Waste from plants and factories. Waste classification. Production wastes are technogenic wastes. Consumption waste anthropogenic waste. According to aggregate state

Industrial waste should be stored in a specially designated place on the territory of the enterprise in quantities agreed with local executive authorities and territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Ecological, Technological and Nuclear Supervision.[ ...]

Industrial wastes containing natural radionuclides can have a wide range of effective activity values from units to several hundred kBq/kg. Their volume and weight quantities can also reach significant, reaching tens of thousands of m for liquid, viscous and bulk waste and / or several thousand tons for solid waste in the form of contaminated pipes and equipment.[ ...]

Construction wastes are logging residues, substandard wood, uprooted stumps, remains of metal pipes, wires, and containers. Industrial waste - pipe cuttings, chisels, valves, oil sludge, scrap metal, mercury lamps, etc. and household waste - packaging, plastic bottles, boxes, etc.[ ...]

Production wastes are the remains of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products formed in the process of production of target (commercial) products. They are considered to have partially or completely lost their quality and presentation. They do not meet WTU standards and do not have a fixed price. However, these products can and should be used as secondary raw materials or as an additive to primary raw materials in the development (manufacturing) of marketable products. Petrochemical production wastes include: pyrolysis tars, phenol and polyalkylbenzene resins, various residual heavy and distilled light hydrocarbon products from the production of synthetic alcohols, ketones, fatty acids, styrene, isoprene, etc. In addition, industrial wastes are rejected mixtures of hydrocarbons, acidic, alkaline and sulfate wastewater, etc.[ ...]

Industrial waste is a consequence of the imperfection of technological processes, unsatisfactorily organized production, as well as an imperfect economic mechanism. These include: waste generated during the mechanical and physico-chemical processing of raw materials and materials; waste generated during the extraction and enrichment of minerals; substances captured during the treatment of waste process gases and waste water.[ ...]

In industrial waste subjected to fire neutralization, nitrogen compounds can be contained in the form of various oxides (nitrous gases), mineral and organic compounds. Of the mineral compounds in liquid waste, nitric acid and its salts, salts of nitrous acid, ammonia and its derivatives, cyano-containing compounds are most often found; from organic - amines, nitriles and nitro compounds. During fire disposal of wastes containing these compounds, nitrogen oxides (in superequilibrium concentrations) and extremely toxic substances - cyanide and hydrogen cyanide, formed as a result of thermal dissociation of certain nitrogen-containing compounds, as well as as a result of radical reactions of various intermediate substances ( formed during the oxidation of organic compounds) with atomic nitrogen. Knowledge of the mechanism and conditions for the occurrence of these reactions is of great practical importance when choosing the parameters of the fire neutralization regime, excluding (or minimizing) the possibility of the formation of harmful substances.[ ...]

Practically all methods of MSW processing are also used for industrial waste, for example, heat treatment, incineration, composting, anaerobic fermentation. In addition to this, in some cases, software is subjected to underground burial in deep formations and underground cavities of natural or artificial origin, dumped into the deep parts of the seas and oceans, and stored in above-ground sealed tanks.[ ...]

Waste from industrial and transport activities is understood as household, industrial waste, as well as industrial waste arising in the technological processes of implementing the life cycle of transport facilities, resulting from the inefficient use of raw materials and materials. They pollute the hydrosphere and lithosphere, accumulate in these environments and therefore are subject to disposal, disinfection, removal and processing.[ ...]

WASTE EXCHANGE [German] Vtsgyae from gr. bursa - bag, purse] - an institution for the free redistribution of all types of industrial waste between enterprises. The publication of waste lists brings together proposing and requesting clients. In some industrial sectors, B.o. operates under sectoral unions of entrepreneurs, intersectoral B.o. - at chambers of commerce and industry. The main task of B.o. - saving of raw materials and use of waste.[ ...]

Sulfur in industrial waste is contained in the form of many organic and mineral compounds.[ ...]

Liquid industrial wastes become combustible at different values of the heat of combustion, depending on the heat of combustion of combustible components and their belonging to one or another class of compounds.[ ...]

At all production sites and residential facilities, it is necessary to organize a system for the collection of solid domestic and industrial waste with the equipment of containers for collecting garbage and other containers, ensure their regular release and removal of waste to a landfill. It is necessary to provide a system of regular waste incineration in special furnaces with subsequent flooding of sludge.[ ...]

The division of production waste into used and unused, which is often practiced when calculating the cost of target products, is insufficient, since it does not take into account such important indicators as the volume of waste generation, their qualitative composition and value, etc.[ ...]

Many industrial wastes contain organic compounds, which include metals (salts of organic acids, derivatives of carboxylic acids, alcohols and other organic compounds). More common are organic compounds containing alkali metals (sodium and potassium), less often - alkaline earth (calcium and barium). Very often sodium salts of organic acids are present in liquid wastes.[ ...]

Schemes for the processing of industrial waste plastics are usually simpler due to the absence of the need for their separation, classification by type, washing and drying.[ ...]

Neither solid nor liquid industrial wastes are as active as gaseous ones. A higher degree of freedom of movement of the air mass, the complexity of timely identification, the comparative suddenness of the action of toxic emissions can lead to irreversible consequences that adversely affect the health and well-being of others, create difficult working conditions and adversely affect labor productivity. In addition to the threat of poisoning, industrial gases and vapors in concentrations determined by the individual properties of the products contained in them are explosive and flammable to a certain extent.[ ...]

Recycling of metal waste with remelting is the main way of their disposal. The smelting of secondary metals from scrap-amortization scrap, i.e. scrap metal obtained from depreciation and obsolescence of metal structures, machines, etc., and industrial waste (off-cuts, shavings, etc.) is the largest consumption area solid waste in industry.[ ...]

