Head for culvert reinforced concrete pipes. Culvert pipes and elements. II. instructions on the technology of the production process

CENTRAL INSTITUTE REGULATORY
RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
INFORMATION"ORGTRANSSTROY"

MINISTRIES OF TRANSPORT CONSTRUCTION

DEVICE ASSEMBLY
REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVER
DIAMETER 1 m UNDER THE ROAD

I. SCOPE

The technological map has been developed taking into account progressive methods of organizing construction and work production, as well as methods of scientific organization of labor, and is intended for use in the development of a project for the production of work and the organization of work and labor at the facility.

The technological map provides for the construction of a single-point prefabricated reinforced concrete pipe with a diameter of 1 m, length 26.28 m under the road (with an embankment height of 4 to 7 m).

The design of the pipe was adopted according to the "Typical design (501 Zh-5) of prefabricated unified concrete culverts for railways and roads" of Glavtransproekt, approved by order of the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Transport Construction dated July 8, 1966 No., Inv. No. 101/1.

The pipe is assembled from precast concrete elements:

foundation - from curved blocks laid on crushed stone preparation;

pipe body - from links with a length of 1 m;

caps with postcards - from separate blocks.

Strengthening of the channel at the heads in the technological map is not provided.

In all cases of using the technological map, it is necessary to link it to the local conditions of work.

II. MANUFACTURING PROCESS INSTRUCTIONS

Pipe construction works include:

preparation of the construction site;

marking works;

acceptance and placement of equipment, materials and structures at the construction site;

excavation for the foundation of the pipe and head;

crushed stone preparation device;

installation, foundation blocks, heads and pipe links;

filling the sinuses of the pit with soil;

concreting trays within the heads;

waterproofing works;

backfilling the pipe with soil.

Site preparation

The site in the pipeline construction zone (at a distance of at least 10 m in each direction from the axis of the pipe) are planned by a bulldozer with slopes that ensure the flow of water from the pipe.

At the outlet head, the natural channel is cleared, and at the input head, at a distance of at least 1.5 m from the contour of the pit, they block the channel with soil and arrange a bypass ditch or embankment of the construction site. These measures should ensure the complete removal of surface water from the pit.

For the delivery of equipment, concrete blocks and materials, a bulldozer clears and plans access roads that provide free passage along the ring traffic pattern.

Marking work

The position of the pipe is determined by the road design. The design organization must fix in kind and hand over to the contractors, according to the act, the point of intersection of the road axis with the longitudinal axis of the pipe, the longitudinal axis of the pipe, fixed with four outrigger stakes (Fig. ), as well as the high-altitude benchmark.

Measurements along the axis of the pipe outline the contour of the pit and mark it with pegs.

At a distance of 1 m from the boundaries of the pit, they arrange a cast-off of boards or beams (Fig.) and designate on it the longitudinal axis of the pipe and the position of the heads, openings, sections of the foundation.

The cast-off, if possible, should be buried in the ground to protect it from damage by a bulldozer or excavator.

The sequence of installation of blocks and pipe links

	Crane parking	Mounting number	Marne element (block No.)	block weight, T	The maximum reach of an arrow, m
Installation of outlet head blocks (portal and openings)
Device for gravel-sand preparation for the outlet head
Laying the foundation block
Installation of conical link and pipe links
Laying patterned foundation blocks
Installation of pipe sections
Pattern block laying
Installation of pipe sections
Installation of inlet head blocks
Gravel-sand preparation device for the inlet head
Installation of molded foundation blocks
Installation of pipe links and conical link

Installers 4 size. - 1 and 3 bits. - 1 accept blocks and links and install them with the help of braces and crowbars in the design position.

Installer 3rd category inspects and cleans blocks and links, slings them for feeding into the pit. Installer 2nd category fills the vertical seams of the patterned foundation blocks with sand-cement mortar before installing the links. After installing and unfastening the head blocks, the link in full force performs work to fill the space behind the portal block and the base for the trays with a gravel-sand mixture.

Before installing the last pipe links, the fitter 2 raz. proceeds to pour cement mortar under the pipe links using a flat funnel (see Fig. rice.). He finishes work immediately after installing the last pipe links. Then he moves on to another pipe.

The working links of the insulators, working two at each head, concrete the trays at the output and input heads. The concrete mixture is delivered by dump trucks and unloaded for sand and gravel preparation, spread with shovels in an even layer and compacted with a surface vibrator. The surface of freshly laid concrete is smoothed with floats and covered with sand. Immediately after the installation of the trays, the workers of the link fall asleep simultaneously on both sides of the sinus of the pit. The soil is pushed by the D-271 bulldozer, in hard-to-reach places it is thrown up manually, and then it is evenly distributed with shovels in the sinuses of the pit and compacted with S-690 electric rammers. The section of insulators also performs work on sealing the seams between the links and head blocks, gluing and coating waterproofing of the pipe, as well as backfilling the pipe with soil to a height of 0.5 m.

