Description and taste of black truffles, features of collection. Russian black truffle (summer) When they grow

Truffle is a favorite mushroom of all gourmets, proudly bearing the title of the most expensive product in its category. It is valuable for three factors at once: amazing taste, beneficial properties and aphrodisiac qualities. Next, we suggest taking a closer look at this mushroom. First, we will tell you and show in the photo what a truffle looks like, what are its features and what are its varieties. And then we’ll figure out how to properly collect the mushroom and where it grows in Russia. But first things first.

The fruiting body of the truffle has a round or tuberous shape and its dimensions resemble a nut. In rare cases, the mushroom is so large that it looks like a full-fledged potato. The outer layer of the truffle can be either smooth, or cut into small cracks, or covered with multifaceted warts. In cross section, the mushroom has a pronounced marbled texture, which is formed by the interweaving of light “internal veins” and dark “external veins”. Numerous spore sacs are located on these veins.

Truffles are primarily known for their culinary properties. They are actively used in many national cuisines for the preparation of sauces, pates, fillings for all kinds of baked goods, and also as an addition to seafood or poultry. The mushroom is often served as an independent dish.

Truffle is a valuable and healthy mushroom

Another feature of truffles is their beneficial composition. Mushrooms contain:

• vitamins of groups C, B and PP;
• vegetable proteins;
• antioxidants;
• fiber;
• carbohydrates;
• minerals.

Truffle juice is useful for various types of eye diseases, and mushroom pulp effectively helps relieve pain from gout. It is known that ripened mushrooms contain a small amount of anandamide, which has a calming effect on the nervous system. In addition, truffles contain strong pheromones that improve a person’s emotional background.

Important! Truffles have no serious contraindications, but their use is possible only if two conditions are met: the absence of an allergy to penicillin and the freshness of the product.

Types of truffles

There are more than a hundred varieties of truffles in the world, which are classified according to three factors: biological group, gastronomic value, geographical group. The most common among them are the following mushrooms:

Growing and collecting truffles

Finding and collecting mushrooms is a very difficult task, since truffles rarely appear on the surface of the soil. And they do not grow in all countries. So, in Russia only a few types of mushrooms are found:

• Black summer ones - grow on the Black Sea coast and in the Caucasus, mainly in deciduous forests. They often settle in the root system of beech or oak. They can be collected throughout the summer season and at the very beginning of autumn.
• Black winter - most often found in the Caucasus in forest areas with calcareous soils. Ripen from January to March.
• White ones grow in several regions of Russia at once: Moscow, Tula, Smolensk, Oryol. They ripen from mid-autumn to early winter, but the most suitable collection period is the second half of October.

Advice. You can recognize an area where truffles are actively growing by the state of the soil and vegetation: the soil in such areas is gray-ashy in color, and the vegetation is somewhat stunted. Also, mushrooms can “give away” numerous midges above the earth tubercles, under which the fruits are hidden.

Truffles are searched for with the help of trained pigs or dogs: the mushrooms have a strong, specific odor that animals can sense even at great distances. It is recommended to carry out a kind of “hunt” at night.

Dogs help search for truffles

Mushrooms should be consumed within 3-4 days after collection. Only freezing or canning will help increase the shelf life of the product.

As you can see, the high cost of truffle is fully justified by its advantages: unique taste qualities, a wide range of maneuvers for culinary experiments, and a positive effect on the human body. And even no matter how difficult the processes of searching, collecting and storing mushrooms may be, all these difficulties absolutely pale in comparison with the valuable properties of the product.

Searching for truffles in Russia: video

The cost of Pezizales on the domestic market reaches 100-160 thousand rubles per kilogram.

BLACK TRUFFLES

1. Black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) is a valuable commercial product. It has high taste and good aroma.

Widely distributed in Europe and East Asia. It is found in the south of the European part of Russia - on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in Crimea. Forms mycorrhiza (root symbiosis) with many types of deciduous and coniferous trees, prefers oak. Fruits in May-August. Dimensions: 2-10 cm, weight 20-400 g.

