Protection and rational use of the animal world abstract. Protection of hunting animals. Examples and additional information

An integral element of the natural environment and an object of protection is the animal world - the totality of living organisms of all kinds of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of Russia and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.

The animal world is an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere, protected in every possible way and rationally used to meet the spiritual and material needs of citizens. The main regulation is carried out by the Federal Law "On the Animal World" of 1995.

Principles of protection and use of wildlife

As well as the protection of the entire environment and its individual parts, the protection and use of the animal world is inherent in the basic principles of the direction of this activity. Some of them are common for nature conservation, others are specific in nature, inherent in the protection of the animal world, the conservation and restoration of its habitat. That is why consideration of the problems of protection of individual natural resources, the use of which affects the state of the environment, and their conservation and restoration, in turn, depends on it, is necessary in the study of environmental law.

The first principle of the protection and use of wildlife is to ensure its sustainable existence. This requires stable and regular use of the animal world, state and public support for the protection of the animal world and its habitat. In certain territories and water areas or for certain periods, certain types of use of the animal world, removal of its objects from the habitat may be limited, suspended or prohibited.

When introducing virgin lands, swampy and coastal territories into economic circulation, grazing and driving farm animals, developing tourist routes and organizing places for mass recreation of the population, measures should be taken to preserve the conditions for feeding, migration, reproduction, rearing of young animals, wintering of wildlife objects. In case of allocation of protective plots of the territory with restriction of economic activity on them, compensation is paid to the owner of the plots.

An important principle of management activity in relation to any natural resource, including in relation to the animal world, is the inadmissibility of combining activities for the implementation of state control over the use and protection of the animal world and its habitat with activities for the use of wildlife objects or their population).

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Target: to form knowledge about the decrease in the number of species due to human fault, to introduce animals listed in the Red Book of Russia, the Krasnodar Territory, with measures for the protection of animals, to convince of the importance of caring for nature.

Equipment: research maps, tests, multimedia system, screen or interactive whiteboard, presentation.

1. Organizational moment. (Sounds like the music of the forest.)

(1 slide) Epigraph

We repeat that there is a lot of work,
but we still come to ask for forgiveness
near these rivers, dunes and swamps.

Hello guys

We live with you in the most beautiful corner of our Motherland, in the Krasnodar Territory. We have mountains, forests, rivers. Many people like to relax in the forest, on the banks of the river. Imagine that you are walking along the river bank with wet sand under your feet. You turned around and saw your footprints.

(2 slide) Today we will call our lesson "Trace on the ground".

2. Conversation

Guys, what traces do people leave in nature? What does this lead to?

What do you think is the purpose of our lesson?

The purpose of our lesson will be to get acquainted with the reasons for the decline in the number of animals, measures for the protection of animals, the importance of caring for nature.

In the course of our lesson, we will fill out a research card on the topic “Measures for the protection of animals”, the basics of which are on your tables. This card will help you complete the test at the end of the lesson. Ecologists who have worked on this problem in advance will help us to study a new topic.

Research map

Animal protection measures

1. bison, lynx, otter, beaver, deer, leopard, tiger, blue whale, seal, polar bear, dolphin, Amur tiger. (hunting is prohibited)

2. an animal species that is not found anywhere else (Russian muskrat)

3. specially protected area, excluded from any economic activity

4. territory within which economic activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited

5. introduction of the species into a new territory (muskrat, raccoon dog)

6. return of a previously extinct species (sable, beaver)

7. (Przewalski's horse)

New topic.

(State the students who received the task in advance).

You have named many sad traces of human activity on earth, many of them lead to the disappearance of animals.

Over the past 400 years, more than 100 species of vertebrates have disappeared from the earth.

(3 slide) For example, in 1768 the last sea cow was killed.

(4 slide) Reasons for the decline in the number of animals: as a result of human activities: hunting, fishing, changing the habitat of animals.

Therefore, it is necessary to protect and protect the animal world.

(5 slide) Animal protection measures.

Scientists around the world sounded the alarm and decided to publish the Red Book, in which they created a list of rare and endangered species of animals and plants.

(6 slide) First International Red Book published in 1966, the Red Book of Russia in 1974, the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory in 1994.

There are 68 species of mammals in the Red Book of Russia. Name the animals depicted on the slides.

(7, 8, 9, 10 slide)(otter, beaver, spotted deer, seal, reindeer, polar bear, Amur tiger, blue whale). Hunting for all these animals is prohibited.

(11 slide) Endemic species are also protected.

endemic- animals not found anywhere else (Russian muskrat).

There are 100 species of vertebrates in the Red Book of the Krasnodar Territory.

(12, 13 slide) (bison, lynx, red deer, leopard, bottlenose dolphin).

(fill in the abstract)

3 student

(14 slide) For the protection of rare and endangered species, nature reserves. (fill in the abstract )

In the reserve of Wrangel Island, a polar bear is protected. In Lapland - reindeer. In Voronezh, beaver numbers are being restored.

(15 slide) Bison are protected in the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve.

Bison were destroyed in 1927. Breeders from 40 to 60 recreated the mountain form of the bison, which is a hybrid of the Caucasian and Belovezhsky. Now there are 1000 individuals.

(16 slide) In addition to nature reserves, there are reserves. (fill in the abstract)

(17 slide) Wild boars, deer, roe deer, chamois, mink, otters, and bears are protected in the Sochi Federal Reserve.

(18 slide) There are animals that are not found in the wild. But preserved in zoos. Przewalski's horses are bred in zoos. ( fill in the abstract)

(19 slide) Acclimatization is the introduction of a species into new habitats.

The muskrat is a North American rodent that has settled throughout Eurasia. A raccoon dog is found in the Krasnodar Territory. ( fill in the abstract)

(20 slide) Reacclimatization- this is the return of a previously extinct species (sable, beaver from Alaska and northern Canada to Taimyr and Wrangel Island, a musk ox was introduced.) ( fill in the abstract)

(22 slide) And so you got a research map.

