In autumn, the water in the rivers becomes cold and... Where to look for fish in the cold season. Ice formation process

In autumn, the underwater world in our reservoirs is extremely monotonous and even sparse. It is a flat desert of silt, water of poor transparency, and this picture does not change throughout the fall and winter.

These phenomena are associated with the following factors:

• The biological, chemical and mechanical composition of water changes, which affects transparency.
• Daylight hours are decreasing, which also affects water clarity.
• The amount of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide changes.
• The temperature of the water in different layers also changes the indicators.
• The area of ​​the “reservoir mirror” becomes different.
• The strength and direction of the wind are also different.
• Currents appear.
• Etc.

Autumn under water does not come suddenly. First, a transition period occurs, the signs of which are clearly visible in mid-September. It's not autumn yet, but it's no longer summer.

The first thing you will notice is the reduction in overall illumination. The second is autumn winds, rains and cool nights. All this reduces the temperature of the water, but at this time it is best saturated with oxygen. In heat-loving fish, for example, carp, the time of activity begins, the last of this season. After all, they need to create a good reserve of fat before the winter hunger strike. Crucian carp, bream, carp, tench and ide also feed intensively.

It is believed that in the fall bream gather in large schools, as if before spawning. But that's not true! In fact, the number of the school does not change in the fall, the bream are simply busy searching for food - bloodworms. Thus, dozens, or even hundreds of fish, side by side, go looking for food.

The water is getting colder every day, and the fish has one thought: “There is, there is, there is...”. At night or during the day in early autumn, bream can still be caught near the shore. Tench and crucian carp are not far behind them. After the summer variety, they are again ready to feed on anything and lose caution in their habits. Tench constantly graze near the shore, feeding almost around the clock. But large cyprinids prefer dreisna shells. This is a mollusk that maintains populations of large tench, bream and crucian carp at the required level. And the carp is completely dependent on this food. Its habitats are very original. You can notice a hole, cleanly swept right down to the yellow sand, with a large mound of dracena. The carp takes a mouthful of shells and methodically grinds them, stroking the meat and spitting out shell fragments.

In early autumn, almost no changes occur in the rivers. Unless the water becomes clearer. Chubs and ides behave like summer and occupy the usual tricky places: niches and cornices of a clayey shore, large boulders, layers of fresh turf, a thick trunk, submerged branches, bushes, thick grass... Large ides at night approach the very edge of the shore at a depth of 20- 30 cm and pick up gape frogs and fry. Perches hide in small holes and behind small shelters. Pike choose the boundaries of the current, shallow and deep water, areas of open and overgrown water, or simply stand with their belly in the bottom.

The owner of the river, the catfish, is especially active. But all these are large and medium-sized rivers. In shallow waters, the water becomes cold much faster, so the activity of the fish decreases very quickly. Large fish hide in deeper places rich in food. These are the lower reaches and mouths of large reservoirs. Roaches head upstream to meet bream, catfish and pike-perch. For 2-3 whole weeks she becomes the mistress of the October rivers. The pike follows the roach. But soon they will descend back again, to deeper places with constant food and a more or less stable temperature.

To be continued….

It can also be as hot as summer at the beginning of autumn, but in some bodies of water you can already understand that autumn has arrived. Daytime fishing has declined. The activity of underwater inhabitants is gradually decreasing, winter cold is just around the corner. However, animal baits still work; roach, perch, gudgeon, and bream are still well caught; they are also used with bloodworms, maggots, and worms. It’s not too late to cast for carp, although bites are becoming rare and uncertain. Carp and crucian carp spend more and more time in warm areas of the reservoir, fattening up for the coming winter.

Silver bream and sabrefish are still successfully caught, and eel can be found in deep holes. As spawning approaches, the trout bite improves. Along the border of algae, pike searches for its prey, sometimes hiding cunningly in ambush, waiting for prey. In September, fishing with a float rod and live bait is very effective, especially for this predator.