Two waterproofers 3 and 2 razr. they make bundles from tow, dip them in bitumen and caulk the seams between the links. Then they proceed to caulking the seams from the inside with cement mortar with jointing. They work from the middle of the pipe to the edges, placing light portable circles under the upper part of each seam (see Fig.), supporting the solution in the seam.

Following them are two waterproofers 4 and 2 pit. arrange pasting insulation of seams. To do this, one cuts bituminized fabric panels into strips 25 wide. cm, at this time, another worker brings the mastic, pours hot bituminous mastic onto the joint with a thin stream from a scoop with a drainer, and both stick the bituminized fabric.

The same link arranges coating insulation using a spray unit or an asphalt distributor.

Backfilling of the pipe with soil is carried out by the entire link using an E-302 excavator equipped with a grab. Workers compact the soil in layers with S-690 electric rammers.

At the beginning of the shift (or at the beginning of work with a small amount of work), the drivers of the machines are obliged to check the readiness of the machines for work, eliminate minor malfunctions, refuel the machine with fuel and water, operate the machine during work, and at the end of the shift (or work) clean the machine and inform mechanics about the noticed shortcomings. The crane operator must check and test the rigging and mounting equipment before starting work.

V. CALCULATION OF LABOR COSTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PREPARED CULVER WITH A HOLE 1 m, LONG 26.28 m