The ways and extent of use of industrial waste are quite different. They are determined mainly by the qualitative composition and quantity of by-products and waste generated in individual industries. Some methods of waste disposal are temporary and depend on the current situation and on their possible implementation. Part of the waste is used directly on site (in the process of producing the target product) or sent as raw materials and auxiliary materials to other enterprises. A significant proportion of them is used as fuel in furnaces of technological installations, which is not economically feasible. Often, industrial waste, not finding practical use, is flared and discharged into the atmosphere, as well as taken to the dump.[ ...]

With the help of in-plant transport, solid industrial waste from hopper 1 through shaft 2 falls onto an inclined or stepped grate 8. A layer of solid waste 9 slowly slides along the grate to the place of unloading of the zone under the influence of its own weight. The organic part of the solid waste partially burns in the layer, and partially above the layer 6, where additional secondary air is supplied through the nozzle 3. The main amount of air 7 is supplied under the grate. Unburned organic products, together with flue gases, pass through a refractory nozzle 4, designed to turbulize the gas flow and improve the combustion process of the remaining part of the organic substances, and are burned in the chamber 5.[ ...]

As already mentioned, during the fire disposal of industrial waste, flue gases are in most cases contaminated with dust, and sometimes with toxic gaseous components in the form of acids and anhydrides (HC1, HP, 502, BO3, P4Oi, etc.). Emission of such gases into the atmosphere without purification is unacceptable. Only with the neutralization of wastes of groups I and II, flue gases can be released into the atmosphere without purification. The physical properties of the mineral components in the waste (melting point, tendency to sublimate, solubility in water) determine the methods of their capture and the state of aggregation at the outlet of the treatment plants (dry dust, granular slag, aqueous solution, aqueous suspension or sludge).[ .. .]

Waste water - water contaminated with household waste and industrial waste and removed from the territories of populated areas and industrial enterprises by sewerage systems. Wastewater also includes water generated as a result of precipitation within the territories of settlements and industrial facilities.[ ...]

A centralized form of differentiated processing of industrial waste has been implemented at the Regotmas enterprises, which receive and process oil product waste. The centralization of the processing of this type of waste stimulates the development of highly efficient technology, as well as the creation of specialized equipment, both main and auxiliary, in order not only to ensure the maximum possible collection of waste, but also to be the basis for the development of waste-free technology. A sample of auxiliary equipment is a compact and high-performance unit "Kristall", developed several years ago, designed for the treatment of wastewater containing oil products and mechanical impurities. It turned out to be especially convenient for cleaning wastewater from car wash stations.[ ...]

According to the nature of the processes carried out in them, modern cyclone furnaces for the fire disposal of industrial waste can be classified as chemical reactors, therefore, in the future, cyclone furnaces will be called cyclone reactors.[ ...]

The most significant in terms of the scale of formation of solid industrial waste from the industrial rubber products industry are unvulcanized and vulcanized rubber and rubber-fabric materials formed at the stages of preparation of rubber mixtures and blanks, vulcanization and processing of finished products, including various types of rejects. The volumes of these wastes in our country do not exceed several tens of thousands of tons per year.[ ...]

The purpose of the book offered to the attention of readers is to give a primary classification of industrial waste and specific recommendations for their processing, as well as to determine the general methods and means used in the disposal of secondary products.[ ...]

Below are considered the main energy-technological schemes of installations for the fire disposal of waste. Some of them have received wide practical application, others are under development or are only technical proposals, but are of great practical interest. Technological schemes of installations for fire processing and regeneration of some industrial waste are given in Ch. 7.[ ...]

Very promising is the use of a number of industrial and municipal waste in agriculture, where they can be used as ameliorants or fertilizers. In most cases, industrial waste can be supplied to agriculture free of charge, and using it locally, in areas close to an industrial enterprise, significantly reduces transportation costs. Therefore, the reclamation use of industrial waste, along with social and environmental feasibility, has a high economic efficiency.[ ...]

The decline in production observed in recent years, unfortunately, has not led to an improvement in the situation with waste. The difficult financial situation and instability of most enterprises force them to save money on solving environmental problems, including the problem of waste, since their processing and disposal are not always economically profitable. It is hardly realistic to expect third-party investments in the modernization of industry and agriculture in the current conditions. Therefore, the situation with industrial waste in the near future will obviously remain tense.[ ...]

As shown above, the main factors of the technogenic impact of drilling on the natural environment are industrial waste and individual materials and reagents used in the technological cycle of well construction. Therefore, the SOM standardization procedure should be reduced to an analysis of the possibilities of measures to reduce the level of contamination of such wastes or materials to the standard quality of the natural environment. Moreover, the totality of technical, energy and physico-chemical capabilities of such environmental protection measures should be taken into account and evaluated. If one POM is not enough to achieve the required standard quality of an object of the natural environment, it is necessary to use several measures that provide a stepwise reduction of the technogenic factor to a safe level.[ ...]

MECHANICAL POLLUTION - pollution of the environment by relatively inert physical and chemical household and industrial waste (construction and household waste, packaging materials, plastics, etc.).[ ...]

Some authors reduce the meaning of environmental auditing to identifying the effectiveness of measures taken by companies in order to reduce production waste.[ ...]

