Organs of the respiratory system of the sepia cuttlefish. Practical homeopathic medicine. Do you know that

cephalopods

Cuttlefish have been known to people since time immemorial. You can even say that they have contributed to the development of human culture - for centuries, people wrote with cuttlefish ink. In addition, the name of brown paint in the language of artists - "sepia" owes its origin to cuttlefish, since this paint was also made from cuttlefish ink.

It should be noted that in Latin the detachment of cuttlefish is called Sepiida, a common cuttlefish - Sepia officinalis. In addition to ink, the supply of which is greater in cuttlefish than in other cephalopods, man used their tender and very tasty meat for food, and the "sepia bone" - the inner shell of the cuttlefish - was used in the economy for a long time.

What kind of animal is this, where is it found and how is it arranged?
In scientific terms, a detachment of cuttlefish ( Sepiida) is included in the subclass of intrashell cephalopods ( Coleoidea), to which all (with the exception of nautiluses) modern cephalopods belong - octopuses, squids, vampyrophores. All these animals have an internal rudimentary shell - the remnant of the former luxurious shell of distant ancestors. The rudimentary shell appears to be a transitional element from the common mollusk shell to the animal spine.

What does a common cuttlefish look like?
This animal has a flattened body, trimmed on the sides with a narrow border of fins. Ten short tentacles (arms) of cuttlefish are armed with two to four rows of suckers. At rest or during movement, the cuttlefish retracts its tentacles into special pockets located on the head under the eyes. In this position, only the tips of the tentacles are visible.
But as soon as a gaping crab, shrimp or small fish is nearby, the cuttlefish instantly throws out its tentacles and sticks them to the victim.

Under the cover of the skin bag - the mantle that covers the body of the cuttlefish, there is a shell - sepion, which is a hard calcareous plate consisting of several layers connected by partitions, which makes it look like a honeycomb. The chambers between the partitions are filled with gas. The shell serves not only as a shield covering the back of the cuttlefish, but also acts as a hydrostatic apparatus that increases the buoyancy of the cuttlefish.

Cuttlefish do not move as fast as their squid relatives, although they are armed with a jet funnel.
They usually swim with their fins, but they can also use jet propulsion. The fins can act separately, which gives the cuttlefish amazing maneuverability when moving - it can even move sideways. If the cuttlefish moves only in a jet way, then it presses its fins to its belly.
Often, cuttlefish gather in small flocks, moving rhythmically and in concert, while simultaneously changing the color of the body. The sight is very mesmerizing.

The ways of hunting cuttlefish are also peculiar - they often lie on the bottom and, with wave-like movements of their fins, throw sand or silt over themselves and, having changed color to the background of the soil, completely become invisible to the eye. In this state, they lie in wait for prey.
But cuttlefish can hunt not only from ambush. Often they slowly swim above the bottom and wash away the sand with a jet from the funnel, in which small animals - shrimps, crustaceans and other living creatures - take shelter. Hungry cuttlefish can even chase prey, sometimes attacking their smaller relatives that are nearby.
At the slightest danger, the cuttlefish launches ink, arranging an "ink curtain" or making an "ink double".

Like all intrashell cephalopods, cuttlefish have a very developed nervous system, which is not inferior in organization to the nervous system of fish.
The brain of cuttlefish is enclosed in a cartilaginous capsule and consists of lobes. Most of the volume of the brain is made up of optical lobes, which process information from the organs of vision. Cuttlefish have a developed memory, they learn well, like octopuses. They solve some problems as well as rats.

Of all the sense organs, cephalopods (except nautiluses) have the most developed vision. The eyes of a cuttlefish are only 10 times smaller than the size of the entire body.
Among the inhabitants of the seas, cuttlefish are the owners of one of the sharpest eyes - up to 150 thousand photosensitive receptors are located per 1 sq. mm of the retina of the eye (in most fish this figure does not exceed 50 thousand). Only in some species of squid the eyes are even sharper.
In addition, cuttlefish, like most cephalopods, have special extraocular photoreceptors that can also perceive light. These photoreceptors are located in the back region of cuttlefish. Their purpose is not fully understood.
But that's not all - like many mollusks, cuttlefish can perceive light with the help of numerous light-sensitive cells located on the skin. These cells control the body color change mechanism of the cuttlefish. Therefore, it is not surprising that vision plays a special role in the life of cuttlefish.

On the suckers of the tentacles (arms) of cuttlefish are tactile and taste receptors, with their help the animal can determine whether the "dish" matches its taste. Those. cuttlefish taste food with their hands, just like octopuses. In addition, the cuttlefish also has olfactory organs located on the head, below the eyes.

The organs of hearing in cuttlefish, like in all cephalopods, are poorly developed. It has only been established that they perceive low-frequency noises and sounds: the noise of ship propellers, the noise of rain, etc.

Cuttlefish are endowed with a very useful ability to change the color of their body as needed or on a whim. This property is inherent in many cephalopods, but cuttlefish are a real virtuoso in disguise.
The ability to change the color of the body is achieved due to the numerous elastic cells under the skin of the animal, filled with paint, like watercolor tubes. The scientific name for these amazing cells is chromatophores. At rest, they look like tiny balls, but when, with the help of spiral muscle fibers, they stretch, they take on the shape of a disk. Changing the size and shape of the chromatophore occurs very quickly - in 1-2 seconds. This changes the color of the body.
Cuttlefish chromatophores come in three colors - brown, red and yellow. The body of the cuttlefish can take on the rest of the colors of the spectrum with the help of special cells - irridiocysts, which lie under the chromatophores in a layer and are, in a way, prisms and mirrors that reflect and refract light and decompose it into various components of the spectrum.
Thanks to these amazing cells, the cuttlefish can change its body color as it pleases. In the art of disguise, no animal can compare with the cuttlefish, not even the octopus.
Just now she was striped like a zebra, sank down on the sand and instantly became sandy yellow, lies on the stones - her body repeats the pattern and shades of the ground.

Well, what are the sense organs that correct the change in the color of the body of the cuttlefish? Of course, first of all, vision. If a cuttlefish is deprived of sight, then its ability to "chameleon" will decrease sharply. But it will not completely lose the ability to change the color of the body, since extra-ocular photoreceptors, skin photoreceptors, and, oddly enough, receptors on the tentacles play a certain (insignificant) role in this process.

