Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language. Basic rules of Russian orthoepy
Classical ("old Moscow") Russian pronunciation is determined by the following basic rules.
In the region of vowels, it is obligatory to observe two degrees of reduction of vowels in the form described in § 19.
The pronunciation of [o] in unstressed syllables by the norm is allowed only for individual borrowed words, most often for those that contain vowel confluences unusual for the Russian language:,, [Ysao],
hissing before hissing (fs: yt Y), stunning and voicing (, but, but), as mentioned in § 24
There are also some grammatical features of Moscow speech, which, according to tradition, are usually considered together with questions of orthoepy. This is, firstly, that verbs with unstressed endings are all conjugated according to the 1st conjugation, i.e. in the 3rd person plural, numbers have an ending ~ ut: , , , like t , , and with a stem into soft - /*-"/: , , , , , And , . Thirdly, the fact that in the verbal suffix of multiplicity after solid, in particular back-lingual, is pronounced [d]: , , . Fourthly, the fact that endings and suffixes with vowels after soft case forms in stressed syllables are aligned according to the pattern of endings with vowels after hard ones: [рѴд] - as in im.-vin. case cf. kind of unit numbers; [rdGt], - as in creative work. case cf. and husband. kind of unit numbers; [gys'dk], [klr 'ё] dk] - as in the genus. case of wives. genus pl. numbers. Fifth, the fact that the reflexive affix of verbs has a solid [s]: , . (For more on these forms, see the Morphology section.)
Such, in general terms, is the classical Russian pronunciation, as it developed by the beginning of the 19th century and as reflected in the works of A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov.
But already during the 19th century (and not in the post-October period, as is often believed), some new features appeared and accumulated in the Russian pronunciation norm, gradually replacing the old ones, but nevertheless continuing to coexist with them. They arose partly under the influence of the St. Petersburg pronunciation! somewhat more artificial and bookish compared to Moscow I, partly under the influence of vernacular and dialects, but mainly due to the internal development of the literary language system *- These new features are as follows.
In the field of vowel pronunciation, the number is reduced
borrowed^-words from. unstressed [o] and [e]: for example, instead of the old one, [klya 7 * yt] is now pronounced, instead of
pronunciation of the type, the pronunciation of the type, [lіueG]ё] is spreading. (Ko the most important change in the field of vowels is the replacement of ekany by chikan ^ In the 19th century, ikane was considered a colloquial feature, and in the middle of the 20th century it was recognized as a completely acceptable variant of literary pronunciation: so it is wide
If the number of vowels decreases and their positional dependence increases, and, conversely, the number of consonants increases and their positional dependence weakens, it becomes clear that these changes are not accidental.
At the same time, one should not prematurely write off the old Moscow pronunciation to the archive. It was reflected in Russian classical literature, and it should retain the status of a high standard as long as all other features of the language of Krylov and Griboyedov, Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Turgenev remain a model.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized once again that the development of the orthoepic norm is primarily and most clearly determined by the internal development of the phonetic system. Any external influences, such as the influence of spelling, are of secondary importance. It is completely unfounded that the widely held opinion is that in the era of universal literacy the leading
Even in this “we repeat” artificial text, there are more cases of discrepancy between the new pronunciation and orthography than cases of convergence (30 versus 25), while in natural texts this preponderance is apparently immeasurably greater, i.e.
K. is created mainly due to the transition from ekanya to hiccup, and cases of such a transition are found in a large number of words.
We did not say anything about the rules of Russian orthoepy in the area of stress. At first glance, it seems that the Russian language has no rules at all in this area, since the stress can be on any syllable of a word. In reality, of course, this is not the case. All words of the Russian language are distributed according to the so-called accent paradigms - lists of word forms, taking into account the place of stress. Accent paradigms are distinguished within each part of speech and are indicated by Latin letters (sometimes with a digital index). Within each paradigm, the stress behaves in the same way: either it is constantly on the same syllable (as, for example, in the words cow, road, sopoma)\u003e or moves according to a certain rule that operates within this particular paradigm.