In cyclone furnaces, in connection with the use of skull linings, there are ample opportunities for fire neutralization of various types of wastewater and liquid industrial waste with the formation of a melt of mineral substances. At the same time, in the working space of the furnace, in addition to the chemical reactions of combustion of fuel and liquid combustible waste, oxidation reactions of impurities occur, as well as reactions with mineral substances. For example, during the oxidation of organic compounds of metals, oxides are formed, which can be subjected to carbonization, sulfation, etc. in a furnace. In particular, carbonates are formed during the oxidation of organic compounds of sodium and potassium. The oxidation of organic compounds of sulfur, phosphorus and halogens is accompanied by the formation of gaseous acids and their anhydrides. Alkalis contained in the original waste water and other wastes, as well as those resulting from the process of fire neutralization, can enter into chemical interaction with gaseous acids and their anhydrides in the working space of the furnace, forming various mineral salts. Minerals from the cyclone kiln can be produced in the form of a melt or in solid form. Sometimes these minerals are used as raw materials in manufacturing processes. In these cases, cyclone furnaces can be considered as units for the recovery of certain substances from industrial waste: hydrochloric acid from spent pickling solutions, trisodium phosphate from spent solutions from metal degreasing baths, soda from alkaline effluent from caprolactam production, etc.[ ...]

In accordance with the concept of the economic optimum of pollution, the problem of setting environmental quality standards is also usually solved. In this case, the level of neutralization of industrial waste must correspond to the quality of the environment established by environmental authorities. In addition, opinions are expressed regarding the tightening of environmental standards, up to the standards of the untouched natural environment, regardless of the scale of the economic costs required for this.[ ...]

When used in technological processes, water is polluted with various organic and inorganic substances, i.e., wastewater is formed. Waste water is water that was in domestic, industrial or agricultural use, as well as passed through any contaminated area. Liquid industrial waste is called industrial wastewater or industrial effluent. These effluents contain toxic and poisonous substances that pollute water bodies.[ ...]

The activities of such services, as a rule, do not go beyond the scope of one enterprise, but even on such a narrow scale, economic efficiency and an objective need for their creation have been revealed. The systematization of production waste makes it possible to take into account almost everything that is suitable for in-plant use. With the help of special recycling cards, technologists manage to improve the metal movement routes. For example, if in the past, in the manufacture of frames for flange blocks for railway cars, all the remaining metal was sent for remelting, since it could not be disposed of in the forging shop, then the analysis of recycling maps showed that these residues are suitable for stamping washers in another shop. This proposal alone allows you to save hundreds of tons of metal annually.[ ...]

During mechanical treatment, contaminants are removed from wastewater, which are in it mainly in an undissolved and partially colloidal state. Large garbage, rags, paper, vegetable and fruit residues and various industrial waste are retained by gratings. Waste, detained on gratings, is sent to crushers. Recently, grate-crushers have been used, in which large waste is simultaneously retained and crushed.[ ...]

The rational organization of individual stages of the working process is achieved by choosing the appropriate design of the reactor, selecting the type and placing on the reactor technical means for burning fuel and spraying industrial waste. As already mentioned, cyclone reactors are the most effective for the fire disposal of liquid industrial waste in a pulverized state, therefore, the issues of rational organization of individual stages of the process of fire neutralization of liquid industrial waste will be considered in relation to this type.[ ...]

Fire disposal of wastewater is a complex physical and chemical process, consisting of various physical and chemical stages. In the working chamber of the fire neutralization reactor, the fuel combustion process takes place, liquid industrial waste is sprayed, moving drops evaporate, vapors mix and heat with flue gases, chemical reaction of industrial waste components (oxidation, reduction, thermal decomposition, etc.). If there are mineral impurities in the production waste, the working process is complicated by the formation of droplets of solid or molten mineral particles as a result of evaporation, which are carried away from the working chamber with flue gases or are trapped on the walls of the reactor and removed from it in the form of a melt. These stages of the workflow are combined in time, and to a large extent - in space.[ ...]

The main sources of pollution of the earth's surface and the geological environment include cuttings, cement slurries, including oil-based slurries with additives of chemicals, natural filtration of polluted waters from drilling sites and pits, injection of industrial waste into the annulus of drilled wells, pollution by garbage dumps and household sewage.[ ...]

One of the ways of the all-round regime of saving raw materials and materials is the most complete and rational use of them on the basis of advanced technology, the use of substitutes for scarce raw materials and materials, as well as the integrated use of by-products and industrial waste in order to isolate all the components contained in them and eliminate harmful emissions into atmosphere, water bodies and soil.[ ...]

The main reason for the ecological crisis of water bodies in the USSR is the scientific groundlessness and practical inconsistency of the concept that has prevailed for almost 50 years, based on two false postulates: 1) the inevitability of the formation of wastewater containing industrial waste; 2) the permissibility of the discharge of wastewater into natural reservoirs that are actually used for post-treatment of wastewater, i.e. as biological treatment facilities. Only in 1969, at the suggestion of acad.[ ...]

Currently, there are enterprises for the production of materials for the construction industry: cements, bricks, mineral wool, heat-insulating boards, etc., the raw materials for the production of which are ash and slag. Therefore, the primary task of the sectoral services for the processing of industrial waste is to develop route maps for the movement of this type of waste, which would take into account not only the distance to the consumer, but also the products that can be obtained from the proposed waste.[ ...]

Prevention of undesirable consequences is possible as a result of the construction of structures for the protection of water bodies. For the construction of these structures, one-time costs are required for the construction of: ® stations, biological, physical, chemical and mechanical cleaning of production facilities. and municipal wastewater; facilities and installations for post-treatment of wastewater, including irrigation fields (except for agricultural fields); facilities for the primary stage of wastewater treatment (oil traps, grease traps, neutralization stations, flotation plants, sludge neutralization plants); prevention of pollution, clogging and depletion of water resources; © Installations for the collection of oil, fuel oil, garbage and other waste from the water areas of water bodies, including collection vessels and oil refineries; © experimental installations for the development of new methods of wastewater treatment; © installations and facilities for the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of liquid industrial waste and bottoms, residues.;. polygons and.[ ...]