Cuttlefish reproduce sexually. At the same time, the male of one of the hands, called the hectocotylus, takes out the spermatophores packed in "packages" from the mantle cavity and transfers them to the female's seminal receptacle, where the egg is fertilized.
The clutches, similar to bunches of grapes, are laid by the female in shallow coastal waters, attaching them to underwater objects. Each testicle hangs on a long stem-stalk. The stalks of all the eggs are so carefully intertwined with each other that it seems that a person, with his dexterous fingers, could not do this job more accurately. The female cuttlefish performs this procedure with complex tentacle movements.
After spawning, cuttlefish, like octopuses, die, so their life cycle is only one to two years.
After some time, tiny mollusks hatch from the eggs, which already have a shell and an ink sac filled with ink.

Cuttlefish have long been an object of fishing, which is becoming more intense every year. Currently, several hundred thousand tons of them are mined annually.
Used by man and ink liquid, and tender meat and even internal organs, which are used in the preparation of medical and perfumery preparations.

There are cuttlefish in the shallow zone of most tropical and subtropical seas in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania. Numerous in the Mediterranean. There are more than 100 species of them, and almost every year new, previously unknown species are discovered. An interesting detail is that cuttlefish are not found in the waters of the seas of North America, and cuttlefish shells that come across on the beaches and shores are brought from afar by currents and thrown out by waves onto land.

kraken

Giant squid architeutis (architeuthis) are among the largest cephalopods.
These huge animals can reach, according to scientists, 20 meters in length. Since ancient times, human rumor has been passed down from generation to generation of legends and myths about huge monsters with tentacles equipped with huge suction cups that lived in sea waters and attacked ships.
This monster is called kraken ".

Krakens were first described by the great Aristotle. He called them "big teutys" and claimed that squids up to 25 meters long are found in the Mediterranean Sea.
Homer made the first literary description of giant squids: his Scylla is nothing more than a kraken.
For a long time, the kraken was considered an invention of sailors who like to tell various fables about encounters with unusual marine life, since there was no documentary evidence of the existence of the kraken.
And only in the middle of the 19th century the legends came to life.

First, the French frigate "Alecton" in November 1861 collided with a large kraken. The entire crew of the ship took part in the battle with him, who tried to extract an unusually large animal from the water.
However, all efforts were in vain - harpoons and hooks easily tore the body of the kraken and it was impossible to grab it.
The only prey then turned out to be a small piece of the body, torn out by a harpoon, and a drawing of a squid, which the ship's artist managed to complete.

The ship's captain's report on this incident was read out at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences. But no material evidence capable of convincing the scientific world of the plausibility of the incident was provided, just as it was impossible to establish the type of animal that the ship collided with.

Soon, in the 70s of the same century, evidence was obtained.
In the autumn of 1878, three fishermen were fishing in one of the bays of Newfoundland. Seeing some huge mass in the water and mistaking it for the wreckage of a shipwrecked ship, one of the fishermen poked a hook at it. Suddenly, the mass came to life, reared up and the fishermen saw that they had stumbled upon a kraken. The monster's long tentacles coiled around the boat.
The kraken began to sink and pulled the boat into the depths. One of the fishermen did not lose his head and chopped off the hands of the kraken with an ax. The kraken, releasing ink and coloring the water around, slipped into the depths and disappeared. However, the severed tentacle remained in the boat and was handed over by fishermen to local naturalist R. Harvey.
So for the first time, a part of the body of a sea monster hitherto considered a mythical sea monster fell into the hands of scientists, disputes about the existence of which had been going on for many centuries.
Literally a month later, in the same area, fishermen managed to catch a kraken with a net. This specimen also fell into the hands of scientists. The body length of this kraken (with tentacles) reached 10 meters.
In 1880, a very large specimen of a kraken 18.5 meters long was caught in the New Zealand region.

The 19th century was apparently disastrous for krakens - in subsequent years they were often found dead on the shore or dying on the surface of the sea, as well as in the stomachs of sperm whales in different parts of the oceans, but mainly off the coast of Newfoundland, New Zealand, UK and Norway.
Over the period that has passed since the capture of the first copy of the kraken, they have been caught in many points of the World Ocean - in the North Sea, off the coast of Norway and Scotland, in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Japan, the Philippines and Northern Australia.
You can also meet krakens in the seas washing the Russian shores - in the Barents Sea and in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (near the Kuril Islands).

The kraken is a huge squid that, according to zoologists, can reach 20 meters in length (with tentacles) and weigh up to half a ton. The diameter of the suckers on the tentacles of the kraken can reach 6-8 centimeters. The huge eyes of this giant squid are striking - they can reach more than 20 cm in diameter and are considered the largest eyes among the inhabitants of the animal kingdom.
Scientists believe that krakens live mainly at significant depths of the oceans (more than half a kilometer), and only dying, sick or even dead animals appear on the surface.

Is the kraken dangerous to humans?
Theoretically, these squids can pose a danger to small vessels, but such a theory has not yet been documented.

The main enemies of krakens are sperm whales, which are able to dive to depths of up to 1000 meters and stay there without air for a long time. Confirmation of clashes between krakens and sperm whales are numerous wounds from hooks and suckers on the body of sperm whales, which are left by giant clams clinging to life. The weight categories of opponents are far from equal - a large sperm whale can weigh up to 50 tons, while a large kraken can weigh no more than half a ton. Kraken, according to scientists, has neutral buoyancy and is not able to move as fast as its small brothers in the detachment. Armed with powerful teeth, the sperm whale can only oppose a powerful beak, an ink curtain and a feeble attempt to escape, clinging to the whale's body with suction cups and hooks of tentacles.

However, there is evidence that krakens are not at all innocent victims, unable to give a worthy rebuff to the sperm whale.
In 1965, the sailors of a Soviet whaling ship witnessed a fierce battle between a kraken and a large sperm whale weighing about 40 tons. The battle of the titans, according to the stories of the sailors, ended in a draw - the squid strangled the sperm whale with its tentacles, but the whale managed to grab the head of a giant mollusk in its jaw and kill it.



Sepia, or cuttlefish ink, is a dark blackish liquid secreted by the cuttlefish cephalopod.

The tincture is made from sepia, which must be obtained in liquid form and dried naturally. Milk sugar rubs are made from the same product.

Pathogenesis Sepia found in Hahnemann's Chronic Diseases.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION

Action Sepia from the very beginning of the experience, it manifests itself in the sympathetic nervous system and mainly in the vasomotors. Indeed, after four hours, there is an increase in blood circulation, flushes to the head, which end in the release of sweat, fainting and loss of strength. At the same time, there is irritation of the nervous system with excitement and sadness.

This is followed by venous congestion. It is especially noticeable in the portal vein system, hence the congestion in the liver and uterus. The congestion of the veins in the extremities causes a painful feeling of weakness, twitching, heaviness, especially noticeable in the thighs, after sleep. There are fainting spells, prostration, general prostration; muscles that are flaccid in themselves are even more relaxed, hence the prolapse of the rectum, the inactivity of the intestines.