	Code of rates and prices	Description of works	The composition of the link	unit of measurement	Scope of work	Norm of time, man-hour	Price, rub.-kop.	Standard time for the full scope of work, man-hour	The cost of labor costs for the full scope of work, rub.-kop.
		A. Preparatory work
	ENiR, 2-1-24, No. 6a	Layout of the construction site with a bulldozer in 3 passes on one track	Machinist 5th grade - one	100m 2
	By the time	Breakdown of the structure with the removal of axes and the device of the cast-off	2 bits - one	man-hour
		Reception of tools, fixtures and equipment and their installation, construction site lighting	Structural assemblers: 3 cuts. - one 1 bit - one	man-hour
	ENiR, 4-4-92, No. 1	Unloading and sorting head blocks	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one
	ENiR, 4-4-92, No. 3	Unloading and sorting of pattern blocks
	ENiR, 4-4-92, No. 6	Unloading and sorting of pipe sections	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one
		Total
		B. Earthworks a) Digging a pit
	ENiR, 2-1-15, tab. 2, No. 56+d	The development of the soil of the II group by the bulldozer D-271 (when moving it up to 20 m)	Machinist 5th grade - one	100m 3
	ENiR, 2-1-10A, tab. 3, no. 3z	Group II soil excavation with an E-302 backhoe	Machinist 4th grade - one	100m 3
	ENiR, 2-1-15, tab. 2, No. 56+d, approx. 3, K = 0.85	Moving soil of group II by bulldozer D-271 at a distance of 20 m	Machinist 5th grade - one	100m 3
	ENiR, 2-1-31, tab. 2, No. 1e, approx. 3a, K = 1.2	Refinement of soil of group II in the pit manually after its development by an excavator and a bulldozer	Digger 2 bit. - one
	ENiR, 2-1-46, No. 26, K = 1.2 according to 2-1-31, approx. 3b	Cleaning the bottom of the pit in soils of group II manually with cutting off irregularities, backfilling recesses with soil compaction, checking the planned surface according to the template	Digger 2 bit. - one	100m 2
		b) Backfilling of the sinuses of the pit and pipe
	ENiR, 2-1-15, tab. 2, No. 56+d, approx. 3, K = 0.85	Moving soil of group II by bulldozer D-271 at a distance of 20 m	Machinist 5th grade - one	100 m 3
	ENiR, 2-1-44, tab. 1, no. 26	Backfilling the sinuses of the pit with soil manually with tamping	Excavators: 2 raz. - one 1 bit - one
	As applied to ENiR, 2-1-45, tab. 3, no. 2a, K = 1.2	Compaction of soil of group II with electric rammers after backfilling in layers of 15 cm	Digger 3 bit. - one	100m 2
	ENiR, 2-1-12, tab. 3, No. 1c	Backfilling the pipe with soil to a height of 0.5 m E-302 excavator equipped with a clamshell bucket	Excavator driver 5 years - one	100m 3
	As applied to ENiR, 2-1-45, tab. 3, no. 1a, K = 1.2	Compacting the soil with electric tampers when backfilling the pipe with layers 20 thick cm (66m 3 : 0,2m = 330m 2)	Digger 3 bit. - one	100m 2
		Total
		Total earthworks
		B. The device of two heads
	ENiR, 4-4-88, No. 56	Device for gravel-sand preparation for bevels and head trays in layers of 15 cm (11,8: 0,15 = 79m 2)	3 bits - one 2 bits - one	100m 2
	ENiR, 4-4-88, No. 4A	Device for crushed stone preparation with a thickness of 0.1 m(1,2: 0,1 = 12m 2)		100m 2
	ENiR, 4-4-91, tab. 2, no. 1b	Crane installation of pattern blocks No. 24 weighing 1.5 tons	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-94, No. 2b	Installation by a crane of conical links No. 27 weighing 1.3 tons	Crane driver 6 years - one 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-93, No. 1	Installation of a portal wall weighing 3 tons by a crane of block No. 35	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - 2 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-93, No. 5	Installation by crane of blocks No. 39p, l of sloping wings weighing 3.1 tons
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 1	Caulking of seams of links with portal walls of tow impregnated with bitumen	Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 3	Joint isolation device	3 bits - one
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 2	Sealing of joints between the conical link and the portal wall of the head with cement mortar	Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-97, No. 2	Caulking of vertical seams between the blocks of the portal wall and the sloping wings of the head		1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-97, No. 4	Filling vertical joints between head blocks with cement mortar	Structural assemblers: 4 category - 1 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-97, No. 7	Jointing of seams between head blocks	Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-101, No. 1	Coating insulation device	Waterproofers: 3 cuts. - 2
		Total for 2 heads
		D. Installation of links and pipes and arrangement of foundations
		a) 2.01 m section
	ENiR, 4-4-88, No. 4a	Device for crushed stone preparation with a layer thickness of 0.1 m	Road workers: 4 resp. - one 3 bits - one 2 bits - one
	ENiR, 4-4-91, No. 1b, tab. 2	Laying by crane of pattern block No. 4 of the foundation of the pipe body weighing 1.9 tons	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-94, No. 2b	Crane installation of pipe sections weighing 1.1 tons	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - 2 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-99 No. 1		Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 3	Joint insulation device	Waterproofers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-101, No. 1
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 2			1m seam
		Total per section
		Total for 2 sections
		b) 3.02 m section
	ENiR, 4-4-88, No. 4a	Device for crushed stone preparation with a layer thickness of 0.1 m	Road workers: 4 resp. - one 3 bits - one 2 bits - one
	ENiR, 4-4-91, tab. 2, no. 16	Laying by crane of pattern block No. 5 of the foundation of the pipe body weighing 1.4 T	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-94, No. 26	Crane laying pipe sections weighing 1.1 T	Crane driver 6 years - one Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - 2 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 3	The device of pasting insulation of the joint	Waterproofers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 1	Caulking seams of pipe links with tow impregnated with bitumen	Structural assemblers: 4 cuts. - one 3 bits - one	1m seam
	ENiR, 4-4-101, No. 1	Coating waterproofing device	Waterproofers 3 razr. - 2
	ENiR, 4-4-99, No. 2	Sealing joints with cement mortar	Structural assembler 4 size. - one	1m seam
		Total
		Total for 5 sections
		Total for 7 pipe sections
		D. The device of trays at the heads
	ENiR, 4-4-98	Concreting of trays at the input and output heads with a thickness of 20 cm	Concrete workers: 4 bits. - one 3 bits - 2
	ENiR, 17-31, No. 1 + 3	Fresh Concrete Care	Road worker 1 resp. - one	100m 2
		Total
		Total per pipe
		Including: for the work of link No. 1 (I cycle) №№ 1 - 10, 17; 29; 36
Tapered links #27
Round links No. 13
Portal Wall Blocks No. 35
Blocks of sloping walls No. 39l and No. 39p
Concrete mix M-150
Cement mortar M-150	Excavator equipped with backhoe and grab
Bulldozer
mobile power station
Mobile spray unit
surface vibrator
Electric rammers
Digging shovels LKO-1
Picking shovels LP-1
Carpentry axes
Portable circles
Cross saw
Level length 1 m
Roulette RS-20
Steel skins	TsNIIS Mintransstroy
flat funnels
Steel caulks
Water tank
Container for bituminous varnish
Reiki for leveling
Trowels (trowels)

Culverts are used to divert small runoffs of water and pass them under the road. Their use is more expedient than the construction of a bridge.

General concept

Culverts are used to pass water from the top to the bottom. These include culverts, bridges, drainage systems. The latter are used to pass various channels under the roadway.