During such a period, a non-hooking spinning bait performs well; the bait is used in places where the tops of aquatic vegetation reach the surface of the water; if there is a pike in such a place, it will not take long to arrive. As the water clears, small fish go to depth, and pike along with them; at this time it is good to fish with circles or a path. On large lakes or reservoirs where there are trophy specimens, wobblers, vibrotails and large spoons are best suited for fishing. At the beginning of autumn, you can fish with a spinning rod using all types of bait, the main thing is to know the place where you are fishing and it is desirable that the bait moves near the very bottom. When fishing with a path, some baits can reach a length of up to 25 cm.

In snag holes at depth there is a chance to catch large chub, pike perch or burbot. In Siberia, on rivers with spinning and fly baits, there is a chance to catch taimen, grayling or lenok (on a moonlit night, taimen and lenok go well with artificial mice). Good days for fishing are considered to be when the weather is calm and stable. Prolonged warming also stimulates fish; at this time, white fish come to the shore to feed, because insect larvae can still be found among the algae in the warmed water.

As the temperature drops, the algae begin to die off, the fish change their stopping places and crossings, and fishing tactics change. As the water clears, the fish becomes more careful, even the bait does not become effective. With the arrival of autumn, the fish begin to flock into schools and go to the depths; now they can only be obtained here. You need to fish in such places from the bottom, or so that the bait is near the bottom.

October brings rain and cold winds, good days rarely pass by. But even at such a time, some species of fish behave actively and the fisherman can expect a good catch, this applies to spinning fishermen, because with colder weather some species of predatory fish become more active. Until late autumn, fish camps can be found near steep banks, under hanging trees and bushes. In such conditions, a summer nod fishing rod (side nod and jig) can bring good results. You can also excel in small coastal creeks covered with fallen leaves. In such places there can be large perch, chub, rudd and ide (although it is said loudly, perch with roach, that’s for sure).

The fish bite in the fall, as well as its behavior, very much depends on the flow of the reservoir. Small bodies of water may become covered with a crust of ice as early as the end of October.

Sudden changes in weather have a very noticeable effect on the behavior of fish; it has been noticed that after several warm days before the onset of bad weather, the fish begins to actively feed, and short rains also improve the bite.

That's all and a little ending:

A real fisherman fishes even in the rain, in the heat and mud, (as the song says) and not autumn or any other season of the year will not break the fisherman, because once you have picked up a fishing rod, you will never let it go. Thanks to those who read, go fishing, good luck on the pond.

Summary of the excursion in the preparatory group.

Water and I are friends.

Target:

To consolidate children's knowledge about the importance of water in the life of plants, animals and humans. About the fact that water is the “home” for many plants and animals, about the need to protect these animals and their habitat.

Tasks:

Deepen and systematize children’s knowledge about the river and its purpose;

Cultivate a positive attitude, awaken aesthetic feelings towards native nature;

Develop the ability to behave correctly;

Activate and enrich children's vocabulary with nouns, adjectives and verbs on the topic.

Progress of the excursion.

1. Today you and I will go for a walk, and you have to guess where.

(any riddle about the river) That's right, we will have an excursion to the river.

2. Arriving at the river, the teacher asks the children whether they know the name of our river. Then the teacher explains why the river is respectfully called “nurse and worker.” After this, the shores are examined (steep, flat, covered with sand or vegetation). A conversation about what types of rivers there are (mighty, majestic, fast, quiet, mountainous, etc.). What is our river like?

3. Do you think the water in the river is warm or cold now? Why? We draw children's attention to the color and transparency of the water.

Yes, the water in the river is clean and transparent. Is it possible to drink water from the river? No. Why? (Children's answers) The teacher draws a conclusion about why you cannot drink water from the river (it has not been purified). Next is the teacher's story about how water is purified (first, water is taken from a river or some underground reservoir, then it goes to special water treatment plants, where, with the help of complex filters, the water is purified from sand, dirt, various microbes, and only after that the water already ends up in the water supply).

4. Ball game “What kind of water is there?”

Answer options: sea, river, swamp, water supply, mineral, rain, clean, dirty, transparent, colorless, tasteless, hot, cold, warm, etc.