This general dysfunction of the body produces visible changes in the skin, which become yellow, earthy.

The mucous membranes are also affected: the discharge is always mucopurulent, greenish-yellow, not irritating; due to irritation of the mucous membrane of the urinary tract, diseases of the urethra with pain and bladder are observed; irritation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract causes a dry incessant cough, aggravated by cold. Later comes the discharge of greenish-yellow sputum, as in the early stages of consumption. There is also a flaccid chronic catarrh of the nose with profuse green and yellow discharge, as in Pulsatilla, but the action Sepia deeper - bones can often be affected, as in lakes.

TYPE OF

Type of Sepia with sickly sallow complexion; on the face, mainly on the bridge of the nose, in the form of a saddle, there are yellow spots that are also found on the whole body. Blue under the eyes, black hair, slender figure. Such subjects, both men and women, are prone to sweating. They suffer from hot flashes, headache in the morning, wake up feeling tired. There is almost always some kind of disease in the genitals. Both sexes have congestive liver, atonic dyspepsia, constipation.

Physical type Sepia never has a strong, healthy appearance, good health, but on the contrary, impotence, general weakness, pale color of the connective membranes.

Mentally subject Sepia- and this is most often a woman - always sad for no reason; seeks solitude, avoids society, cries without any reason on the sly. Everything is boring for him, things are disgusting to him, and he is not at all interested in them; family and even children are completely indifferent to him.

Sadness is replaced by periods of excitement, during which the patient becomes irritable. Attacks of involuntary tears and laughter are often observed.

PECULIARITIES

Worse: morning and evening, new and full moon.

Improvement: after noon.

Dominant side: left.

CHARACTERISTIC

Feeling of heaviness and pressure on the bottom, as if all the contents of the abdominal cavity want to go out through the vagina, as a result of this, a characteristic posture: the patient crosses her legs with force or presses on the vagina with her hand.

Yellow patches, hepatic, particularly visible on the face, cheeks and nose, where they are butterfly or saddle shaped.

Abrasions and eczema on the folds of almost all joints.

Rigor and heaviness in the thighs, especially after sleep.

Weakness in the joints that disappears when walking; looks like they are about to pop out.

Sensation of a foreign body, bullets, in various parts of the body, especially in the rectum.

Every collar seems narrow; the patient stretches it ( Lachesis).

Foul-smelling perspiration, chiefly under the armpits and in the popliteal pits.

Mucopurulent discharge, yellowish green and non-irritating, similar to Pulsatilla.

Vomiting and nausea, easily coming on under the influence of the slightest physical or moral influence.

Food seems too salty Pulsatilla vice versa.

Pain. pain Sepia are often at rest, and movement never improves them. They are worst at night, accompanied by numbness of the affected part, worse from cold, better after dinner.

The chair is hard, knotty, balls, insufficient, difficult. Pain in rectum during and long after stool.

Menses are irregular, unlike one another, most often late and scanty. Colic before menses. During them, pressure on the bottom, the need to cross the legs.

MAIN INDICATIONS

Wherever there is a disease requiring a prescription Sepia, according to Testa, we can certainly say that it is always accompanied by known organic or functional disorders of the genital organs.

The consequences of venous stasis in the uterus can be:

LOSS AND DISPLACEMENT OF THE UTERUS.

BELI against which Sepia often the best remedy; they are yellow, green, with severe itching.

STOPPING AND TOO HEAVY MENTIONS are indifferently cured Sepia, unless they depend on venous congestion in the uterus.

It is the best remedy for gonorrhea in women, after the acute symptoms have disappeared.

Venous stasis in the abdominal cavity causes from the intestines:

PROLONGATION OF THE RECTUM.

HEMORRHOIS: bleeding in the stool, with fullness in the rectum, as if distended by some foreign body, which causes urging.

DYSPEPSIA with empty and sinking feeling in stomach, weakness in pit of stomach and in abdomen, with normal or bitter taste in mouth; the need for sour and seasonings; bloating. The patient easily vomits (when brushing his teeth, from the smell of food, when receiving unpleasant news, etc.).

Sensitivity in the region of the liver.

Does not tolerate milk, it produces a sour eructation.

Dyspepsia of smokers.

MIGRAINE with throbbing pains over the eye (usually over the left).

Gouty headache, worse in the morning with nausea and vomiting (the liver is naturally affected and the urine is saturated with uric acid). Shooting pains over left eye, in vertex and occiput. Very intense pain, sometimes like a blow, when shaking the head.

ECZEMA on the head and on the face, on the folds of the joints, in the vagina and anus. Dry scaly crusts, firmly seated and separated with great difficulty in the presence of uterine disorders, indicate mainly Sepia. The rash periodically gets wet. It often takes on a round or annular shape, especially at the folds of the joints. Worse during and after menses, from warmth in bed. Skin diseases are often replaced by uterine disorders.

BRONCHITIS: expectoration of dirty, salty tasting sputum.

Lack of strength, worse in the evening, ptosis. Sudden loss of vision.

DOSES

Most often, medium and high dilutions are used. Low rubbing is useful in diseases of the throat, uterus and skin. With leucorrhea, a first decimal rub of five centigrams twice a day is often necessary, according to Piedvas.

SUMMARY

Wherever there is a disease, one can certainly say that it is always accompanied by known overt or latent organic or functional diseases in the genital area. Already Hippocrates used Sepia in women's diseases. Sepia called "washerwomen's medicine", many illnesses are caused or aggravated by work in the laundry. Venous congestion in the portal vein, with painful disorders of the liver and uterus.