What measures are being taken to protect animals?

Measures for the protection of animals.

Animals of the Red Book: bison, lynx, otter, beaver, deer, leopard, tiger, blue whale, seal, polar bear, dolphin. (Hunting is prohibited).

Endemic - an animal species that is not found anywhere else (Russian muskrat)

Reserve - a specially protected area, excluded from any economic activity

Reserve - a territory within which economic activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited

Breeding in zoos (Przewalski's horse)

Acclimatization - the introduction of a species into a new territory (muskrat, raccoon dog)

Reacclimatization - the return of a previously extinct species (sable, beaver)

4. D / z: reference notes, reports about the animals of the Red Book.

We talked a lot about nature conservation. And the bewitching beauty of nature will allow us to preserve our health. So let's relax to the sounds of nature.

Music (dynamic pause)

5. Fixing.

And now we will fix the new material.

(23, 24 slide) Photo of animals.

For those guys who worked especially actively today, I want to offer an individual task for solving environmental problems:

1.* About 13-14 million tons of oil products enter the world's oceans annually. Oil enters the sea as a result of leakage during loading, accidents.

Exercise: Describe the consequences of an oil spill in the ocean. Suggest ways out.

2. * In our country, they began to intensively destroy the otter as a pest of fish farming. However, this led to an outbreak of diseases and mass death of fish.

Exercise: How to explain it?

3. * In winter, on the tracks in central Russia, accidents became more frequent, the culprits, which were moose.

Exercise: How to explain it? Suggest ways to solve the problem.

(Moose went out on the road for salt)

To everyone else at this time, I suggest taking the test.

Do a variant test. Circle only one correct answer for each question.

Test on the topic “Animal protection”

1 option

B. Amur tiger

G. brown bear

2. Specially protected area, excluded from any economic activity

A. Preserve

B. Reserve

G. Biocenosis

3. Introduction of a species to a new territory

A. Acclimatization

B. Reacclimatization

B. Migration

G. Flight

4. Blue whale recovery measures

A. Acclimatization

B. Zoo breeding

B. Ban on hunting

5. Which animal is an endemic species

A. Vykhukhol

G. nutria

Instructions for working with the test.

For each question, choose and circle only one correct answer.

Test on the topic “Animal protection”

Option 2

1. What animal is listed in the Red Book?

B. leopard

G. brown bear

2. Territory within which economic activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited

A. Preserve

B. Reserve

G. Biocenosis

3. Which animal is acclimatized in Russia

A. Muskrat

G. nutria

4. Settlement in areas where animals used to live

A. Acclimatization

B. Reacclimatization

B. Migration

G. Flight

5. Measures to restore the Przewalski horse

A. Acclimatization

B. Zoo breeding

B. Ban on hunting

(Mutual check) - result.

(25 slide) Test key (on the board)

I. 1.B. 2.B. 3.A. 4.B. 5.A. II. 1.B. 2.A. 3.A. 4.B. 5 B.

And now ..... they will tell us over which problem they worked.

All of the listed animal protection measures are measures taken by the state. But the successful policy of the state depends on the deeds that each person does. Each person leaves traces of their creations. And not without reason they say that a real man should:

to plant a tree,
raise a son
build a house.

And this must be done in a way that does not harm the environment.

And now I offer you creative work by groups. Answer one person from each row in turn and without repeating. Name the things that each of you personally can do to protect nature in order to leave only good traces on Earth.

6. Summary of the lesson

Guys. What have we learned today?

Interrogation of terms (measures for the protection of animals) using signal cards. (Cards of four colors: blue, red, yellow, green. On the other side of the number: 1, 2, 3, 4. The teacher calls the definition, and the students raise the card with the desired number).

Terms on the board:

1. reserve

2. reserve

3. acclimatization

4. reacclimatization

Teacher

(26 slide) At the congress of women M.S. The women presented Gorbachev with a glass globe. So that the rulers of all countries remember how fragile our Earth is.

You are our future. And you must remember that our Earth is in your hands. And it depends only on each of you what trace you will leave on Earth.

Every year the use of the animal world for recreational purposes is increasing. Previously, sport hunting and fishing served as the main direction of such use. Nowadays, the importance of animals as objects of photo hunting, sightseeing observations is increasing. Millions of people from all over the world visit national parks to admire animals and birds in their natural setting.

By participating in the circulation of substances in the biosphere, animals play an important role in dynamic equilibrium.
Also for humans, animals serve as a source of food and raw materials: a supplier of leather (snakes, crocodiles, pigs) and furry (white-backed albatross, koala) industries.

Animals also have a negative meaning for humans. Among them there are pathogens (pathogen) and carriers of diseases (rats), a pest of agricultural (bugs) and forest plants (silkworms, moths, caterpillars).
But the division of animals into "useful" and "harmful" is conditional and depends on the number, place, time, and economic activity of people. For example, starlings are useful in spring: they destroy a large number of pests, and, eating grapes in autumn, they cause significant damage to vineyards. Blackbird and field lark are useful in Europe, but in New Zealand, where they were brought, they are agricultural pests. Therefore, when assessing the benefits and harms, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of nutrition, behavior, numbers, and the role in the spread of natural focal diseases in specific conditions of place and time.

Animal protection organization

The organization of fauna protection is built in two main directions - conservation and conservation in the process of use. Both directions are necessary and complement each other.

All conservation measures for the protection of animals are of an exceptional, emergency nature. Most often, the use and protection of fauna, measures for its reproduction have to be combined with the interests of other branches of nature management. The experience of many countries proves that this is quite possible. Thus, with the right organization of land use, agricultural production can be combined with the conservation of many wild animals.
Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensures the preservation of habitat conditions in exploited forests for many species of animals and birds. Thus, gradual and selective logging allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting and forage grounds for many species of animals.