Culverts are used in cases where it is necessary to pass small drainage systems under the road (streams, draining water after rain or snow melt, and so on). The passage of water through pipes can be carried out continuously or periodically. Through such structures sometimes organize the passage of livestock or the passage of vehicles.

The installation of culverts does not require narrowing the carriageway and changing the type of road surface. A backfill is arranged over the structure. The thickness of the layer of poured soil reduces the pressure on the structure from cars and softens their impact.

Using pipes for passing water has its advantages:

• passes without damaging the subgrade.

• cheaper than building a bridge.

• With a backfill layer thickness of more than 2 m, the impact on the structure of temporary loads from passing vehicles is minimized.

Pipe dimensions

The diameter of the culvert depends on its length:

• If the length of the pipe does not exceed 2-3 m and the height of the embankment is less than 7.5 m, then the pipe opening is chosen equal to 100-150 cm.

• For an embankment up to 1.5 m, the diameter should be 75 cm.

• The pipes within the ramps are 50 cm in diameter.

Classification

Culverts are classified according to several parameters.

Depending on the material from which they are made:

• Concrete.

• Polymeric (from polymer concrete, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene).

• Reinforced concrete.

• Stone.

• Metal.

• Fiberglass.

There are several types of pipes depending on the shape of the cross section:

• Round.

• Arched.

• Elliptical.

• Rectangular.

• Trapezoidal.

• Ovoid.

• Triangular.

According to the principle of the section:

• Non-pressure.

• Pressure.

• Semi-pressure.

The cross section of pipes can have one, two or more points.

The main elements of the pipe and their installation

Culverts are made up of several elements:

• Entry cap.

• Pipe links.

• Output cap.

Due to the presence of heads in the pipe, whirlpools and turbulences are not formed, water flows out more slowly. Their presence prevents the flowing water from eroding the embankment and washing away the foundation.

There are several types of heads:

• Portal, which are built in the form of a perpendicular pipe This is the simplest design, but it has its drawbacks. It does not provide smooth water flow. Therefore, its use is recommended in cases with a small amount of water flowing at low speed. Portal heads are used for pipes with a diameter of 50-75 cm.
• Bell-shaped. In addition to the wall, they have two openings forming a bell. The wings are located at an angle of 30 degrees to the pipe. Due to this, the flow of water gradually narrows.
• Collar, in which the extreme element is cut off at the same angle as the embankment. A protective collar is installed along the contour.
• Streamlined in section gradually narrow, which creates good conditions for the flow of water.

The pressure on the ground is distributed evenly due to the foundation on which the pipe is laid. It also prevents the shift of individual elements of the structure.

There are the following types of foundation:

• Without foundation (natural foundation).

• Soil pillow, created artificially.

• From monolithic concrete.

• From individual reinforced concrete elements.

The choice of foundation type depends on the diameter of the pipe, the height of the embankment and the geological conditions.

The culvert is located strictly perpendicular to the axis of the road. This gives the minimum pipe length. In some cases, it is recommended to install the structure in the direction in which the flow flows. This reduces the likelihood of whirlpools. In such cases, the construction of culverts in other directions is allowed.

During the construction of pipelines, the reinforced concrete head performs several important functions. It ensures uniform movement of fluid through the pipeline due to a uniform slope, supports slopes and protects gaps from falling asleep with soil.

Reinforced concrete head of a pipe at our enterprise will be able to get in wide assortment. We offer several sizes and guarantee excellent quality. The head of the culvert contributes to an increase in the durability of pipelines and ensures their long-term trouble-free operation. We offer reinforced concrete products with a number of advantages:

• High strength. It allows the product to withstand high mechanical loads.
• Resistant to temperature extremes and minimal water absorption. These factors will make it possible to withstand destructive environmental factors for a long time.
• Any reinforced concrete head undergoes multi-stage control, so we guarantee the absence of defects and maximum reliability.

The price of a reinforced concrete cap of any size will be favorable, you can get the necessary information by calling our phones. We offer to place an order with delivery of products to the regions, please contact us!

We offer to buy exhaust gas heads

In the construction of culverts, reinforced concrete flue heads are indispensable products. They are classified as reinforced concrete products for reclamation purposes, since they are designed to protect the road from atmospheric phenomena affecting it. Reinforced concrete OG heads are L-shaped elements that can be of different sizes.