From this it is clear that the rules for setting the stress, although they exist, do not lend themselves to any compact presentation, they are formulated very complicated and cumbersome, so that in practice, if you have difficulty in setting the stress, you have to turn to the dictionary every time. It is better to use special orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries, since in dictionaries of other types usually only the “initial”, dictionary form of the word is given (nominative case for inflected words, infinitive for verbs), and difficulties can also arise in the forms of indirect cases, various persons and tenses etc. For example, in verbs with roots -yes, -nya, -rarely there are errors in the pronunciation of an indefinite form (except perhaps for the pronunciation common in southern dialects to start instead of start). But in indirect forms, errors are constant, since in this group of verbs the stress moves quite difficult: in the infinitive, real participle, gerund participle, it is on the root (sell, start, hire; sold, started, hired; having sold, started, nanya "c), in the passive participle and in the past tense of the masculine and neuter gender and plural - on the prefix (sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired), and in in the past tense of the feminine and in the future tense - at the end (sold, started, hired; they will sell, they will start, they will hire.) Orthoepic dictionaries give all forms that are difficult from the point of view of the place of stress.
The intonational features of Russian literary pronunciation are not described with sufficient clarity, so listening to exemplary speech plays an important role in mastering literary intonation, as well as orthoepy in general. The main propagandist of the Russian orthoepic norm is the Maly Theater of Moscow. Actors of other leading theaters, announcers of Moscow television and especially radio are distinguished by a high speech culture.
Overcoming dialectal and vernacular features in pronunciation requires a lot of work on oneself, and for its success, one needs, first of all, a psychological attitude, the conviction that mastering the norm of literary pronunciation is the professional duty of everyone who has to teach a language or, for other purposes, communicate with a wide audience.
Literature
Main
Matusevich M.I. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. M, 1976. S. 6-7.9-10.
Avanesov R K Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950 and next. ed.
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: Pronunciation. stress. Grammatical Forms / Ed. R. if Avanesova. M., 1983 and next. ed.
Additional
Gorbachevich K S Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. L., 1971. S. 41 - 107.
4. TOPIC: “ORPHOEPY. SCIENTIFIC BASES OF ORPHEPY. RULES OF ORPHOEPIY. FEATURES OF PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE WORDS»
Plan: 1. Tasks of orthoepy. 2. Modern orthoepic norms. 3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations. 4. General and private rules of orthoepy. 5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes. Orthoepy - it is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation. Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system. Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings: 1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in the literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation). 2. A branch of linguistics adjacent to phonetics, which describes the theoretical foundations, norms of the literary language in terms of pronunciation. Oral speech exists as long as human society. In antiquity and even in the 19th century. each locality had its own peculiarities of pronunciation - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day. In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an urgent need for a unified literary language, including unified, general rules for pronunciation. So science began to take shape. orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study sounding speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only from the point of view of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - This is the rule for the use of language units. These rules are obligatory for everyone who speaks the literary language. The norms of the literary language are formed gradually, and the possession of norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the wide development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has uniform norms, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles: 1. Neutral (medium) This is the usual calm speech of an educated person who owns literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created. 2. Book style (currently rarely used, in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation. 3. Colloquial-colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here you can deviate from the strict rules. Modern pronunciation evolved gradually, over a long period of time. The modern pronunciation was based on the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15th-16th centuries, and in general terms it took shape in the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was formed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation were reflected in the stage speeches of Moscow theaters in the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in a 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and Ozhegov's dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms change. By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups: 1. Strictly mandatory. 2. Variant acceptable norms Modern orthoepic norms include several sections: 1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds. 2. Rules for the pronunciation of combinations of sounds. 3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds. 4. Rules for the pronunciation of foreign words, abbreviations. 