In recent years, wild animals have become an important part of the "tourism industry". In many countries, the protection and use of wild fauna for recreational purposes in national parks is successfully carried out. Among the national parks with the richest and most well-protected fauna and at the same time with a high level of organization of mass tourism are Yellowstone and Yosemite parks in the USA, Kruger and Serengeti in Africa, Camargue in France, Belovezhsky in Poland and many others.

To enrich the fauna in many countries, acclimatization and re-acclimatization of wild animals are carried out on a large scale. Acclimatization is understood as work on the resettlement of animals in new biogeocenoses and their adaptation to new living conditions. Reacclimatization is a system of measures for the restoration of animals destroyed in a particular region. Thanks to acclimatization, it is possible to make wider and more complete use of the bioresources of many natural complexes.
All measures for the protection of animals are quite effective if they are based on careful consideration of landscape and ecological conditions. In any kind of work on organizing the reproduction and exploitation of wild fauna, one should proceed from the fact that certain species and populations of animals are confined within their boundaries to specific natural territorial and aquatic complexes or their anthropogenic modifications. Many animals move through the seasons over considerable distances, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined types of landscapes. Therefore, the protection of animals requires solving the problems of protecting natural territorial and aquatic complexes as a whole. The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.

The main task of protecting rare and endangered species is to increase their numbers by creating favorable living conditions, which would eliminate the danger of their extinction. This can include the creation of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, which create favorable conditions for them.

Reserve - a piece of land or water space, within which the entire natural complex is completely withdrawn from economic use and is under state protection (Great Limpopo - South Africa; Aberdersky - Kenya; Belovezhsky - Poland).
The reserve is a territory where certain species of animals and plants are temporarily protected while limiting the use of natural resources (Pripyat - Belarus).
A national park is a territory where landscapes and unique objects of nature are protected. It differs from reserves in the admission of visitors for recreation (Yellowstone - USA; Losiny Ostrov - Russia).
Rare and endangered species of animals (as well as plants) are listed in the Red Books. The inclusion of a species in the Red Book is a signal of the danger that threatens it, of the need to take measures to save it.

Of particular importance is the conservation and restoration of the number of game animals. As you know, the value of game animals lies in the fact that they live off natural food that is inaccessible or unsuitable for domestic animals; they do not need to be specially taken care of. The system of protection of wild animals is formed, on the one hand, from measures to protect the animals themselves from extermination, death from natural disasters, on the other hand, from measures to preserve their habitat. The protection of the animals themselves is carried out by laws on hunting, which provide for a complete ban on hunting for rare species, limiting the timing, norms, places and methods of hunting for commercial species.

The rational use of stocks of game animals does not contradict their protection if it is based on knowledge of their biology. It is possible to achieve a prosperous population of game animals by maintaining a certain ratio of sexes and age groups, by regulating the number of predators. This is the idea of rational use.
Many animals are listed as rescued.

The eucalyptus forests of Queensland, Victoria and New South Wales were once teeming with koalas. But at the end of the last and the beginning of our century, a terrible epidemic exterminated millions of these harmless creatures. Then the fur hunters got down to business: every year Australia exported about 500 thousand koala skins. And in 1924, this profitable trade took on such a scale that already 2 million skins were exported by the eastern states of the continent. But, fortunately, zoologists were able to convince the government in time to take strict measures to protect the koala. Now the koala lives only in a narrow strip along the east coast of Australia.
The other surviving animal is the muskrat. As you know, a valuable fur-bearing animal. A hundred, one hundred and fifty years ago, it was not hunted. The muskrat was not fashionable. At the beginning of the 20th century, unfortunately for herself, she became fashionable, and this almost killed her.

Hunt Galapagos tortoises in the 17th century. Pirates, before others, appreciated their tender meat, stuffing the holds of ships with animals. There was no need to worry about the safety of these stocks. The fact is that turtles can live for more than a year and a half without water and food. Since then, hundreds of thousands of Galapagos giant tortoises have been exterminated, and some of their species have disappeared completely.
At the end of the last century, a monstrous extermination of bison was carried out. Often only because the bison has excellent skins or to cut a small piece of meat from the carcass of a bull for roast or tongue.

When a transcontinental train passed a grazing herd of bison, all the passengers rushed to the windows, climbed out onto the roofs of the cars. All sorts of weapons began firing at the unfortunate animals, which crowded so closely that they could not quickly scatter. The driver deliberately slowed down, and when the train started moving, hundreds of thousands of bull carcasses, left to be eaten by jackals, lay on both sides of the track. Some "amateur-athletes" specifically traveled across the plains to shoot buffalo from the train.

The polar bear also disappears. The main reason for their death is the unprecedented arrival of people to the Arctic. It is believed that approximately five to eight thousand polar bears survived in the vast expanses of our Arctic. About 600 polar bears died annually on the Arctic islands north of America ten years ago, and another 150-300 polar bears died in the space between Greenland and Svalbard. In 1965, the first international conference was held in Alaska, as a result of which a decision was made to ban the hunting of bears with cubs, the polar bear was declared "an animal of international importance." And a year later, when the first volume of the Red Book was published, the polar bear was included in it as an animal that is in danger of complete destruction. And since 1972, the polar bear has been taken under the protection of the USSR, USA, Canada, Denmark and Norway.

Protection and rational use of poisonous animals

The reasons for the decline in the number of poisonous animals are not the same, just as the measures for their protection should be different. Thus, the number of snakes is declining not only because of the ingrained custom of destroying them, but also as a result of intensive trapping of snakes for serpentaria, where they are used to repeatedly obtain poison. The decrease in the number of poisonous insects is primarily due to the intensive use of pesticides, which destroy both harmful and beneficial fauna. This list can also include pollution of the seas and inland waters, the destruction of non-commercial (including poisonous) fish caught in trawls, etc.

The decrease in the number of any species, and even more so its disappearance, lead to very significant and sometimes irreversible changes in the structure of the biocenosis, and ultimately to undesirable consequences for humans. Each species, as is known, occupies only its own ecological niche and, by its existence, creates the preconditions for the emergence of new ecological niches, which guarantees the infinity of evolution in space and time. Consequently, the deliberate or unconscious destruction of one or another species, even if it is definitely dangerous for humans (for example, karakurt, scorpion, etc.), can lead to unpredictable consequences.