Exhaust gas pipe heads are a necessary element for strengthening the side of the roadway and preventing destruction. Our factory of precast concrete products offers high-quality exhaust gas caps made of heavy concrete with excellent strength characteristics.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHART (TTK)

PERFORMANCE OF WORKS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PREfabricated Culvert With A Hole Of 3.0x2.0 M With Monolithic Heads

I. SCOPE

I. SCOPE

1.1. A typical technological map (hereinafter referred to as TTK) is a comprehensive regulatory document that establishes, according to a specific technology, the organization of work processes for the construction of a structure using the most modern means of mechanization, progressive designs and methods of performing work. TTK is designed for some average conditions for the production of work. The TTK is intended for use in the development of Projects for the production of works (PPR), other organizational and technological documentation, as well as for the purpose of familiarizing (training) workers and engineering and technical workers with the rules for the production of work on the construction of a reinforced concrete, prefabricated culvert with an opening of 3.0x2.0 m with monolithic heads for the embankment of the road.

1.2. This map contains instructions for the construction of a culvert using rational means of mechanization, data on quality control and acceptance of work, industrial safety and labor protection requirements in the course of work.

1.3. The regulatory framework for the development of a technological map is: SNiP, SN, SP, GESN-2001 ENiR, production norms for the consumption of materials, local progressive norms and prices, norms for labor costs, norms for the consumption of material and technical resources.

1.4. The purpose of creating the TC is to describe solutions for the organization and technology of construction work in order to ensure their high quality, as well as:

- cost reduction of works;

- reduction of construction time;

- ensuring the safety of work performed;

- organization of rhythmic work;

- unification of technological solutions.

1.5. On the basis of the TTK, as part of the WEP (as mandatory components of the Work Execution Project), Working Flow Charts (RTC) are developed for the performance of certain types of work on the construction of a culvert. Working technological maps are developed for the specific conditions of a given construction organization, taking into account its design materials, natural conditions, the available fleet of machines and building materials, tied to local conditions. Working technological maps regulate the means of technological support and the rules for the implementation of technological processes in the production of work. Structural features for the construction of a culvert are decided in each case by the Working Design. The composition and level of detail of materials developed in the RTK are established by the relevant contracting construction organization, based on the specifics and scope of work performed.

Working flow charts are reviewed and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Construction Contractor, in agreement with the Customer's organization, the Customer's Technical Supervision.

1.6. The technological map is intended for the foremen of work, foremen and foremen performing construction work, as well as employees of the technical supervision of the Customer and is designed for specific conditions for the performance of work in the III temperature zone.

II. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2.1. The technological map has been developed for a complex of works on the construction of a culvert.

2.2. Culvert construction work is carried out in one shift, the working hours during the shift are:

Where 0.828 is the coefficient of use of mechanisms in time during the shift (the time associated with preparing for work and conducting ETO - 15 minutes, breaks associated with the organization and technology of the production process and the driver's rest - 10 minutes every hour of work).

2.3. The scope of work sequentially performed during the construction of a culvert includes:

- preparatory work;

- marking works;

- excavation;

- installation works (installation of the outlet head, installation of the foundation for the pipe body, installation of pipe sections, installation of the inlet head);

- waterproofing works;

- fortification works.

2.4. The technological map provides for the performance of work by an integrated mechanized link with truck jib crane KS-4561A(see fig. 1 and fig. 2) with a lifting capacity of 25.0 t as a driving mechanism.

Fig.1. General view of the truck crane KS-4561A

Fig.2. Altitude and load characteristics of the crane KS-4561A

2.5. Work should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents:

- SP 48.13330.2011. Organization of construction;

- SNiP 3.01.03-84. Geodetic works in construction;

- SNiP 3.02.01-87. Earthworks, foundations and foundations;

- SNiP 3.06.04-91. Bridges and pipes;

- SNiP 3.03.01-87. Bearing and enclosing structures;

- SNiP 3.04.01-87. Insulating and finishing coatings;

- SNiP 3.04.03-85. Protection of building structures against corrosion;

- Manual to SNiP 3.02.01-83*. Manual for the production of work in the construction of foundations and foundations;

- VSN 32-81. Waterproofing of bridges and pipes;

- SNiP 12-03-2001. Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements;

- SNiP 12-04-2002. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production;

- RD 11-02-2006. Requirements for the composition and procedure for maintaining as-built documentation during construction, reconstruction, overhaul of capital construction facilities and the requirements for certificates of examination of work, structures, sections of engineering and technical support networks;

- RD 11-05-2007. The procedure for maintaining a general and (or) special journal for recording the performance of work during construction, reconstruction, overhaul of capital construction projects.

III. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE

3.1. In accordance with SP 48.13330.2011 "Organization of construction", prior to the commencement of construction and installation works at the facility, the Contractor is obliged to obtain from the Customer project documentation and permission to perform construction and installation works in the prescribed manner. Work without permission is prohibited.

