design.
Requirements for placing a purifier without a bottom:
- Dig a pit in the area adjacent to the building.
- Place the storage tank below the drinking water intake level.
- Its shape can be any, but round is considered the best - it is easier to pump out sewage from it, and dirt does not remain in the corners.
- It is recommended to observe the norms for the distance of the cesspool to a residential building - at least 25 m, although there is no consensus on the safe distance from the septic tank to the dwelling. Other buildings can be located up to 10 m from the pit.
- According to the cesspool standards, leave at least 20 m from the neighbor’s house to the storage tank. This is a sufficient distance at which the toxic fumes released from the sump are harmless to humans. Lawyers recommend obtaining written permission from neighbors to install these systems.
- Construction of a storage tank closer than 10 m from a building can lead to flooding of the basement and destruction of the foundation of the building. If there is less distance between it and a residential building on someone else’s territory, the neighbors have the right to sue the owner, which can fine the owner.
- Leave 1-1.5 m between the fence and the sewage pit. This is a sufficient distance to pump out sewage with a sewer truck without entering the site.
- Do not dig a sump more than 3 m deep. Such dimensions allow you to completely pump out sewage from the tank, because the hose of the device will reach the bottom. Leave at least 1 m between the bottom of the hole and groundwater, which will ensure its cleanliness.
- When constructing a storage tank on a sloped site, do not allow waste to enter the groundwater. Subsequently, the nearest wells will be contaminated with sewage.
Rules for placing common drainage pits for several families:
- Storage tanks are built at a distance of 20 to 100 m to residential buildings, kindergartens, schools, children’s playgrounds, etc.
- If the tank is planned to be located on the territory of a private household, the distance to housing should remain within 8-10 m.
- If disputes arise between neighbors regarding the placement of storage units with a problem, contact representatives of the public and the commission of local administrative councils. The solution may not comply with the SNiP standards for cesspools, but one requirement remains unchanged - the storage tank must be located at a distance of at least 50 m from water sources.
Requirements for the location of sealed septic tanks:
- The structure can be placed at a distance of 5 m from the kitchen or other building.
- A closed septic tank with a volume of 8 m3 can be installed at a distance of 8 m from buildings.
- If it is impossible to meet these requirements, contact the Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspectorate to obtain permission to place septic tanks closer to the house.
According to the standards for the construction of a cesspool, the storage tank must be located at a certain distance from the water and gas pipes on the site, depending on the composition of the soil. The requirements are shown in the table:
| Pipe material | Purpose | Distance |
| Reinforced concrete, asbestos | Plumbing | 5 m |
| Cast iron, pipe diameter up to 200 mm | Plumbing | 1.5 m |
| Cast iron, pipe diameter more than 200 mm | Plumbing | 3 m |
| Metal | Gas pipeline | 5 m |
On clay soils, provide a distance of 20 m between the reservoir and the well, on loamy soils - 30 m, on sandy and sandy loam soils - at least 50 m. This distance will not allow the water supply to become contaminated in case of possible accidents.
Failure to comply with the requirements for a cesspool can cause inconvenience to owners and neighbors. The following unpleasant moments may appear:
- Damage to the foundation of a residential building due to cracks and deformations in the walls. Signs of permission can be seen on the entire surface of the wall.
- An unpleasant odor that disturbs the rest of people who live very close to the drainage pit.
- A large amount of untreated wastewater enters the nearby soil and changes its chemical composition. As a result, trees and shrubs dry out near the storage tank.
Caring for storage in accordance with cesspool standards
The standards for cesspools specify maintenance rules that ensure long-term operation of the sump. All devices, regardless of design, must be cleaned twice a year with disinfectants to destroy pathogenic bacteria. For these purposes, acid-based solutions, gentle mixtures or homemade compositions are used.
Important! It is prohibited to clean tanks with preparations that, when interacting with water, form toxic gases that are dangerous to humans. Such substances include quicklime. The discharge is odorless, but causes illness in the upper respiratory tract.
According to SanPiN standards, cesspools are disinfected with the following preparations:
- 10% bleach solution;
- 5% creolin solution;
- 10% naphthalizole solution;
- 3-5% sodium hypochloride solution;
- 10% sodium metasilicate solution.
Disinfection is carried out after the contents of the pit are completely cleaned mechanically. For this purpose, a sewer truck with a tank and a pump is used. The unit includes a long hose that is capable of pumping out sewage from a depth of no more than 3 m. After removing the liquid part, the walls are freed from solid growths with a metal brush. The container is washed with clean water, which is pumped out with a pump.