In recent years, environmental protection measures have acquired state status. In Russia, as in many countries of the world, along with the introduction of legislative acts aimed at protecting the flora and fauna, the network of reserves and reserves is expanding. A number of poisonous animals are listed in the Red Books. Great importance should be given to explanatory and propaganda work among the population, especially schoolchildren. All these activities will undoubtedly bear fruit.

A comprehensive legal act regulating relations for the use and protection of wildlife objects is Federal Law No. 52-FZ of April 24, 1995 "On the Wildlife". The subject of regulation of legislation in the field of the use and protection of wildlife is only the totality of living organisms of all species of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the Russian Federation and in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation (Art. 1 of the Federal Law "On the Animal World").

Thus, other animals (including domestic animals) that do not fall under the above definition are not included in the regulation of this branch of legislation.
Wildlife protection is an activity aimed at preserving biological diversity and ensuring the sustainable existence of the animal world, as well as creating conditions for the sustainable use and reproduction of wildlife objects.

The animal world within the Russian Federation is state property. Wildlife can be provided for use by legal entities and individuals for the following types of use: hunting; fishing, including the capture of aquatic invertebrates and marine mammals; extraction of objects of the animal world, not classified as objects of hunting and fishing; the use of useful properties of the vital activity of objects of the animal world - soil formers, natural environmental orderlies, pollinators of plants, biofilterers and others; study, research and other use of the animal world for scientific, cultural, educational, recreational, aesthetic purposes without removing them from their habitat; obtaining the products of vital activity of objects of the animal world. This list is not exhaustive, and other types of use of wildlife are possible with the direct establishment of a specific species in other regulatory legal acts.

The use of the animal world is carried out by removing objects of the animal world from their habitat or without it. Objects of the animal world removed from the habitat in accordance with the established procedure may be in private, state, municipal or other forms of ownership.
Types of rights to use wildlife are long-term use (for legal entities), short-term use (for citizens).

The right-certifying documents, respectively, are: long-term and short-term licenses, as well as an agreement on the provision of territories, water areas necessary for the use of wildlife in accordance with civil, land, water and forestry legislation.
In accordance with Art. 35 of the Federal Law "On the Wildlife" the use of the wildlife is carried out by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs on the basis of a license for the period specified in the license by agreement of the parties and depending on the type of use of the wildlife within a certain territory and water area. The use of the animal world is carried out by citizens on the basis of nominal one-time licenses for the extraction of a certain number of objects of the animal world in a certain place or for a specific period. In one territory and water area, several types of use of the animal world can be carried out, if the implementation of one of them does not interfere with the implementation of the other.

In the legislation there is a right of priority in granting the animal world for use for the list of persons specified in the Federal Law "On the Animal World".

If there are several applicants with equal priority for the same territory, the wildlife area is provided for use on the basis of competitions in compliance with antimonopoly requirements.
Objects of the animal world (organisms of animal origin or their population) may be in the exclusive federal property or the property of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

The following objects of the animal world can be classified as federal property:
- rare and endangered, as well as those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;
- living in specially protected natural areas of federal significance;
- inhabiting the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
- subject to international treaties of the Russian Federation;
- classified as specially protected, economically valuable;
- naturally migrating through the territories of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The fauna of Russia is rich and diverse. Numerous species of game animals provide the national economy of the country with food products, technical and medicinal raw materials. Game animals are a huge reserve for breeding. The gene pool of wild species can be used to improve breeds of domestic animals.

The establishment in our country of a socialist system with its public ownership of the means of production and planned economic management has created favorable conditions for a rational and careful attitude to natural resources. Nature protection in Russia has become a matter of great national importance.

In modern conditions, under the influence of rapidly developing productive forces and population growth, the impact of human economic activity on the natural environment has increased, which has made the problem of protecting nature, including wildlife, particularly relevant. Today, the number of wild animals is affected not only by overhunting. Much more often, the reduction in the number of animals occurs under the influence of such indirect factors as habitat destruction, the introduction (introduction) of new species, the reduction and deterioration of the food supply, the use of pesticides and herbicides, environmental pollution, etc.

Forms of nature protection in Russia are different. The role of state organizations in the protection of the nature of our country is great. reserves, designed to preserve especially valuable natural complexes. The first reserves (Astrakhansky - 1919, Ilmensky - 1920) were created on the initiative of V.I. Lenin. Currently, there are 143 nature reserves in our country with a total area of 13.7 million hectares. They exclude any economic activity (grass mowing, logging, grazing, hunting) and other human interventions that are not related to the goals of nature protection. The reserves serve as a good base for carrying out long-term complex scientific research and work related to maintaining the population of endangered species of animals and plants. Largely thanks to the reserves, the stocks of such valuable animals as sable and beaver were restored to a commercial level, and the bison, kulan and tiger were saved from the threat of extinction.

Important for the conservation of many animals and plants are protected forests that perform water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and health-improving functions.

Another form of natural habitat protection in Russia is reserves for various purposes, in which certain forms of economic activity are allowed. They contribute to the restoration and increase in the stocks of many hunting animals and birds, as well as chain fish. In Russia, there are over 1,000 nature reserves with a total area of about 25 million hectares. The category of protected natural habitats includes those created in our country National parks, which, along with the protection of wildlife, serve as a place of recreation and mass tourism.

During the years of Soviet power, planned socialist hunting and fisheries have been created in our country, in which the rational exploitation of animal resources is carried out. It combines the extraction of animals, carried out on a strictly scientific basis, with extensive measures for their protection and enrichment. The protection of game animals is carried out by observing the terms and methods of hunting and fishing. Soviet legislation prohibits the use of predatory methods of hunting (from motor vehicles, airplanes, ruining burrows, nests, lairs, collecting eggs, etc.) and fishing (using explosives, spears, etc.), leading to the mass extermination of animals.