At present, due to gross violations of natural cycles, the ability of the environment to self-heal is reduced to almost zero, so some environmentalists believe (Yu. Odum): if strenuous efforts are not continued to curb the process of deterioration in the quality of the environment, then there will be a lack of natural resources, and industrial waste will become a limiting factor in the development of civilization. Already now the growing volume of toxic waste (up to 50 million tons in 1978) brings them closer to critical dimensions. Only in the USA about 1000 new drugs are created annually, there are about 50 thousand chemicals on the market, about 35 thousand of which are potentially harmful to humans.[ ...]

That is why the thermal method, both in our country and abroad, has become widespread. According to this method, all organic substances are completely oxidized by atmospheric oxygen at high temperature to non-toxic compounds. As a result, mineral products are released in the form of ash or granules. The thermal method of neutralizing industrial waste, depending on the conditions of the oxidation regime, the technological design of the process and the composition of the waste, is divided into a number of methods.[ ...]

The use of tars with a high acid content as a sulphurizing agent for the production of sulfonate additives and their processing in order to obtain sulfur dioxide, high-sulfur coke, bitumen, and some other products seem promising. Thus, during the processing of acid tars into sulfur dioxide in order to obtain sulfuric acid, liquid industrial wastes are usually added to them - solutions of spent sulfuric acid, the output of which in the country is more than 350 thousand tons / year. Thermal splitting of a mixture of acid tars and spent sulfuric acid is carried out in combustion furnaces at 800-1200°C. Under these conditions, the formation of sulfur dioxide and the complete combustion of organic matter.[ ...]

A modern city is even more sensitive to flooding, as underground utilities often break due to uneven ground settlement. Due to a number of historical reasons, some cities, contrary to economic feasibility, were built in places where either the flood area is very large or the flood layer is very large (up to 3-5 m). In the Far East, the first is Lesozavodsk on the river. Iman, to the second - Blagoveshchensk on the river. Cupid. Intensive development of floodplains, clogging of channels with industrial waste lead to a reduction in the river's throughput in the city and to an increase in the maximum level of rivers during floods. This is explained by the fact that the flow of water, which previously passed along the floodplain, is concentrated in the main channel with the appearance of obstacles, and the peak of the flood passes at a higher level. In this regard, the speed of the water increases, and the structures that have fallen under the flood are subject to significant damage.[ ...]

In our time, all the living nature of the planet is involved in human activity, in the very life support of human society. In this state of affairs, another major priority of modern environmental education is hidden, to which special attention should be paid. The fact is that the impoverishment of the gene pool, the irretrievable loss of animal and plant species destroy wildlife gradually. And this destruction is not so obvious, as if it does not concern us. If, say, the consequences of pollution of water bodies with industrial waste are quite obvious, then this allows us to consider this topic already in elementary school. It is more difficult to understand that the purity of natural waters, the gas composition of the atmosphere, the processing of household and industrial waste, their return to the biological circulation system, and the restoration of disturbed biospheric communities are provided by living organisms. The inclusion in the educational process of the idea that the main condition for the effectiveness of these processes is the diversity of life forms is a very difficult task, requiring a high worldview level and pedagogical skills, but an absolutely necessary task of modern environmental education.

Types of production waste

Depending on the state of aggregation, the waste is divided into solid and liquid, and according to the state of education - on industrial formed during the production process biological generated in agriculture, household, radioactive. In addition, waste is divided into combustible and non-combustible, compressible and non-compressible. Depending on toxicity, wastes are divided into extremely hazardous, highly hazardous, moderately hazardous, low hazardous, non-toxic.

Use and recycling of production waste

Wastes that can later be used in production are secondary material resources. For the full use of waste as secondary raw materials, their industrial classification has been developed, which makes it possible to significantly simplify and reduce the cost of their further processing by eliminating or reducing the cost of their separation.

The first step in waste management is collection. After collection, the waste is processed, stored or buried.

Waste recycling - an important step in ensuring environmental safety, contributing to the protection of the environment from pollution and conserving natural resources. Waste that can be useful is recycled.

Warehousing and disposal of production waste

Waste that cannot be processed and further used as secondary resources (the processing of which is difficult and economically unprofitable, or which is in excess) is subjected to warehousing or burial in landfills and landfills.

Landfills come in different levels and classes: enterprise, city, and regional landfills. Landfills are equipped to protect the environment. In places of storage, waterproofing is carried out to prevent contamination of pound waters. The nature of the landfill equipment depends on the type and toxicity class of the stored waste.

Waste with a high degree of moisture is dehydrated before disposal at the landfill. Compressible waste should be compressed, and combustible waste should be burned in order to reduce their volume and weight. When pressing, the volume of waste is reduced by 2-10 times, and when burned - up to 50 times. The disadvantages of incineration are high costs, as well as the formation of gaseous toxic emissions. Waste incineration plants should be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas cleaning systems.

One of the most difficult problems is the collection, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Solid radioactive waste is subjected to compression and incineration in special facilities equipped with radiation shielding and a highly efficient system for cleaning ventilation air and exhaust gases. When burned, 85-90% of the radionuclides are localized in the ash, the rest are captured by the gas cleaning system.

To reduce their volume, liquid radioactive waste is subjected to evaporation, in which the bulk of the radionuclides is localized in the sediment. Temporarily liquid radioactive waste is stored in specially equipped containers, and then sent to special landfills. In order to exclude or reduce the risk of contamination of groundwater during the final disposal of liquid radioactive waste, methods of solidification are used. Wastes are cemented to form cement stone, bituminized, vitrified, vitrified wastes are included in a metal matrix.