Recently, a resident of Chelyabinsk discovered real black truffles in the Chelyabinsk region.And a resident of Tomsk found as many as 3 kg of valuable mushrooms in the forest near the Siberian city.

2. Black autumn truffle (Tuber mesentericum) is a valuable commercial product. It has high taste and decent aroma.

Widely distributed in central and southern Europe. It forms mycorrhiza with many types of deciduous and coniferous trees, preferring oak and pine. Fruits from September to November (under favorable conditions until December). Dimensions: 2-8 cm, 20-320 g.

3. Black winter truffle (Tuber brumale) is a valuable commercial product. It has high taste and good aroma.

Widely distributed in central and southern Europe. In Russia, it was found on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in Crimea. Forms mycorrhiza with many types of deciduous trees, preferring linden. Fruiting time is December-February (under favorable conditions from August to March). Dimensions: 2-8 cm, 20-320 g.

4. Perigord truffle Tuber melanosporum – the most valuable of the black truffles. It has the highest taste and persistent aroma.

Distributed in western, central and southern Europe. Cultivated. It forms mycorrhiza with many types of deciduous and coniferous trees, preferring oak and hazel. Fruiting time is December-January (from November to March under favorable conditions). Dimensions: 2-15 cm, 20-1150 g.

5. Black spring truffle Tuber malenconii – has no commercial value. It has a pronounced unpleasant odor and is inedible.

Quite rare. It is found in the same places as the Périgord truffle (central and southern Europe). Forms mycorrhiza with oak. Fruiting time is February-April. Sizes: from 1 to 4 cm, 5-50 g.

6. Smooth black truffle Tuber macrosporum is a valuable commercial product. It has high taste and good aroma.

Grows throughout Europe. Cultivated. It forms mycorrhiza with many types of deciduous and coniferous trees, preferring oak and pine. Fruiting time is September-November (from August to December under favorable conditions). Dimensions: 2-5 cm, 20-125 g.

7. Himalayan black truffle Tuber himalayense - often passed off as black winter truffle when exported to Europe. It has average taste and a good, but unstable aroma. Unripe mushrooms are tasteless and odorless.

It grows in the Chinese territory of Tibet in the eastern Himalayas. Forms mycorrhiza with Himalayan oak and pine. Fruiting time is December-February (exclusively winter species). Small mushrooms: 1-3 cm, 5-45 g.

8. Black Chinese truffle Tuber indicum - in itself does not have any special taste and has a weak aroma that quickly disappears; Unripe mushrooms have no taste or smell at all. Often artificially flavored and passed off as significantly more expensive winter and Périgord black truffles.

Grows in southwestern China. Forms mycorrhiza with oak, chestnut and pine. Fruiting time is December-Feral (under favorable conditions - November-March). Sizes: 2-10 cm, 20-500 g.

WHITE TRUFFLES

1. Winter white truffle Tuber magnatum is the most valuable and expensive of all truffles. It has the highest taste qualities and a strong, persistent aroma.

Found in central and southern Europe. It forms mycorrhiza with many types of deciduous and coniferous trees, preferring oak, hazel and pine. Fruiting time is October-November (under favorable conditions from September to January). Dimensions: 2-15 cm, 20-1125 g.

2. The whitish truffle Tuber albidum is not of particular value, although it is collected in places where it grows. It has average taste and a strong, unique aroma with a hint of coconut.

Found throughout Europe. Forms mycorrhiza with oaks and pines. Fruiting time is February-March (under favorable conditions from January to April). Average sizes: 2-3 cm, 20-45 g, but there are specimens up to 10 cm in diameter and weighing 500 g.

3. March white truffle Tuber borchii – has a medium-expressed taste. The smell intensifies with age.

Found throughout central and southern Europe. Forms mycorrhiza with many deciduous and coniferous species. Fruiting time is February-March (under favorable conditions from January). Dimensions: 2-7 cm, 20-250 g.

4. Duron white truffle Tuber excavatum is a not very popular mushroom with a peculiar sweet-spicy aroma. The pulp is very dense. It is not collected en masse.