5. Rules for setting stress. The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a greater extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traveled by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important linguistic features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the 1st half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrowly dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ... ... for the importance of the capital city, but for its excellent beauty it is rightly preferred by others ...” Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were assimilated there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in the Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic coloring. With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language. Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene. All orthoepy rules are divided into: public and private. General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on the phonetic laws of the modern Russian language. These rules are binding. Their violation is considered a speech error. These are the following: 1. Pronunciation of combinations of unstressed vowels. Combinations of unstressed vowels are formed with the continuous pronunciation of the functional word and the subsequent significant one, as well as at the junction of morphemes. Literary pronunciation does not allow contraction of vowel combinations. The pronunciation [sbbr L z`il] (realized) has a colloquial character. The pronunciation of combinations of unstressed vowels differs in some originality compared to the pronunciation of single unstressed vowels, for example, combinations aa, ao, oa, oo are pronounced like [aa]: n [a-a] bazhur, s [a-a] ocean, p [a-a] buzu, d [a-a] line. 2. Pronunciation of voiced and voiceless consonants In the speech stream, the consonant sounds of the modern Russian literary language, paired in sonority - deafness, change in their quality depending on their position in the word. There are two cases of such changes: a) at the end of words before a pause and b) at the end of words not before a pause, but also within a word. Changes in consonants, paired in voicing - deafness and paired in softness - hardness, are explained by the action of repressive assimilation. 1. Omission of voiced consonants at the end of a word. All voiced consonants at the end of a word are pronounced as paired deaf ones (except for sonorous r, l, m, n); two final voiced ones pass into the corresponding voiceless ones: club, temper, horn, lie, elm, clang, hut, sober - [klub], [nraf], [rock], [losh], [v as], [l ask], [sp], [tr esf] . The omission of final voiced consonants does not depend on the quality of the initial sound of the next word and occurs in the flow of speech before all consonants and vowels. 2. Stunning and voicing of consonants, paired in voicing-deafness within a word. Voiced consonants inside a word are stunned before voiceless ones, and voiceless ones before voiced ones (except in) are voiced: tube, low, request, from behind, to his wife, light -[corpse], [nisk], [prozb], [behind], [g - wife], [with light]. 3. Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants. The difference in the pronunciation of consonants, the consonant of the root and the initial consonant of the suffix, as well as in the places where the preposition merges with the initial consonant of the significant word. 1. Combinations szh -zzh, ssh - zsh, at the junction of morphemes, as well as a preposition and the next word, are pronounced as a double solid consonant [g], [w]: squeezed, without fat, sewn, without a tire, not fit, climbed - [sting], [b izhyr], [shyl], [b ishyny], [n oshij], [vl eshyj]. 2. Combinations zh, zhzh inside the root are pronounced as a long soft consonant [g] 6 I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt -, [in Izhu], [live], [rezh i], [trembling], [onk] ( it is permissible to pronounce zhzh as [zh]). 3. The combinations of sch, zch at the junction of the root and the suffix are pronounced as a long soft [w] or [sh h]: copyist [shik, shchik], customer - [shik, - shchik]. At the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition with the following word in place of sch, zch is pronounced [sh h]: account [w h from], without a number [b h number]. 4. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced as double soft [h]: pilot [l och ik], youngster [m Loch ik], report. 5. The combination of ts at the junction of verb endings with the suffix -sya is pronounced as a double hard [ts]: proud and proud [g Lrdits]; ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tst, dst) at the junction of the root and the suffix is pronounced like [ts] fraternal [brackj], factory [zv Lckoj] , kinship[p Lcolour]. 6. The combination of ts, dts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, is pronounced as double [ts]: brother [brother], pick up [pts pit], twenty [two qt]. 7. The combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced as [ch], and in the following words as [shn]: boring, of course, on purpose, scrambled eggs, fiddling, laundry, birdhouse and in female patronymics like Nikitichna. 8. The combination th, as a rule, is pronounced not as [th], but as [pcs] - in the following words: that, that, something (-either, - anything), nothing. 9. Combinations gk, gch are usually pronounced as [hk], [hh]: lighter, soft - [lech], [makhkj]. 4. Unpronounceable vowels. When pronouncing words, some morphemes (usually roots) in certain combinations with other morphemes lose one or another sound. As a result, in the spelling of words, there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. Unpronounceable consonants include: 1) T- in combinations stn(cf.: bone and bone), stl (happy), ntsk - ndsk (cf .: giant - intriguing, Dutch - hooligan), stsk (cf.: Marxist and Tunisian); 2) d- in combinations zdn ( cf. : holiday, ugly).Rdts ( compare: heart and door) 3) in - in combinations vstv(cf.: feel and participateflattering (be silent); 4) l - combined LC (cf .: sun and window). 