“What can water do?” - splashes, murmurs, runs, pours, flows, shimmers, etc.

5. The river is a community where everyone needs each other: both plants and animals. Children say which inhabitants of the river they would like to turn into (show with facial expressions and movements).

6. Why does river water become dirty? How to make a river clean?

7. Ball game "Good - bad."

The teacher is in the center of the circle with the ball. Throws the ball to the children one by one and asks: “Water is good. Why?", "Water is bad. Why?".

Possible answers:

Fine : water is needed for drinking; to wash, wash hands; You can temper yourself with water, play with water, swim, cook food, wash floors, dishes, toys, wash clothes; water flowers and plants in the garden; Various animals live in the water, birds live near the water.

Badly : if you drink cold water in the heat, you can get sick; hot water can burn you; if you handle it carelessly and spill it on the floor, you can slip and fall; if you frequently water plants, they may die; if you don't know how to swim, you can drown; There are floods and then the water destroys houses, etc.

8. Summary.

Water is one of the most amazing substances on the planet. Water is a good friend and helper.

What have we learned about water today? (children's answers)

Reading of N. Ryzhova’s poem “Magic Water”.

"Magic Water"

Have you heard about water?

They say she is everywhere!

You will find her in the pond,

And in a damp forest swamp.

In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean

And in the water tap.

Like an icicle freezes

Fog creeps into the forest,

It's boiling on your stove,

The kettle steam hisses.

We can't wash ourselves without her,

Don't eat, don't get drunk!

I dare to report to you:

We can't live without her!

Indeed, it is impossible to live on earth without water, so water must be conserved and protected.

The water masses of rivers, lakes and other bodies of water receive heat from the environment and give it back. As a result of this heat exchange, daily and annual fluctuations in water temperature occur.

In rivers, due to the conditions of water movement, constant mixing of water masses occurs. Thanks to this, the temperature is equalized across the depth and width of the flow. In large bodies of water there is a difference - gradient temperatures by depth.

The annual course of water temperature in rivers is characterized by the following features. During the winter months the water temperature remains close to 0C. In the spring, as the air temperature rises and the river clears of ice, the water quickly warms up. The water temperature reaches its maximum in July-August. In autumn, as the air temperature drops, the water temperature decreases. A characteristic feature is the fact that during approximately the first half of the ice-free period, the water temperature in most cases remains lower than the air temperature, and in the second half it is slightly higher.

The daily variation of water temperature is observed only in the warm season. Moreover, the amplitude of temperature fluctuations during the day on northern rivers is, as a rule, less than on southern ones. This is due to the longer daylight hours in summer in the northern regions of the country.

Along the length of the river, temperature changes are related to the general direction of the flow. On rivers flowing from north to south, the water temperature gradually increases towards the river mouth. Rivers fed by glaciers are characterized by the lowest water temperatures in their upper reaches.

The beginning of the winter period is considered to be the time when stable negative temperatures are established, and the end is the moment when the spring ice drift ends. The winter regime includes three characteristic periods: freezing,freeze-up And opening.

The first sign of water freezing should be the appearance zaberegov– stationary thin ice formations in the riverbank area. With a fast current, the banks develop slowly. In this case, thin round-shaped ice plates are formed in the river bed, floating along the river - salo.

Due to the uniform cooling of temperature along the depth, ice formation occurs not only on the surface of the water, but also in the thickness of the flow. Inland ice accumulates in the form of a gelatinous mass - Sugi. Part of it floats to the surface of the water, the other part is carried away by the current and moves in the thickness of the stream.

As they move downstream, the ice formations increase in size and, freezing together, form ice floes Ice floes gradually increase in size due to the freezing of water in the spaces between them. At the moment when there is very little free space on the surface of the water, the movement of ice stops and a continuous ice cover is formed - freeze-up In some cases, on small rivers with calm water flow, freeze-up can occur in a short time without ice drift.

After the river freezes, the water initially contains a lot of sludge. In constrictions of the channel and on shallow riffles, slush can accumulate and clog the cross-section of the flow. This phenomenon is called glutton. As a result, the movement of water under the ice is hampered and water levels rise in the overlying areas.

