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Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language. Lesson "Orthoepy. The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation."

An important aspect of orthoepy is stress , that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of the word. Stress in writing is usually not indicated, although in some cases (when teaching Russian to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.

Distinctive features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility. The diversity lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of the word ( book, signature- on the first syllable; lantern, underground- on the second; hurricane, orthoepy - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a certain syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes from place (compare: ton - tons and wall - wall- walls and walls).

The last example shows the mobility of Russian stress. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However, as K.S. Gorbachevich, - if the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely redeemed by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour- flour, cowardly- cowardly, immersed on the platform- immersed in water) and even functional and stylistic fixation of accent options (Bay leaf, but in botany: laurel family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming the homonymy of word forms. As established by scientists, most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) are distinguished by a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.

Here are some rules of orthoepy in the area of ​​stress, which will help to prevent the corresponding errors.

Stress in adjectives

In full forms of adjectives, only a fixed stress is possible on the basis or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between little-used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, little-used and bookish words are more often stressed on the basis, and frequent, stylistically neutral or lowered words are more often stressed on the ending.

The degree of mastery of the word is manifested in the variants of the place of stress: circle and circle, spare and spare, near-Earth and near-Earth, minus and minus, cleaning and treatment. Such words are not included in the USE assignments, since both options are considered correct.

And yet, the choice of the place of stress causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: beautiful- beautiful- beautiful- nice- beautiful; inconceivable - inconceivable- unthinkable- unthinkable- inconceivable etc.

The number of adjectives with mobile stress in Russian is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The stress often falls on the stem in the form of the masculine, neuter, and many others. numbers and the ending in the feminine form: right- right- right- right- rights; gray - gray- gray- sulfur- sulfur; slim- slender- slender- slender- slender.

Such adjectives usually have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with simple suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another, it becomes necessary to refer to the orthoepic dictionary, since a number of words “knock out” of the specified norm. You can, for example, say: lengths and long, fresh and fresh, full and full etc.

It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in a comparative degree. There is such a rule: if the stress in the short form of the feminine falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree it will be on the suffix -ee: strong- stronger, sicker- sicker, alive- livelier, slimmer- slimmer, right - right; if the stress in the feminine gender is on the basis, then in a comparative degree it is preserved on the basis: beautiful- prettier, sadder- sadder, disgusting- more disgusting. The same applies to the superlative form.

Stress in verbs

One of the most tense points of stress in common verbs is the past tense.

The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable, as in the infinitive: sit- sat, moaning - moaning. hide- hid, start - started. At the same time, the group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the stress in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear etc. It is recommended to say: live- lived- lived - lived- lived; wait- waited- was waiting- waited - waited; pour - lil- lilo- Lily- lilA. Derived verbs are pronounced the same way. (live, take, drink, spill etc.).

The exception is words with a prefix you-, which takes on the emphasis: survive- Survived, pour out - poured out, call- called.

Verbs put, steal, send, send the stress in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the stem: stole, stole, sent, made.

And one more pattern. Quite often, in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the stress in the form of the past tense goes to the ending: start- I started, started, started, started; accept - accepted, acceptedb, accepted, accepted.

About the pronunciation of the verb call in conjugated form. Spelling dictionaries of recent times quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: call, call, call, call, call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), the speech practice of authoritative native speakers.

stressin some participles and participles

The most frequent fluctuations of stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles.

If the stress in the full form is on the suffix -yonn- something about but remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it passes to the ending: conducted- carried out, carried out, carried out, carried out; imported- imported, imported, imported, imported. However, it is sometimes difficult for native speakers to choose the right place of stress in the full form. They say: "introduced" instead imported,"translated" instead of translated etc. In such cases, it is worth referring to the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.

A few notes on the pronunciation of full participles with a suffix -t-. If suffixes of indefinite form -oh-, -well- have an accent on themselves, then in participles it will go one syllable forward: weed- weedy, prick- chipped, bend- bent, wrap- wrapped.

Passive participles from verbs pour and drink(with suffix -t-) are characterized by unstable stress. You can speak: spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled, spilled(only!), spilled and spilled, spilled and spilled; drunk and drunk, supplemented and dopit, dopitA and dopita, dopito and dopito, dopity and supplements.

The participles are often stressed on the same syllable as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having invested, having set, having filled, having taken, having washed down, having exhausted(DO NOT: exhausted) , starting, raising, reaping, watering, putting, realizing, betraying, undertaking, arriving, accepting, selling, cursing, spilling, piercing, drinking, creating.

Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to the orthoepic dictionary.

Nouns


alphabet, from Alpha and in And that

airports, motionless stress on the 4th syllable

bows,

beard, win.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable

accountants, genus p.pl., motionless stress on 2nd syllable

religion, from the faith to confess

citizenship

hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable

dispensary, the word comes from English. lang. through French, where the blow. always on the last syllable

agreement

document

blinds,

significance, from adj. zn BUT chimy

X, im.p. pl., motionless stress

catalog, in the same row with the words dial O g, monol O g, necrol O g etc.

quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable

kilometer, in the same row with the words centime E tr, decimal E tr, millim E tr…

cones, cones, motionless stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.

cranes, motionless stress on 1st syllable

flint, flint, hit. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire

lecturers, lecturers, see word bow(s)

areas, genus.p.pl., in the same row with the word form p O honors, h E lustey ... but the news E th

garbage chute, on a par with the words gas pipelines O e, oil pipeline O d, plumbing O d

intention

obituary, see catalog O G

hatred

news, news, but: see m E ness

nail, nail, motionless stress in all forms singular.