Found throughout Europe - right up to the Urals, capturing Russian territory. Forms mycorrhiza with many deciduous and coniferous species. Fruiting time is September-November (under favorable conditions from August to December). Dimensions: 1-4 cm, 5-80 g.

5. Variegated white truffle Tuber maculatum is a not very popular mushroom with bitterish flesh and a weak but pleasant truffle aroma. Harvested only for flavoring, in particular for truffle oil.

Found throughout Europe and Russia. Forms mycorrhiza with many deciduous and coniferous species, incl. with fir. Fruiting time is short: late June - early September. Sizes: from 1-2 to 7 cm, 200 g.

6. Moroccan white truffle Tuber oligospermum - collected en masse by the population, but not used in restaurants. It has a weak but pleasant sweetish-nutty aroma, which is somewhat spoiled by the noticeable notes of acetylene.

Found throughout the Mediterranean coast and North Africa. Forms mycorrhiza with oak, pine and cedar. The fruiting time is short - May-June. Dimensions: 2-5 cm, 20-125 g.

7. Tuber puberulum, a pubescent white truffle, has no commercial value. It is edible, but does not have a pronounced taste or smell.

Found throughout Europe to the Urals, in particular in Russia. Forms mycorrhiza with many broad-leaved and coniferous species. Fruiting time: April-October. The mushroom is very small: 0.5-2 cm, 3-20 g.

8. Oregon spring white truffle Tubergibbosum – has a moderately pleasant taste and aroma with a slight hint of spice.

Found in northwestern North America in the USA and Canada. It forms mycorrhiza with various conifers (pseudo-hemlock, hemlock, pine, spruce). Fruiting time is March-May (under favorable conditions from February to June). Sizes: from 1-7 cm, 5-250 g.

9. Oregon Autumn White Truffle Tuberoregonense – The taste and smell are similar to the spring Oregon truffle, but more pronounced.

It is found in the northwestern United States - in the states of Washington and Oregon. It forms mycorrhiza with various conifers (pseudo-hemlock, hemlock, fir, pine, spruce). Fruiting time is October-January (under favorable conditions from September to February). Sizes: 1-7 cm, 5-250 g.

10. White (Polish or Trinity) truffle Choiromyces meandriformis has a fruiting body with light flesh.

This truffle grows in the forests of Western Europe, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (it was previously mined in large quantities in the vicinity of Alexandrov and Sergiev Posad).

It is found throughout Europe and in Russia in the Urals region. Forms mycorrhiza with many broad-leaved and coniferous species. Fruiting time is May-August (under favorable conditions from April to September). The mushroom is quite small: 1-3 cm, 5-45 g.

3. Pecan Truffle (Texas Red Truffle) (Tuberlyonii) – has a strong, pleasant nutty aroma with pronounced notes of fresh corn. Cultivated.

Found in the southeastern United States. It forms mycorrhizae with the pecan tree Carya illinoinensis, after which it is named. Less often - with linden and hawthorn. Fruiting time is July-October (under favorable conditions from June to November). Dimensions: 3-7 cm, 45-250 g.

Among the so-called steppe truffles, “tombolans” (genus Terfezia) are also edible. They grow in Southern Europe, North Africa, the Absheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh, the Araks River Valley, Central Asia and Turkmenistan ( Terfezia transcaucasica). In the same areas the steppe truffle grows ( Terfezia boudieri).

IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF EUROPEANS

In France and Italy, truffles began to be hunted back in the 15th century. Moreover, even then they were searched for with the help of specially trained dogs and young piglets, capable of smelling valuable prey at a distance of as much as 20 meters. In addition, in some areas of France, the so-called “fly hunt” is practiced, because a swarm of midges above the ground in the forest reveals the location of valuable tubers. The fact is that flies are from the familyHeleomyzidae lay their eggs in “truffle soil” because their larvae also feed on the underground delicacy.

Russian black truffle in Crimea

Lately I have been asked quite often the question: are there real black truffles in Russia? Not white, which Choiromyces meandriformis, but black, i.e. true representatives of the Truffle (Tuber) genus.

And like Vladimir Ilyich, I answer - there is such a party! I mean, it's like a mushroom.

