Palmistry 

The basic units of speech communication are speech interaction, speech situation and speech event. Language. Speech. Speech interaction Speech interaction between people is called

  • In this section you will learn what speech interaction, speech situation and speech event are, as well as under what conditions speech becomes effective.
  • You will learn to pay attention to specific components of the speech situation that influence the choice of linguistic means.
  • You will master the skills of taking into account the speech situation when choosing means of expression, which will help you subsequently make your speech more effective.

Researchers identify the following elements of speech communication: speech interaction, speech situation, speech event.

Speech interaction is the process of establishing and maintaining targeted direct or indirect contact between people through speech. Speech interaction includes the following components:

  • addressee (sender of information);
  • addressee (recipient of information);
  • speech event;
  • means of interaction.

Please note that verbal interaction is a process interaction two subjects: a speaking or writing addressee and a listening or reading addressee.

In addition to the direct participants in speech interaction, who usually change places during communication, it is necessary subject of speech- what they talk about and about what information is exchanged.

The elementary form of speech interaction is speech event (speech act). For the sender and for the recipient of information, a speech event manifests itself in different ways: on the part of the addresser, it consists of speaking(sending acoustic signals in the form of linguistic signs) or letter(coding speech signals using graphic symbols). A speech event on the part of the addressee is hearing(perception of speech acoustic signals and their understanding) or reading(decoding graphic signs and understanding them).

It follows that speech interaction involves both encoding and decoding of information. Information encoding mechanisms operate during speaking and writing, and decoding mechanisms operate during listening and reading.

Speech Interaction Tool is a language, a sign system, known to both the addressee and the addressee.

As a result of verbal interaction, a text is born. The purpose of interaction is to convey meaning text - specific information (logical, emotional, aesthetic, etc.), expressed through speech and, with its participation, formed in the human mind. Through texts we get acquainted with speech, we extract language rules from texts, we are guided by sample texts, creating our own speech products.

There are various classifications of texts: according to the time of their creation, area of ​​use, as well as the principles of text organization. You will become acquainted with the main classifications and the practical possibilities of their application in Chapter 2.

A speech event as the basic unit of communication includes two components: 1) verbal (speech itself) and non-verbal (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) elements of communication; 2) speech situation, specific circumstances of speech interaction. In other words, then How they say it depends what, to whom And Where it says. For example, if the audience is poorly prepared (low level of education, low social status), you should speak more slowly, use a question-and-answer form of presentation, give many examples, real-life cases, present specific results, clear argumentation, start with stronger arguments, refer to authorities , repeat the main points many times. A prepared audience will be impressed by a more emotional speech, rich in rhetorical figures. The higher the level of subject knowledge of your audience, the more important the structure of the speech: you should start with what the listeners will learn from your speech; in addition, it is necessary to make maximum use of dialogism, bring contradictory points of view, etc.

Almost any speech interaction has an extra-linguistic cause, caused by extra-linguistic circumstances. The speech situation is the starting point of any speech action; it stimulates speech or its absence. We speak to express a request, to share our joy or pain with someone, to pass an exam, just to make sure that we are not alone. A more detailed description of a speech situation includes the following components:

  • communication participants;
  • place and time of communication;
  • subject of communication;
  • communication goals;
  • feedback between communication participants.

In addition to the addressee and addressee in number communication participants observers or listeners may enter, whose presence leaves its mark on the speech. Convergence or difference of views on subject of communication will either stimulate communication or hinder it. The extent to which the subject of communication is interesting to both speakers, how familiar they both are with it, significantly influences the choice of words and manner of presentation. A system administrator talks about computers differently than a novice user, and a conversation between parents and teenage children about the advisability of going to the dacha on the weekend is structured differently than a dialogue between teenagers about whether to hold a cool party at the same dacha.

Place of communication(a conversation with a teacher during an exam, visiting mutual friends or at a conference) determines the genre of speech and the choice of speech means. An engineer writing instructions for assembling a machine will use full sentences and technical terms in his speech, for example, like this: “It is recommended to attach part No. 2502 to the backrest using four ¼ × 2 screws and a No. 18 wrench to tighten it.” The same engineer working in the workshop debugging this machine will, without hesitation, advise “to attach this little thing to that thing over there,” and everyone will understand him.

Play a role in speech interaction communication time, more precisely, the coincidence or mismatch of the moment of transmission and receipt of information (this is as important as for online or offline programs). Compare, for example, communication via chat and via regular emails. In the first case, the remarks follow one after another, almost like in a normal conversation, and the interlocutors do not need to explain for a long time what happened earlier, the messages are short, implying the possibility of immediate commentary on incomprehensible places. In the second case, the time distance from sending the letter to its receipt is quite large, therefore, in order to avoid misunderstanding, the presentation here is in more detail, there are frequent references to previous letters, and a return to previously described events.

They leave an imprint on our speech and communication goals: intellectual, emotional, establishing contact, etc. In verbal communication, two types of goals are usually distinguished: direct, immediate, directly expressed by the speaker, and indirect, more distant, long-term, often perceived as target subtext. Thus, maintaining a conversation often serves the long-term goal of establishing good relations, but it can also be formally polite. A critical statement can have an immediate goal - to clarify information, as well as a distant goal - to show the level of one’s intellectual abilities, to affirm one’s opinion, to emphasize one’s “I”.

The most important structural component of a speech situation is Feedback. The listener’s reaction to the speaker’s statement forms the basis of communication; its absence leads to the destruction of communication: without receiving a reaction to the question asked, a person feels offended and usually either seeks an answer or ends the conversation. Moreover, the listener’s clearly expressed interest in the speaker creates the positive background against which oral communication takes place. In the absence of such interest, communication becomes painful and is interrupted. It follows that a culture of speech also implies a culture of listening.

The speech situation dictates the rules of speech communication and determines the forms of its expression. These forms are different in conditions direct, or direct, communication with active feedback (for example, dialogue) and indirect – with passive feedback (for example, written instructions). They change depending on number of participants And nature of the situation(in everyday communication: conversation with loved ones or private letters, etc., in business communication: report, lecture, discussion, negotiations, etc.).

The speech situation helps to understand the meaning of the text, concretizes the meaning of a number of grammatical categories, for example, the category of tense, pronominal words like i, you, now, here, there, here etc. It also allows you to correctly interpret the text, clarify its target function (threat, request, advice, recommendation, etc.), identify the causal connections of a given statement with other events, etc.