adolescence, from O rock teen

partner, from the French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable

briefcase

dowry, noun

call, in the same row with the words pos S in, otz S in (ambassador), cos S in, but: O call (for publication)

orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable

facilities, im.p.pl.

carpenter, in the same poison with the words small I p, to I p, schools I R…

convocation, see the prize S in

cakes, cakes

scarves, see b BUT nts

chauffeur, on a par with the words kiosk Yo p, control Yo R…

expert, from the French lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable


Adjectives


right, short adj. zh.r.

old

significant

more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comp.

beautiful, superior art.

bleeding

kitchen

agility, short adj. zh.r.

mosaic

perspicacious, short adj. f.r., on a par with the words smear And wah, fuss And wah, chatter And wa... but: O rliva

plum, derived from sl And wa


Verbs


pamper, on a par with the words to indulge, spoil, spoil ..., but: the minion of fate

take-took

take-take

take-took

take-took

turn on, turn on

turn on, turn on

join-merged

break in-break in

perceive-perceived

recreate-recreated

hand-hand over

drive-driven

chasing-chasing

get-dobrala

get-got

wait-wait

call - call

get through

dose

wait-waited

live-lived

cork up

occupied, occupied, occupied,

occupied, occupied

lock yourself up (key, lock, etc.)

call-called

call, call, call,

exclude-exclude

exhaust

lay-lay

sneak-stalked

bleed

lie-lie

pour-lila

pour-poured

lie-lied

endow-endowit

overstrained-overstrained

name-named

bank-roll

pour-poured

narwhal-narwhala

litter-litter

start-started, started, started

call-call-call

facilitate-facilitate

drenched-drenched

hug-hugged

overtake-overtaken

rip-off

encourage

cheer up - cheer up

exacerbate

borrow-borrow

embitter

surround-surround

seal, in the same row with the words form BUT th, normalization BUT th, sorters BUT th…

vulgarize - vulgarize

inquire - inquire

depart-departed

give-gave

turn-off

recall-revoked

responded-responded

call back-call back

transfuse-transferred

fruit

repeat-repeat

call-called

call-call-call

pour-watered

put-put

understand-understood

send-sent

arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived

accept-accepted-accepted

force

tear-torn

drill-drill-drill

take off-taken off

create-created

pluck-plucked

litter-litter

remove-remove

speed up

deepen

strengthen-strengthen

pinch-pinch


Communions


pampered

enabled-enabled, see nizved Yo ny

delivered

folded

busy-busy

locked-locked

inhabited-inhabited

spoiled, see ball O bathroom

feeding

bleeding

amassed

acquired-acquired

having poured

hired

started

relegated-reduced, see incl. Yo ny…

encouraged-encouraged-encouraged

aggravated

defined-defined

disabled

repeated

divided

understood


adopted

tamed

lived

removed-removed

bent

Participles


clogged

starting


Adverbs


utterly

enviable in the meaning of the predicate

ahead of time colloquial

before dark

more beautiful, adj. and adv. in comp.

Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language.

In the literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic of different levels of the language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation rules.

Orthoepy - (Greek orthos- "simple, correct, epos" - "speech") is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.

The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech is accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.

Compliance with orthoepic rules is necessary, it helps to better understand speech.

Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.

In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one possibility of pronunciation. A different pronunciation will be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.

For example, indistinguishing between hard and soft consonants

or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.

In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more possibilities of pronunciation. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are evaluated either as variants of the literary norm, or are recognized as non-literary.

Norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. At any given moment, they contain both something that connects today's pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and something that arises as new in pronunciation under the influence of the live oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the internal laws of the development of the phonetic system.

Modern Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.

By the 19th century Old Slavonic pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. But there was never complete stability in pronunciation; there were always local differences in the pronunciation of the population of large centers.

So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of the functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditionally accepted rules, which are subject to changes in the development of oral literary speech as a result of the influence of various factors of language development on it. These changes initially have the character of fluctuating norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, to the establishment of a new pronunciation norm.

There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.

The heterogeneity of pronunciation in different population groups determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up the issues of pronunciation style, he distinguished two styles of pronunciation:

1. Full, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;

2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.

In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o],

[e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].

In place of [e] after hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [ye] is pronounced: [tsyepnoį], [zhyeltok].

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:

[ch٬iesy / s٬iela].

b) In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:

par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch "okʹ / h" mÙdan].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ b]];

b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:

a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants usually decreases or drops out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]



4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual r, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "ielas" / n'ch "iels" aʹ];

c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivyt "].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boaʹ / otel" / poet], although [rÙman / [rÙĵal" / prucent];

b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįb];

c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / bÙl "et].

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is realized in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in colloquial style, the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.

Questions:

1. What is the subject of study of orthoepy?

2. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels.

3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonants.

4. Indicate the main features and pronunciation variants of certain grammatical forms acceptable by the literary norm.

5. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.

7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation options and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?

Literature:

1. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.

2. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that the language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of the language that regulates and classifies everything orthoepic norms, these are also the norms of the language themselves, which have developed over many centuries.

The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, as modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.

Orthoepy is a section that is mandatory for study, since knowing orthoepic norms not only future poets and writers need it - it is necessary in everyday life. The person who allows spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, the correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, consider the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.

Pronunciation of vowels.

Clearly and clearly in Russian only those vowels that are under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in the word is regulated reduction law (lat.reducere - reduce). This law explains the less clear and less clear pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.