5. Pronunciation of consonants marked with two identical letters. In Russian words, combinations of two identical consonants are usually found between vowels at the junction of the morphological parts of the word: prefix and root, root and suffix. In foreign words, double consonants can be long in the roots of words. Since the longitude of sounds is not characteristic of the phonemic system of the Russian language, foreign words lose the longitude of consonants and are pronounced with a single sound (cf .: then [n] el, te [r] asa, te [r] op, a [p] arat, a [n] etit, com [r] ercii and etc. The double consonant is usually pronounced in position after the stressed consonant (cf.: va [nn] a, ma [ss] a, group [pp] a, program [mm] a etc.). The pronunciation of double consonants both in Russian words and in foreign words is regulated in dictionary order (see: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book”, M. 1959). 6. Pronunciation of individual sounds. 1. The sound [g] before vowels, voiced consonants and sonorants is pronounced as a voiced consonant explosive: mountain, where, hail; before deaf consonants and at the end of a word - as [k]: burnt, burnt [ Ljoks b], . The pronunciation of the fricative sound [j] is possible in limited cases, and with fluctuations: in word forms god, lord, grace, rich; in adverbs when, always, then, sometimes; in interjections yeah, wow, uh, gop, goplya, woof-woof. In place [y] at the end of words god, good (from good) pronunciation [x] is allowed: [boh], [blah]. 2. In place of letters w, w, c in all positions, solid sounds [g], [w], [c] are pronounced: parachute, brochure - [par Ljester ], [brLshur]; end, end- [kL nca], [to L tsom], but in the word jury the preferred pronunciation is [zh uri]. 3. In place of letters h, w, soft consonants [h], [w] or [shh] are always pronounced: hour, chur - [h as], [h ur]; grove, Shchors, Twitter, pike - [rosh b], [shors], [sh ebet], In place of letters and after w,w,c pronounced sound[s]: lived, sewed, cycle - [zhyl], [shyl], [cycle]. 5. In place of the letter from in return particles -sya -, -s-pronounced soft sound [s]: afraid, afraid, afraid - [b Ljus], [bLjals b], [bLjals]. 6. In place of all consonants (except w, w, c) before [e], the corresponding soft consonants are pronounced ( sat, sang, chalk, deeds and etc.) [sat], [sang], [chalk], [case]. 7. Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms. 1. Unstressed ending of the nominative case singular. hours for men kinds of adjectives th, th pronounced as [i], [i]: [good i], [proud i], [lower], but the pronunciation of these endings is also widespread, according to the spelling: [good i], [proud i], [low i]. Ending pronunciation - uy after [k], [g], [x] it is permissible in two versions: [n claimi - n claim ii |], [wretched i - poor ii], [t ih'i - quiet and i]. 2. In place of the letter G at the end of the genitive singular. h. masculine and neuter adjectives - wow - him a fairly distinct sound [v] is pronounced with the corresponding reduction of vowels: sharp, this, the one whom - [island], [etyv], [t L въ], [k Lвъ]. The sound [v] is pronounced in place of the letter G in words: today, today, total. 3. Unstressed adjective endings -oh, -oh pronunciation is the same: kind, good [good - good]. 4. Ending (unstressed) adjectives -ooh, -ooh pronounced like this: warm, summer [t pluiu], [fly n uiu]. 5. End –s – ie in the nominative plural of adjectives, pronouns, participles, are pronounced as [yi], [ii]: good, blue - [kind], [blue ii]. 6. in place of the unstressed ending of the 3rd person plural of verbs of the 2nd conjugation -at - yat pronounced [ъt]: breathe, walk - [breathe], [hot]. The pronunciation of these forms with the vowel [y] at the end is falling into disuse (cf.: [pros yt - pros ut]). 7. Forms of verbs in - to nod, - to nod, to nod pronounced with soft [k`], [g`], [x`]: [jump ivl], [startle ivl], [rLsmakh ivl]. It is permissible to pronounce these verbs with solid [k], [g], [x]. 8. Features of the pronunciation of foreign words. Many words of foreign origin are firmly mastered by the Russian literary language and are pronounced in accordance with existing orthoepic norms. A less significant part of foreign words relating to various fields of science and technology, culture and art, to the field of politics (also foreign proper names), when pronounced, deviate from generally accepted norms. In addition, in some cases there is a double pronunciation of foreign words (cf.: s[o]no - s[a]no, b[o]lero - b[a]lero, r[o]man - r[a]man, r[o]yal - r[a]yal, k[ o]ntsert - k[a]ntsert, p[o]et - p[a]et and etc.). pronunciation variants of the type k[o]ncert, r[o]man, n[o]wella, t[e]kst, mez[e]th, characterize the pronunciation as deliberately bookish. Such pronunciation does not meet the norms accepted in the literary language. Deviating from the norms when pronouncing foreign words, they cover a limited layer of vocabulary and boil down mainly to the following: 1. In unstressed syllables (pre-stressed and stressed) in foreign words in place of a letter about the sound [o] is pronounced: [o]tel, b[o]a, p[o]et, m[o]derat[o], radio[o], ha[o]s, kaka[o], p[ o]etessa; in proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, Z[o]la, D[o]lores Ibarruri, P[o]rez, Zh[o]res, etc. 2. Before e in foreign words, predominantly dental consonants [t], [d], [h], [s] and [n], [p] are pronounced firmly: hotel, atelier, parterre, subway, interview; model, neckline, code, disorientation; highway, meringue, morse, based; scarf, pince-nez; Sorrento; Cut, Jaurès, also Flaubert, Chopin. 