Cementing - the simplest method, however, the fixation of radionuclides in the cement stone is not reliable enough, the radionuclides are washed out, and the stone may collapse over time. Bituminization ensures reliable fixation of radionuclides, but at high activity of the waste, a large amount of heat of radioactive decay is released, and the bitumen block can melt (melting point of bitumen is 130°C). Vitrification - reliable, but also the most expensive method. For high-level waste, the method is used incorporation of vitrified waste into a metal matrix. To do this, glass beads with radionuclides fixed in them are obtained from a glass mass obtained on the basis of liquid radioactive waste, they are poured into a matrix together with a low-melting lead-based alloy, then the container is heated, the metal is melted, and the glass beads are fixed in a metal matrix.

Burial of radioactive waste is carried out in burial grounds in geological formations. Burial grounds can be equipped in the surface layers of soil, massifs of rock salt, crystalline rocks. They should be located in places not subject to mudflows, landslides, in seismically safe areas where there is no close groundwater.

A radical solution to the problems of protecting against industrial waste is possible with the widespread introduction of low-waste technologies - technologies that rationally use all components of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle, i.e. the use of natural resources and the resulting waste are minimized. Low-waste technologies provide for a reduction in the material consumption of products; the use of closed water supply cycles of enterprises, in which treated wastewater is again sent to production; the use of generated waste or substances captured by gas cleaning to obtain other products and goods.

Waste classification

Production wastes include the remains of multicomponent natural raw materials after the extraction of the target product from it, for example, waste ore, overburden of mining, slag and ash from thermal power plants, blast furnace slag and burnt earth of flasks of metallurgical production, metal shavings from machine-building enterprises, etc. In addition, they include significant waste from the forestry, woodworking, textile and other industries, the road construction industry and the modern agro-industrial complex.

In industrial ecology, production waste is understood as waste in a solid state of aggregation. The same applies to consumer waste - industrial and household.

Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or obsolescence. Industrial consumer waste - cars, machine tools and other obsolete equipment of enterprises.

Household waste - waste generated as a result of human activities and disposed of by them as unwanted or useless.

A special category of waste (mainly industrial) is radioactive waste (RW) generated during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, nuclear submarines) and other purposes.

A great danger to the environment is posed by toxic waste, including some of the non-hazardous waste at the stage of their appearance, which acquire toxic properties during storage.

Possible directions for the use of production waste

In principle, it is possible to use industrial waste in the following main areas:

1. Landscape reclamation, territory planning, backfilling of roads, dams, etc., for which rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, blast-furnace slag and other types of solid industrial waste are used.

The implementation of this economically profitable area of waste disposal is, however, insignificant - in total, approximately 10% of the volume of available waste is used for these purposes.

2. Use of waste as a raw material in the production of building materials: as porous aggregates for concrete, building ceramics, masonry mortars (waste rock, gravel, sand); as a raw material for the production of white cement, building lime and glass (rocks containing CaCO 3 chalk), Portland cement (clay shale), expanded clay (plastic clay), silicate and building bricks (ash and slag waste from thermal power plants ...), etc.

The building materials industry is the only industry that uses large-tonnage production waste on a significant scale.

3. Recycling of waste as a feedstock, since some wastes are close in their properties to natural raw materials for obtaining a certain substance or raw materials for obtaining new types of products.

In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is implemented (Fig. 1), for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the resulting graphite soot.

In the second case, sulfuric acid can be obtained in this way, for example: when coal is enriched in order to reduce its sulfur content, sulfur pyrite FeS 2 is formed (for example, its reserves reach 60 million tons in the enrichment “tails” of the Moscow Region coal basin); thermal treatment of sulfur pyrites together with another large-tonnage waste - iron sulfate FeSO 4 - allows you to get sulfur dioxide:

FeSO 4 + 3FeS 2 + 8O 2 = 7SO 2 + 2Fe2O 3,

and then sulfuric acid.

This direction of waste use is applicable in the processing of such industrial consumer waste as ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal. When processing black scrap metal, you can save up to 75% of the electricity needed to make steel from iron ore. Recycling aluminum from scrap saves up to 90% of the energy needed to smelt it from ore. At the same time, atmospheric pollution and the amount of primary raw materials mined, and, consequently, the amount of waste ore, are reduced.

Rice. 1. Scheme of waste-free technological process

4. Use of waste in agriculture as a fertilizer or means of melioration.

For example, technological processes have been developed for obtaining a valuable chemical fertilizer from phosphogypsum - ammonium sulfate (NH 4) 2 SO 4, as well as lime for the chemical amelioration of solonetzic soils. Lime ameliorants (absorbers) of acidic soils are also obtained from ash and slag waste from metallurgy, waste from paper, leather and other industries.

The use of industrial waste in agriculture has its own difficulties. This is due to the fact that, depending on the feedstock, they may contain heavy metals, arsenic, fluorine, selenium and other harmful elements.

5. Use as fuel in industry and everyday life of waste from the forestry and woodworking industries, some agricultural waste.

Disposal of industrial waste

Waste that is not used (or not subject to use) is sent for disposal at landfills.

A landfill for the storage of solid industrial waste is usually a land plot with an area of several to tens of hectares, which is usually buried by about 10 m and fenced with an embankment to prevent the ingress of storm and melt water. To prevent contamination of groundwater, the bottom of the storage facility is covered with an impervious screen (several layers of polymer film). To control the operation of this screen and the quality of groundwater in the area of the landfill, wells are drilled in order to take water samples for chemical analysis. The landfill, as a rule, is fenced with strips of trees and shrubs. Solid wastes, after their dehydration at the factory treatment facilities, are dumped into the storage by dump trucks from a special overpass or from the crest of an embankment. After the storage is filled, an impervious screen is installed on the leveled surface and covered with a layer of sandy and soil-vegetable local soil. This basically ends the reclamation of the storage of solid non-toxic industrial waste.