3.2. Prior to the start of work on the construction of a culvert, it is necessary to carry out a set of preparatory work and organizational and technical measures, including:

- appoint persons responsible for the quality and safe performance of work;

- briefing the members of the safety team;

- place the necessary machines, mechanisms and inventory in the work area;

- arrange temporary passages and entrances to the place of work;

- provide communication for operational and dispatching control of the production of works;

- establish temporary inventory household premises for storing building materials, tools, inventory, heating workers, eating, drying and storing work clothes, bathrooms, etc.;

- provide workers with tools and personal protective equipment;

- prepare places for storing materials, inventory and other necessary equipment;

- fence the construction site and put up warning signs illuminated at night;

- provide the construction site with fire-fighting equipment and signaling equipment;

- draw up an act on the readiness of the object for the production of work;

- obtain permits for the performance of work from the technical supervision of the Customer.

3.3. Prior to the construction of the pipe, the following activities and works must be performed:

- the construction site prepared for the production of works was accepted from the customer;

- construction materials, necessary equipment, tools, reinforced concrete pipe sections were delivered and stored;

- Arranged entrances and exits from the site;

- ensured water drainage from the place of work;

- a geodetic breakdown of the contour of the pit was made.

3.4. Reinforced concrete structures brought to the construction site (see Fig. 3) are unloaded from vehicles by a truck crane KS-55713-4.

Fig.3. Site plan

1 - fittings; 2, 3 - lumber warehouse; 4 - the path of the crane; 5 - warehouse block of pipe links; 6 - container with cement; 7 - concrete mixer; 8 - water tank; 9 - power plant; 10 - crushed stone warehouse; 11 - sand warehouse

The pipe sections delivered to the construction site are laid in one tier on a sand cushion. Dropping pipe sections from vehicles or into the pit is prohibited. The pipes are laid along the pipe pit, in accordance with the technological sequence of installation, leaving a berm with a width of at least 4.0 m for the crane access.

Mounting loops on the links of the pipe body are cut flush with the surface of the concrete by electric welding before the pipe is installed. cutting loops with a chisel or bending them is not allowed.

To ensure the drainage of water from the work site, the existing watercourse is directed around the installation site - a pit under the pipe body.

3.5. Geodetic marking works

3.5.1. The geodetic breakdown of the pit is to designate it on the ground. The breakdown is carried out in two planes: horizontal and vertical. With a horizontal breakdown, the position of the axes is determined and fixed on the ground, and with a vertical breakdown, the estimated depth of the pipe laying.

3.5.2. The breakdown of the pit for the pipe begins with finding and fixing the longitudinal axis of the pipe, performing the following steps:

- restore the axis of the road;

- measure with a steel tape (twice) the distance from the PC to the longitudinal axis of the pipe along the axis of the road;

- a steel nail 100-120 mm long is hammered at the obtained point;

- the theodolite is centered over the nail and the angle between the axis of the pipe and the axis of the road is transferred to nature;

- fix the resulting longitudinal axis of the pipe with four control posts, two on each side, installed no closer than 3 m from the boundaries of the pit;

- transfer to the control posts the mark of the nearest benchmark, as well as the marks of the inlet and outlet trays of the pipe;

- check the compliance of the future channel of the drainage ditch with the project;

- break the outlines of the pit according to the layout drawing with fixing its contours. To do this, cast-offs are installed parallel to the axes of the pit at a distance of 2-3 m from its border (see Fig. 4), the position of which is fixed in the layout drawing. On cast-offs, the main axes of the pipe are marked with a tape measure, fixing them with risks and appropriate inscriptions.

Fig.4. Inventory cast-off

2 - steel wire string; 3 - plumb

3.5.3. The surveyor, using a theodolite, transfers the alignments of the axes to the upper edge of the cast-off and fixes them with risks. The breakdown of the places of drawing risks is carried out by the method of alignment serifs from the axes X And Y center grid available in the working drawings. For a relative mark 0,000 the mark of the top of the pipe was adopted corresponding to the absolute mark available on the general plan. The position of the center axes of the pipe is fixed with steel wire strings stretched on a cast-off. Then they are transferred to the surface of the site with the help of plumb lines lowered from the stretched strings and this point is fixed with metal pins. The accuracy of the planned laying out of the pit should be within 5 cm. The fixing marks (pegs with marks) are kept until the pipe is put into operation by the customer. Stakeout points damaged in the course of work must be immediately restored.

The accuracy of the layout work must comply with the requirements of SNiP 3.01.03-84 and SNiP 3.02.01-87. The scheme for the production of geodetic breakdown of the pit is shown in Fig.5.

Fig.5. Scheme of production of geodetic breakdown of the pipe

3.6. Pit development

3.6.1. The development of a pit for the pipe body and heads is carried out single-bucket excavator ET-16(see Fig. 6), a special swamp modification, the pressure of which on the ground does not exceed 20-25 kPa, which has a broadened and elongated caterpillar track. Detected underground outlets of water into the pit (keys, springs, etc.) are drowned out with a clay plug.