cephalopods(Cephalopoda) - a class of animals from the type of molluscs. The main features of Cephalopods are: a large isolated head with long tentacles (arms) arranged in a ring around the mouth; a leg shaped like a cylindrical funnel; an extensive, covered with a special fold of skin (mantle) cavity on the back (abdominal) [Comparative cephalopods and other mollusks shows that the body of cephalopods is elongated in height, in a dorsoventral direction. Their mouth is placed not at the very front, but at the lowest end of the body, the mantle and gill cavity lie on the back side, and the opposite side will be the front. Therefore, in a calmly lying or swimming cuttlefish, the upward (dorsal) side is the morphological front side of the body, and the downward (ventral) side is actually the back. In the following presentation, we designate the organs for the most part both by their morphological and by their apparent position: the anterior (dorsal) and posterior (ventral) side of the body, containing one or two pairs of comb-like gills; shell (if any), external or internal, divided into chambers; it is simple, calcareous or horny; a mouth with an upper and lower jaw and a toothed tongue; nerve nodes are enclosed in an internal cartilaginous skeleton; separate sexes. General body shape and integument. From the body, which can be both short and very elongated, a large head is clearly separated, on the sides of which a pair of large eyes sits. Around the opening of the mouth are long and thick fleshy appendages - hands. On the inside, the arms are seated lengthwise in one or several rows with strong suction cups, with the help of which Cephalopods can firmly stick to various objects. With the help of hands, Cephalopods feel and grab objects and can also crawl on them. According to the number of arms, cephalopods are divided into octopuses (Octopoda) and decapods (Decapoda). In the latter, two extra arms (grasping or tentacle arms) are not placed in the same row with the others, but somewhat inward from them, between the third and fourth pair (if you count from the median dorsal line to the ventral line); these two arms are longer than the others, usually equipped with suckers only at their widened ends, and can be more or less drawn into special pouches. Suckers have the form of annular muscle rollers with a depression inside, which can be increased by the action of the muscles. In decapods, suckers sit on a short stalk and are equipped with a chitinous ring at the edge. Of all the living cephalopods, only the genus Nautilus, instead of arms, has numerous small tentacles located in groups on special lobes. On the ventral (actually posterior) side of the body lies an extensive gill cavity, which lies between the mantle and the body; gills lie here (4 in Nautilus, 2 in all other living Cephalopods) and the openings of the intestines, kidneys and genital organs open here. communicates with the external environment through a wide slit immediately behind the head; this gap closes when the edge of the mantle, due to the contraction of its muscles, is tightly pressed against the body. A funnel protrudes from the gill cavity - a fleshy conical tube, the wide posterior end of which is placed in the gill cavity, the narrowed anterior one sticks out. When the gill slit is closed, water, due to the contraction of the mantle, is forcefully ejected through the funnel from the gill cavity to the outside. Rhythmic contractions of the mantle, in which water is alternately pushed out through the funnel, then again enters through the open gill slit, maintain a continuous exchange of water in the gill cavity, necessary for respiration; in the same way, excretions of the kidneys and sexual products are thrown out. At the same time, due to the force of the resulting push, Cephalopods, throwing water out of the funnel, can swim backwards forward. In decapods, fins on the sides of the body are also used for swimming. The funnel of the cephalopods corresponds to the foot of the rest of the mollusks; in Nautilus, the funnel is split along the mid-abdominal line and looks like a leaflet rolled up into a tube. The arms of cephalopods should also be considered as organs corresponding to the lateral parts of the leg of gastropods; their nerves originate not from the head ganglions, but from the foot ones. The skin of cephalopods is smooth or wrinkled, in some (pelagic cephalopods) it is gelatinous, more or less translucent. A remarkable feature of it is the pigment cells, chromatophores, lying under the epithelium, in the upper layer of the skin connective tissue. These are rather large cells, equipped with a delicate unstructured membrane, to which radially located fibers adjoin. have the ability, regulated by the nervous system, to change their shape, shrink into a ball or stretch in a plane. These changes in the shape of the pigment-containing cells cause the ability of the skin to play with colors; in the squid (Loligo) larvae that have just hatched from the egg, the play of the chromatophore, now disappearing, now flashing with bright, fiery colors, presents an unusually beautiful sight under a magnifying glass. Deeper than the chromatophore in the skin of the cephalopod lies a layer of thin plates (iridocysts), which give the skin a metallic sheen. - Most cephalopods have special small holes on their heads, the so-called. water pores leading to subcutaneous cavities of various sizes; The latter is, apparently, in connection with the process of fouling of the eyes and bases of the arms with folded skin, which takes place in the embryo, as a result of which the eyes, together with the ophthalmic ganglia, lie in a special subcutaneous cavity.

Cephalopods.

1. Architeuthis princeps.

2. Octopus macropus.

11. Spirula australis.

12. Argonauta argo.

Fig. 2. Sepiola nervous system. 1. - g o fishing knot; 2 - foot; 3 - visceral; 4 - manual (bronchial); 5 - upper mouth node; 6 - funnel nerve; 7 - splanchnic nerve; 8 - cut; ph- throat; os- esophagus.

In bibranchs, the head cartilage has the shape of a closed wide ring surrounding the central nervous system, with lateral pterygoid processes forming the bottom of the eye cavities. In the same head cartilage, in special cavities, auditory organs are enclosed. In decapods, there are supraocular cartilages, cup-shaped cartilages at the base of the funnel, etc. The cephalopod, which contains typical nerve ganglions characteristic of mollusks in general, is a ganglionic mass crowded around the esophagus behind the pharynx and enclosed in the head cartilage, through which the nerves exit through special openings . so merged with each other that the bundles of fibers connecting them (commissures and connectives) are not visible from the outside: all nodes are covered with a continuous cortical layer of nerve cells. Above the esophagus lie the head (cerebral) nodes, on the sides of the esophagus, in the surrounding ganglionic mass - pleural; the nerve mass lying under the esophagus contains the foot (pedal) and, and the first are divided to a greater or lesser extent into the brachial ones lying in front, giving nerves to the arms, and the foot proper, supplying the funnel with nerves. The optic nerves depart from the head nodes, forming in front of the eyeball huge visual nodes, often larger in size than the head, then the olfactory and auditory nerves. Separate nerves go from the brachial nodes to the arms. Two large mantle nerves depart from the parietal nodes (fused with the visceral ones); each of them enters on the inner surface of the mantle into the so-called. ganglion stellatum, from which the nerves radiate along the mantle. The eyes are most simply arranged in Nautilus, where they look like simple pits opening outwards; the bottom of the pits is lined with altered cells of the skin epithelium, forming the retina. directly washed by sea water filling the open eye chamber: there is no cornea, no lens, no vitreous body. Due to the perfection and complexity of the structure, the large eyes of bibranchs occupy an outstanding place among the organs of vision of all invertebrates. A closed eyeball is formed in the embryo from the same cup-shaped depression that the eye of Nautilus remains forever, and after overgrowing the hole, it is covered from the outside by an annular fold of skin that forms the cornea (cornea). At the same time, in some decapods, the named fold of skin does not completely grow over the eyes, leaving a wide opening above the lens, which passes the eyes inside (open-eyed, Oigopsidae) and physiologically replaces the cornea. In others, the eyes completely overgrow from the outside, and above the lens the skin becomes thin and colorless, forming a true cornea, on the edge of which there is often a semilunar or annular fold - the eyelid (closed eyes, Myopsidae). But even in Myopsidae there is usually a very small opening, the so-called lacrimal opening, through which water can penetrate between the skin and the eyeball. The wall of the eyeball external side of the eye (under the cornea) forms an annular fold in the form of a diaphragm (iris), resembling the iris of vertebrates and the opening of which is above the lens. A large spherical lens protrudes slightly through the opening of the pupil, supported in the second plane by a thick cell membrane (corpus epitheliale), deeply cutting into the lens, almost to the center, and dividing it into two unequal and different convex lobes. Both lobes of the lens consist of concentrically arranged thin structureless layers. The cavity of the eye bubble (posterior chamber) is filled with a clear liquid. The bottom of the posterior chamber is lined with the retina, which consists of one row of cells - 1) pigment-containing visual cells (columns) and 2) limiting cells. The retina from the side of the cavity of the eyeball is covered with a homogeneous, rather thick shell - membrana limitans. and visual cells are directed towards the light source. The grains of these cells move, similarly to how it is observed in the eye of vertebrates and arthropods, under the influence of light closer to the free ends of the cells, in the dark - closer to the base.