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Introduction

Speech communication. Types of communication

Speech interaction

Speech situation

Speech event

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Communication gives a person the opportunity to reveal his feelings, experiences, talk about joys and sorrows, ups and downs. Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, the formation of a person’s personality, his upbringing, and the development of intelligence are not possible.

Mastering the art of communication is necessary for every person, regardless of what type of activity he is or will be engaged in.

At first glance, it seems that the content of the concept of “Communication” is clear to everyone and does not require any special explanation. Meanwhile, communication is a very complex process of interaction between people. As A. A. Leontyev argues, in the modern science of communication there is a huge number of inconsistent definitions of this concept. This is explained by the multi-systematic and multifaceted nature of the phenomenon.

Representatives of different sciences study the problems of communication - philosophers, psychologists, linguists, sociologists, cultural scientists, etc. Each of them considers communication from the perspective of their science, identifies specific aspects for study and forms a definition accordingly.

Human communication, according to researchers, consists of two-thirds verbal communication. It is through speech that communication between people most often takes place. Human speech activity is the most complex and most widespread. Without it, no other activity is possible; it precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity. The peculiarity of speech activity lies in the fact that it is always included in a broader system of activity as a necessary and interdependent component.

The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out. Many linguistic disciplines study speech communication: the theory of speech influence, the theory of speech acts (TSA), pragmatics, psycholinguistics, and speech culture.

Goal of the work:

Show all components of verbal communication and reveal their concepts

Speech communication. Types of communication

speech communication utterance discourse

Speech communication is the objective, purposeful and complete nature of verbal interaction between people, the process of exchanging thoughts, information, ideas through language, aimed at realizing a specific goal.

Communication is the natural habitat of a person, which is a process of interaction between individuals and social groups, in which information of various kinds is exchanged (intellectual, spiritual, material, emotional, etc.); the formation of a person’s personality, his upbringing, intellectual and spiritual development, adaptation to human society, to life.

The functions of communication, according to L. Karpenko’s classification, are the following:

contact - establishing contact between communication partners, readiness to receive and transmit information;

informational - obtaining new information;

incentive - stimulating the activity of a communication partner, directing him to perform certain actions;

coordination - mutual orientation and coordination of actions to organize joint activities;

achieving mutual understanding - adequate perception of the meaning of the message, understanding by partners of each other;

exchange of emotions - arousing the necessary emotional experiences in the partner;

establishing relationships - awareness of one’s place in the system of role, status, business and other connections of society;

exerting influence - changing the state of a communication partner - his behavior, plans, opinions, decisions and other things.

Types of communication: verbal and nonverbal, interpersonal, group and mass, contact and distance, official and informal

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal communication(sign) is carried out using words. Verbal means of communication include human speech. Communication specialists have calculated that a modern person pronounces approximately 30 thousand words per day, or more than 3 thousand words per hour.

Non-verbal communication-- this is interaction between individuals without the use of words (transfer of information or influence on each other through images, intonation, gestures, facial expressions, pantomime, changing the mise-en-scène of communication), that is, without speech and language means presented in direct or any symbolic form.

Interpersonal communication

Interpersonal communication is carried out among a small number of people - usually considered communication between two, three or four people. Its fundamental feature is the possibility of real dialogue. All participants can participate in communication on equal terms.

Group and mass communication

Level group communication are often divided into at least two categories - personal-group and intergroup communication. A lecturer in an audience of students, a politician on the podium, a pianist in a concert hall, an official giving a press conference - all these are examples of personal-group communication. In this case, one person (lecturer, politician, pianist, official) conveys meanings in one form or another to a certain group of people (students, rally participants, the public in a concert hall, journalists at a press conference, etc.).

Intergroup communication involves one group of people conveying meaning to another group of people. A theater troupe or orchestra on stage, several representatives of a political party at a rally, a group of top managers at a general meeting of shareholders - these are examples of intergroup communication.

Level mass communication assumes that the audience no longer numbers tens or hundreds, but thousands or even millions of participants. To carry out such communication, natural human data are no longer enough. No matter how loud a person’s voice is, he will not be able to speak directly to an audience of millions. Therefore, at the level of mass communication, another fundamental quality or, if you like, condition arises - the presence of special technical devices that make it possible to strengthen the communication process.

Contact and distance communication

These types of communication reflect the position of the communicants relative to each other in space and time,

At contact communication interaction occurs simultaneously, partners are close to each other, as a rule, they see and hear each other, so contact communication is almost always oral. This makes it possible to communicate using not only verbal, but also non-verbal means.

Distant communication occurs when partners are separated by space and time. For example, reading a book implies that the author is separated from the reader by both. Sometimes participants in communication are separated by one of these components of the situation: for example, space (they are talking on the phone or conducting a dialogue on the Internet) or time (notes are being exchanged in the classroom).

Formal and informal communication

Official (official) communication- this is interaction in a strict business environment, therefore, in compliance with all rules and formalities.

Official communication takes place in the sphere of industrial and business relations, i.e. where it is possible for a person to perform a particular position (boss, subordinate, colleague, government representative, etc.).

Unofficial, i.e. private communication flows more freely and obeys only the general laws of speech interaction.

Basic units of speech communication.

Researchers identify the following elements of verbal communication:

Speech interaction (statements, text);

Speech situation;

Speech event.

Speech interaction

Speech interaction is a very complex phenomenon. To understand its essence, first of all, one should understand what speech activity is, how it proceeds, under what conditions it is possible, and what is necessary for its implementation.

By nature, a person is endowed with a speech-thinking apparatus, without which speech activity would be impossible. To engage in speech activity, a person must have the ability to think, speak, and must feel the desire to realize his thought and convey it to another.

Speech activity is social in nature, since it is part of human social activity. The social nature of speech activity is also manifested in the fact that a team is required for its implementation. In the process of verbal interaction of subjects, their thinking, will, emotions, knowledge, memory - speech-mental, modal (volitional), emotional, intentional (intentional), cognitive (conceptual) spheres - are involved.

Speech activity is a process that develops and is formed from individual acts. Their character and content depend on the various situations in which a person finds himself.