Disputes about the reality of the Russian black truffle (or, as it is also called, the summer truffle) are conducted mainly because it is rarely found in all its habitats, and most importantly, they do not know how to look for it at all. Unlike white truffle, it comes to the surface much less willingly, and is much less visible due to its color. It hides well, in case you didn't understand :)

Nevertheless, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in the newly acquired Crimea, it grows in quantities completely sufficient for collection. Personally, this fall I will once again go to Crimea to harvest. Perhaps this will become a media campaign involving bloggers (currently being discussed).

So, below I will provide basic information on RCT to make information about this mushroom more accessible.

NAME

rus. Black Russian truffle

Synonyms:

Summer truffle, edible truffle, Burgundy truffle

lat. Tuber aestivum Vittad. (1831)

Synonyms:

Tuber albidum Cesalpino (1583)

Tuber blotii Deslongchamps (1824)

Tuber cibarium Sowerby (1797)

Tuber nigrum Allioni (1785)

Tuber uncinatum Chatin (1887)

SYSTEMATICS

The mushroom belongs to the genus Truffle (lat. Tuber) of the Truffle family (lat. Tuberaceae). It belongs to the so-called ascomycetes, or marsupial fungi. Its close relatives are morels and stitches. The full taxonomic position of the black Russian truffle is as follows:

Kingdom: Mykota (Mushrooms)

Department: Ascomycota (Ascomycetes, Marsupial fungi)ber

Subdivision: Pezizomycotina

Class: Pezizomycetes

Order: Pezizales

Family: Tuberaceae (Truffles)

Genus: Tuber (Truffle)

Species: Tu ber aestivum (Black Russian truffle)

DESCRIPTION

Fruit bodies are 2.5-10 cm in diameter, bluish-black, black-brown, the surface with large pyramidal warts of black-brown color. The pulp is first yellowish-white or grayish, later brownish or yellow-brown, with numerous whitish veins forming a characteristic marble pattern, at first very dense, in older mushrooms it is looser. The taste of the pulp is nutty, sweetish, the smell is pleasant, strong, sometimes it is compared to the smell of algae or forest litter. The fruiting bodies are underground, usually lying at shallow depths; old mushrooms sometimes appear above the surface.

Spore powder is yellow-brown, spores 30×24 µm, fusiform or oval, reticulate.

It forms mycorrhiza with oak, beech, hornbeam and other broad-leaved trees, less often with birches, even more rarely with pine trees, grows shallowly (3-15 cm, although sometimes up to 30 cm) in the soil in deciduous and mixed forests, mainly on calcareous soils.

In different regions of the Russian Federation, truffles ripen at different times, and they can be collected from the end of July to the end of November.

This is the only representative of the Tuber genus in Russia. Information about the presence of winter truffle (Tuber brumale) has not been confirmed.

SPREADING

The main regions in which the Russian black truffle bears fruit quite often and annually are the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the forest-steppe zone of Crimea. Over the past 150 years, individual discoveries have occurred in other regions of the European part of Russia: in Podolsk, Tula, Belgorod, Oryol, Pskov and Moscow regions. In the Podolsk province, the mushroom was so common that local peasants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. were collecting and selling it. Information about this was published by V. Gomilevsky (“On the black truffle in the forests of the Baltic and southern parts of the Olgopolsky and Yampolsky districts of the Polish province,” Forest Journal, 1874, No. 1, pp. 22-31) and in a 1902 review in the journal "New time".

I also have oral reports of RCT finds in the Leningrad, Tver and Pskov regions.

The first reliable mention of the discovery of RCT in Crimea should be attributed to the note of 1873 by N.K. Sredinsky (“Materials for the flora of the Novorossiysk region and Bessarabia”), who claimed that “The black truffle is found on the southern coast of Crimea in Faros - near the Baydar Gate.”

The first serious source on RCT should be considered the 1902 monograph “Materials on the morphology and systematics of underground fungi” by the famous Russian mycologist, the first domestic specialist on underground fungi F.V. Buchholz.

Below you can look at a fragment of his book dedicated to RCT.