hearing organs Cephalopods, like all molluscs, look like a pair of closed vesicles (otocysts), which in Nautilus are adjacent to the head cartilage on the ventral side, in bibranchs they are completely surrounded by it, fitting in the cavities of the head cartilage. From each auditory vesicle to the surface of the body leads a closed, lined with ciliated epithelium, a thin tortuous canal. A calcareous otolith floats in the aqueous fluid that fills the auditory sac, sometimes replaced by small crystals. The auditory cells supplied with hairs, to which the branches of the auditory nerve are suitable, are located on prominent thickenings of the inner epithelium (macula acustica and crista acustica). Two small fossae are considered to be Cephalopoda, located on the sides of the head, behind the eyes, lined with ciliated epithelium and enclosing, a nerve coming from the head node approaches them.

Digestive organs(Fig. 10). The mouth lies in the center of the circle formed by the hands. The edges of the mouth are armed with chitinous jaws, upper and lower, forming a beak resembling a parrot's beak. At the bottom of the pharynx lies a tongue covered, like in gastropods (see Gastropods), with a serrated tooth (radula) from rows of teeth; in each transverse row of radulae, three longer, hooked lateral teeth lie on the sides of the middle tooth. There are usually two pairs of salivary glands. The narrow and long esophagus exits the pharynx through the head cartilage and stretches straight back. Immediately after leaving the stomach, the intestine goes forward (morphologically down) to the anus. has a large appendage in the form of a blind bag; the digestive gland (the so-called liver) lies in front of the stomach and sends two ducts back, flowing through a short common channel into the blind sac of the stomach, which serves as a reservoir for fluid secretion. In some, the cephalopod ducts of the digestive gland are equipped with special glandular appendages, which are given the name pancreatic. The anus opens into the gill cavity in the median plane of the body almost at the very base of the funnel. Near the anus, an ink sac opens either at the very end of the intestine, or directly into the gill cavity - a special, large gland, elongated pear-shaped, which secretes an unusually thick black liquid. The ejection of this liquid by a jet from the gland and then through the funnel from the gill cavity serves to protect the animal by surrounding it with an impenetrable cloud of black pigment. Nautilus is distinguished by the absence of an ink bag. Dried and treated with caustic potash, the ink liquid is used as a paint called sepia.

Respiratory and circulatory organs(Fig. 6). Nautilus is said to have four gills, all other modern Cephalopods have two. The gills are located symmetrically in the gill (mantle) cavity, on the sides of the visceral sac. Each gill is pyramidal with an apex pointing towards the opening of the gill cavity. It consists of two rows of numerous, triangular leaflets, on which leaflets of the second and third order sit. On one side (free), the branchial vein (with arterial blood) stretches along the gill; on the opposite, exactly the one with which it (in double-gills) is attached to the mantle, is the gill artery (carrying venous blood). The heart of the cephalopods consists of the ventricle and atria, which, according to the number of gill veins, are four in Nautilus, and two in bibranch cephalopods; it lies closer to the posterior (upper) end of the body in the form of an oval muscular bag; it contains arterial blood. Cephalopods, at least for the most part, are closed. In addition to richly branched arteries, there is also a system of numerous veins with their own walls. In many places of the body, arteries and veins are connected by hair vessels. In others, arterial blood is poured into the gaps between the tissues; the blood that has become venous is collected in the sinuses, from where it enters the veins and goes to the gills. Two vessels go from the heart: to the head - a larger aorta cephalica, to the top of the body - a. abdominalis. The venous blood of the hands and head from the head sinus enters the head vein (v. cephalica), which stretches upward (back) and is divided under the stomach into two hollow veins (v. cavae), going to the gills and expanding in front of the gills into the beating branchial (venous ) hearts. In the pericardial region, all veins are equipped with special hollow lobed or grape-like appendages; the cavity of the appendages communicates with the cavity of the veins. These appendages protrude into the cavity of the urinary sacs and are covered on the outside by the epithelium of the kidney (see below). Blood, therefore, before getting into the gills, is purified in the kidneys. On the gill hearts sit the so-called. pericardial glands. with their contractions they drive blood to the gills, from where oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the gill veins. Nautilus is distinguished by the absence of gill hearts.

body cavity.- Lined with endothelium the secondary (coelomic) body cavity presents great differences in development in cephalopods: the largest in some (Nautilus and Decapoda) and the smallest in others (Octopoda). In the former, an extensive coelomic cavity is divided by an incomplete septum into two sections: the first (pericardial cavity) contains the heart, and the second contains the stomach and sex gland. Through two openings (ciliated funnels), the pericardial part of the body cavity communicates with the kidneys. In Nautilus, in addition, the secondary body cavity opens into the gill cavity with two independent canals. In octopuses, on the other hand, the coelomic cavity is reduced to the level of narrow canals; the above organs here lie outside the secondary cavity of the body. (except for the sex and pericardial glands), even the heart, which is an exception among all molluscs.

excretory organs. The excretory organs are the kidneys (Fig. FROM).

Fig. 4. Embryo Loligo. D- yolk sac.

In decapods, the fusion of the edges of this fossa with each other leads to the formation of a special closed epithelial sac, inside which, like a cuticular secretion, an inner shell is formed; in octopuses, a shell fossa is also formed, but with further development it disappears without a trace. Following the rudiment of the mantle below its edge, the rudiments of the eyes, funnel, auditory vesicles, gills, hands and mouth appear almost simultaneously, and a tubercle forms, on which the anus opens. The embryo occupies only the upper part of the egg, while the rest of the mass forms the external yolk sac, which gradually separates from the embryo with a more and more sharp interception (Fig. 7). the mantle, initially flat, becomes more and more convex, and, as it grows, covers the gills and the base of the funnel. The rudiments of the arms appear initially on the lateral sides of the embryo, between the mouth and the anus. In the last period of development, the relative position of the hands changes: their front pair is located above the mouth, and the rest symmetrically around the mouth, and the roots of the hands fuse with each other and with the surface of the head. More or less fully studied only for two genera of decapods Cephalopoda: cuttlefish (Sepia) and squid (Loligo). There is no information on the history of the development of four-gill (Nautilus "a).