Speech situations are varied, but the stages of speech activity are basically the same. Whatever speech situation a person finds himself in, if he strives to achieve success, achieve a goal, or attract attention, he must first of all orient himself in the current situation, realize what can lead to success, what should be guided by.

Speech, utterance is a product of speech activity, its generation. Speech activity most often pursues some goal, so the result is important. He is judged by feedback, by how they perceive what is said, how they react to it.

The study of speech activity is organically connected with psychology, psychophysiology, and sociology. In a speech setting, various aspects are studied that correspond to the goal set by the speakers: informative, prescriptive (impact on the addressee), expressive (expressing emotions, assessments), interpersonal (regulating the relationship between interlocutors), gaming (appeal to aesthetic perception, imagination, sense of humor) and etc.

Speech situation

The speech situation, that is, the situation that constitutes the context of the utterance generated in the speech act, plays an important role in speech communication.

It should be borne in mind that the utterance is made in a certain place at a certain time and has a certain set of participants - the speaker and the listener. Accordingly, the main components of a speech situation include the speaker and the listener, the time and place of the utterance.

The speech situation helps to understand the meaning of the message, specifies the meaning of a number of grammatical categories, for example, categories of time, pronominal (deictic) words such as, you, this, now, here, there, here, etc. The speech situation dictates the rules for conducting a conversation and determines the forms of its expression.

It is necessary to take into account that statements, along with their own semantic meaning (direct meaning), have a pragmatic meaning determined by the speech situation. Statements whose semantic meaning differs from the pragmatic one are called indirect. Indirect statements are widely used in speech. They make speech more expressive, concise, and allow you to convey a variety of expressive shades. The meaning of indirect statements is understandable only in the context of a speech situation.

There are canonical and non-canonical speech situations.

Canonical situations are considered when the time of utterance (the time of the speaker) is synchronous with the time of his perception (the time of the listener), i.e. the moment of speech is determined; when the speakers are in the same place and each sees the same as the other; when the addressee is a specific person, etc.

Non-canonical situations are characterized by the following points: the time of the speaker, i.e. the time of pronouncing the statement, may not coincide with the time of the addressee, i.e. the time of perception (writing situation); the statement may not have a specific addressee (situation of public speaking), etc. Deictic words in such situations are used differently. If, for example, a telephone speaker uses the word “here,” then he is only denoting his own space. In a letter, the subject of speech uses the word “now” to determine only his own time, and not the time of the addressee.

Speech event

A speech event is understood as a discourse occurring in the context of a speech situation.

Discourse (from the French discours - speech) is the text associated with it in combination with extralinguistic - pragmatic, sociocultural, psychological and other factors; text taken in the event aspect.

Discourse is various types of speech practice: everyday dialogue, interview, lecture, conversation, negotiations, etc., i.e. speech “immersed in life.”

Discourse includes paralinguistic accompaniment of speech (facial expressions, gestures)

A speech event, as follows from the definition, includes two main components:

1) verbal speech (what is said, communicated) and what accompanies it (discourse);

2) conditions, the environment in which speech communication occurs between participants, including the participants themselves, which significantly influence the speech event (speech situation).

A speech event is the basic unit of speech communication. It is easiest to give an example of a standard speech event. You enter a bakery. Watch what is said at the cash register.

[Seller]: To you? (You?)

[Buyer]: I need two white and black.

[Seller]: The amount is called.

[Buyer]: Thank you.

A speech event is a complete whole with its form, structure, and boundaries. A school lesson is also a speech event.

From the above it is clear that a speech event consists of two main components:

Firstly, this is what is said, communicated, and what it is accompanied by (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) - the flow of speech behavior;

Secondly, these are the conditions, the environment in which verbal communication occurs.

The first component of a speech event is the flow of speech behavior and consists of:

1) words themselves - “what can be written down on paper”;

2) the sound of speech (its acoustics): volume, pitch of voice, etc.

3) significant movements of the face and body;

4) how partners use space when talking to each other.

Conclusion

Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. A prerequisite for successful communication is the interest of the interlocutors in communication, an attunement to the world of the addressee, the ability to penetrate into the communicative intent of the speaker, etc. Therefore, the central concept of successful verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which presupposes knowledge of the rules of grammar and dictionary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways ways, knowledge of socio-cultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows one to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker’s intention and, finally, makes it possible to independently comprehend and individually present information.

Bibliography

1. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook /edited by V. I. Maksimov. - M., 2001

2. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / ed. V. D. Gornyak. - M.; higher school, 2002

3. Russian language and culture of speech /ed. Vedenskaya, Pavlova, Kashaeva. - Rostov-on-Don., 2001

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Topic No. 4. Speech communication. Types of communication.

Speech communication is the objective, purposeful and complete nature of verbal interaction between people, the process of exchanging thoughts, information, ideas through language, aimed at realizing a specific goal.

Man is a social being. Human life is impossible without communication with other people. Communication is the main source of wealth in a person’s inner world. Communication helps organize joint work, outline and discuss plans, and implement them. The ability to communicate has allowed humanity to reach all the heights of civilization.

Communication– the natural habitat of a person, which is a process of interaction between individuals and social groups, in which information of various kinds is exchanged (intellectual, spiritual, material, emotional, etc.); the formation of a person’s personality, his upbringing, intellectual and spiritual development, adaptation to human society, to life.

The functions of communication, according to L. Karpenko’s classification, are the following:

    contact – establishing contact between communication partners, readiness to receive and transmit information;

    informational – obtaining new information;

    incentive – stimulating the activity of a communication partner, directing him to perform certain actions;

    coordination - mutual orientation and coordination of actions to organize joint activities;

    achieving mutual understanding - adequate perception of the meaning of the message, understanding by partners of each other;

    exchange of emotions - arousing the necessary emotional experiences in the partner;

    establishing relationships - awareness of one’s place in the system of role, status, business and other connections of society;

    exerting influence - changing the state of a communication partner - his behavior, plans, opinions, decisions, etc.

Types of communication: phatic and informational, verbal and nonverbal, interpersonal, group and mass, contact and distance, official and informal

The subject of study of the academic discipline “Russian language and culture of speech” is speech communication, or, in scientific terms, “speech communication”. The term “communication” comes from the Latin word “communicatio - communicare”, which means “to make common, to connect, to communicate.” Therefore, the terms “speech communication” and “speech communication” can be used as synonyms.