In the world, RCT is found in many European countries (possibly in all except the Scandinavian countries, the Baltic states, and Finland) and, according to some information, in North Africa. It is actively (but in small quantities) collected by the population of France, Spain, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Bulgaria, mainly using specially trained dogs (mainly dachshunds and Yorkshire terriers) and, less often, pigs. Depending on the climate, RCT forms fruiting bodies from May to February.

Content

Most Russians are accustomed to calling chocolate candies with a characteristic tart taste truffles. However, these candies got their name due to their external resemblance to unusual mushrooms. The latter are considered expensive and are especially appreciated by gourmets. When searching for a delicacy, difficulties often arise because it grows at a depth of 15 cm. If you are interested in the question of where real expensive truffles grow in Russia, then you need to figure out what climatic conditions are suitable for them.

What is a truffle

Truffles belong to the fungi of the marsupial genus, which have underground tuberous fleshy fruiting bodies. Their unsightly appearance belies their excellent taste and aroma. Once you try the delicacy, you will remember it for the rest of your life. It smells like an autumn forest: fallen leaves, earth, wet trees. Fresh truffles have a very strong aroma. Even if cooking is not your hobby, making truffles is easy.

The mushroom is located underground between the roots of beech, hornbeam, oak, birch, poplar, elm, linden, rowan, hawthorn and other trees. As it develops, it pulls all vital elements from the roots without causing any harm to the tree. Truffles love deciduous, mixed forests, soil with lime. Ripening time is from late summer to late autumn. The standard size of mushrooms is 10-15 cm, their weight is up to 500 g. Plants are found in the Volga region, Moscow, Oryol, Vladimir, Samara, Leningrad regions, the Caucasus and the shores of the Black Sea.

What does a truffle mushroom look like?

The fruiting bodies are round, tuberous in shape and have a fleshy, cartilaginous consistency. If we talk about size, it varies from a hazelnut to a potato tuber. On the outside, the fruiting bodies have a leathery layer called the peridium. It can be smooth, cracked, or covered with large polyhedral warts. If you cut the fruiting body, the tissue pattern will resemble marble. The shiny truffle inside has alternating light and dark veins: the light ones are called “internal veins”, the dark ones are called “external veins”.

Why truffle is the most expensive mushroom in the world

Truffles are called royal mushrooms - one of the most expensive. You can find sellers offering a kilo for over $4,000. The value of the product is explained by its rarity, unsurpassed taste and aroma. French and Italian have become famous throughout the world. There are two truffle capitals: Grignan and Aqualagna: here the fruits are collected almost all year round: white in autumn, black in winter, banchetto in spring, black summer truffles in summer.

White fruits are exquisite. They cannot be bred; they grow in very limited areas. For example, in Piedmont mushrooms are found only in Langhe, sometimes found in Monferrato, Roero, around Turin. The high price of such products is due to high demand and low supply. They differ in seasonality; they are on sale from October to January (the price depends on the variety). The most expensive delicacy is white. One day, a product weighing 1.2 kg was put up and sold at an Italian auction, its price was 95,000 euros.

Do truffles grow in Russia?

The Russian truffle is called the black summer mushroom - Tuber aestivum (from Latin). They reach a diameter of 10 cm, weight is 400 g. Age is determined by the pulp: its color is whitish, yellow-brown, gray-brown. As the fruiting body ripens, its consistency changes: in young mushrooms it is dense, in old mushrooms it is loose. The taste of truffle is slightly sweet, the aroma is reminiscent of hazelnuts and seaweed. The delicacy is found in Europe, the western part of Russia, under pine, hazel, and oak trees. The fruits can be found from June to October.

Summer black (Tuber aestivum)

This type of fruit is usually called Saint-Jean, scorzone, edible, Burgundy. The ripening period lasts all summer and ends in late autumn. The northern regions of Russia are distinguished by a different fruiting time - from mid-summer to November. Tuber aestivum is found at a depth of 3-15 cm. The fruits are located in groups or singly, form mycorrhiza with beeches, oaks, hornbeams, and are rarely located near birches and pines. They are often found in the southwest of Russia, on the Black Sea coast.