Sounds [about] and [a] are pronounced like [a] if they are at the beginning of a word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "about" is in an unstressed position and follows a solid consonant, it is read as a short obscure reduced sound, something in between [s] and [a](depending on position): g [b] lova, st [b] ron, t [b] lokno. It's the sound [b] in transcription, this reduced sound is conventionally indicated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of the word , then the following letters "a" , "e" and "i" read as a cross between [e] and [and](the lips at the same time stretch, as if to pronounce [and] but pronounced [e]): p [and e] ro - pen, s [and e] ro - gray, [and e] language - language.

After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "and" pronounced sound [s]: laughter [s] tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical [s] institute - pedagogical institute, to [s] vanu - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase "laughter and tears" "and" can also be pronounced like [and], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonational pause is made at the place of the union.

Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.

When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: assimilation and stuns. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a deaf , then he is stunned: dru [k] - friend, hand [f] - sleeve, smo [x] - could. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [to], [b] as [P], [in] as [f], [h] as [with]. In combinations "gk" and "gch" [g] is read as [X]: le [hk] o, le [hh] e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a deaf consonant before the voiced consonant, then, on the contrary, it is likened to the voiced vowel corresponding to it: pro[s"]ba, [h]give.

Separately, it must be said about the combination "ch". This combination in the old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [sn]. Today, in most cases, it is still pronounced as [h], but there are a few exceptions:

  1. In female patronymics: Lukini[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a.
  2. In single words: Skvore[shn]ik, bore[shn]o, yai[shn]itsa and etc.

Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words "what" and "something" is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on the [in] in the words “who”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ tss] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[cc]a, return[cc]a.

Words of foreign origin.

Orthoepic norms of the literary language if the word is of foreign origin, for the most part remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But still there are some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:

  • Lack of sound reduction [about]: m[o]del, [o]asis.
  • Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", softening does not occur in some words: ant[e]nna, gene[e]tika.
  • In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both consonant softening and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..

stress in Russian is not static and can change due to a change in the form of a word, case, and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as to find out which syllable will be stressed correctly, you can look at orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn how to speak correctly and beautifully.

Colloquial speech is a kind of system that exists in parallel with book speech within the national language. One French linguist argued (and rightly!) that "we never speak the way we write, and we rarely write the way we speak." And the famous English writer B. Shaw was sure that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and five hundred ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." One way or another, but the opposition of the two forms of language, oral and written, has sufficient grounds. We will not dwell on the features of everyday speech; but let's talk about something else - about the norms of literary stress and pronunciation, without which one cannot speak of literate speech in the full sense of the word.

Orthoepy called the doctrine of the normative pronunciation of the sounds of a given language, a set of rules of oral speech that establish the uniformity of literary pronunciation. This includes issues of stress and intonation, which are important for oral speech.

With loop or with no? aphids?

The question asked in the title will be answered differently by everyone. Some will pronounce no? aphids(which is considered the norm, enshrined in most dictionaries), and others - (and most of them) - with loop.

Most often, fluctuations in stress are explained by the presence of two pronunciation options - book (traditional) and colloquial: ke?ta - keta?, curd? g - your? horn and etc.




The difficulties of Russian stress are connected, as you know, with two of its features. Firstly, it is ambiguous, not associated with a specific syllable in a word, as in some other languages. Secondly, it is mobile, i.e. can move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the word. It hardly needs to be reminded that the skills to correctly place stress are an essential element of speech culture.

Coping with Russian stress is not easy, but difficulties must be overcome. If the stress in the initial form of many, many words has to be memorized (or checked by looking into reference dictionaries), then in order to determine the place of stress in the derivative forms of words of certain grammatical categories (for example, goose or goose?? re?ku or river??) have their own rules.

Thus, many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the genitive case of the singular; bandage - bandage?, pancake - pancake?, bean - bean?, beaver - beaver?, screw - screw?, harm - harm? umbrella - umbrella ?, whale - whale ?, tuft - tuft ?, fang - fang ?, ladle - bucket ?, mole - mole ?, hook - hook ?, sack - sack ?, tench - tench ?, layer - layer ?, fruit - fruit?, sickle - sickle?, whitefish - whitefish?, stack - stack?, trace - trace? and etc.

Concerning goose, then there are two options for stress - and goose?, and goose. And there are many such words: pond? and pru? yes, rogue? and a cheat, wands? and also? evil, gruzdya? and heavy and etc.

Feminine nouns in the accusative singular form are partly stressed on the ending and partly on the stem:

1) trouble?, tops?, armor?(protective lining) , widow?, spring?, count?, gum?, length?, hole?, snake?, ash?, hut?, pick?, goat?, hole?, sheep?, alder?, saw?, stove? ?, dew?, rock?, saliva?, resin?, owl?, plow?, foot?, country?, stanza?, string?, grass? and etc.;

2) beard, mountain, do? sku, earth, winter, po? ru, sleep and etc.

A number of words have two options for stress: harrow and harrow ?, river and river ?, ke?tu and ketu? and etc.

With an accent on the ending, some monosyllabic feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are pronounced when used with prepositions in and on the in circumstance: in a handful?, on the chest?, in bones?, in blood?, in the night?, on the stove?, in connection?, in the steppe?, in the shade?, on a chain?, in honor? etc. However: on the door? and two? ri, in a cage? and in the cage and etc.