In Russia, out of 1112 places of organized industrial waste disposal registered by statistics (in 1997), occupying an area of 14.5 thousand hectares, 935 places (84%) met the current waste disposal standards.

Environmental monitoring pays special attention to toxic production waste.

The report "On the state of the natural environment of the Russian Federation in 1997" of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection notes that at the beginning of 1997 enterprises of various industries accumulated 1431.7 million tons of toxic waste. In 1997, industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation generated 89.4 million tons of toxic waste, of which 39.1 million tons were used in their own production, 9.2 million tons were completely neutralized, i.e. respectively, about 44 and 10% of the total amount of waste generated during the year.

Toxic industrial waste should be placed in sealed metal containers (especially harmful - in cubes of hardened liquid glass) and buried in the thickness of the clay. Sometimes empty geological workings (abandoned coal mines, salt mines or specially created cavities) are used as landfills for storing such waste.

There is still a practice of exporting industrial wastes, including toxic ones, to places of unorganized storage, which poses a particular danger to the environment. The amount of waste in unauthorized landfills is constantly growing. The main reasons for this are the overcrowding of existing toxic waste landfills and the lack of funding for new construction. In addition, during the construction of new facilities for the neutralization and disposal of waste, a serious problem arises - finding a balance between the interests of citizens living near the territory of the proposed construction of this facility, and solving the environmental problems of the region as a whole.

Processing of industrial waste should precede their burial in landfills to ensure environmental safety during their storage, reduce the initial volume.

At the same time, during the recycling process, valuable components can be extracted from waste or new materials can be obtained.

Despite the existing recycling technologies (thermal, physico-chemical, biotechnologies), no more than 20% of the total amount of industrial waste is subjected to it in our country, while official data show a continuous increase in non-recyclable industrial waste, not to mention unaccounted landfills, old burials, the inventory of which has not even begun and which contains about 100 billion tons of waste (of which about 2 billion tons are toxic).

To date, there is no industrial waste that could not be recycled in one way or another. True, at the same time, energy costs and the cost per unit mass of recycled waste are high. This is what hinders the use of recycling methods and at the same time stimulates the development of new environmentally and cost-effective technologies. It is predicted that the solution of this problem with a huge amount of waste and with ever-tougher legislation in all countries in the field of environmental protection will lead to the creation of not only a new industry, but also to its rapid development - a kind of "eco-industrial boom".

The essence of thermal technology is the treatment of waste with a high-temperature coolant, in particular, fuel combustion products, microwave heating, etc. High-temperature treatment occurs in an oxidative or reduction mode with the supply of air, oxygen, hydrogen or other gases. This method has a certain versatility, allowing you to neutralize inorganic and organic compounds. The main disadvantage of thermal technology is the high energy intensity per unit of processed waste.

A variation of the thermal method is the plasma method, at which high temperatures (above 3000 K) make it possible to neutralize a wide range of toxic and highly toxic substances, among them various toxic substances (including military ones), pesticides, dioxins, etc.

Another promising area of thermal technology is pyrolysis - the decomposition of waste under the influence of high temperature without air access. The advantages of this technology are the possibility of obtaining gas for technological and domestic purposes, and in some cases new products (oils, resins) suitable for use; a sharp reduction in the cost of the exhaust gas purification system due to a decrease in their volumes (by 3-4 times); sufficient environmental cleanliness and safety; low energy consumption per unit volume of the processed substance, especially in the case of microwave heating.

As a result of the physico-chemical processing technology, some waste is used as a raw material to obtain a useful product.

In industrialized countries, this technology is used to process:

Waste from the rubber industry (automobile tires, rubber hoses and sleeves, etc.) into crumb rubber used in road construction (for example, the noise-absorbing “whispering asphalt” that covers many Austrian highways);

Widely used polymer materials (the new industry for the processing of this type of waste ensures their 100% processing into raw materials for reuse);

Certain types of industrial waste in fertilizers, building materials.

When processing each type of waste by this method, it is necessary to develop an individual technology. In this regard, from the point of view of the greening of industrial production, when creating a new material that is widely used, it is desirable to simultaneously develop a technology for its utilization.

Theoretically, the most promising technology for processing industrial waste is biotechnology. The living matter of the planet in the course of evolution processed the inert lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, turning them into the biosphere. The energy potential of the biota is not comparable with any technical installation that performs the same function, although the speed of biological processes is low. Under laboratory conditions, technologies for the extraction of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co, Ag and other metals, including radioactive isotopes, by some bacteria and fungi are being carried out. In industrial settings, biotechnology is already being used to produce protein products from forest industry waste.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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The concept of "waste" is commonly understood as household, street and construction waste, all unnecessary and non-toxic that accumulates as a result of the activities of enterprises, as well as hazardous and toxic elements and materials that require special disposal conditions. That is, all waste is divided into two large groups - production and consumption. For each group, regulations apply regarding collection, sorting, transport and disposal.

Municipal solid waste

Waste products make up a fairly large group. MSW includes food products that have become unusable or have lost their consumer qualities, obsolete items of clothing, footwear, packaging materials, old household appliances, and construction waste. This type of waste tends to grow from year to year. On average, more than 60 tons of garbage accumulate in Russian cities and towns. It would be enough to cover the territory of a medium-sized European country.