Fig.6. Excavator ET-16

The cleaning and leveling of the bottom of the pit to the design marks (by 5-10 cm) is carried out manually, under the rail, taking into account the design slope and the specified building lift equal to 1/50 of the height of the embankment, directly in front of the foundation.

The soil developed by the excavator is placed in a dump, with subsequent removal outside the construction site. The bottom of the pit is sealed vibrating plate LF-70, up to 0.95.

A break between the end of the development of the pit and the construction of the foundation for the pipe body, as a rule, is not allowed.

If the foundation is delayed, it is necessary to develop the foundation pit with a shortfall to the design mark, and cover the pit with heat-insulating material. When using peat (0.16-0.18 g / cm 3), the layout, layout and compaction are done manually. Insulating blocks made of aerated concrete, polystyrene, etc. installed with a truck crane. The completed work is presented to the Customer for signing on the construction of the pit, in accordance with Appendix 3, RD-11-02-2006.

3.7. Installation of a monolithic concrete foundation slab for the pipe body

3.7.1. Under the prefabricated reinforced concrete sections of the pipe, it is necessary to build a foundation in the form of a monolithic slab of concrete class. B20, W6, F150 0.20 m thick by layer crushed stone M 800 fraction 20-40 mm 0.10 m thick.

Rubble is brought up wheel loader VOLVO L-45B(bucket capacity 1.2-2.5 m), leveled by hand, compacted vibrating plate LF-70D up to at least 0.95.

The completed work is presented to the Customer for signing of certificates of examination of hidden work on the installation of a "cushion", in accordance with Appendix 3, RD-11-02-2006.

3.7.2. For the installation of a monolithic concrete slab, a collapsible formwork 20 cm high is installed on the finished "cushion". Anchor points are fixed on a cast-off located outside the work area. For a relative mark 0,000 the mark of the top of the pipe was adopted, corresponding to the absolute mark indicated on the general plan. The formwork is assembled from edged softwood lumber VI c. 40-50 mm thick and bars 40x40 (50x50) mm. On the inside, the boards are fixed to the desired size with spacers, and on the outside with stakes driven into the ground close to the boards, which, like boards, perceive the lateral pressure of the concrete mixture.

3.7.3. Wooden "beacons" 30 mm high are installed on the compacted crushed stone "pillow" and on them, to give strength to the monolithic foundation, grids of reinforcing steel A-III, grade 35GS with a diameter of 12 mm, with a cell pitch of 100x100 mm, are laid. Grids are laid with an overlap of at least 25-30 reinforcement. The nets are connected by tying the joint in three places (in the middle and at the ends) with a knitting, steel wire with a diameter of 0.8 ... 1.0 mm using special hooks.

The supply of reinforcing meshes to the work area is carried out by a truck crane. Manual installation is allowed only with a mass of reinforcing elements up to 20 kg.

3.7.4. The process of laying the concrete mixture consists of work operations associated with its supply to the formwork and compaction. Prior to placing the concrete mixture in the formwork, it is necessary to check:

- formwork fastening elements;

- the quality of formwork cleaning from debris and dirt;

- quality of rebar cleaning from rust deposits;

- drawing out the axes of the structure (with paint) on the reinforcing cage;

- with slats or tow, close up large cracks in the formwork;

- cover the internal surfaces of the formwork with a plastic film to reduce the adhesive force of concrete with boards;

- present the finished formwork and the installed reinforcing mesh with outlets to the Customer for examination and signing of the Act for covert work on the formwork and installation of the reinforcing cage, in accordance with Appendix 3, RD-11-02-2006.

3.7.5. The concrete mixture is delivered to the site truck mixers SB-049A(4.0 m) and unloaded into swivel buckets with a capacity of 0.8 m located within the radius of the crane, after which the bucket is set in a vertical position by a truck crane, transported to the place of laying and unloaded into the formwork.

3.7.6. When laying the concrete mix, the following basic rules must be observed:

- adding water when laying the concrete mixture is not allowed;

- cold water separated from the mixture must be removed;

- the height of the free dropping of the concrete mixture should not exceed 1.0 m.

During the laying of the concrete mixture, it is necessary to provide for the protection of the manufactured structure from atmospheric precipitation with a polyethylene film.

The stripping of the concreted structure and its loading with pipe sections is allowed when the concrete reaches a strength equal to at least 75% of the design strength.