Lifestyle. Cephalopods are exclusively marine animals. Some keep to the bottom, for the most part near the shores; others swim constantly like fish. The cuttlefish usually lies with its belly at the bottom, hiding; octopuses (Octopus, Eledone) usually crawl on their hands; most pelagic cephalopods (Philinexidae, Oigopsidae) prefer ; many gather in large flocks (Ommastrephes sagittatus y a) and serve as the favorite food of cetaceans, etc. All Cephalopods are predatory animals; living at the bottom feed on crustaceans, pelagic. - fish.

Giant cephalopods. Even the ancients knew that occasionally specimens of cephalopods of enormous size come across. This fact gave rise to fabulous tales (the Norwegian legend about the kraken), as a result of which, in later times, they began to be treated with skepticism, considering all stories about Cephalopods more than 3-4 feet long as an exaggeration. Only in the 50s of this century, Stenstrup confirmed the old reports of gigantic cephalopods; in 1853, he himself received the remains of a cephalopod, thrown by the sea onto a ber. Jutland, whose head was the size of a child's head, and whose horn shell was 6 ft. in length. Similar remains of huge cephalopods, thrown occasionally on the shores of the northern Atlantic Ocean, in and, and especially in Newfoundland, belong to the pelagic cephalopods of the family Oigopsidae. The genera Architeuthis, Megateuthis, and others have been established for them; the species of Architeuthis found off Newfoundland resemble in appearance the well-known Ommastrephes of the same family. In 1877, a specimen was thrown alive in Newfoundland, the body of which measured 9 ½ feet with the head. length, long tentacle arms up to 30 ft., bodies 7 ft. The following year, on the same island, a specimen probably of the same species (Architeuthis princeps, see fig. 1) dried up at low tide; the length of his body from the beak to the end of the tail was 20 feet. it could not be preserved, and its meat was eaten by dogs. They are probably nocturnal animals, since they dry on the shore almost always at night; they must be living in the deep fjords off the Newfoundland coast, moving in the depths during the day and coming to the surface at night.

Significance for a person. Coastal Species Cephalopods have been eaten since ancient times; on ber. In the Mediterranean Sea they eat cuttlefish, octopus, squid, which serve as a constant subject of fishing. Nautilus, the body of a cat. still highly valued in European museums, eaten on the islands of the Great Ocean; the Nautilus shell, on the upper, porcelain-like surface of which figures are carved against the background of a mother-of-pearl layer, are used for decoration; such shells are usually brought from China. The calcareous cuttlefish shell is used for polishing and for other purposes by jewelers and others; in the old days it was used as a medicine. Paint is prepared from the liquid of the ink bag in Italy. Many Cephalopods are used as bait for fishing; the aforementioned Ommastrephes sagittatus on the Newfoundland shoal is taken in abundance as bait in the cod fishery.

Geographical and geological distribution. Of the four-branched cephalopods, only one genus, Nautilus, is currently living, the cat distribution. limited to Indian area. and the Pacific Ocean. are found in all seas, but as you move north, the number of species decreases. Of the seas of European Russia, only in the White Sea occasionally come across specimens of Ommastrephes todarus, which leads a pelagic way of life; In addition, one more species, Rossia palpebrosa, was found near the Murmansk coast. Cephalopods are absent in the fauna of the Baltic (at least in its Russian part), Black and Caspian Seas. In geological development are the first; their remains are found in all formations, from the Silurian to the present; bibranchs begin only in the Triassic. The only four-gill genus Nautilus that has survived to this day belongs to the oldest, since it occurs in a significant number of species already in the Silurian formation. Various genera of the suborder Nautiloidea (Nothoceras, Orthoceras, Cyrtoceras, Gyroceras, Lituiles, etc.) belong to the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous formations; but only a few survive the Paleozoic period and reach the formations of the Mesozoic period. In the latter, ammonites develop with an extraordinary richness of forms (see), beginning already in the Devonian with the family of goniatites. But they also die out by the end of the Mesozoic era, so that in the Tertiary period one genus Nautilus passes from the four-gills. The bibranchs, which appeared only in the Triassic, quickly reach significant development in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, namely the family of belemnites. They do not survive the Cretaceous period, while others, also beginning in the Jurassic, pass into Tertiary deposits, adjoining modern forms closer and closer. At present, there are about 50 genera Cephalopods with approximately 300 species, with half of the species belonging to only three genera: Octopus, Sepia, Loligo, and only four species of Nautilus belong to the four-branched. The number of fossil species is incomparably greater (significantly exceeds 4000), and the number of four-gills is incomparably greater than that of two-gills.

Systematics. The class Cephalopods is divided, as mentioned, into two orders: I order - four-gill, Tetrabranchiata, with the exception of the only living genus Nautilus, represents exclusively forms and is divided into two suborders: Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea (see above for the raising of ammonites to the degree of a special order) . Order II - bibranchial, Dibranchiata, is also divided into two suborders: decapods, Decapoda, with families: Myopsidae (closed eye cornea), Oigopsidae (open eye cornea), Spirulidae, Belemnitidae and octopuses, Octopoda, with families: Octopodidae, Philonexidae, Cirroteuthidae . See the corresponding Russian names, also: Vitushka, Squid, Cuttlefish, Ship, Octopus.

Literature. See textbooks of zoology and comparative anatomy: Bobretsky, "Fundamentals of Zoology" (issue 2, 1887); Leuniss-Ludwig, "Synopsis der Thierkunde" (1883); Lang, "Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie" (3 Abth., 1892); Keferstein (in Bronn: "Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs", Bd. III, 1862-1866); Vogt et Yung, "Traité d" anatomie comparée "(vol. I, 1888). In the last three works there are detailed indications of the special literature on Cephalopoda; referring the reader to them, we will give here only some later works (and some in the works named omitted.) Hoyle, "Report on the Cephalopoda" (in "Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger", Zoology, vol. XVI, 1886); Laurie, "The organ of Verrill in Loligo" ["Q. Journ. Micro. Sc." (2), vol. 29, 1883]; Joubin, "Recherches sur la morphologie comparée des glandes salivaires" (Poitiers, 1889); Ravitz, "Ueber den feineren Bau der hinteren Speicheldrüsen der Cephalopoden" ("Arch. mikr . Anat.", 39 Bd., 1892); id., "Zur Physiologie der Cephalopodenretina" ("Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiolog.", Physiol. Abth., 1891); Bobretsky, "Investigations on the development of cephalopods "("Izv. Imp. obshch. lyub. nat.", vol. XXIV, 1877); Watase, "Studies on Cephalopods. I. Clearage of the ovum" ("Journ. Morpholog.", vol. 4, 1891); Korschelt, "Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Cephalopoden. Festschrift Leukart"s" (1892).