Part of the nouns of the 3rd declension in the form of the genitive plural are pronounced with stress on the base, and part - with stress on the ending:

1) eminences, stupidity, insolence, localities, shepherds, honors, profits, preaching, strands, cuts, joys, pranks;

2) branch? th, handful, position, pole? th, brush? th, fortress? th, blade? th, flat? th, square, tale, role, set, tablecloth, speed, degree, sterlet, shadow slot? etc. However, it is possible: about? Industries and industries? etc. Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following them turns out to be unstressed: hour about hour, year about year; before? nights before? semi etc. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions:

On the: on the? leg, on mountain, on hand, on back, on winter, on soul, huh? wall, on head, on side; on the? coast, on year, on house, on nose, on corner, on ear, on day, on night, tooth on? tooth; on the? two, on three, na? six, na? ten, huh? hundred;

Behind: behind? leg, for head, for hair, for hand, for back, for winter, for soul; behind? nose, for year for? city; behind? ear, for ears, for night; behind? two, for three for? six for? ten for? forty, for hundred;

By: on? sea, by field, by forest, by semi, by nose, by ear; on? two, by three, by? one hundred, by two, by three;

Under: up the legs, up the arms, up the mountain, up the nose, down the evening;

From: and? from the nose;

Without: without news, without sense, without a year a week.

However: and? from the sight and from the sight, and? from the house and from the house, and? from the forest and from the forest, on? water and water and etc.

Many short adjectives (without stem suffixes or with suffixes -k-, -l-, -n-, -ok- in most cases, they have the stress on the first syllable of the stem in all forms except the feminine singular (where it passes to the ending). But some of these adjectives have a parallel form in the plural with an accent on the ending: pale, pale?, pale, pale?; close, close?, close, close?; striker, striker ?, striker, striker ?; merry, merry?, merry, merry?; harmful, harmful?, harmful, harmful?; stupid, stupid?, stupid? by, stupid? py?; deaf (deaf), deaf?, deaf?, deaf? hungry, hungry?, hungry, hungry; proud, proud?, proud, proud?; bitter, bitter?, bitter, bitter?; rude, rude?, rude?bo, rude?; thick, thick ?, thick? one hundred, thick? sty ?; cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap; to? log, debt?, to? long, to? lies; to? horn, road?, to? expensive, road? friendly, friendly?, friendly, friendly?; sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry; alive, alive?, alive? in, alive? you; green, green?, green, green?; strong? pok, strong?, strong? pko, strong? pki?; short, short, short, short, short; young, young?, young, young; right, right?, right? in, right? you; empty, empty?, empty, empty, empty?; rare, rare?, rare, rare?; light, light?, light, light; satiated, satiated?, satiated? those? sen, cramped?, those? clear, those? dreams?; stupid, stupid ?, stupid? by, stupid? py ?; cold, cold?, cold, cold?.

Difficulties are caused by the placement of stress in a number of verbs in the form of the past tense. Three groups of verbs can be distinguished here:

1) with an accent on the base in all forms: beat - beat, bi?la, bi?lo, bi?li; shave - shave, br? la, br? lo, br? li; blow - blew, blew, blew, blew, blew; reap - sting, sting, la, sting, sting; put - put, put? La, put? Lo, put? Whether; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; to cover - wings, wings? la, wing? lo, wings; wash - washed, we? la, we? lo, we? whether; knead - kneaded, mumbled, lathered, wrinkled, wrinkled; mouth - fell, pa?la, pa?lo, pa?li; neigh - neigh, neigh? La, neigh? Lo, neigh? sew - sewed, shi? la, shi? lo, shi?;

2) with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): take - took, took ?, took? Lo, took; to be - was, was?, would? lo, would? vit - pitchfork, pitchfork ?, vi?lo, vi?li; heed - heeded, heeded?, heeded? lo, heeded? to lie - lied, lied?, lied? lo, lied; drive - drove, drove ?, drove? Lo, drove? to fight - tore, tore?, to fight, to fight; live - lived, lived ?, lived? lo, lived? call - called, called ?, called? Lo, called? pour - lil, lil?, whether? lo, whether? whether; drink - drank, drank ?, drank? Lo, drank? swim - swam, swam ?, swam? Lo, swam? to tear - tore, tore?, tore? Lo, tore? take off - took off, took off ?, took off? Lo, took off? Whether; sleep - slept, slept ?, spa? lo, spa? etc. However: take - took, took ?, took? lo ?, took; give - gave, gave ?, yes? lo ?, yes? whether, etc .;

3) with an accent on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): donya?t - got it, got it?, got it?, got it; freeze? - for? measures, froze?, for? froze, froze; busy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; lock? - for? lane, locked?, for? bar, locked? hired - hired, hired ?, hired, hired; start - started, started, started ?, started, started; depart(leave) - o? left, departed ?, o? left, o? left; understand - understood, understood?, understood, understood; understood; arrive - arrived, arrived, arrived?, arrived, arrived; accept - accepted, accepted?, accepted, accepted; cursed - cursed, cursed?, cursed, cursed; to wane - y? was, wane?, y? was, y? were; die? - u? died, died ?, u?.

Some of the verbs allow a parallel form with an accent on the root: live? - lived up to? lived? l, lived up?, lived up? drink up - before? drunk? l, finished drinking?, up? ask - for? yes? l, asked?, for? yes? lo, for? yes? nazhi?t - nazhi?l, nazhila? take away - o? take away? l, took away ?, o? otpi?t - o?tpi?l, drank?, o?tpi?lo, o?tpi?li; give? - yes? l, filed?, yes? raise? t - by? day? l, raised?, by? day? lo, by? day? sell? - pro? yes? l, sold?, sold? yes? lo, sold? yes? live? - lived? lived? l, lived?, lived? lived? lo, lived? shed? t - about? or? l, shed?, pro? or? lo, pro? or? and etc.