The regulations on hunting and game management (for each union republic) indicate the types of animals and birds, the hunting of which is completely prohibited, and the species, the extraction of which is allowed only under licenses - special permits for shooting or capturing a strictly defined number of individuals. Fishing in Russia is regulated by the regulation on the protection of fish stocks and on the regulation of fisheries in the waters of Russia and the republican fishery rules. Important measures for the protection of fish stocks are: the protection of spawning grounds for valuable fish species, the establishment of a minimum size of commercial fish of a particular species in order to preserve juveniles, the fight against pollution of rivers and lakes with waste from factories, factories and other industrial enterprises and wastewater. Violation of existing laws and rules of hunting and fishing is punishable by administrative and criminal procedures. There is a fight against poaching.

The complex of problems for the protection of the animal world of Russia includes the task of preserving and restoring rare and endangered species of animals. Even in the first years of Soviet power (1919-1922) decrees were issued on hunting, protection of such animals, which were already rare at that time, such as bison, spotted deer, saiga, desman, beaver, white heron, flamingo. Somewhat later, the following were added to this list: kulan, goitered gazelle, Bukhara deer, goral, markhor goat, tiger, cheetah, polar bear, eider, francolin, swans, some geese, etc. A complete ban on shooting and trapping of rare animals in combination with events on their resettlement in their former habitats in many cases gave good results. There are many examples of the return of rare species to the leading game animals of the Russian fauna. Thus, during the civil war, the number of elks sharply decreased, especially in the central regions of the European part of Russia. As a result of the introduction of a complete ban on shooting, its numbers gradually increased, so that after 25 years hunting for elk under licenses was allowed. At present, more than 75,000 moose are hunted annually in our country. Significant progress has been made in increasing the number of saiga from an endangered animal to an important target for hunting. The number of bison, which was also on the verge of extinction, has grown. By the beginning of the XX century. in most areas of the taiga, sable was rapaciously exterminated. The introduction of a complete ban on trapping sable, combined with its widespread settlement in the places of its former habitat, made it possible not only to restore, but also to bring the number of the species to a commercial level. Every year in our country 15 times more sable skins are harvested than in pre-revolutionary Russia. It was also possible to increase the number of river beaver, sea otter, marten, otter and some other valuable fur-bearing animals.

Constant attention to the problems of nature conservation was reflected in the Main Directions for the Economic and Social Development of Russia for 1986-1990 and for the period up to 2000, adopted by the XXVII Congress of the CPSU and in the Law of Russia on the Protection and Use of Wildlife (1980). The Law pays great attention to rare and endangered animal species. In order to inventory and record these animals in our country, the Red Book of Russia was established in 1974, the first edition of which was published in 1978, the second - in 1984. Depending on the degree of danger threatened, all species and subspecies of animals introduced in the Red Book of Russia, divided into five categories: 1 - endangered; 2 - contracting; 3 - rare; 4 - indefinite little known, obviously under threat; 5 - restored. In total, 94 species and subspecies of mammals, 80 species of birds, 37 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 9 species of fish, 204 species of arthropods, 19 species of mollusks and 11 species of annelids are included in the Red Book of Russia. The Red Book of Russia is at the same time a scientifically based program of actions to save rare species of animals and plants, reminiscent of a careful attitude to wildlife. It aims at solving one of the main tasks developed in the World Strategy for Conservation of Nature: to preserve the entire genetic diversity of the biosphere, because today there is no way to determine the significance of a particular species for the future.

It is promising to create special centers for breeding rare animal species in captivity. Our country already has experience of such work. The number of some valuable sturgeons in the basin of the Azov and Caspian Seas (beluga, stellate sturgeon, Russian sturgeon) and salmonids (white salmon) is preserved and increased solely due to their artificial reproduction in fish hatcheries. The same applies to the breeding of Far Eastern salmon fish. Breeding of pheasants in special pheasants is of great importance for providing the hunting farms of the country with these valuable birds. Zoos play an important role in the protection of rare animal species.

In our country, a lot of work is being done to enrich the fauna, with the aim of increasing the productivity of the land. It includes measures for the artificial resettlement of animals in order to acclimatize a number of valuable representatives of domestic and foreign fauna and reacclimatize previously exterminated species in their former habitats.

Work on the acclimatization of many game animals was started in our country in the 1920s. A number of fur-bearing animals were brought to Russia from abroad. The acclimatization of the North American rodent muskrat, which began in 1928, was successfully completed. At present, the muskrat has spread over a significant part of the territory of the Soviet Union and occupies one of the leading places in the fur trade. Good results have been obtained on the distribution of the South American rodent nutria in Transcaucasia and other places.

Artificial resettlement was also carried out in order to acclimatize a number of game animals and birds of the domestic fauna, which ensured a significant expansion of their ranges. Thus, the hare, which previously lived only in the European part of Russia and in the Trans-Urals, was released in many places in Southern Siberia, in some of them it became an object of hunting. The squirrel was settled in the forests of the Caucasus, Crimea and the Eastern Tien Shan, where it successfully acclimatized. Spotted deer that lived in the Primorsky Territory were acclimatized in a number of reserves and hunting farms in the European part of Russia. In some of them, deer deer brought from Altai have also taken root. Pheasants and other valuable hunting birds were settled in the hunting farms of the country.

To enrich the fauna of commercial fish of the seas and fresh water bodies of Russia, acclimatization of many fish species was carried out in those water basins where they had not been encountered before. Thus, the Black Sea mullet was successfully acclimatized in the Caspian Sea; Issyk-Kul - Sevan trout, in the lake. Balkhash - Aral barbel, pike perch, bream, in the lakes of the Urals, Trans-Urals, Armenia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - whitefish, which made it possible to increase the fish productivity of these reservoirs. The acclimatization of herbivorous fish brought from the rivers of the Amur basin to the rivers, reservoirs and canals of the European part of Russia and Central Asia - silver carp and grass carp - not only ensured an increase in fish productivity, but also made it possible to solve the problem of overgrowing of these reservoirs, in particular the Karakum Canal.