In addition to chemicals, bioactivators are used to clean the drive - special microorganisms that are able to live and reproduce without light and oxygen. Once placed in a tank, they process organic matter and turn solid fragments into a semi-liquid mass. In the future, it can be used as fertilizer on the site.
Yard pits are cleaned every day. Disinfection - once a week. During cleaning, the water with disinfectants must be warm. Entry of rodents and insects is not allowed.
Watch a video about the sewer pit:
The construction and maintenance rules given in the article are mandatory for private and legal entities. Failure to comply with the location of cesspools to the norms and rules of Russian legislation can cause emergency situations with serious consequences.
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Usually in private households the problem of drainage and sewage is solved by constructing cesspools on their plots. There are certain standards that clearly define how the process of installing septic tanks and other treatment structures serving individual residential buildings should be carried out. It is not recommended to violate them.
When a cesspool is created, sanitary standards are regulated by Law of the Russian Federation N52-FZ of 1999 “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.” The requirements specified in it are mandatory for citizens of the country.
Sanitary standards for cesspools
According to the text of the regulatory document, cesspools (see photo) must be built with a mandatory special filtration device, and they should not have a regular bottom under any circumstances, especially if during the day the amount of waste exceeds one cubic meter.At the same time, it should be noted that when constructing a cesspool to serve a heated house in which at least 4 people will live, the sump should be made with a special bottom.
There is no definite answer as to what the distance from the house to the cesspool should be. The requirements for this parameter are ambiguous. The minimum distance between these two objects is 15 meters (read also: " ").
A distance from the house to the drainage pit is required so that the toxic gases emitted by the waste do not harm the local environment and people living in the area.
If there is a need to make the distance from the pit to the water supply closer, then you should contact the appropriate authorities (Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision) and utility service companies (for example, water utility management, etc.).
Rules for arranging cesspools
If a cesspool is being built, sanitary standards must be observed. Septic tanks with a working volume of no more than one cubic meter of wastewater and sewage per day are a classic option for arranging cesspools for servicing country houses and country houses in which people live intermittently and water heating equipment and household appliances are not used.According to sanitary requirements, the distance from the septic tank to the summer kitchen cannot be less than 5 meters. In the case when the daily volume of wastewater reaches 8 cubic meters, the distance should be increased to 8 meters. In general, a cesspool for a permanent home should be more reliable and functional.
The rules for arranging cesspools require compliance with a number of requirements:
- when the drainage per day is 3 cubic meters, the pipes must be located as close to groundwater as possible (distance 40-50 meters);
- pipes should be installed upward relative to the flow of groundwater;
- if there is an artesian source in the immediate vicinity of the house, the distance from the well to the cesspool should be at least 20 meters.
SanPiN 42-128-4690-88: requirements and standards, installation distance
On the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of the region of residence, SanPiN requirements for cesspools apply.When a private house does not have a centralized sewer system, its owners are allowed to locate a cesspool on the site. The main requirement for it is mandatory water resistance. There should be a lid over the sump to close it and a special grill. You can arrange a common drainage pit with your neighbors.
When a private house is located near a school or preschool, then the distance should be at least 20 meters. If questions arise regarding the arrangement of a cesspool, the owner of a country property should contact the local administrative authorities.
But there is a general rule for all private households - the septic tank should be located so that the distance from the well to the cesspool is 50 meters.
Treatment buildings must be cleaned at least once every six months.
When disinfecting drainage pits, use a product whose components are:
- 5% sodium hypochlorite;
- 5% - creolina;
- 10% bleach;
- 10% - naphthalizol;
- 10% - sodium metasilicate.
Additional requirements for arrangement
- In addition to the requirement, what should be the distance between the well and the cesspool, there is another important point - the tightness of the treatment plant so that sewage does not poison the soil and aquifers, since in this case the environment will be harmed.
- The building materials used to construct settling tanks (bricks, boards, blocks) must differ in density
- The drains should not be allowed to be higher than 35 centimeters from the ground surface, since then the property owner himself is unlikely to be able to cope with the negative consequences.
- from the water supply system made of asbestos-cement pipes to septic tanks and drainage pits, the distance should not be less than 5 meters;
- when using cast iron pipes with a diameter of no more than 200 millimeters - 1.5 meters;
- if there are cast iron pipes with a diameter of more than 200 millimeters - 3 meters;
- to gas pipes - more than 5 meters.
To prevent the unpleasant odor from disturbing residents, a 5-meter distance from the building to the cesspool must be maintained. The septic tank should not be located closer than 1.5 meters to the border of the site.
A cesspool is an important part of the sewer system, which is why its construction should be carried out not only in consultation with specialists, but also with government officials regulatory documents. “SanPiN: cesspools” includes several categories of requirements, each of which must be complied with without fail.