Cuttlefish (Sepia) belong to the class of cephalopods. About 30 modern species belong to this order. Cuttlefish are the smallest of all cephalopods. In most species, the body length reaches 20 cm, and in small species - 1.8-2 cm. Only one species, the broad-armed sepia, has a length of 150 cm along with the "arms". Cuttlefish live mainly near the coast in shallow water in the tropical and subtropical seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Structure

The structure of the cuttlefish is in many ways similar to the structure of other cephalopods. Its body is represented by a skin-muscle bag (the so-called mantle) and has an elongated oval shape, slightly flattened and does not change in size (octopuses, for example, easily squeeze into narrow crevices). In cuttlefish, the head is fused to the body. On the head are large eyes with a complex structure and a slit-like pupil, and on its front part there is a kind of beak designed for crushing food. The beak is hidden between the tentacles.

Eight short tentacles-arms and two long grasping tentacles extend from the body of the mollusk, all of which are dotted with suckers. In a calm state, the "arms" of the cuttlefish are folded together and stretched forward, thus giving the body a streamlined appearance. Grasping tentacles are hidden in special pockets under the eyes and fly out from there only during the hunt. In males, one of the arms differs in its structure from the others and serves to fertilize females.

On the sides of the body of the cuttlefish are fins, elongated in the form of a border, which are a means of facilitating movement. The cuttlefish accelerates its movement in the water through several sharp movements. It draws water into a compression chamber, which compresses to expel water from a siphon under the head. The clam changes direction by turning the opening of this siphon. The cuttlefish differs from other cephalopods in the presence of an internal calcareous shell in the form of a wide plate that covers its entire back and protects the internal organs. The inner shell of a cuttlefish is built of aragonite. This substance forms the so-called "cuttlefish bone", which is responsible for the buoyancy of the mollusk. The cuttlefish regulates its buoyancy by the ratio of gas and liquid inside this bone, which is divided into small chambers.

The remaining internal organs in cuttlefish are arranged in the same way as in other representatives of cephalopods. This animal has three hearts: one heart for two gills and one heart for the rest of the body. The cuttlefish has blue-green blood, due to the pigment hemocyanin in it, saturated with copper-containing proteins, which are able to “preserve” oxygen for a long time, preventing the mollusk from suffocating at great depths. Cuttlefish also have an ink sac that produces a very large amount of ink compared to other cephalopods. The ink substance is brown and is called sepia. Having such a protective agent, the cuttlefish uses it directly for protection as a last resort.

The color of cuttlefish is very variable. In the structure of their skin there are three layers of chromatophores (coloring pigment cells): on the surface there is a light yellow layer, the middle one is an orange-yellow layer and a dark layer located under the two previous layers. The transition from one shade to another is regulated by the nervous system and occurs within a second. In terms of the variety of colors, the complexity of the pattern and the speed of its change, these animals are unmatched. Some types of cuttlefish can luminesce. Color change and luminescence are used by the mollusk for camouflage.

reproduction

Cuttlefish live alone, very rarely in small flocks, and lead a sedentary lifestyle. During the breeding season, they form large aggregations and may migrate. Usually cuttlefish swim at a short distance from the bottom, tracking down prey, when they see it, they freeze for a moment, and then overtake the victim with a swift movement. When cuttlefish are in danger, they lie down on the bottom, and with a wave of their fins they cover themselves with sand. By nature, these animals are very cautious and timid. Cuttlefish hunt during the daytime and feed on various fish, shrimps, crabs, mollusks, worms - almost all organisms that move and do not exceed their size. To increase the effectiveness of hunting, the mollusk blows a jet of water from the siphon into the sand and catches small living creatures washed by the jet. Cuttlefish swallow small animals whole, large ones are butchered with their beaks.

Cuttlefish have many enemies, as their low movement speed makes them vulnerable to predatory fish. These mollusks are eaten by dolphins, sharks and rays. Cuttlefish are sometimes referred to as "chameleons of the sea" for their good camouflage to match the color of their surroundings. When hunting or fleeing predators, they rely more on their ability to disguise themselves than on their protective ink.

Cuttlefish are dioecious animals. They breed once in a lifetime. The male treats the female with quivering tenderness, swimming nearby, he strokes her with his tentacles, while both of them flash with bright colors. The male brings sperm to the female with a modified tentacle, the eggs are fertilized already during laying. Eggs of cuttlefish are black in color and look like bunches of grapes; when laying, the females attach them to underwater vegetation. Some time after spawning, adults die. Juveniles are born fully formed, having an ink sac and an inner shell. Already from the first moments of life they can apply ink. Cuttlefish grow quickly, but do not live long - only 1-2 years.

Since ancient times, cuttlefish have been hunted by people because of their delicious meat, which is used in Mediterranean and Chinese cuisine. The crushed shell is part of a number of toothpastes. In the old days, cuttlefish ink was used for writing, and diluted to prepare a special paint for artists - sepia. Therefore, people owe countless masterpieces of painting and writing to cuttlefish.

from cold soaks. Diseases of the cornea. Redness, there is blepharospasm, ptosis. Sepia is more sensitive, blepharospasm and pain are sharply increased in the light.

Muscular asthenopia; black dots in the field of view; asthenic inflammation in uterine disorders. Venous congestion in the fundus.

Worse eye symptoms in evening and morning.

EARS
Pain in right ear. Herpes behind ears and back of neck. Pain as from skin ulcers. Swelling of the ear with eruptions.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuralgias worse on waking, evening pains, worse during menstruation. Paresthesia.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Very good for colds. Pneumonia with prolonged course, congestion of the lungs with suffocation and violent palpitation of the heart. Shortness of breath, worse after sleep;

ease of movement. Congestive pleurisy. Whooping cough.

NOSE
Thick green discharge, thick plugs and crusts. Early polynoses. Dryness, crusting in the nose. Perspiration in the nasopharynx. Yellowish saddle spot on the back

nose. Atrophic catarrh with greenish crusts in the anterior part of the nose and pain at the root of the nose. Chronic rhinitis, especially nasopharyngitis, when discharge in

in the form of thick lumps flows down the back of the throat and the patient is forced to expectorate it through the mouth. Herpetic eruptions around the nose.

COUGH
Dry, harassing cough that seems to come from the stomach. Taste of rotten eggs on cough. Cough in the morning, with copious sputum, salty in taste.