Basic units of speech communication. Researchers identify the following elements of speech communication: - speech interaction (statements, text); - speech situation; - speech event.

Speech interaction is the process of establishing and maintaining targeted direct or indirect contact between people through language. In the process of verbal interaction between people, their thinking, will, emotions, knowledge, and memory are involved.

Speech interaction is the process of interaction between two subjects: a) the speaking or writing addressee (sender of information) and b) the recipient of this information - the listener or reader (addressee). The subject of speech is also necessary - what they talk about and about what information is exchanged. An utterance is a unit of speech communication that has meaning, integrity, and formalization as part of a speech act. The linguistic form of an utterance is a sentence.

Text is the basic unit of communication. People communicate not in individual words, but in texts. A text is a verbal (oral or written) work that represents the unity of some completed content (meaning) and a speech act that forms and expresses this content. The main features of the text are its integrity, that is, not only coherence, but also completeness, exhaustion of the speech intent, the presence in it of a moment of evaluation and self-esteem, the “point of view” of the author. The purpose of interaction is to convey the meaning of the text - specific information (logical, emotional, aesthetic, etc.) expressed through speech and, with its participation, formed in the human mind.

The most important role in verbal communication is played by the speech situation, i.e. the context of communication. A speech situation is a system of external, extra-linguistic factors of language use, which includecommunicative task, subject of speech, characteristics of the author and addressee, communication conditions. A speech situation is the specific circumstances in which speech interaction occurs. The speech situation is the starting point of any speech action in the sense that one or another combination of circumstances prompts a person to perform a speech action. Examples of speech situations: the need to answer questions, make a report on the results of work, write a letter, talk with a friend, etc.

The speech situation consists of the following main components: - participants in communication; - place and time of communication; - subject of communication; - goals of communication; - feedback between communication participants.

The speech situation helps to understand the meaning of the text, specifies the meaning of a number of grammatical categories, for example, categories of time, pronominal words like I, you, now, here, there, here, etc. It also allows you to correctly interpret the text, clarify its target function (threat , request, advice, recommendation, etc.), identify the causal connections of this statement with other events, etc.

A speech event is a discourse occurring in the context of a speech situation (text taken in the event aspect). A speech event consists of two main components: 1) oral speech (what is said, communicated) and what accompanies it (gestures, facial expressions, movement, etc.); 2) conditions, environment in which communication takes place. The first component of a speech event is called discourse. Discourse is a speech act (statement, text), which is accompanied by facial expressions, gestures, spatial behavior of interlocutors and other extralinguistic factors. In other words, discourse is speech “immersed in life”; This is a text taken in the event aspect. Discourse as an integral, complete event represents various types of speech practice: everyday dialogue, interview, conversation, school lesson, seminar, meeting, conference, etc. The second component of a speech event is a speech situation, including its participants, their relationships, circumstances of place and time, subject and purpose.

Speech- this is the main way to satisfy personal, and not only personal, communication needs.

A.K. Mikhalskaya: speech event- this is a kind of complete whole with its own form, structure, boundaries.

Speech event consists of two main components:

  • verbal speech (what is said, communicated) and what accompanies it (gestures, facial expressions, movements, etc.);
  • condition, environment in which communication occurs (speech situation).

The first component speech event, i.e. living speech, taken in the event aspect, in modern linguistics is called discourse (from the French “ discourse" - "speech"). Discourse is speech “immersed in life.” Discourse includes paralinguistic accompaniment of speech (facial expressions, gestures).


Components speech event:

  • verbal speech and what accompanies it;
  • speech situation (context of utterance).

Second component speech event- This speech situation, including its participants, their relationships, and the circumstances in which communication occurs. That., speech event can be presented in the form of a formula: “this is a discourse plus a speech situation.”

Speech interaction is a very complex phenomenon: on the one hand, it is speaking, the generation of speech by the subject, on the other hand, it is the perception of speech by the addressee, its decoding, understanding the content, evaluating the information received and responding (verbally, facial expressions, gestures, behavior, etc.).

Speech communication- this is a motivated living process of interaction, which is aimed at the implementation of a specific, vital goal, proceeds on the basis of feedback in specific types of speech activity.

Interaction between people communicating- this is an exchange in the process of communication not only of speech statements, but also of actions and deeds. Interaction is carried out in the form of contact, conflict, partnership, cooperation, competition, etc. Speech and non-speech interaction of communication participants is distinguished.

By means of speech communication is the language, and way- speech .

Communication channels non-speech communication are vision, gestures, motor skills, kinesthesia (smell, touch, sensations). Speech interaction precedes the social.

Social interaction begins with establishing psychological contact (saw, nodded, smiled or turned away sharply). Social interaction (began to listen and understand the purpose of what the interlocutor is communicating) moves on to influence (began to look at the message through the eyes of the partner), and then to semantic contact.

IN structure of interpersonal interaction There are three interrelated components:

1) behavioral component. It includes the results of activity, speech actions and non-speech actions of each of the participants in communication, as well as facial expressions, pantomime, gestures, everything that other people X can observe in their interlocutors. By observing the behavior of a person, one can interpret his personal characteristics, motives of behavior, character, temperament. Thanks to auxiliary means of communication (gestures, facial expressions), a person more easily and quickly assimilates the information conveyed by the interlocutor;

2) effective component. Includes everything that is associated with the expression of the emotional state of a particular person, for example, satisfaction and dissatisfaction with communication;

3) information component- awareness by the interlocutor of the goals and objectives of interaction, the communication situation as a whole.

People interaction- This is a versatile manifestation of joint human activity. It is carried out in the labor process, friendly conversation, scientific debate, etc. Interaction in the labor process involves understanding production activities, developing a strategy and its improvement, change, transformation.

Interaction- a complex process between people, the purpose of which is to establish contacts in the process of joint activities. For communication to be successful, you must first of all know the language and have a good command of speech. We must always consider for what purpose and to whom we are addressing, i.e. characteristics of the addressee of speech.

Communication- this is a complex process of interaction between people, a phenomenon that is far from unambiguous. Therefore, the characteristics of people’s behavior in the process of communication, the use of various methods and techniques, the use of speech means are largely determined by the type and method of communication that has to be dealt with in each specific case. Basic components of communication:

  • a conversation will take place if at least two people participate in it (the subject and the addressee), and often there are many more participants in the conversation;
  • this is a thought, i.e. the main and relevant topic for conversation;
  • knowledge of the language spoken.