Ignoring the instructions in this regard promises you not only penalties, but also a lot of problems. For example, an incorrect location of a cesspool can result in an unpleasant odor in the house and even lead to illnesses that can occur after sewage gets into drinking water.
The main document that you should refer to when building a cesspool is SanPiN 42-128-4690-88 “Sanitary rules for the maintenance of populated areas.” This is where the basic requirements to the location, design and care of the cesspool.
It was developed and adopted back in the Soviet Union. Analogues of the document were subsequently adopted in almost all CIS countries. Despite its relatively long history of existence, the sanitary standards set out in this document still remain relevant, although not all of them.
For example, many modern experts in the field of sewerage installation recommend slightly increasing the distance from the waste collection container to the living space or additional buildings. Let's talk more about this in separate sections.
Requirements for the location of waste collection pits
The very first thing anyone who decides to install a cesspool on their property should know is: shortest distance to a residential building.
According to the previously mentioned document, it should be from 15 m or more. If it is impossible to install the container at such a distance, bringing it closer to the building is possible only after agreement with certain services.
However, experts do not recommend deviating from this requirement. During the process of waste rotting, which invariably occurs in a pit, various gases are released. Also, do not forget about the natural unpleasant odor. In the summer, especially when the windows are open, all these aromas will penetrate into the house. As you understand, this cannot be called pleasant.
It is also necessary to take into account the distance from the cesspool to the nearest water pipes. Compliance with this point “SanPiN cesspools” is one of the most difficult, because you also need to take into account direction of movement of groundwater.
If they flow from the drainpipe towards the cesspool, then the minimum distance is 25 m. If in the opposite direction, then the distance increases to 40 m.
The cesspool should be located at approximately the same distance from the nearest source of drinking water, well or borehole.
It is also necessary to take into account the distance to the fence, minimum 2 meters. Experienced installers also give their recommendations in this matter. It is best to install the pit close to the entrance to the yard, so it will be much easier to clean.
Pit design requirements
Cesspools used for autonomous sewerage must be covered with a grate and a hatch. In cases where the design is used for a country toilet, it must be equipped with a durable threshold that will leave only a small part of the waste collection container open.
The maximum depth of the cesspool is 3 m, but only if groundwater passes below this level.
On the site with high groundwater level, it is best not to use a cesspool at all. Even if you choose a closed design, some of the waste may still end up in the water layer. This is especially dangerous in cases where drinking water in the area is supplied by purifying liquid from nearby reservoirs, wells or wells.
There are also requirements for selecting the volume of the cesspool.
So, for example, a small structure, with a volume of up to 2-3 cubic meters, can be installed only for a country toilet, or in an autonomous sewer system of a house where no more than two people live.
In all other cases, the required volume of the pit is selected according to a certain formula, which takes into account both water consumption and the number of days during which the pit will not be cleaned.
Basic care requirements
For cleaning and preventing unpleasant odors in the cesspool forbidden use chlorine and bleach. These chemicals completely kill all microflora and microfauna inside the structure, and it plays a very important role in the processing of organic waste.
It is best to use for these purposes biological drugs, which not only do not interfere with natural biological processes, but even accelerate them.
Often, a significant drawback of country houses and dachas is the lack of centralized sewerage. The way out of this situation is to independently equip the site with a cesspool, septic tank or septic tank.
However, before starting work, it is necessary to familiarize yourself in detail with SanPiN 42-128-4690-88, as well as SNiP 30-02-97, which contains all the parameters for this type of structure:
- Yard drainage basins for domestic wastewater are allowed to be built on the territory of private households in the absence of a central sewerage system;
- The pit should be no closer than 20 m and no further than 100 m from residential buildings and children's playgrounds;
- For private lands that have a summer kitchen or temporary shelter on their territory, the distance can be reduced to 10 m relative to each building;
- The distance from the pit to the central water supply is 10 m or more, from open wells and springs – 50 m;
- The depth of this sewerage structure can reach 3 m, but not lower than the groundwater level;
- Waste filling should not be less than 35 cm from the edge of the cesspool;
- 1 m - this is exactly the indentation that needs to be made from the border with the neighboring plot.
The cesspool should be cleaned as needed, but at least twice a year.
In addition to cleaning, periodic disinfection is also carried out with chemicals, which include: 5% each of sodium hypochloride and creolin, 10% each of bleach, naphthalizole, sodium metasilicate. In addition to daily cleaning, street toilets are also treated with the same mixture.