In Russia, the reacclimatization of a number of game animals is also being carried out, aimed at restoring their former habitats. Thus, at the beginning of this century, the river beaver was almost completely exterminated and survived only in the most remote regions of Belarus, Ukraine, in the Voronezh, Tyumen regions and the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1930, the artificial resettlement of the beaver began. At present, the beaver is distributed from Belarus and Karelia to the Amur. An increase in its numbers made it possible since 1963 to start fishing for this valuable animal under licenses. The re-acclimatization of the sable, released in more than 100 areas where it previously lived, but was exterminated, made it possible to almost completely restore the range of this valuable fur-bearing animal. Wild boars, red deer, and roe deer are also being reacclimatized in hunting farms in a number of central and western regions of Russia.

The economic effect obtained from the acclimatization and re-acclimatization in Russia of many chain animal species is obvious. At the same time, the experience of previous years has shown that the introduction of new species into natural biogeocenoses can be expedient only if it is certain that the "invaders" will not cause the death of local species.

Of great importance for the enrichment of the fauna of Russia are the protection and reproduction of game animals, birds, fish and other useful animals. To this end, Russia's reserves and hunting farms are implementing a broad program of work aimed at improving the living conditions of animals. It is known that the number of the latter is often limited by the number of places suitable for building nests, burrows, shelters, for rest, as well as food supplies, the presence of salt licks, watering places, etc. animals and hunting birds, especially in the most difficult time of the year for animals. Winter feeding not only saves useful animals from starvation, but also allows them to avoid contact with pesticides and maintain good fatness for the breeding season. In some cases, winter feeding of birds can cause the emergence of sedentary populations.

The number of useful duilo-nesting birds can be increased by hanging near houses, in gardens, parks, forest strips of artificial nests (hollows, birdhouses). By creating artificial shelters and nesting sites along the banks of water bodies, it is possible to increase the number of nesting mallard ducks.

Among the various biotechnical works carried out in our country, many are aimed at the reproduction and increase in the stocks of commercial fish. They include the following measures: improvement of spawning grounds, descent of juveniles into canals from oxbow lakes that have separated during floods, feeding fish in ponds and lakes, cleaning water bodies of weeds, etc. Artificial insemination and incubation of fish eggs are carried out in fish farms in Russia with the further release of grown fry into natural reservoirs. On the rivers, the flow of which is blocked by dams, fish passages and fish lifts are built for migratory fish.

Due to the indivisibility of the Earth's biosphere, success in solving many problems of nature conservation, including wildlife, can only be achieved through the combined efforts of all states of the planet. The interest of many states in the matter of nature conservation was reflected in the adoption of a system of broad international agreements on the protection and use of wildlife under the auspices of the UN and the development of bilateral agreements between countries related by common interests on the problem under consideration.

From the first years of its existence, the Soviet Union has constantly advocated the development and strengthening of international cooperation in the protection of nature and the rational use of its resources.

The state actively participates in the conclusion of international treaties, agreements and conventions of environmental importance. Thus, Russia has concluded special agreements on the regulation of fisheries with Finland, Iran, Turkey and Japan. The national legislations of Russia, Bulgaria and Romania on the protection of marine mammals of the Black Sea were adopted and coordinated, the convention on the protection of migratory and rare birds between Russia and Japan, Russia and the USA was signed, as well as agreements between Russia and Denmark, Norway, Canada and the USA on the conservation of polar bears and etc.

Russia's active actions aimed at multifaceted international cooperation have already brought considerable benefits to the cause of the conservation and rational use of the animal world.

Rational use and protection of animal resources

The animal world, being an integral part of the natural environment, acts as an integral link in the chain of ecological systems, a necessary component in the process of the circulation of substances and energy of nature, actively influencing the functioning of natural communities, the structure and natural fertility of soils, the formation of vegetation cover, the biological properties of water and the quality the natural environment as a whole. At the same time, the animal world is of great economic importance: as a source of food, industrial, technical, medicinal raw materials and other material values, and therefore acts as a natural resource for hunting, whaling, fishing and other types of trade. Certain types of animals are of great cultural, scientific, aesthetic, educational, and medicinal value.

Each animal species is an indispensable carrier of the genetic fund.

By participating in the circulation of substances in the biosphere, animals play an important role in dynamic equilibrium.

Also for humans, animals serve as a source of food and raw materials: a supplier of leather (snakes, crocodiles, pigs) and fur - fur (white-backed albatross, koala) industry.

But the division of animals into "useful" and "harmful" is conditional and depends on the number, place, time, and economic activity of people. For example, starlings are useful in spring: they destroy a large number of pests, and in autumn, eating grapes, they cause significant damage to vineyards. The blackbird and skylark are useful in Europe, but in New Zealand, where they were brought, they are agricultural pests. Therefore, when assessing the benefits and harms, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of nutrition, behavior, numbers, and the role in the spread of natural focal diseases in specific conditions of place and time.

The animal world of our planet has about 2 million species of animals. As a result of human impact, the number of many species has been significantly reduced, and some of them have completely disappeared.

Modern man has existed on Earth for about 40 thousand years. He began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture only 10 thousand years ago. Therefore, for 30,000 years, hunting was an almost exclusive source of food and clothing. The improvement of tools and methods of hunting was accompanied by the death of a number of animal species.

The development of weapons and vehicles allowed man to penetrate into the most remote corners of the globe. And everywhere the development of new lands was accompanied by the merciless extermination of animals, the death of a number of species. The tarpan, a European steppe horse, was completely destroyed by hunting. Tours, spectacled cormorant, Labrador eider, Bengal hoopoe and many other animals became victims of hunting. As a result of unregulated hunting, dozens of species of animals and birds are on the verge of extinction.

The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the conditions of existence of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing steppes and prairies, draining swamps, regulating runoff, polluting the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leads to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.