A similar phenomenon is observed in some passive participles of the past tense: in the feminine form, in some cases, the stress falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix:

1) taken - taken, taken ?, taken? that, taken? you; vi? ty - vit, vit?, vi? then, vi? you; obsolete - outlived? t, obsolete? begun? started - started? chat, started?, started, started, started? chats; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted. However: before? given - before? given, before? given, before? given, before? given; about? given - about? given, about? given?, about? given, about? given; with? given - with? given, given? given?, given? given, given? pro? given - pro? given, sold? given?, sold? given, sold? given; born - born, born, born?, born, born, born; created - created, created, created?, created, created;

2) taken - taken, taken, taken, taken, taken; bred - bred, bred, bred, bred; taken away - taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away; tattered - tattered, torn, torn, torn, torn; for? called - for? called, for? called, for? called, for? called; and? chosen - and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen; iso-dran - iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran; recruited - recruited, recruited, recruited, recruited; called? called - called, called? called, called? called, called; selected? selected - selected? selected, selected? selected, selected? selected, selected; torn off - torn off, torn off, torn off, torn off; recalled - recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled; picked up - picked up, picked up, picked up, picked up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; interrupted - interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted; tidied up - tidied up, tidied up, tidied up, tidied up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; called - called, called, called, called, called; collected - collected, collected, collected, collected, collected; convened - convened, convened, convened, convened, convened etc. However: requested? given - requested? given, requested? given?, requested? given, requested? given.

In verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: with an emphasis on and(most of them) and with an emphasis on a:

1) ballot, balm, block, guarantee, debate, orchestrate, disqualify, discredit, debate, dispute, distill, discipline, differentiate? to plan, to plan, to illustrate, to stage, to inform, to qualify, to compromise, to compete, to state, to copy, to liquidate, to maneuver, to decoy, mini? vat, operate, parry, ratify, refine, rehabilitate, register, summarize, scalp, summarize, telegraph, third? exaggerate, exaggerate, formulate, force, photograph, quote, shock, evacuate and etc.;

2) bombard, corrugate, engrave, make up, group, drape, seal, lacquer, march, mask, furnish, seal, premium? t, form? etc. However: gaz? rov? t, normalize? rov? and etc.

Similar groups stand out among the passive past participles formed from verbs in –ing: shape on -and? corresponds to the form on -and?, form on -irova?t- form on -iro?bathroom:

1) block? block - blocked, plan? etc. Type Exceptions: distilled - distilled;

2) bombarded - bombarded, lacquered - lacquered, sealed - sealed - bathed, rewarded - rewarded, formed - formed etc. Respectively: Gazi? Rova? T - Gazi? Ro? Bathroom, Normal? Rova? and etc.

In conclusion, let us recall some words, the placement of stress in which causes difficulties.


and? vgustovsky

bus

autograph

agent

agency

agony

agronomy

alcohol

alphabet

anatomist

anoni?m

apartments and apartments

apostrophe

arbu?z, arbu?za, pl. watermelons

argument ? nt

are ? st

aristocrat ? tiya

asbe ? st

astrono ? m

a ? tlas(collection of geographical maps)

atla ? with(the cloth)

athlete

atomic

scam


pampered bathroom

pamper

barge and barge?

rampant

without y? silence

unprecedented

library

blocked

block? rove, block? ruesh

fear

fraternization

fraternize

delusional

armor(assigning something to someone)

armor?(protective lining made of steel)

bourgeoisie

being?

bureaucracy


gross

sculpture

sculptor

ve?rba

religion? giving

explosive

vision(ability to see)

vision(ghost)

magic?

thief, thief, pl. the thieves

gates

temporary? to

second?


gastronomy

hegemony

hectare

genesis

coat of arms, coat of arms?, pl. coats of arms?

hydroplane

hospital

engraver

grapefruit

grenadier

toast

caterpillar


long-standing

two? native

democracy

department

despot

hyphen

decimeter

activity

diagnosis

dialog

dispensary[se]

extraction?cha

contract, pl. contracts

agreement

call

document

dollar

don?

board?, pl. do?ski, do?juice and doso?k, do?scam and board?m

dramaturgy

nap?


Egyptian

unity

heretic


gland?, pl. same? glands, glands, iron? m

pearl, pl. pearls?

cruelly?


book(attach something to someone)

book(cover with armor)

envious bottom

forever? thai

CONSPIRACY

conspirator

headline

butt? lgo

loan

call? call, call? sh

zai?ndevet and frosty

close up

busy(Human)

busy(house)

zarzha? vet and rust

drought

call? call? sh

health resort

winterer

evil?ba

significance

jagged


hieroglyph

spoiled bathroom

spoil?

chosen one

sculpture

exile

and? for a long time

invention

occasionally

and?canopy

otherwise and otherwise

foreign

pulse

industry

tool

incident

spark

spark and spark

and?

expired

hysteria

run out and (col.) exhaust


flounder and (col.) flounder?

camphor? and camphor

camphor and camphor

catalog

catastrophe

rubber

quarter(part of the city; quarter of the year)

cedar

who? and chum?

ketovy and keto

kilometer

cinema

Cypriot and (col.) tarpaulin?

whale(mustache)

kitchi?

cemetery

pantry

skin?x

whooping cough

college

colossus(giant)

combiner and combine operator

compass

complex

compromise

more beautiful

flint

cooking and chefs? me

kitchen


lasso?