Winter black

The fruit is covered with warts 2-3 cm in size, its diameter reaches 20 cm. The fresh fruit has a reddish-violet tint on the outside, after harvesting the color darkens and becomes black. The truffle pulp is white, then turns gray and becomes gray-violet with many white, yellowish veins. The weight of such a fruit can be more than a kilogram. It often grows in Ukrainian, French, and Italian lands. Ideal places for plants are birch, oak groves, and beech forests. Active fruiting - from November to March. The truffle aroma is reminiscent of musk.

White truffle

The price of the product is significantly higher than previous ones. Resembles Jerusalem artichoke tubers measuring 5-15 cm. Weight can be more than 1.5 kg. If you go for mature truffles, keep in mind that the surface of the mushroom is felt, while in young specimens it is smooth. When ripe, pits and protrusions appear on the outside, the color becomes light brown, yellowish. The pulp is white, in older fruits it is grayish with yellowish veins. The mushrooms have a nutty aroma. The older the fruit, the stronger the smell. “Tubers” are found in Vladimir, Smolensk, and Kuibyshev forests from late July to early November.

Where does truffle grow in Russia?

If you are interested in where truffles grow in Russia, then go to the Volga region, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Oryol, Samara, Leningrad regions of the country. The ripening period is all autumn months, the fruiting time is the end of autumn and the beginning of winter. The fruits are small in size - about 15 cm, weigh up to 500 g, and grow at a depth of 10-15 cm.

The black variety is considered a summer delicacy. It is found in the Caucasus, on the Black Sea coast, in the Moscow and Vladimir regions. Black specimens like to develop in deciduous and mixed forests with limestone soil, near the roots of oak, beech, hornbeam, and hazel. The diameter of white fruits is up to 10 cm. Ripening and fruiting time is early summer - late autumn.

european part of Russia

Both black (Russian) and white (Polish) fruits are found. The first variety breeds on Podolsk, Belgorod, Tver, Leningrad soil. The Voronezh forest is famous for its large number of delicacies. Near St. Petersburg, black mushrooms are rare, but the white variety grows on Oryol and Tula soil. Remember that the warmer the climate, the greater the likelihood of finding a treat.

Caucasus and Crimea

These areas are known for their mild climate: there is everything for the active growth of the delicacy. There are many oak and beech groves concentrated here, which is favorable for the development of mushrooms. Large quantities are found on the Crimean land (steppe regions), the Northern and Western Caucasus, and in North Ossetia - Alania. It is worth highlighting Anapa, Gelendzhik, the village of Abrau-Dyurso, Western Caucasus: Adagum-Pshishsky district.

Delicacy mushrooms in Siberia

Many people, wondering where real expensive white truffles grow in Russia, do not suspect that the delicacy can grow on Siberian soil. The delicacy was first discovered in these places in the 19th century. The fruits grow both singly and in groups; they like to be located in deciduous and coniferous forests. Many porcini mushrooms are found on Tomsk soil. Recently, residents of the region began to collect kilograms of fruits, which is explained by favorable climatic conditions and active fruiting.

How to look for truffles

To find a truffle in the forest, you need to have special knowledge. They are found near tree roots: often found near oak trees. Try to look for fruits not in clearings. Based on practice, such areas are not distinguished by a large number of mushrooms. It is desirable to have black soil with high humidity. Before you go searching, consider the following:

• Examine the fruits in advance, live or in photographs.
• Prepare to search for animals: specially trained pigs or dogs are suitable.

For a “silent hunt” to be successful, focus on some features of the area. The rules for mushroom picking are as follows:

• The “truffle” region, where the delicacy is located, is distinguished by stunted vegetation and gray-ashy soil.
• Mushrooms rarely come to the surface of the soil (sometimes this happens due to strong winds or heavy rains), so look for them in the ground at a depth of 10-15 cm.
• Pay attention to the tubercles, they should be dug out.
• Midges often circle over a place with mushrooms: the larvae feed on mushrooms, so the insects lay eggs nearby.

Features of growth

A favorable place for the development of truffles is a large number of tree roots and soil with loose soil with a large amount of sand and lime. Experienced mushroom pickers say that if you find one specimen, then you need to continue looking for several more nearby. Typically, you can find about 5 pieces. Often truffle develops in families, rarely - alone.