3.8. Monolithic head device

3.8.1. Operations for the device of heads from monolithic concrete are performed in the following order:

- a pit is being developed for the portal wall and sloping wings;

- install the formwork of the portal wall with the adjustment of the shields and their fastening;

- install the formwork of the left sloping wing with alignment and fixing;

- install the formwork of the right sloping wing;

- take the concrete mixture from the bucket, filed by a truck crane;

- lay the concrete mixture in the formwork and compact it with a vibrator;

- smooth the open surface of the freshly laid mixture;

- Maintain concrete.

3.8.2. The development of a pit for heads is carried out single-bucket excavator ET-16. The cleaning and planning of the bottom of the pit to the design marks (by 5-10 cm) is carried out manually. The soil developed by the excavator is placed in a dump, with subsequent removal outside the construction site. The bottom of the pit is sealed vibrating plate LF-70, up to 0.95. Crushed stone is poured into the pit under the head with a design layer, taking into account the safety factor for compaction equal to 1.25, leveled and compacted with a vibrating plate.

3.9. Installation of collapsible formwork for heads

3.9.1. The formwork serves to give the required shape, geometric dimensions and position in space of the erected heads (portal wall and sloping wings) by laying the concrete mixture in the volume limited by the formwork.

3.9.3. Formwork panels are made of edged lumber 50 mm thick 100 mm wide and wooden bars 50x50 mm. The front parts of the shields in contact with concrete are sheathed with waterproof, bakelite, plywood 16 mm thick (FBS-16), fixed to the shields with self-tapping screws.

3.9.4. For concreting the heads, a collapsible formwork is used. Collapsible formwork is assembled from ready-made elements - shields. Formwork panels are assembled at the assembly site in a certain sequence:

- the boards are laid with the working surface down, wooden slats are placed at the installation sites of the mounting and working fasteners;

- verify the overall dimensions of the shields, along their contour, wooden blocks-limiters are nailed;

- shields are interconnected with wooden plates;

- holes with a diameter of 18-20 mm are drilled in wooden slats in places where screeds are passed;

- wooden fights are laid out on top of the shields;

- fights with shields are connected with nails or staples;

- rigidity ties are laid on top of the contractions perpendicular to them, for which the same contractions are used;

- struts are attached to the lower tiers of the bouts or stiffeners, ensuring the stability of the panels in a vertical position.

3.9.5. The formwork shields are installed in the design position according to the risks applied to the crushed stone preparation according to the marking axes fixed on the cast-off, with the simultaneous alignment of the verticality of the shields along the marking axes with theodolites.

The place of installation of the formwork is cleaned of wood chips, debris, snow, ice. When installing shields, you need to monitor the density of their adjoining to each other. When installing the formwork, it is necessary to ensure its stability with the help of racks, resting them on a solid foundation and unfastening them with girders.

Head blocks are important components of culverts that close its body. These devices, regardless of the geometric shape, perform a number of identical functions. Firstly, they contribute to the uniform inflow and outflow of waters of various origins. Secondly, they have a strengthening function, supporting the slopes of embankments. An important task is to protect the entrance and exit clearance of the structure from clogging with soil.

Heads determine the mode of hydraulic operation of the pipeline: pressure, semi-pressure and non-pressure. There is an inlet section, located on the upper side of the embankment, and an outlet section, located on the downstream side. By design, the head parts are classified into: portal, corridor, socket, collar, streamlined.

Portal heads have the simplest structure. They are presented in the form of a retaining block necessary to maintain the slope of the road embankment. With respect to the longitudinal axis of the pipe, the wall is installed perpendicularly. This design is suitable for low flow rates and low flow rates.

A feature of the corridor head is parallel blocks deployed at their beginning, the height of which is constant.

The socket head includes a portal wall block and sloping wings. Such a structure improves the conditions for the flow of fluid. The device is designed to operate pipes in non-pressure and pressure modes. Socket heads in combination with elevated links are installed in rectangular pipes, and in combination with conical ones - for round ones.

Collar heads are elliptical end links located in the plane of the slope of the embankment.

In the form of a truncated pyramid, a streamlined head is made. Its complex design allows the pipeline to function effectively in floods with a full cross section. These heads are suitable for the installation of round pressure pipes.

Standard designs provide for pipe designs for operation in different modes, as well as for areas of permafrost, ice formation and on slopes. Based on the calculations of the strength of the water flow, its width, frequency, as well as on the characteristics of the soil, a suitable head shape is chosen. The width of the tip, corresponding to the watercourse, captures the flow of water and prevents erosion of a significant part of the road embankment.

The ZHBI MARKET plant successfully carries out sale of reinforced concrete heads. The production of head blocks is based on various standard projects. It is possible to manufacture reinforced concrete products according to the working documentation provided by customers. You can buy products from the manufacturer for equipping road facilities in St. Petersburg and other regions at affordable prices.