Depending on various signs like household, so business conversation can be divided into the following kinds:

  • contact - remote;
  • direct - indirect;
  • oral - written;
  • dialogical - monological;
  • interpersonal - mass and etc.

For communication to take place, the interlocutors need link. When talking, these are the organs of speech and hearing (auditory contact). The form and content of the letter are perceived through the visual (visual) channel. A handshake is a way of conveying a friendly greeting through the kinesico-tactile (motor-tactile) channel, i.e. the message came to us through visual contact, but not visual-verbal, since no one told us anything verbally.

Perfect means of communication is language. Thanks to language, it is possible to exchange information in different areas of life. For communication to be successful, you need to know the language and have a good command of speech.

Organizational principles of speech communication

One of them is named principle of consistency. He assumes relevance(semantic correspondence) response, that is, expectation of a replica of the appropriate type. If the first replica is a question, then the second is an answer; greeting is accompanied by greeting; request - acceptance or rejection, etc. This principle requires the natural completion of a speech fragment.

Another principle is preferred structure principle- characterizes the features of speech fragments with confirming and rejecting responses. Consent is usually expressed promptly, as concisely and clearly as possible. Disagreement is formulated at length, justified by arguments and, as a rule, delayed by a pause.

Basic principles of conversation:

  • principle of consistency;
  • preferential structure principle;
  • principle of cooperation(collaboration);
  • principle of politeness.

The basis of speech communication is principle of cooperation, implying the willingness of partners to cooperate. This principle was formulated by G.P. Grice: he divides the postulates into four categories - quantity, quality, relationship and method.

Another foreign scientist J.N. Leach described another leading principle of communication- the principle of politeness, which is a set of a number of rules: the rule of tact, the rule of generosity, the rule of approval, the rule of modesty, the rule of agreement, the rule of sympathy.

These principles form the basis communication code regulating the speech behavior of both parties during the communicative act. The basic categories that form the communicative code are communicative (speech) target and communicative (speech) intention.

The most important criteria in the communicative code are the criterion of truth (fidelity to reality) and the criterion of sincerity (fidelity to oneself).

Effective speech communication means achieving adequate semantic perception and adequate interpretation of the transmitted message. The correct interpretation is considered to have taken place if the recipient interprets the main idea of ​​the text in accordance with the communicator’s intention.

Psychological principles of communication:

  • principle of equal security(non-causing psychological or other damage to a partner in information exchange),
  • principle of decentralization(not causing damage to the business for which the parties entered into interaction),
  • principle of adequacy what is perceived, what is said (not causing damage to what is said by deliberately distorting the meaning).

A necessary condition for effective communication is listening skills.

Listening is the process of perceiving, comprehending and understanding the speech of the speaker. The manner of listening, or the so-called listening style, largely depends on the personality of the interlocutors, on the character and interests of the listeners, gender, age, and official status of the participants in the communication.

Distinguish two types of listening.

One of them is called unreflective. It consists of the ability to remain attentively silent and not interfere with the interlocutor’s speech with your remarks. Non-reflective listening usually used in communication situations when one of the interlocutors is deeply excited, wants to express his attitude to a particular event, wants to discuss pressing issues, or has difficulty expressing his problems.

The essence reflective listening consists of actively interfering with the interlocutor’s speech, helping him express his thoughts and feelings, creating favorable conditions for communication, and ensuring that the interlocutors understand each other correctly and accurately. It is important to be able to choose the type of listening that is most appropriate in a given communication situation.

Psychologists identify three main principles:

1. " Try to concentrate on the person who is talking to you; pay attention not only to his words, but also to the sound of his voice, facial expressions, gestures, posture, etc." This will allow you to obtain additional information about the internal state of the interlocutor, his attitude to the subject of discussion, and his reaction to his partner’s words.

2. " Show the speaker that you understand him" To implement this principle, it is recommended to use various techniques of reflective listening. You can ask the speaker for clarification using phrases such as: I didn’t understand you; won't you repeat it again?; What do you have in mind?

3. " Don't judge, don't give advice" Psychologists say that assessments and advice, even when given with the best intentions, usually limit freedom of expression. And this can reduce the activity of participants in the dialogue, put pressure on the opinions of those present and, as a result, interfere with an effective discussion of the problem.

Essay

by discipline

"Russian language and culture of speech"

Subject:

SPEECH INTERACTION

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Introduction

The individual nature of speech makes it unique. Speech deviations also contain the origins of language changes, since language and speech are closely interrelated. Therefore they say that language creates speech and is itself created in speech.

The main function of speech is communicative , those. human speech arises in response to the need to communicate with someone or communicate something; through speech there is contact between the speaker and the listener.

Interest in the communication aspect of speech is an interest in speech as a form of human behavior in which manifestations of his character, his relationships with other people, and his life positions are revealed. In this sense, we can talk about speech actions, understood as actions in the speech sphere: with a word you can offend, caress, mislead; You can conduct a verbal battle, play with words, etc. Features of speech communication can determine the type of people - silent, talkative, grumpy.

1. Structure of speech communication

Being an act of communication, speech is always addressed to someone.

Let us analyze speech behavior using the well-known scheme of a communicative act, proposed by one of the creators of cybernetics, K. Shannon, and modified by linguist R. Jacobson.

CONTEXT

Code Co.

According to this model, the main components of speech are: sender, recipient, message, code, communication channel, context.

Message is understood as the process and result of generating speech, i.e. text. Reference is the content of the message. In the implementation of reference, i.e. The communicative function of language is the communication of certain information.

Code in speech communication - this is the language or its variety (dialect, slang, style) that is used by the participants in the communicative act.

Context (or situation) are the circumstances in which a specific event occurs. Speech acquires a certain meaning and can be understood only in the structure of a non-speech context. As an example, consider the phrase: “He came in holding a bag in his hand.” If this phrase is uttered in the context of a detective story, then it can mean, for example, “get ready” - if this person is a suspect. In the context of a festive feast, this phrase can mean that a person who has been waiting for a long time at the table has finally arrived. In a situation of domestic melodrama, the bag may indicate a scene of a disagreement or the hour of parting (departure). Thus, the pragmatic meaning of an utterance will always change.