Cough caused by a tickling sensation in the larynx or chest.

THROAT
Often hoarseness with complete loss of voice in the morning.

RIB CAGE
Oppression of the chest in the morning and evening.

HEART AND CIRCULATION
The stress has passed, and the pressure is bad. Then another stress can improve the condition - a paradox. With blood pressure does exercises.

Heart attacks. Pulsation in all arteries of the body. Feeling of trembling with flushes of blood. Stagnation in the portal vein system. Varicose veins. Often the feeling

that the heart does not fit in the chest. Fainting easily sets in.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Lack of female sex hormones.

Pathology of the adrenal cortex: insufficiency of the cortex or predisposition to this pathology.

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Hahnemann described 360 gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms worse by 11 am. For gastrointestinal symptoms

Sepia will complain of weakness, malaise, will say that if she does not eat, she will die. Dyspepsia with bloating and sour belching. Burning in the epigastric region.

MOUTH
Bitterness in the mouth. The tongue is white. Tongue coated but cleared during menstruation. Swelling and fissures of the lower lip. Herpetic eruptions on the lips, around the mouth.

. smack. Salty, putrid.

TEETH
Pain in teeth from 6 pm to midnight; worse lying down.

STOMACH
Feeling of sudden weakness, not relieved by eating. tobacco dyspepsia. Various (sour, rotten, etc.). Nausea in the morning before eating.

Nausea from the smell or sight of food. Nausea worse when lying on side. Tendency to vomit after eating.

APPETITE

Wolf hunger + fast saturation.
. addictions. Sour. Often undersalt food. The food seems too salty. Often drawn to flour and alcohol. Desire for vinegar, sour, marinades.
. disgust. They do not tolerate fish in any form. Aversion to fat.

STOMACH
Flatulence with headache. The liver is inflamed and painful; relieved lying on right side. Lots of brown spots on belly. Feeling relaxed and

drawing down sensation in abdomen. Overflow, congestion in the liver system. Heaviness in the liver. A painful strip about 10 cm wide in the form of a belt goes around the hypochondria.

ANUS AND RECTUM
Bleeding on stool, with sensation of fullness in the rectum. Hemorrhoids with bleeding; sensation of fullness in the rectum, as if distended

foreign body. This foreign body is the cause of false urges to descend. Almost constant leakage from the anus. Pain penetrating the rectum

and vagina. More often constipation. Constipation: copious hard stools; sensation of a ball in the rectum, cannot push; violent tenesmus and pain shooting upwards.

Stools in the form of dark brown, round balls stuck together with mucus. Even soft stools are difficult to pass. Constipation with prolapse of rectum and/or uterus.

Diarrhea is an intestinal reaction to an acute inflammatory process in the uterus. However, constipation is the main complaint. Constipation with frequent fruitless urination.

pregnancy. Diarrhea in children, aggravated by boiled milk, with rapid emaciation.

URINARY SYSTEM
Involuntary urination during first sleep. Chronic cystitis, retardation of urination, with a downward dragging sensation above the pubis.

Urine offensive, with mucus, urates. Red sand in the urine adhering to the walls of the vessel.

WOMEN'S
Lack of female sex hormones. Frigidity (often marital duties are unpleasant to Sepia). Reduced sex. desire, aversion to sex.

Gonorrhea (the best remedy in the period of subsidence - the opinion of old doctors).

Primary infertility (often the cause of primary infertility is not the pathology of the ovaries, but the pathology of the adrenal cortex). A tendency to miscarriage.

Prolapse of the pelvic organs. One of the most important remedies in the defeat of the uterus. Feelings of pressure on the bottom of the pelvic organs with a desire to press the area

perineum from the outside; for this he crosses his legs. Overflow, congestion in the uterus. Gnawing pain in uterus; tension feeling of fullness, heaviness in the uterus.

It is difficult for the patient to stand. Sepia has burning in the uterus, itching of the vulva. Sepia - Drawing pains down, radiating to the sacrum. May just be complaints of pain

in the sacrum. Upon careful analysis, it turns out that this is not pain, but irradiation of pain from the uterus. The pain is very strong, breathtaking. Pulling feeling, for sure

internal organs are about to fall out through the vagina. Sensation of protrusion through the genital slit, so it is hard to stand, you have to either walk (likes to dance) or lie down.

If Sepia is sitting, he crosses his legs. Sepia - the uterus on examination is dense, painful, enlarged, often infantile, especially in girls.

As a rule, it is displaced backwards, with a very dense neck. Prolapse, prolapse of the uterus. Leucorrhea offensive, often yellow-green, irritating, with great itching.
Violent stitching pains going up into the vagina, from the uterus to the navel. Soreness of the vagina, especially after intercourse.

MENSTRUATION
Menstruation is not the same, i.e. they can be scarce and plentiful, there may be a different duration of cycles. Menses or late and scanty,

irregular, or early and profuse, with sharp constrictive pain. Hot flushes during menopause, with a sense of weakness and increased perspiration.

Aggravation of all symptoms during menopause.

MILK GLANDS
Breast cancer. Small, very hard knots. The pain may radiate to the back and armpits. Reduced milk production, prescribed to enhance

lactation. The most appropriate appointment regimen: 5 days in a row, if there is a result, then 1 day break, then 2 times a week.

Often women have foul-smelling diaper rash under the mammary glands.

PREGNANCY.BIRTH
Varicose veins during pregnancy. Kent's "constipation in pregnancy" Sepia is number I. The cause of constipation is the uterus presses on the rectum. Nausea of ​​pregnancy.

BACK
Weakness in the lumbar region. Pain extending to the back. Cold feeling between shoulder blades. Hirsutism. Lumbar pain radiating to the uterus and

end in cramps in the uterus. Flushes of heat from back to head.

LIMB
Weakness and stiffness. Restlessness in the limbs, twitching and violent contractions day and night.
. Legs. Stiffness in the lower limbs, feeling of tension, as if they were shortened. Varicose veins. Heel pain. Legs and feet become cold.

Perspiration of feet, worse on fingers, with intolerable odour.

MODALITIES
. Worse. In the morning, as the congestion increases during the night. Heat. Stuffy wet weather. Peace. Night. By 11 am. In the afternoon hours and in the evenings. From washing.

When washing. From dampness and cold. After sweating. Before the storm. From intense physical activity. From various types of sweet flour, alcohol, although

often drawn to it. Aggravation from milk, especially boiled milk.
. Better. Loads. Traffic. Physical exercises. pressure. Outdoors. With full and new moon. After bleeding, i.e. need to unload the system

"open faucet" The warmth of the bed. Hot applications. When stretching the limbs. up. From swimming in cold water. After sleep.