athlete

lazy

lethargy

lithography

lomo?ta

bruise


score

maneuvers

masterfully?

skill?

medications

a little and (col.) finely? m

metallurgy and (colloquial and prof.) metallurgy

meteorologist

mi?grain and (less often) miserable

the youth

monologue

monument

carrot

muscular and muscular

drill?

we?kat

cleaning


on? white

maybe

nave?rx

hex

on? naked(cut off)

naked?(hold checker)

need to take

askew

anvil

tax

intention

nao?tmash

arrears

obituary

dumbness?

hatred

nearby

unsurpassed

Necessé?r[nesese?r]

oil?nickname

newborn

normalize and (col.) normalize


madness?

security

depreciate thread

promised

ease

exchanged

encourage

exacerbate

everyday

ogu? scrap

borrow, borrow

embittered

window?, pl. o? kna, o? con

oligarchy

guardianship

lean on

wholesale

refresh

aware

otku?

partly


pa?

paralysis

parte?r[te]

libel

plowing

ashes?

translated

feathery(clouds)

the loop and (col.) the loop?

glider

mold

tale

whitewashed

induce?

cookery(salt)

immersed(per platform)

immersed(into water; into thought)

donate, donate

subtitle

swept up

poedo?m

poi?mka

porous

briefcase

handrails

pedestal? nt

in the morning?(there is)

at a funeral, at a funeral?

thing

reward

claimant

precedent

approximate(to something)

approximate(close)

sentence

dowry

prizes?

conscript? to

invocative(item, age)

invocatory(calling)

adapted

force

principle

acquisition

damn(cursed)

damn(hated)

pro?seka and (less often) pro?sec

percent

alias


developed? th (child), developed? I (industry)

developed (provisions developed in the report)

developed (curl)

crayfish and (colloquial) shell

get angry, get angry

revolver

belt

rust? vet and rust?

novel

mine

lead, lead, lead

ru?slo

lynx


soot? and sa?zhen

salute? be, salute? eat

sanitation

centimeter

beet

flog, past sek, sekla?, seklo?, sekla?(chopping)

strong

silage

symmetry and symmetry

an orphan?, pl. orphan companies

folded(from details)

folded(possessing one or another physique)

happening

swept away

sable? knowledge

perfect(perfected)

perfect(made)

modern

cosas?in

concentration

means, pl. facilities

stable

status

statute

a statue

shorthand

table?r

vessel

happy[sl]


customs

dancer

cottage cheese and (col.) cottage cheese

those?

terror

those fattels and meatballs?

brindle

tyranny

then? plivny

nausea?

trainer

litigation


coal, genus. u?look and coal?

carbonic(from coal)

carbonic(from injection)

Ukrainian

dead

simplification

aggravate and help? beat

uti?l, uti?la

thickened

discounted


facsimile

porcelain

fireworks

phenomenon and phenomenon

fetish

philanthropy

philately

forum

foundation


ha?nzhestvo

chaos(in ancient Greek mythology)

chaos and chaos(mess)

surgery

cotton(plant)

cotton(hit)

cotton

move? mystery

move? hide, move? hide

host?

sleek and sleek

ridge?t

Christian

chronograph

chronometer


cement

citrus

Gypsy


shepherd? n, shepherd?

che?rpat


chassis?

seamstress?

chauffeur

headquarters?(pl.)


sorrel

dandies? ha

smartly?

alkaline

pinch


excursion

expert

expert

export

epigraph

epilogue


Yuro? marvelous

yurt


language(pertaining to the verbal expression of thoughts)

linguistic(referring to an organ in the oral cavity)

barley


Look up to the speaker!

Of course, we will talk about the exemplary literary pronunciation of radio and television announcers, professional dramatic artists.


Normative pronunciation plays a huge role in the process of human communication. Any deviation from the norm in this area distracts the listener from the content of the statement, interferes with its correct perception, and causes a feeling of discontent. Literary pronunciation and stress are the most important components of sounding speech. Therefore, it is necessary to know the basic rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, individual sound combinations and grammatical forms.

An important role in our language is played by nasal consonants [m] and [n] and smooth consonants [l] and [p], with which a significant part of the words of the language begin; these consonants have great sonority and musicality. The appearance of many soft sounds in speech is explained by such a phonetic feature of the language as the softening of consonants before the front vowels [u] and [e].

In Russian words, difficult-to-pronounce combinations of sounds are almost absent, as a result of which speech acquires such valuable qualities as lightness and fluency.

Of great importance is the mobile stress of different places, due to which, in combination with intonational diversity, rhythm, musicality, and expressiveness of speech are created.

A few words about the development of Russian literary pronunciation. Its historical basis is Moscow speech, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance of the capital city, but for all its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”

With the development of the Russian national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character of nationwide pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way, in its main features, has been preserved at the present time as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

However, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that over the past century there have been fundamental changes in all areas of the life of our people, that the literary language has become the property of many millions of people and, thereby, the composition of the native speakers of the literary language has significantly expanded. Significantly changed, especially in the second half of the 20th century, the national and social composition of the population of Moscow - in short, conditions were created for the "loosening" of some of the former orthoepic norms and for the emergence of new pronunciation options that coexist today with the old norms.

It should also be taken into account that the styles of the literary language differ from each other not only in terms of vocabulary and grammar: the differences between them also extend to the area of ​​pronunciation. So, we can talk about two varieties of pronunciation style - the bookish (high) style, which finds its expression in public speeches, lectures, etc., and the colloquial style, which manifests itself in everyday speech, in everyday communication. These styles are respectively associated with vocabulary - bookish and colloquial. And between these two styles is the neutral style of pronunciation.