The most important structural component of any communicative situation is Feedback . Lack of reaction to the speaker’s statement leads to the destruction of communication: not receiving an answer to the question asked, a person feels hurt and usually either seeks an answer or ends the conversation. The reaction on the part of the listener in the form of a pronounced interest in the speaker constitutes the general background against which alone the conversation can unfold.

Despite all the advantages of the considered model, it lacks psychological and social-role characteristics of speech communication.

TO psychological components First of all, the intention and purpose of the utterance should be considered (what, why and why the speaker wants to say). Communicative intention (communicative intention) is the desire to enter into communication with another person. Yes, intention offer drinking coffee differs from the intention to drink coffee in the presence of a communicative intention. Often the statement directly defines the purpose of communication:

Please close the window- motivation to action.

Do not be sad all will be well– change in the emotional state of the partner.

TO social-role components The act of speech communication should include the status and situational roles of the participants in communication, as well as the speech techniques they use.

Concept social role indicates the behavior prescribed to a person by his social (age, gender, official, etc.) status. At the beginning of a conversation, communicants are required to understand their own social role and the role of their partner. This is necessary for orientation in the situation and for choosing the appropriate manner of speech behavior.

In the course of communication, they can be determined situational roles speakers that significantly influence the nature of communication. Among them are the following:

– a leader who seeks to lead, to convince that he is right;

- a host who monitors the general progress of the conversation, balances the interests of various people, and informally takes care of those around him;

– “a capricious child”, capable of breaking any prohibitions and expressing independent judgments;

– “flexible person”, ready to adapt to different situations, capable of compromise, etc.

Style characteristics are manifested in the peculiarities of the communicants’ speech style, in the communicative strategy and tactics they use. A person with a high level of linguistic competence is one who strives to maintain his stylistic appearance in different communicative areas, but at the same time knows how to perform various speech roles.

Before transmitting a message, the sender must take care of the existence or formation of common social experience. The commonality of communicants can be of very different properties: the commonality of the language they speak; a community of social jargon or professional language through which mutual understanding is better achieved.

Conversation structure is formed through the alternating inclusion of participants in it. At the same time, new indicators of the interaction between partners arise:

· discussion and interest in a common topic or everyone talks about their own;

· frequency of use by other partners of proposals and judgments expressed by any of the participants.

These indicators can characterize both the authority of the person whose judgments attract the most attention, and the willingness (or unwillingness) of partners to accept and acknowledge someone else’s opinion.

The speaker's attitude towards his partners' reactions is also a noteworthy characteristic and can have intellectual and emotional manifestations. Intellectual assessment is revealed as agreement with the partner’s opinion, taking it into account, or, on the contrary, disagreement, opposition. The emotional attitude towards the evoked reaction manifests itself either as satisfaction, joy, or as dissatisfaction, irritation, impatience; in other cases they speak of emotional deafness.

Establishing the distance between speakers has a certain significance among communicative techniques. Some people strive to understand the circumstances and experiences of their partner in as much detail as possible, while others, on the contrary, distance themselves from their interlocutor. By establishing this or that distance, a person opens himself in different ways: he can show deep interest in the partner’s personality, while not allowing him into his personal world, or deeply reveal himself, remaining inattentive to the state of the other.

2. Characteristics of communicative qualities

The communicative process is effective when speech contains certain communicative qualities, such as: correctness, accuracy, purity, logic, richness and variety of means, expressiveness, appropriateness, etc. They ensure the expediency of the functioning of language in the communicative process. Expediency is the ability of the speech culture of utterance to ensure the achievement of communicative goals.

Right – compliance of speech with current literary standards. Correctness as a structural quality of speech ensures its functional qualities: without correctness there can be no logic, functionality, or accuracy.

Accuracy – this is the adequacy of the content of speech to the planned information. The reason for the inaccuracy of speech is the incorrect correlation of a linguistic unit with the object or concept it denotes, as well as a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility of words that are in systemic relationships. You cannot, for example, say “she negative sighed,” because the definition “negatively” does not combine with the verb “sighed.”

The use of ambiguous words can also lead to inaccuracy and ambiguity (“We planned to visit the city museums take out from it all the most valuable, most interesting"). Another reason for inaccurate speech is the transformation of phraseological units (for example, “the path from Athens to the Greeks" instead of "the path from the Varangians to the Greeks").

Purity – communicative quality associated with the norms of using linguistic means that are limited in some respect: stylistically; territorially; due to historical existence (historicisms, archaisms, neologisms); socially limited (professionalisms, vernacular, jargons). The theory of speech culture puts forward a number of requirements:

· lexical-semantic correctness, i.e. correspondence of the meaning of a limited word to the designated object, compliance with the norms of lexical and semantic compatibility;

· clear definition of words if they are not clear to a wide range of people;

· moderation and appropriateness of use.

Purity of speech can also be considered as a situational quality, i.e. in each situation, in each specific style, there are our own means that we use to achieve purity of speech (for example, for colloquial speech, the issue of distributing rude, abusive language is relevant).

Richness and diversity of languages funds – a quality that has varying degrees of manifestation in different styles. For example, in an official business style, linguistic diversity is reduced to a minimum, but for fiction, this is a necessary, most important quality.

A variety of means requires optimal use of the possibilities of synonymy and language variation, for example: ginseng - root of life - forest nugget.

Expressiveness of speech presupposes the presence in the text of special expressive means, such as tropes, figures, stylistically colored vocabulary(they are described in more detail in section 3.3). In a broad sense, expressiveness is the ability of a text to support the attention and interest of the addressee in the content and form of the text. Any text can be expressive: scientific, business, etc.

Relevance is a regulator of the degree of manifestation of all other communicative qualities. Researchers consider the quality of appropriateness in different aspects:

1) situational relevance - relevance in relation to the subject of speech, to the purpose of the statement (information, communication or influence), to the specific goals and intentions of the speaker (to persuade one’s opinion, to prove something, to express solidarity, etc.);

2) personal and psychological relevance – taking into account the recipient’s readiness to perceive information. Various characteristics can play an important role here, including gender (most women are more emotional than men) and age (for example, if you tell your child that you keep money in the bank, - he will most likely imagine a jar as a container, rather than a bank as an institution).