Searching for truffles in the forest

People have been collecting unusual mushrooms for many years. It is important to consider that there are false and real mushrooms. To return home with the desired loot, it is important to follow special technology:

• Go to the forest where there are beeches, birches, oaks, and hazels.
• Look for fruits near trees with large roots.
• If the search is carried out with the help of pigs, then they should be muzzled, because the animals really love to feast on mushrooms.
• Keep in mind the type of plant: its surface is rough, the flesh has a hard structure. The fruits resemble potato tubers in black or white shades.

Truffle hunting animals

Mushrooms have a very strong odor, which animals can easily detect even from a distance. For this reason, experienced mushroom pickers prefer to keep specially trained dogs or pigs. The latter are able to smell at a distance of 25 meters. Once the aroma is determined, the pig will actively dig for the delicacy. If there is no muzzle, then you need to make sure that the pig does not eat what you find.

As for dogs, they are indifferent to eating treats, so it is not necessary to put on a muzzle before searching. Before using these four-legged “sleuths,” it will take a long time to teach the rules of searching for mushrooms. The dog needs to be trained to smell. If you are planning to buy a trained dog, keep in mind that it costs more than 5,000 euros.

Growing truffles at home

The delicacy is grown at home. If you take into account the recommendations listed above, you will eventually get a great treat:

1. It is first necessary to create a suitable microclimate, which should be the same in summer and winter. The mushroom does not like temperature changes.
2. Start purchasing trees: oak, walnut, beech. The roots of the trees must be infected with truffle mycelium. The price of the version with disputes is 10-15 dollars.
3. Choose places to plant trees: they should be protected from direct sunlight, wind, and animals.
4. Pay attention to the soil, it should be alkaline. If necessary, add lime to the soil.
5. Do not use any fertilizers before planting trees because they may negatively affect the development of spores.
6. Plant purchased trees only after cultivating and preparing the soil. It is advisable to do this in early spring, when the weather outside is stable.
7. Plant the tree in a 75 cm hole: pour water and only then place the plant in it.
8. When planting, try not to damage the root system of the tree. Cover them with soil very carefully, then water them generously.
9. Sprinkle mulch around the root system of the tree at a distance of 30-40 cm: use oak leaves from last year.
10. The plants are covered with greenhouse film.
11. To feed trees, use special ready-made fertilizers (how to use them is indicated on the packages).

Photo of truffle

Video

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Where in Russia do real expensive truffles grow - places where black and white grow?

Mushrooms - Fungi
- Tuber rufum Picco (1788)

Status: 1 (E). A nemoral relic of the tertiary age. Endangered.

Short description.

Fruit bodies 1.3 – 1.5 ? 1.0 – 2.5 cm, irregular spherical or potato-shaped, with shallow dents or almost even. The peridium is unevenly colored, reddish-brown. The flesh is ashy-grayish with marble veins, with a strong smell of tarpaulin boots. The bursae are round-sac-shaped, 45.9–54.0 µm in diameter, with an extended almost cylindrical short stalk. Spores with a thick shell of at least 1 micron, with spiny outgrowths of a reticulate exosporium, 1 – 2 drops of oil or without them, 21.8 – 27.0 ? 39.0 – 42.0 µm.

Spreading.

Known from one point - the arboretum of the Forest Institute named after. V.N. Sukachev SB RAS, located in the forest park area of ​​Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk. Outside Russia, it is widespread in Europe.

Ecology and biology.

Mycorrhizal symbiotroph. Forest view. Semi-underground fruiting bodies were once found surrounded by pine, birch, spruce, maple, and bird cherry trees.

Limiting factors. Not studied.

Security measures. Lives in the protected area of ​​the arboretum of the Forest Institute of the SB RAS.

Information sources.. 1. KRF Herbarium (authors N.P. Kutafyeva, O.S. Perevalova); 2. Herbarium LE; 3. Moser, 1963. Compiled by: N.P. Kutafieva. Drawing: V.S. Stepanov, N.V. Stepanov.