Intensive timber harvesting in many countries has led to changes in forests. Coniferous forests are increasingly replaced by small-leaved ones. At the same time, the composition of their fauna also changes. Not all animals and birds that live in coniferous forests can find enough food and shelter places in secondary birch and aspen forests. For example, squirrels and martens, many species of birds cannot live in them.

The transformation and change in the nature of many rivers and lakes radically changes the conditions for the existence of most river and lake fish, leading to a decrease in their numbers. Huge damage to fish stocks is caused by pollution of water bodies. At the same time, the oxygen content in the water decreases sharply, which leads to massive fish kills.

Dams on rivers have a huge impact on the ecological state of water bodies. They block the spawning path for migratory fish, worsen the condition of spawning grounds, and sharply reduce the supply of nutrients to river deltas and coastal parts of seas and lakes. To prevent the negative impact of dams on the ecosystems of aquatic complexes, a number of engineering and biotechnical measures are being taken (fish passes and fish elevators are being built to ensure the movement of fish to spawn). The most effective way to reproduce the fish stock is to build fish hatcheries and hatcheries.

Man, by his activity, strongly influences the animal world, causing an increase in the number of some species, a decrease in others and the death of others. This impact can be direct or indirect.

Game animals that are hunted for fur (muskrat, chinchilla, foxes, mink), meat (African donkey), fat (whales, pigs), etc. are directly affected. As a result, their numbers are declining, some species are disappearing.

To combat agricultural pests, a number of species migrate from one area to another. At the same time, it is not uncommon for settlers to become pests themselves. For example, the mongoose, brought to the Antilles to control rodents, began to harm ground-nesting birds and spread rabies among animals.

Also, the direct effects of humans on animals include their death from pesticides, and poisoning with emissions from industrial enterprises.| The most striking example of this impact on animals is whaling (the creation of a harpoon gun and floating bases for processing whales) at the beginning of the century, which led to the disappearance of individual populations of whales, a sharp drop in their total number.

The indirect influence of humans on animals is manifested due to changes in the habitat during deforestation (black stork), plowing of steppes (steppe eagle, bustard and little bustard), drainage of swamps (Far Eastern stork), construction of dams (fish), construction of cities, use of pesticides ( red-legged stork), etc.

Under the influence of economic activity, anthropogenic landscapes with their characteristic fauna arose. Only in settlements in the subarctic and the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere are the house sparrow, city swallow, jackdaw, and house mouse found.

The plowing of steppes and prairies, the reduction of insular forests in the forest-steppe are accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of many steppe animals and birds. In the steppe agrocenoses, saigas, bustards, little bustards, gray partridges, quails, etc. have almost completely disappeared.

The negative impact of humans on animals is increasing, and for many species it is becoming threatening. One species (or subspecies) of vertebrates dies annually; more than 600 species of birds (bustard, mountain goose, mandarin duck), 120 species of mammals (Amur tiger) are threatened with extinction. For such animals, special measures are required for their conservation.

The organization of fauna protection is based on two main directions - conservation and conservation in the process of use. Both directions are necessary and complement each other.

Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensures the preservation of habitat conditions in exploited forests for many species of animals and birds. Thus, gradual and selective logging allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting and forage grounds for many species of animals.

All measures for the protection of animals are quite effective if they are based on careful consideration of landscape and ecological conditions. In any kind of work on organizing the reproduction and exploitation of wild fauna, one should proceed from the fact that certain species and populations of animals are confined within their boundaries to specific natural territorial and aquatic complexes or their anthropogenic modifications. Many animals move through the seasons over considerable distances, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined types of landscapes. Therefore, the protection of animals requires solving the problems of protecting natural territorial and aquatic complexes as a whole. The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.

Reserve - a piece of land or water, within which the entire natural complex is completely withdrawn from economic use and is under state protection (Great Limpopo - South Africa; Aberdersky - Kenya; Belovezhsky - Poland).

The reserve is a territory where certain species of animals and plants are temporarily protected while limiting the use of natural resources (Pripyat - Belarus).

A national park is a territory where landscapes and unique natural objects are protected. It differs from reserves in the admission of visitors for recreation (Yellowstone - USA; Losiny Ostrov - Russia).

Rare and endangered species of animals (as well as plants) are listed in the Red Books. The inclusion of a species in the Red Book is a signal of the danger that threatens it, of the need to take measures to save it.

Many animals are listed as rescued.

The other surviving animal is the muskrat. As you know, a valuable fur-bearing animal. A hundred, one hundred and fifty years ago, it was not hunted. The muskrat was not fashionable. At the beginning of the 20th century, unfortunately for herself, she became fashionable, and this almost killed her.

At the end of the last century, a monstrous extermination of bison was carried out. Often only because the bison has excellent skins or to cut a small piece of meat from the carcass of a bull for roast or tongue.

WWF - Founded in 1961. -- an international public organization that subsidizes the protection and study of endangered and rare species of animals, plants and their habitats.

Conservation groups are at the forefront of the ecotourism movement. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is doing important research, including helping to identify ecotourism opportunities in developing countries. In addition, WWF finances many projects related to ecotourism.

Greenpeace was founded in 1971. -- an independent international public organization that aims to preserve the environment. Greenpeace opposes nuclear testing and radiation threats, pollution of the environment by industrial waste, protection of the animal world, etc.

In addition, the International Red Book has become widely known. As early as 1949, the IUCN began to collect information on rare animals and plants. It took 14 years for the first IUCN Red Data Book (Red Data Book) to appear in 1963. Two volumes were a summary of 211 mammals and 312 birds.

In 1966-71. the second edition was published, which was already much more voluminous, and included information not only about mammals and birds, but also amphibians and reptiles. Like the first, this edition was not intended for wide distribution. Volumes of the 3rd edition of the IUCN Red Book began to appear in 1972, and have already begun to go on sale, its circulation has been significantly increased.