Researchers of the Russian language (D.E. Rosenthal, V.G. Kostomarov, L.M. Maidanova) also consider other communicative qualities of speech: brevity (conciseness), euphony, clarity (intelligibility), popularity, accessibility (simplicity) and others.

3. Speech in interpersonal communication

When studying speech interaction, it is customary to distinguish two types of communication:

1) interpersonal communication;

2) socially oriented communication.

Speech in interpersonal interaction - this is colloquial speech . She is characterized by unpreparedness and ease. The speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time; there is almost no time to think about the phrase. This is associated with such features of speech as less lexical accuracy, freedom of word use, the presence of speech errors and pause fillers. The direct participation of speakers in the speech act enhances the emotional coloring of speech; it reveals the personal characteristics of the interlocutors, their attitude towards each other and the subject of conversation.

Phatic and informational speech

The communicative role of speakers and listeners, the manner of their speech behavior depend on what comes to the fore in the message - information or contact. Functionally, two types of speech behavior can be distinguished: phatic speech behavior (communication) and informational speech behavior (message). From the point of view of the communicative roles of participants in a speech act, each of these types is organized differently.

Target phatic speech behavior – speak out and find understanding. Usually this is an exchange of remarks, the content of which is associatively related to each other. The rules that the interlocutors use are determined by them intuitively. Having equal rights in a conversation, the interlocutors do not strive to come to a common point of view or solve a problem. Therefore, they do not particularly balance what is said and interrupt each other relatively little. The speaker often prefers to construct a new word rather than look for the desired designation in memory. Word creation and speech automatism facilitate the process of constructing speech and are therefore actively used.

Information speech behavior can manifest itself in various ways. Let's pay attention to three of them.

1. Joint solution of the problem: speech statements are aimed at achieving a common point of view. This method of communication presupposes the presence of a common goal, which significantly limits the topic. The set of rules for conducting a conversation that are adequate for this method is also limited: each statement is carefully weighed, each word is quite strictly selected and evaluated. Repetitions and clarifications are allowed; the decision is developed jointly with mutual consent of the interlocutors.

2. Asking questions, in which one of the interlocutors - the one asking the questions - is interested in obtaining certain information. His right to ask questions may be determined by his social role (father, examiner) or by agreement on the purpose of asking (he then receives permission to ask questions). The respondent has the right to avoid answering, ask a counter question, or discuss the question asked. The topic of communication is not always clearly defined. Repetitions and clarifications are acceptable, i.e. redundancy. Words and remarks are usually weighed more carefully than in phatic speech behavior.

3. Clarification of understanding. This method of communication follows other methods and involves solving the problem of the causes of misunderstanding. Both partners have the right to leave this method of communication at any time, declaring that everything is already clear, and move on to another method.

Fruitful interaction is possible when both interlocutors agree on the same method of communication. If this fails immediately, then an acceptable method of communication is chosen or the conversation is interrupted at the initiative of any of the partners.

Speech and self-esteem

One of the most important features of speech behavior in interpersonal interaction is the ability to influence the self-esteem of speakers and listeners. Our messages can contain three types of reactions.

1. We can support other people's self-concepts and address them in the way they expect.

2. We may not accept other people's self-determination by refusing to share their views about themselves.

3. We may not notice the self-determinations of others (we refuse to support them). Refusal to support means that we do not consider it necessary to let others know how we feel when communicating with them; treating them the same way regardless of their words or behavior. Thus we ignore them. At the same time, the refusal of support may be unintentional; the person simply does not realize the importance of support for personal self-esteem.

There are classifications of messages with a predominance of supportive or non-supportive style. Thus, among speech messages of the nature support, highlight:

1) direct recognition, when the interlocutor agrees with what you said (this is manifested in interest in the conversation);

2) clarifying remarks: the interlocutor asks you to clarify something, to clarify;

3) expression of positive feelings - the interlocutor tells you that he is completely satisfied with your message.

Among the messages that evoke feelings refusal of support, highlight:

1) avoiding discussion. The interlocutor reacts to the message, but quickly moves the conversation in another direction ( “Did you have a good holiday?” - "Fine. Do you think the weather will not change by evening?”). Another option is when no attempt is even made to connect your response to your message ( “If you only knew what a charming woman I met in Yalta!” - “And just now you were right: sturgeon is fragrant.” A.P. Chekhov);

2) impersonal sentences, emphatically correct, scientific speech, refusal of personal communication;

3) interruption - you are interrupted in mid-sentence and are not allowed to finish it;

4) statements containing contradictions between the verbal content and the tone with which they are pronounced (“ Of course you're always right” – when pronounced in an ironic tone).

There are often situations in everyday life when we want or need to refuse communication, but even then it is useful to remember the importance of a supportive style.

The role of the listener

The listener is able to influence the speech behavior of the speaker, because he is nearby and his reaction is obvious. In certain situations, conflict may arise between the speaker and the listener. For example, the speaker uses his usual vocabulary, extraliterary or narrowly professional word usage, but the listener does not accept this and prefers to remain within the framework of the literary language.

The readiness to adapt to someone else's speech experience to the same extent as the desire to realize one's own allows us to talk about such a variant of speech behavior as the search for a common language. Finding a common language means for the speaker to be able to actualize skills equal to (or similar to) those of the listener. Orienting speech towards the interlocutor, the speaker can resort to various means of communicative addressing, using, for example, the expressions: “If I can put it this way...”, “As they say...”, etc. For the same purpose, jargon, dialect words, etc. can be used.

In modern socio-psychological literature, much attention is paid to the analysis listening styles. In this case, the starting point is that listening is an active process that requires certain skills. These skills include non-reflective, reflective and empathic listening techniques.

Non-reflective listening consists of the ability to remain attentively silent, without interfering with the interlocutor’s speech with your remarks. It is useful when the interlocutor, wanting to discuss pressing issues, shows such deep feelings as anger, grief, or simply talks about something that requires a minimal answer. In form, non-reflective listening is the use of short remarks such as “I understand”, “yes”, etc. or nonverbal (without words) support techniques, such as an affirmative tilt of the head.

Reflexive (or active) listening is feedback from the speaker used to check the accuracy of what was heard. In this case, the listener makes more active use of the verbal form to confirm understanding. The main types of reflective responses are clarification, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, and summarizing.