Solid waste from residential areas is classified according to the following factors:

Source.
The level of development of the region.
The standard of living and culture of the population.
habits of the inhabitants.
Season of the year.

In the structure of garbage and other waste, a third is accounted for by packaging and containers, which slowly decompose under natural conditions. Household waste is multicomponent in quality. Some of them quickly rot with the formation of substances that can pollute the soil, surface water and underground aquifers.

In the composition of municipal solid waste are found:

Organic garbage - leftover food, branches, fallen leaves, paper, leather, cardboard, wool.
Artificial components - glass, plastic, rubber, textiles, metal.

Waste may contain materials harmful and hazardous to human health and the environment:

Household chemicals - varnishes, paints, cosmetics, fertilizers, chemicals for washing and cleaning, fuels and lubricants.
Devices containing mercury, radioactive and heavy metals - lamps, accumulators, batteries.
Garbage of medical institutions - used tools, dressings, expired medicines.

Hazardous waste can cause harm even at the stage of collection and transportation. Therefore, hermetically sealed containers with appropriate markings are provided for them. Transport, in which waste from the hazardous category was transported, is subjected to processing after each transport. The staff regularly attends safety training.

Solid household waste that is not classified as hazardous is collected in open containers at specially equipped sites. Garbage chutes operate in apartment buildings and waste is collected in receiving chambers. They are exported by licensed companies that have won a tender for this type of activity.

Currently, there are several ways to dispose of municipal solid waste:

Pressing and warehousing in landfills.
Burial in special places.
Burning.
Recycling of useful components.

The organization of landfills and landfills is not difficult in terms of technical support. However, this way of disposal cannot solve the problem of increasing volumes of garbage. Incineration can partially solve the problem, thermal energy is generated from the thermal process, which is used in the energy systems of large cities. But serious damage to the environment is caused by smoke from stoves, which contains toxic compounds.

The whole world is moving towards the recycling of solid household waste. In Russia, these technologies are just beginning to develop. Containers appear in the yards for collecting various wastes, enterprises are being created for the processing of paper, metals, plastic, packaging materials, and organic residues. It is estimated that up to 85% of waste can be recycled, the rest must be eliminated. The main problem is waste sorting.

SanPiN standards for municipal solid waste define:

Export should be carried out regularly: in winter - 1 time in 3 days, in summer - daily. Deadlines are set by local governments.
Household waste is collected in metal containers of various sizes.
Containers are installed on flat areas with good access roads, at a distance of 20 to 100 meters from a residential building or business.
Collection containers are regularly washed and processed. In the summer - 1 time in 10 days.
In residential complexes, sites for the collection of bulky and construction waste should be organized.

There are indicative norms that allow you to make calculations on the mass and volume of solid household waste. In residential complexes where there is centralized heating, water supply and sewerage, the standard is 200-300 kg per person, in institutions - 160 kg per person or place. In large cities and metropolitan areas, the standard may be increased.

Since this year, amendments to the law on municipal solid waste have come into force. Now operators are responsible for the collection, transportation and disposal of waste - legal organizations or private entrepreneurs authorized by local authorities. Payment is made to a separate utility service.

Liquid household waste

Liquid household waste is generated in houses that are not equipped with centralized water supply and sewerage systems. They accumulate in cesspools or closed basements. Liquid waste includes:

Drains from the bathroom, shower, from the washing machine and dishwasher.
Fecal waste.

Liquid waste has no recyclable components. Ammonia, methane, sulfuric gas and other toxic substances included in their composition can contaminate the soil, reservoirs, groundwater. Therefore, liquid waste is subject to regular removal and disposal.

Waste transportation is carried out by organizations that have specially equipped sewage trucks. With the help of a vacuum pump, liquid fractions enter a container fixed on the vehicle platform through a hose.

Disposal of liquid household waste is a troublesome business for local authorities and environmentalists. Currently, the organization of septic tanks is provided - special reservoirs where waste is cleaned to safe fractions. The procedure is carried out on the territory of treatment facilities. It is allowed to bury in designated landfills from among the land not intended for agriculture. A promising direction is the incineration of wastewater to generate energy.

Industrial waste

Production waste is a broad concept. They include waste generated during production cycles, raw material residues, packaging, containers. All waste components fall under 4 hazard classes according to the degree of environmental impact - from extremely hazardous to practically safe. Collection, transportation and destruction of waste is carried out in accordance with the accepted standards of SanPiN. They are carried out by organizations licensed for this type of activity.

Waste solids from industrial plants include:

Substances that are formed during physical, chemical and mechanical processes in production.
Waste waste from mining.
Gases and liquids that accumulate in traps.

Classification of solid industrial waste:

Origin source. As a rule, this is a branch of industry - chemical, metallurgical, coal, woodworking.
State - solid, liquid, gas. The peculiarity lies in the fact that each fraction is utilized according to a separate technology.
Danger for people and the environment.
based on common properties. For example, density. The higher the density, the harder the waste is recycled.

Industrial waste includes not only products of production and consumption, but also worn-out mechanisms, machines, equipment, electronic devices.

All waste is collected depending on the fraction. Solid - in containers with sealed lids, liquid - in containers, gaseous - in special tanks.

Solid production waste

The main sources of solid industrial waste are:

Energy - ash and slag at fuel power plants.
Metallurgy - slag, molding residues, coke.
Woodworking - sawdust, shavings, knots.
Chemistry and petrochemistry - flotation residues, substances of various fractions.

They may contain toxic elements - compounds of phosphorus, fluorine, arsenic, mercury and inert - alumina, gypsum, chalk.