The latest edition, published in 1978-80, includes 226 species and 70 subspecies of mammals, 181 species and 77 subspecies of birds, 77 species and 21 subspecies of reptiles, 35 species and 5 subspecies of amphibians, 168 species and 25 subspecies of fish. Among them, 7 restored species and subspecies of mammals, 4 - birds, 2 species of reptiles.

Since 1981, with the participation of the World Environmental Monitoring Center (WCMC) in Cambridge (Great Britain), publications began to appear, the title of which included the "IUCN Red Book".

The first list of birds and mammals for the IUCN Red Book prepared by G.P. Dementiev, V.G. Geptner, A.A. Nasimovich, A.G. Bannikov and other zoologists in 1961-64. The first Red Book of the USSR appeared in 1978.

The significance of the Red Book of the USSR in the protection of rare species was primarily in the fact that it became the basis for legislative acts aimed at protecting the flora and fauna. In addition, it is essentially a science-based program of practical measures to save rare species. And, finally, the role of the Red Book is invaluable as a means of educating and promoting a reasonable and careful attitude towards animals and plants in general and rare ones in particular.

The second edition of the Red Book of the USSR was carried out in 1984. It was much more voluminous, the first volume "Animals" included new large sections: a class of fish was added from vertebrates, invertebrates were included for the first time. The Red Book of Plants was the second volume.

Work continues on the Red Data Book of Russia. The official basis for its creation is now the Law "On the Fauna" (1995) and the Government Decree of 1996. In particular, it declares that the Red Book of the Russian Federation is an official document containing a set of information on rare and endangered species of animals and plants, as well as the necessary measures for their protection and restoration.

The legal basis for the environmental activities of the state in this area are the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection and Use of Wildlife", as well as hunting and fishing legislation.

The main requirements that must be observed when planning and implementing measures that may affect the habitat of animals and the state of the animal world are fixed in Art. 8 of the Law. These requirements include: the need to preserve the species diversity of animals in a state of natural freedom; protection of the Habitat, breeding conditions and migration routes of animals; preservation of the integrity of natural animal communities; scientifically substantiated rational use and reproduction of the animal world; regulation of the number of animals in order to protect public health and prevent damage to the national economy. The last requirement is provided for by Art. 18 of the law, which states that measures to regulate the number of certain animal species must be carried out in humane ways, excluding harm to other animal species and ensuring the safety of the animal habitat.

Measures for the protection of wildlife are recorded in Art. 21 laws. Some requirements are specified in other articles of the Law. Thus, the requirement to protect the habitat, breeding conditions and migration routes is concretized in relation to economic activity, namely: in the placement, design, construction of settlements, enterprises, structures and other objects, in the improvement of existing and the introduction of new technological processes, the introduction into economic circulation virgin lands, wetlands, coastal and shrublands, land reclamation, forest use, geological exploration, mining, determining grazing and driving farm animals, developing tourist routes and organizing places for mass recreation of the population, as well as when placing, design and construction of railways, highways, pipelines and other transport routes, power transmission and communication lines, canals, dams and other hydraulic structures, the implementation of measures to fulfill these th requirement.

In accordance with Art. 24 of the law, enterprises and citizens are required to take measures to prevent the death of animals during agricultural, logging and other work, as well as during the operation of vehicles. Without the implementation of such measures, it is prohibited to burn dry vegetation, store materials, raw materials and production waste.

In order to protect the animal world, a stricter regime for the use of animals in reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and other specially protected areas is established. Here, types of use of the animal world and other responsibility incompatible with the goals of conservation are prohibited.

Of great importance is the protection of rare and endangered species of animals. Such animals are listed in the Red Book. Actions that could lead to the death of these animals, a reduction in their numbers or a violation of their habitat are not allowed. In the case when the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals is impossible in natural conditions, the specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife must take measures to create the necessary conditions for breeding these species of animals. Their acquisition and removal for breeding in specially created conditions and subsequent release to freedom for scientific research purposes, for the creation and replenishment of zoological collections is allowed with a special permit issued by specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife.

The object of use and protection are only wild animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibious fish, as well as mollusks, insects, etc.) living in a state of natural freedom on land, in water, atmosphere, soil, permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of the country . Agricultural and other domestic animals, as well as wild animals kept in captivity or semi-captivity for economic, cultural, scientific, aesthetic or other purposes are not such an object. They are property owned by the state, cooperative, public organizations, citizens, and are used and protected in accordance with the legislation relating to state and personal property.

A feature of the animal world is that this object is renewable, but for this it is necessary to comply with certain conditions directly related to the protection of animals. In the event of extermination, violation of the conditions for their existence, certain species of animals may finally disappear, and their renewal will be impossible. And vice versa, maintaining the conditions for the existence of the animal world, regulating the number of animals, taking measures to breed endangered species contribute to their restoration and renewal. The animal world lends itself to transformative human activity: it is possible to domesticate wild animals, cross and breed new species, grow certain species of animals in artificial conditions and resettle them in their natural habitats.

The largest Russian scientist, academician V.I. Vernadsky more than half a century ago noted that the power of human activity can be compared with the geological force of the Earth, which raises mountain ranges, lowers continents, moves continents, etc. Since that time, humanity has gone far ahead, and therefore the power of man has increased a thousand times. Now one enterprise - the Chernobyl nuclear power plant - has caused irreparable harm to a huge region, which is connected by inextricable eco-ties not only with a separate continent, but is also of great importance for life on Earth, changes in planetary processes.

Since the relationship of people to nature exists only through relations of production, environmental management is associated in each country with significant socio-economic relations in it. The difference in socio-economic systems, which also determine the difference in environmental and legal regulation of various countries, requires a careful analysis of law enforcement practice.

The growing threat of environmental catastrophe on a global scale causes the awareness of the urgent need to rationalize environmental management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection within the entire international community.

Recently, irreversible changes have taken place in our country - the USSR collapsed, and allied structures disappeared. The formation of sovereign states with the heaviest ecological legacy should make us think about creating a single ecological space to overcome the ecological crisis. It is in unification that the path to solving all the environmental problems facing the republics is found.