The ice cover at the beginning of winter is relatively thin. Further growth of ice thickness occurs under the influence of negative air temperatures. The intensity of ice formation depends on the duration of low air temperatures and their absolute values. The lower the air temperature and the longer the winter period, the thicker the ice in the river. Snow cover, groundwater and the speed of water flow in the river have a restraining influence on the increase in ice thickness. In some cases, the influence of these factors is so great that in some areas the river does not freeze for a long period of time, and sometimes throughout the winter. Such non-freezing sections of the river are called polynyas. They are found in places where groundwater emerges, in the lower reaches of hydroelectric dams, and in the sources of rivers flowing from lakes. In polynyas, inland ice and slush form.

As solar radiation increases in spring, the growth of ice thickness stops. The runoff of melt water from the drainage basin increases and water levels rise. As a result, the ice swells in the middle of the river and breaks away from the banks. Cracks form in the ice fields, and the first ice movements begin. Large ice fields are destroyed into individual ice floes. As water levels increase, the entire mass of ice begins to move - this is how the spring ice drift begins. In some places they form congestion ice, which are accumulations of ice fields that impede the movement of water. When ice jams occur, the water levels in the river rise to a certain level until a breakthrough occurs. As a result of the jam breaking, a mass of accumulated ice rushes downstream at high speed. This can lead to damage to hydraulic and other structures on rivers.

The spring ice drift ends when the river is cleared of ice. The period of the free state of the river from the end of the spring ice drift to the beginning of the autumn ice drift is called the duration physical navigation. Actual navigation duration is the period of time between the passage of the first and last vessels of the transport fleet along the river. It is usually less than the duration of physical navigation. Where appropriate, it is practiced on inland waterways navigation extension through the use of an icebreaker fleet and special means that accelerate ice melting.

Answered by Dmitry Klimenko, associate professor of the department

Hydrology of Perm State National

Research University

Here is the Trout-Ule color scale - 21 test tubes with liquid tinted to match the colors of natural waters. Obviously, rivers and lakes can be more than just blue or brown.

The color of water in natural reservoirs is determined by the composition of the rocks from which river catchments are formed, on the one hand, and the supply of colored organic substances, on the other.

River water (especially if the river is mountainous) is most often colorless or transparent. This is due to both the influx of groundwater and the recharge of the river due to the melting of glaciers and snowfields, as well as the structure of the riverbed from hard-to-erode rocks: granite, basalt.

When, in conditions of rapid flows, the water becomes oversaturated with air bubbles, it seems as if milk is flowing through the rivers, the water is so opaque.

The turquoise color of the water is given by rocks and glacial feeding in combination with the saturation of the water with oxygen. This can be observed, for example, in the Katun River in the Gorno-Altaisk region.

The presence of suspended particles (ash, dust, soot, etc.) can give the water a yellow or brown tint (as on the Yellow River or our Kuban). Often the waters of rivers and streams flowing from swamps have a brown tint - this is due to the supply of organic substances rich in iron.

The development of aquatic vegetation can give green tints to the water. And if intensive development of phytoplankton is not typical for rivers where a flowing regime is provided, then lakes and reservoirs in the summer can be completely covered with a layer of duckweed: the water turns green and becomes unsuitable not only for drinking, but also for swimming.

In addition to natural factors, the color of water in rivers can be influenced by human activity and wastewater discharge. In this case, any colors of water are possible: bright red, purple, black, rich white. There is even luminescence of water.

In addition, the visual color of the surface of water bodies can be determined not only by the composition of the water, but also by weather conditions. Small waves and ripples in sunny weather make the surface of the water silvery. When it rains, it is lead-gray. Under a clear summer sky, even the most muddy brown water of marsh lakes will appear blue on the surface, and at sunset and in the early evening hours, during autumn rainy calms, the surface of reservoirs may look black.

By the way, there are real pink lakes in the world, including the famous one located in Crimea. And spotted in Antarctica.