If we ignore the vocabulary and evaluate only the phonetic side of speech, then two styles are distinguished: full, characterized by a clear pronunciation of sounds, a slow pace of speech, and incomplete, characterized by less thoroughness in pronunciation of sounds, a faster pace of speech.

What can interest us in the field of pronunciation? First of all, those cases that obey the literary norm. Then there are such cases when pronunciation options are acceptable, of which one is still preferable and can be recommended: this means the choice between the options old and new, bookish and colloquial. In short, the same question is being solved: “What is the best way to say it?”

If we talk about the main trend in the development of Russian literary pronunciation, then this is the convergence of pronunciation with spelling. The explanation of this process should be sought primarily in such socio-cultural factors as the general literacy of the population, the widespread use of the mass media, craving for books, etc. Acquaintance with the literary language (including standard pronunciation) begins mainly at school. And before the eyes of children from the first days of training, there is always a graphic image of a word, which, with a tenacious childhood memory, is firmly remembered and leaves its mark on pronunciation.

Maybe you noticed the double pronunciation of the suffix -sya / -sya- with soft [s '] and hard [s]? The old Moscow norm recommended a firm pronunciation (it is preserved to some extent on the theater stage, in the speech of radio and television announcers): scared[sa], strive[sa], combat[with], I hope[with]. Currently, the pronunciation with soft [s '] prevails. It is not difficult to explain this change. Even at school, children learn that in letter combinations Xia and camping the vowel letter and the letter "soft sign" indicate the softness of the pronunciation of the preceding consonant (this is illustrated by examples: [s'a] d, ve[with']). How can a schoolchild know that this provision does not apply to verb forms and that in them -sya sounds like [sa], but -ss- how [with]? It is much easier to remember the general rule, and you can safely pronounce the indicated suffixes (postfixes) softly.

According to the old norm (not yet completely lost), adjectives in -hy, -hy, -hy (strict, distant, quiet) and verbs in - nod, - nod, - nod (stretch, push, push) were pronounced without softening the back-lingual consonants [g], [k], [x] and with a weakening (reduction) of the subsequent vowel (in place of the letter and a sound was pronounced between [a] and [s]). But the schoolboy knows that in the words [g'i] vigor, [k'i] vat, [x'i] three these consonants, according to the laws of Russian pronunciation, sound soft, and there is no need to inform him that in some grammatical forms this rule is not observed. Therefore, he extends the general proposition to special cases. In this case, you can also safely use the new “soft” norm.

You can point to other changes in pronunciation, explained by the same reason - the influence of spelling. Yes, spelling LJ according to the previous norm, it was pronounced as a long soft [zh ']. But the hissing [g] is by nature hard, and it is not surprising that words like reins, buzz now more and more often pronounced with a solid long [g].

Under the influence of spelling, the pronunciation of the letter combination has changed ch. Earlier in book words ( endless, eternal, exact etc.) combination ch was pronounced in accordance with the spelling, but in everyday words - like [shn] ( measles[sn] left, plum[sn] th etc.). Today's pronunciation ch as [shn] was preserved in a few words: of course, boring, laundry, fiddling, mustard plaster, birdhouse, scrambled eggs and etc.

Let us dwell on two more cases: on the pronunciation of double consonants and words of foreign origin. Matching the pronunciation of words gamma - grammar, mass - massage, we notice that double consonants between vowels are pronounced as a long sound if the accent precedes the double consonant ( ha?mma, ma?sa). If the stressed syllable is after double consonants, then they are pronounced as a simple (not long) sound ( grammar? tika, mass?). Hence the difference in the pronunciation of words with double consonants:

1) with a long consonant at the root, the words are pronounced: va? nna, g? mma, group? ppa, cape? lla, ka? ssa, massa, program? mma, then? etc.;

2) with a simple (short) consonant, the words are pronounced at the root: cancel, assistant, influenza, group, correspondent, saturday, terra? sa, terror, tunnel etc.

A long consonant is also pronounced at the beginning of a word before a vowel ( quarrel, loan) and at the junction of morphemes: prefixes and roots ( carefree, seated) or root and suffix ( deep, equestrian).

In the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, we are interested in the pronunciation of unstressed about and pronunciation of consonants before e.

According to the rules of Russian phonetics in place of the letter about in the first pre-stressed syllable [a] is pronounced (compare the literary pronunciation of the words water, leg, time etc.). But in some words of foreign origin, the literary norm recommends pronunciation in accordance with the spelling, i.e. in words boa, bordeaux, necklace, hotel, foyer, highway etc. on the spot about pronounce [o]. In separate words poet, sonnet, phonetics etc.) in place about along with the pronunciation [o] (book version) there is the pronunciation [a] (colloquial version).

As you know, in Russian words (as well as in borrowed words that have long been included in the Russian language), the consonant before e pronounced softly: [b '] white, [in'] cheat, [d'] day, [l’] UTB,[m'] ena, [n'] no, [P'] first, [with'] ery etc. However, in words of foreign origin, insufficiently mastered by the Russian language and perceived as borrowed, the consonant before e not mitigated: for example: ice[b] erg, en[t] enna, [d] elta, ka[f] e, porridge[n] e, ku[P] e, summary[m] e, ti[R] e, chimp[h] e, highway[e].

A very small conclusion

Our joint journey into the world of language is over. But each of you has wide opportunities to continue it on your own: there are no limits to the study of your native language.