The presence or absence of a bottom in a cesspool determines what type it is. According to
SNiP 2.04.02-84 and 2.04.03-85 in-yard sedimentation tanks are of two types:
- An ordinary pit without a bottom (it is allowed to use it when the volume of wastewater is no more than per day, and the contaminants are absorbed by the soil);
- Sealed with a bottom (this is the best option for daily wastewater volumes of more than 1 m3).
The sanitary rules and regulations state that this type of sedimentation tank must have a depth exceeding the level of drinking water in the well. Otherwise, water pollution cannot be avoided.
According to the requirements, the distance from the drainage pit to the well depends on the type of soil on which they are located. So, for clayey soils, the distance should be 20 m or more, loamy soils - 30-35 m, sandy loam and sandy soils - 50 m.
It is necessary to place a sealed container for collecting waste on the site in such a way as to ensure free access to it for a sewer truck for cleaning. Pipes laid from the source of wastewater to the storage tank should have an inclination angle of 2-3 degrees towards the tank.
Unlike conventional cesspools, sealed ones have a number of advantages:
- Effluent accumulates inside the tank, does not leak into the environment and, accordingly, does not pollute it;
- Such a structure can be installed anywhere, regardless of the type of soil and groundwater flow;
- Long service life, thanks to the materials from which the septic tanks are made.
By investing once and purchasing a high-quality sealed container for collecting waste, you will save yourself from unpleasant odors and other negative consequences.
The issue of wastewater disposal in private houses and country houses is often solved by constructing a cesspool. For some developers, this topic is a “dark forest”, although there are standards that clearly regulate the process of building cesspools and septic tanks, violating which is highly discouraged. As you probably already understood, the topic of our article is: a cesspool - sanitary standards and rules for its arrangement.
Let's start with a regulatory act, and this is Federal Law N 52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” of 1999, which regulates sanitary standards that are mandatory for all citizens of the Russian Federation.
If we carefully read the text of the regulatory document, we will find out - the pit must be built with special filtration and it must not have a bottom no way. Moreover, if the daily rate of wastewater is more than 1 cubic meter.
But there is a slight difference in that when building a cesspool for a house that will be heated and at least four people will live in it, the pit must be equipped with a special bottom.
Also, very often the question arises about what distance is needed from a residential building to a cesspool? Unfortunately, no one can give you a definite answer to such a question, since everyone will have their own dimensions.
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The requirements for a cesspool are clear, but the minimum distance that should be is 15 meters from the house.
And all this is necessary so that the toxic gases emitted by the waste do not harm others in any way, including the residents of the house itself. If you need the distance from the cesspool to the water pipes to be much closer, then you will need to negotiate with the Sanitary and Epidemiological Inspectorate, the water utility department, etc.
Rules for arranging a pit
But let’s still look at some mandatory standards that must be observed when building a cesspool with a working volume of up to 1 cubic meter of waste per day and signing an agreement with all authorities. Such pits are a classic example for country houses and dachas without water heating devices and household appliances. People's residence is not permanent.
According to sanitary standards, the installation of a septic tank is allowed at a distance of no closer than 5 meters from the summer kitchen or house. If the volume of wastewater is up to 8 cubic meters per day, the distance should be at least 8 meters.
The requirements look like this:
- If the drainage is 3 cubic meters in one day, the pipes must be installed closer to groundwater, at a distance of 40-50 meters.
- It is also very important to know that pipes must be installed upstream of groundwater
- If there is an artesian well near your house, the distance should be at least 20 meters.
But still, some homeowners have a situation where it is practically impossible to make a cesspool at a great distance, what to do in such a situation?
In this case, experts advise installing wells or drainages for several houses at once. In this case, take into account the distance from the “red line” of 2.5-5 meters.
Requirements and standards SanPiN 42-128-4690-88
There are specially created Sanpin requirements for a cesspool.
So, if your house does not have a special sewage system, then you will be allowed to build a cesspool in your yard. But remember that it must be waterproof. There must also be a lid above the pit that will cover it, as well as a special grill. If required, you can share the pit with your neighbors.
If your home is close to a school, kindergarten, etc., then the distance should be at least 20 meters, but no more than 10 meters. If there are any questions about the cesspool, then here you will need to resolve this only with the help of special administrative advice. However, the general rule remains the same for everyone - the pit must be located at a distance of at least 50 meters from wells and springs.
The cesspool must be cleaned at least once every six months
To disinfect the cesspools of yard latrines, the following mixture is used:
- 10% bleach,
- 5% sodium hypochloride,
- 10% - naphthalizol,
- 5% - creolina,
- 10% - sodium metasilicate.
Additional requirements for arrangement
A prerequisite for constructing a cesspool is its tightness. Building materials must be dense, for example, such as boards, bricks or blocks. Also, the pit should not allow water or drains to pass through, so as not to pollute the environment.