Depending on the volume of solid industrial waste, they are divided into: small and large-tonnage. Large-tonnage waste annually amounts to millions of tons. Their processing plays an important role.

They are currently used for:

Reclamation of lands disturbed during mining. All mining enterprises and mines are required to deal with it.
For backfilling roads and dams.
In the production of building materials.
In agriculture.
For biogas production.

For the disposal of solid industrial waste, processing, burial and destruction are used. Recycling solid waste allows you to get secondary raw materials, but this is a very costly process.

Burial is carried out at designated landfills with technical facilities that prevent pollution of the earth, air and water. This is the most common way to dispose of waste, but it takes away hundreds of thousands of hectares of land suitable for agriculture.

Complete destruction of industrial waste of the energy complex is carried out at thermal plants. The method is not without drawbacks; harmful gases and ash and ash are formed during the combustion process.

Liquid production waste

During the production process, liquid waste fractions are formed, these include:

emulsions.
Fats and lubricants.
Oils.
Liquid components containing radioactive impurities.

Liquids are classified in 5 hazard classes. Mercury is the most hazardous, sulfuric acid is highly hazardous, oil is moderately hazardous, and petrochemical waste is less hazardous.

Liquid industrial waste is collected in hermetically sealed tanks and transported to specially equipped landfills. There is recycling of production waste. There are several ways to neutralize liquid fractions:

Neutralization with chemicals.
Thickening by mixing with clay.
Incineration in reactors or cyclic furnaces.

Liquid waste from the energy complex cannot be disposed of. They pose a threat to ecological well-being - they can poison the soil and groundwater. Supervisory authorities should carefully monitor the correct collection, transportation and disposal of this type of industrial waste. The problem of illegal discharges can be solved by serious penalties.

Gaseous production waste

Gaseous wastes include:

Emissions from industrial furnaces.
Emissions from ventilation units, dryers.
Waste gases of technological installations.

These gases have a strong odor, contain toxic dust particles and liquids. The composition of industrial wastes of the energy complex often contains such toxic substances as nitrogen oxide, perchloric, fluoric acids, carbonates.

The basis for the classification of gaseous industrial waste is the source and content of harmful impurities:

Oil refining - hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide.
Processing of natural gas - methane, mercaptans.
Production of acids and alkalis - oxygen compounds of sulfur, nitrogen oxides.
Fertilizer production - ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamines.
Production of fats, oils, alcohols - formaldehyde, phenol, acetylene.

Gaseous wastes of the energy complex need to be neutralized. To do this, the production uses mechanical and wet dust collectors, filters of various designs - fibrous, cassette, grain, oil.

Most exhaust gases are easily disposed of by incineration. Thermal energy goes to the needs of production. For the combustion of gases with high stability - cupola, blast-furnace, special techniques are used. Another way to neutralize gases is by passing through a catalyst bed.

To prevent pollution by production waste, consumption standards have been developed for each industry. In addition, each enterprise is obliged to keep records of the amount of waste that is generated during the day, month and year of operation and comply with limiting standards for working with high-risk waste. An inventory of garbage and waste materials is carried out once every 5 years.

Domestic and industrial waste poses a threat to human life and health. It is required to develop modern and safe ways to dispose of them, otherwise the planet will turn into a big dump.

Production wastes are generated in the process of production activities of industrial enterprises and other production organizations engaged in the production of various goods.

Industrial wastes are diverse in their properties and compositions: metal and non-ferrous shavings, pieces of metal, mineral parts of raw materials and fuels, metallurgical slags, ash and many other wastes generated in production processes. The amount of generated waste depends on the technologies, the quality of raw materials and the processes of the production organization of the enterprise.

Today, the technical and production process is developing, the demand for industrial products is increasing, there is a global growth of mankind, thereby increasing the formation of industrial waste that must be disposed of or recycled.

In our country, in the presence of its large territories and numerous industrial enterprises, the issue of processing generated industrial waste was not so deep, all waste was dumped in nearby landfills, next to enterprises, polluting and destroying the environment.

After some time, the question arose about the processing of these types of waste. New technologies, equipment and machinery for processing industrial waste have appeared, which not only recycle, but give production waste a second life.

In addition, it has become much more profitable to recycle industrial waste than to dispose of it. Almost all production waste can be used for the benefit of society, for example: pieces of metal formed in the process of manufacturing metal products can be packaged (briquetted) and remelted into new metal. Waste generated during the construction process (pieces of concrete, brick, plaster, etc.) can be recycled and used later for backfilling roads, yards, and for many other purposes. The same can be said about metallurgical slags. At large motor transport enterprises, waste is generated in the form of worn-out car tires, which can also be recycled, obtaining crumb rubber and using it for the construction of stadiums, playgrounds and other socially significant facilities.

Globalization and the growth of the market economy have significantly increased the production capacity of world industrial producers, which has led to a significant increase in harmful emissions into the atmosphere and the generation of numerous production wastes.

All over the world they are fighting this phenomenon, including our country. With regards to the waste of our country, this is a gold mine that needs to be developed. Millions of industrial waste generated during the Soviet era can still be seen in many cities.

Recycling (utilization) of these wastes is really needed and necessary today. This is really beneficial from a financial point of view and useful for improving the environmental situation.

Alfa-SPK offers high-quality equipment for the processing of production waste and other industrial and household waste.

All about the processing of industrial and industrial waste

Recycling of metal production waste (in this section you can see the proposed line of equipment and machinery for the processing of metal-containing waste).

Processing of rubber-containing production waste (in this section you can study the equipment for processing rubber waste into crumbs).

Recycling of construction waste (in this section of the site we suggest you consider the purchase of equipment for the processing of construction waste and waste generated during the construction process).