It is appropriate to recall the statement of the famous French philosopher and enlightenment writer Voltaire: “Learning several languages ​​is a matter of one or two years; and it takes half a lifetime to learn to speak your own language properly.”



Studying pronunciation norms orthoepy. Orthoepy means correct pronunciation. Russian orthoepy is a branch of the science of the Russian language that studies the norms of literary pronunciation. In Russian orthoepy, “senior” and “junior” norms are distinguished in the pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. The "older" norm retains the features of the old Moscow pronunciation. The "younger" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation. The listener tries to perceive the meaning of what was said. Mistakes in the pronunciation of certain words “cut the ear”, distract from the essence of the presentation, and can cause misunderstanding and indignation.

By the way a person speaks, how he puts stresses, one can determine, for example, the place of his birth, residence. There are such dialectal features as "akanye" or "okanye", etc. In any case, the correct pronunciation of words is an indicator of the level of education of the speaker.

Among the norms of pronunciation, two of the strongest can also be distinguished. First norm- this is a quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. This rule excludes the so-called okanie, i.e. the pronunciation of the sound [ about] in the unstressed position. You can’t say [milk?, expensive? th, gold], etc. You need to say: [malak?

Attention should be paid to the difficult cases of reduction.

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i to pronounce the sound [ ie]: clock. This is called "hiccup". It is found in neutral and conversational styles. "Ekanye" (pronouncing in a given phonetic position of the sound [ ee]) characterizes stage speech: in[ ee]net, t[ ee]New. Pronunciation h[ and]sy- obsolete h[ a]sy- dialect.

In a few words of foreign origin, not completely assimilated by the Russian language, in place of the letter about, unlike the Russian orthoepic norm, in an unstressed position, a weakened [ about], i.e. without reduction: for the sake of[ about]. too clear [ about] is perceived as mannered, on the other hand - a distinct pronunciation [ about] in "Russified" book words ( sonata, novella) is also undesirable, as it gives the pronunciation a colloquial connotation.

Causes difficulty and functioning in speech sound [ about], indicated on the letter by the letter e. letter yo proposed to use the Russian historian N. M. Karamzin, simplifying the complex drawing of a letter that existed earlier in the alphabet. However, the letter yo now we can only meet in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying Russian. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. Pay attention to words in which the vowel [ about], denoted by the letter yo, sometimes erroneously replaced with a percussion [ uh], whitish, maneuvers pronounced like whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, percussion [ uh] is erroneously replaced by [ about] yo: grenadier, scam pronounced like grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not standard.

The second strongest pronunciation norm- this is a softening of hard consonants before soft ones and before front vowels.

After the hissing [ well] and [ w] and sound [ c] unstressed vowel [ a] is pronounced like a short [ a]: jargon, kings, but before soft consonants - like the sound [ ye]: sorry, thirty. On rare occasions [ ye] is also pronounced before hard consonants: rye, jasmine.

Consonants c, w, w- solid sounds, after them in place of the letter and pronounced [ s]: revolution[ s]I, w[ s]zn, sh[ s]p.

There are also a number of rules that regulate the correct use (application), i.e., the pronunciation of consonants (most often combinations of consonants). Let's list some of them.

In masculine nouns – ism consonant [ h] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when softening the final consonant in D.p. and P.p.: under capitalism.

Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before voiceless consonants are stunned: shares[ with], pre[ t] acceptance.

Consonant [ G] can be pronounced as [ G] – year, [ to] – enemy, [ ? ] – God(r-fricative), [ X] – God, [ in] – whom.

Sound [ ? ] within the modern literary norm is pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation of [ G]God, but[ G]a, o[ G]o can be considered a variant of the norm.

In the Russian language, there is a tendency for the adaptability of the sound image of borrowed words with e after a hard consonant, many such words have "Russified" and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa. But a number of words retain a solid consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Possible variant pronunciation: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.

According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination ch pronounced like [ sh]. Currently [ sh] is stored in words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, fiddling and in female patronymics on - ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna. In a number of words, a double pronunciation is allowed: bulo[ ch]naya and bulo[ sh]naya, although the latter is becoming obsolete.

According to the "older" norm, the combination thu pronounced like [ PCS] in the word what and words derived from it: nothing, something etc. Currently, this rule is kept for all the specified words except something[ thu]. In all other words, spelling thu always pronounced like [ thu]: mail, dream.

Combination railway in the word rain and its derivatives were pronounced according to the "higher" norm as [ zh'zh'] (at the end of the word - [ sh'sh']). Modern pronunciation [ zhd'] (at the end of the word - [ PCS']) is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the "older" norm, spelling combinations zzh and LJ(yeast, later) worn out like [ zh'zh'] - long and soft hissing. Currently in place zzh and LJ pronounced hard hissing [ LJ]. And this pronunciation is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the rate of speech, full and incomplete styles of pronunciation are distinguished. The full style is characterized by slow tempo, correct articulation. Sounds are pronounced clearly and clearly, for example: "Hello!" The incomplete style is characterized by a fast pace, fuzzy pronunciation of sounds is allowed, for example: Hello! Incomplete style is appropriate for everyday, interpersonal communication.

According to another classification of styles, there are high, neutral and colloquial styles. The choice of pronunciation style depends on the appropriateness of its use in a particular situation. In colloquial speech, you can pronounce words "only" like [toko], words "what"[che], etc. It is obvious that such liberties are unacceptable in a public speech or official communication.

You should also pay attention to the placement of the accent. Stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: end - final - finish.

In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R. I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word. This is the best way to learn the above norms: before using in practice any word that causes difficulties, look into the spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.