Clarification is an appeal to the speaker for clarification: “ Could you repeat it again? », « It's not entirely clear to me what you meant..." and so on.

Paraphrasing consists of conveying the same message to the speaker, but in different words, in order to check the accuracy of what was heard. Paraphrasing may begin with the words “ If I understood you correctly... », « In your opinion... », « In other words, do you think..." It is important to select only the essential points of the message, its meaning and ideas.

Reflecting feelings in reflective listening means paying attention to the emotional state of the speaker. Phrases such as “ You are probably experiencing... », « You probably feel..."and so on. When using this technique, it is important to monitor the non-verbal behavior of the interlocutor (facial expression, posture, gestures); try to imagine yourself in his place.

When using active listening techniques, you must remember that at any given moment your reaction to what you hear must be adequate and natural.

As a result of summarizing (summarizing), fragments of the conversation are combined into a semantic unity. Typical phrases in this case could be the following: “ As I understand it, your main ideas are... », « To sum it all up..." and so on.

Empathic Listening - this is an understanding of the feelings experienced by another person, and a reciprocal expression of one’s understanding of these feelings. Empathic listening differs from reflective listening not in the techniques used (clarification, paraphrasing, summarizing), but in the goals and intentions. The purpose of reflective listening is to understand the speaker's message, taking into account his feelings; The goal of empathic listening is to grasp the emotional coloring of statements and their meaning for the other person. Empathic listening is a more intimate type of communication compared to active listening and excludes critical perception.

4. Speech in social interaction

IN socially oriented communication The distance between partners increases, as a result of which contact between communication participants becomes more difficult. This is reflected in speech, which demonstrates an incomparably greater detachment from the subject of speech and its addressee than speech in interpersonal interaction.

For speech behavior in social interaction, the main importance is the verbal design of the social-role status of the participants in communication, fairly strict control over the sent speech messages, and a decrease in the personal element in speech behavior.

A distinctive feature of speech communication in social interaction is associated with fairly specific expectations on the part of message recipients. These expectations are determined by role stereotypes that exist in the minds of the recipients, namely: how a representative of a particular social group should speak, what kind of speech inspires or does not inspire confidence, whether the speaker knows or does not know the topic, etc. Therefore, speech in social interaction is characterized by a kind of impersonality, when participants in verbal communication speak as if not on their own, but “on behalf of the group,” of which they feel themselves to be representatives in a given situation.

Of particular importance in social interaction are the methods used by interlocutors. speech strategies and tactics .

The strategy of verbal communication is understood as the process of building communication aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes planning verbal interaction depending on the specific communication conditions and personalities of the communicators, as well as the line of conversation. The purpose of the strategy may be to gain authority, influence the worldview, call for action, cooperation or abstain from any action.

Speech communication tactics are understood as a set of conversation techniques and a line of behavior at a certain stage of the conversation. It includes techniques for attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him.

Tactics may change during the conversation depending on the conditions of communication, information received, feelings, and emotions. To manage the line of conversation, you need to think through the overall picture and possible options for developing the conversation in advance, learn to recognize key points at which a change of topic is possible, be able to evaluate the strategy and tactics of your interlocutor, and develop ways of flexible response or counteraction.

Speech as a means of asserting social status

In socially oriented communication, the social roles of its participants are the most important factor in speech behavior. At the same time, there is the following dependence: not only the role situation determines the nature of speech behavior, but also the chosen means construct the social situation. Language, of course, is one of the tools for asserting the social status of participants in communication.

To adequately understand a speech message, communication participants designate social relationships in various ways. In addition to direct ideas, when the social roles of interlocutors are named, there are indirect ones - social-symbolic facilities demonstrations of the social status and role repertoires of those communicating.

Such means include choosing a form of appeal, which can reveal social hierarchy, as well as express a personal attitude towards a partner. By changing the forms of address, you can emphasize the formality or informality of the relationship. Let’s compare the addresses: “ladies and gentlemen”, “comrades”, “friends”, “hey you, darling”, “dearest”. A similar function can be performed by selected forms of greetings or farewells, for example, “hello”, “great, guys”, “greetings”, “bye”, “all the best”, etc.

The method of using speech to improve one's social status can be various designations to describe a social role or professional functions. Thus, people's self-esteem often increases depending on the choice of the name of their role: "assistant director" instead of "secretary" or "sanitation worker" instead of "garbage worker."

Verbal social-symbolic means also include the deliberate imitation of a particular pronunciation assigned to a certain group of people. It is noticed that we adapt our language to the language of our partner if we like him. On the other hand, when we want to get rid of an interlocutor or a group, we can emphasize differences in our speech. For example, Canadians living in France prefer politicians who make public speeches in English with a strong French accent.

The choice of pronunciation style is also one of the social-symbolic means. There are high and low styles. High the style is perceived as more official, distanced, due to the emphatically correct use of words and construction of sentences. Short a style that includes colloquial speech (slang words, slang) is perceived as informal and friendly.

The speaker, using certain techniques, can contribute to the formation of his own image in the eyes of others, for example, appearing more confident, more in control of the situation. Let’s compare the phrase “I think we could have lunch at my place today” with the phrase “We’ll have lunch at my place today.” In the second case, an influential tone is clearly heard. Thus, the structure of the sentence itself seems to direct the action.

Communication researchers identify several so-called non-influential forms of messages:

1. Evasive phrases reflecting subjectivity: “I guess”, “probably”, etc.

2. Indecision, linguistic stuttering (use of interjections such as “uh”, “you know”, “well”, etc.).

3. Polite forms: “excuse me,” “excuse me,” “be kind.”

4. Using ending questions: “It’s very hot here, isn’t it?”

5. Intensive words: “great”, “wonderful”, “very”.

Changing the style of communication, in particular the use of a request form You / You, in itself can be a technique aimed at increasing or decreasing status. The transition from “you” to “you” is often an alienation strategy that can demonstrate disapproval, rejection, and hostility. Reverse switching, on the other hand, is an acceptance strategy, meaning favorability, a desire for less formality and more friendliness.

LITERATURE

1. Goykhman O.Ya., Nadeina T.M. Fundamentals of speech communication. M., 1997.

2. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M.: Higher School, 1989.

3. Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: “Iris Press”, 2001.