3. In unstressed syllables of foreign words with a solid consonant before [e] in place of the letter e the vowel [e] is pronounced: at [e] lie, at [e] ism, mod [e] lier, etc. In place of letters e after And in the following foreign words [e] is pronounced: di [e] ta, di [e] z, pi [e] tizm, pi [e] tet. 4. In place of the letter uh at the beginning of a word and after vowels, [e] is pronounced: [e] ho, [e] pos, po [e] t, po [e] tessa is pronounced softly: removed, from him, idler, idle, products, from business, withdraw - [snap], [from the field], [business], [product], [from-del], [from]. 5. Prefix - preposition in before soft lips it is pronounced softly: in the song, in front - [f song], [f p and mouth]. 6. The labials do not soften before the posterior ones: bets, breaks, chains [stafki], [breaks], [chains]. 7. Final consonants [t], [d], [b] in prefixes before soft labials and dividing b do not soften: ate, drink - [ Ltjel], . 8. The consonant [r] before soft dental and labial, as well as before [h], [u] is pronounced firmly: artel, cornet, feed, samovar, welder - [ Lrtel], [kLrnet], [kLrmit], [smLvarchik], [welder]. Private rules relate to all sections of orthoepy. They are like variants of common pronunciation norms. These options allow fluctuation in the norms. They arise either under the influence of Leningrad or under the influence of Moscow. The private orthoepic rules include the following: 1. The combination of letters - ch- in a few dozen words it is pronounced like [shn] or [shn`]: mustard plaster, scrambled eggs, bakery, of course etc. Many words do not fall under this rule and are pronounced with [ch]: fabulous, country, habitual, eternal etc. 2. Fricative [X] is in most cases non-literary, however, in some words its pronunciation is acceptable: good - blah [x] o, yeah - a [x] a. 3. In place of the letter SCH you need to pronounce the sound [u]: crack, pike. 4. In many foreign words, in place of a letter about, denoting an unstressed vowel, contrary to the general rule, it is pronounced [about], not [L] or [ъ]: nocturne, poetry, cocktail etc. 5. The correct pronunciation of some alphabetic abbreviations has also become a matter of orthoepy recently. As a general rule, letter abbreviations are read in accordance with the alphabetic names of letters: Germany, USA. 6. In the 1st prestressed syllable but after w, w can be pronounced like but or how s. This pronunciation is called old Moscow: balls [shy ry]. 7. In the endings of adjectives with a stem on g, k, x in adjective forms to nod - to nod the pronunciation of soft back-lingual is also acceptable. This is the old Moscow norm: quiet - quiet. 8. Return suffix -sya usually pronounced softly c`:learn to be proud. 9. Combination thu pronounced like [PCS]:what, to, but something. A person who does not know the rules of orthoepy well or knows them, but does not apply them well in practice, makes many spelling errors, leading to a distorted reproduction of the sound form of words, as well as to incorrect intonation of speech. There are several reasons why spelling errors are made. Many pronunciation errors in Russian are explained by dialect influence, for example: clear instead of spring, rate instead of very, move instead of year etc. certain persons, having learned from childhood the articulation base and phonetic laws of a certain dialect, are not immediately, not always or not completely reorganized into literary pronunciation. However, with the development of society, as a result of universal education, under the influence of radio and television, dialects are increasingly disintegrating and disappearing, and the Russian literary language becomes the main means of communication; therefore, the number of dialectal pronunciation errors in the speech of our contemporaries - Russians - is declining. Lots of people of non-Russian nationality, who have studied the Russian language to a sufficient extent, make spelling errors, also associated with a mismatch between phonetic units (segment and super-segment) and the sound laws of Russian and native languages; for example: look instead of watch, flow instead of current, sateranitsa instead of page, niesu instead of bear. Such mistakes, especially numerous at the initial stage of mastering the Russian language, may gradually disappear due to the wide practice of Russian speech and orientation to the speech of Russians. Third an important factor of deviation from the orthoepic norms of the Russian language is the interference of written texts. This reason can be combined with the first or second, supported by them. Firstly, a person who does not know the oral forms of some words well enough and at the same time not enough, only in general terms, aware of the sound meanings of Russian letters, is guided when reading words (and later when reproducing them without relying on a written text) by their spelling understood superficially. So, beginners to learn Russian read [h] then instead of [w] then, se [g] of one day instead of se [in] one day, honestly, but not th [sn] o. Secondly, a person (including a Russian native speaker of the Russian language who speaks it well) may develop a false belief, which he follows, that oral speech needs to be corrected in writing. Such false "correctness" is characteristic to one degree or another of most beginners to read Russian. Later, the native speaker refuses to do this, realizing the different principles of writing and pronunciation of words. However, the tendency to pronounce words of some degree on the norms of pronunciation of individual words and their groups. Consequently, as a result of this, a pronunciation of the type thin, strong instead of the previously literary tone [k] th, strong [k] th. On the part of native Russian speakers who know foreign languages to some extent, there is sometimes a deliberate phonetic distortion of words of foreign origin. A person, speaking Russian, pronounces these words not in the way they should be pronounced in Russian, based on the Russian articulation base, but in a foreign way, pronouncing them in French, German or English, introducing them into Russian speech sounds alien to her and replacing individual sounds, for example: [hi] not instead of Heine, [zhu] ri instead of [zh`u] ri. Such pronunciation, including with sounds alien to the Russian language, does not contribute to the normalization and culture of speech. In order to avoid the above mistakes, it is necessary: a) to constantly monitor your own pronunciation; b) to observe the speech of people who are fluent in the norms of the literary language; c) constantly study the rules of phonetics and orthoepy and constantly refer to reference dictionaries.Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and accepted in society rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for the literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.
It is customary to distinguish between different orthoepic norms: “older” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.
The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation bulo [shn] aya, soft [ky], [z`v`] er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo [ch] aya, soft [k`y], [zv`] vr.
The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of an unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]no, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing an unstressed sound [o] with a sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]no, n[a]kturne.
The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the features of the pronunciation of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which contains 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.
To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; orthoepy of individual grammatical forms; orthoepy of borrowed words.
Orthoepic norms. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. the language spoken and written by cultured people. The literary language unites all Russian speakers, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation norms are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws, according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (in [o] du - in [a] yes, t [o] chit - t [a] chit); after soft consonants, the stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m [i] so - m [i] sleep, in [e] l - in [i] la, l [e] s - vl [and] zat); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to deaf ones (du [b] s - du [n], moro [s] s - moro [s]). The same change of voiced to deaf ones occurs before deaf consonants (ru[b]it - ru[n]ka, slide - how [s]ko), and deaf consonants before voiced ones change to voiced ones (ko[s]it - kozba, young [t]it - youth [d]ba). Phonetics is the study of these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires a hard pronunciation (for example, [de] kada, [te] mp), sometimes soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [t" e] temperament, mu[z" e] d). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [h "n], cf. bulo [h "n] th and bulo [shn] th, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse [shn] o, and not horse [h "n] o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: to pronounce the document correctly, not the document, began, but did not start, ringing, and not ringing, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. It happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of the Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okane” (i.e. we would now pronounce in [o] yes, and not in [a] yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakane” (that is, we would speak in [l "a] su, and not in [l "i]su). Orthoepic rules prevent a mistake in pronunciation, cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation variants recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia, they “okayut” and “jump”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south they “kayat” and “yak” (they say v[a] ]yes, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but who consciously masters literary pronunciation, may encounter pronunciation features in his speech that are characteristic of the local dialect that he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce a voiced [x] in its place (the sound denoted by the sign [g] in transcription). It is important to understand that such pronunciation features are a violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More in the specified source
The term "orthoepy" is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) the totality of the norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of words: the norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which contributes to quick and easy language communication. The rules of orthoepy have their own long history and usually take shape as language norms late, when various forms of public speech develop and the share of oral speech in the life of society increases. Of great importance in the development of literary pronunciation was the theater, which preserved the norms of orthoepy in the purest form. Stage speech in many languages is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound films, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features as early as the first half of the 17th century as the norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; only a few private rules have changed.
Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, it is necessary to know and observe the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.
What is orthoepy?
The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech - that's what orthoepy is.
Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, volume or distance designations, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. All these truncated words when reading must be deciphered, that is, you need to pronounce the word in full.
The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may be appropriate only in certain circumstances.
Names and patronymics
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.
The use of the full name and patronymic of a person is necessary under different circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Especially often such appeals are used in a working environment and official documents. Such an appeal to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with older and older people.
Most of the Russian-speaking names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which may vary, among other things, from the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is desirable to pronounce the name and patronymic of the interlocutor clearly, as close as possible to writing.
However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for a method of use that has historically developed in oral speech.
- Patronymics ending in "-evna", "-ievich". In female versions, it is necessary to observe the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say a short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolievich.
- On "-aevich" / "-aevna", "-eevich" / "-eevna". For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Alekseevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
- On "-ovich" and "-ovna". In the male version, the contraction of the form is permissible: Alexandrovich / Alexandrich. In women's - necessarily full pronunciation.
- In female patronymics formed from names ending in "n", "m", "v", [s] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.
How to pronounce borrowed words
The orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules for the pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter "o" in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.
Also, in some foreign words, the consonants before the softening vowel "e" remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with a variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce "e" both firmly and softly: therapy, terror, dean.
In addition, for borrowed words, the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to refer to the orthoepic dictionary.
Accentological norm
Now let's take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. To begin with, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name of the rules for placing stress in a word.
In Russian, the stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides great opportunities for violating the accepted norm.
Let's consider the function that unfixed stress performs. So it is:
- makes it possible for the stylistic coloring of words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (compass - compAs);
- provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (meli - meli, Atlas - atlas);
- allows you to change the morphological features of the word (pines - pines).
Also, the placement of stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word "girl" will refer to the literary, and "girl" - to the neutral.
There is also a class of such words, the variability of stress in which does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a single norm and equal existence of the dialect and the literary language.
Also, the stress in some words may just be an obsolete form. For example, music - music, employee - employee. In fact, you are only changing the accent, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.
Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since the existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of the literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a line of poetry sound more even.
However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct formulation is too extensive and complex a topic, so it is usually taken out in a special section and studied separately. Those who wish to get acquainted with the topic in more detail and exclude violations of the norm of setting stresses from their speech are advised to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.
Conclusion
It would seem that it can be difficult to speak your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated daily.
Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language.
In the literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic of different levels of the language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation rules.
Orthoepy - (Greek orthos- "simple, correct, epos" - "speech") is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.
The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech is accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.
Compliance with orthoepic rules is necessary, it helps to better understand speech.
Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.
In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one possibility of pronunciation. A different pronunciation will be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.
For example, indistinguishing between hard and soft consonants
or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.
In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more possibilities of pronunciation. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are evaluated either as variants of the literary norm, or are recognized as non-literary.
Norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. At any given moment, they contain both something that connects today's pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and something that arises as new in pronunciation under the influence of the live oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the internal laws of the development of the phonetic system.
Modern Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.
By the 19th century Old Slavonic pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. But there was never complete stability in pronunciation; there were always local differences in the pronunciation of the population of large centers.
So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of the functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditionally accepted rules, which are subject to changes in the development of oral literary speech as a result of the influence of various factors of language development on it. These changes initially have the character of fluctuating norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, to the establishment of a new pronunciation norm.
There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.
The heterogeneity of pronunciation in different population groups determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up the issues of pronunciation style, he distinguished two styles of pronunciation:
1. Full, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;
2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.
In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o],
[e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.
a) In the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].
In place of [e] after hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [ye] is pronounced: [tsyepnoį], [zhyeltok].
After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:
[ch٬iesy / s٬iela].
b) In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:
par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch "okʹ / h" mÙdan].
2. Pronunciation of consonants:
a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ b]];
b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].
3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:
a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;
b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].
In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];
c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants is usually reduced or dropped out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]
4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:
a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual r, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];
b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "ielas" / n'ch "iels" aʹ];
c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivyt "].
5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.
In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.
However, in some cases there are deviations:
a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boaʹ / otel" / poet], although [rÙman / [rÙĵal" / prucent];
b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįb];
c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / bÙl "et].
The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.
Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is realized in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in colloquial style, the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.
Questions:
1. What is the subject of study of orthoepy?
2. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels.
3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonants.
4. Indicate the main features and pronunciation variants of certain grammatical forms acceptable by the literary norm.
5. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.
6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.
7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation options and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?
Literature:
1. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.
2. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.
3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.