The attitude of Peter 1 to the nobles. The status of the estates under Peter I. Attaching the nobles to the civil service

Holidays

During the time of Peter I, many festivities were held, which were celebrated magnificently, on a grand scale, with fireworks, illumination, firing of cannons. There were many reasons for the holidays: these were victories in the Northern War, the celebration of the New Year, the launching of a new ship, the name day of the sovereign.

Decree of Peter I on the New Year

Peter I issued a decree according to which the new year began on January 1, and not on September 1, as it was before, and the counting of years went from the Nativity of Christ, as in the West, and not from the Creation of the world, as it was in Russia. The decree was issued in December 1699 and, thus, from January 1, a new year, 1700, began in the country, and 7208 did not continue from the Co-creation of the world.

The first New Year was celebrated like this. A special decree was issued, according to which the tsar ordered on January 1, 1700 in Moscow on Red Square to place 200 cannons, from which they fired for six days in a row. They staged a magnificent fireworks display. Each owner of the house was ordered to decorate his gate with pine, spruce or juniper branches. And those hosts who had firearms were supposed to salute in honor of the New Year. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

Petrovsky assemblies

Tsar Peter I also introduced assemblies. The decree said that the word was French. It meant receptions in some rich house, where not only men, but also women were present. There they danced, had small talk and friendly conversations, exchanged opinions, drank a drink previously unknown in Russia - coffee, smoked pipes with tobacco according to European custom, played checkers and chess.

Each St. Petersburg nobleman at least once a year (or even more often) had to arrange an assembly in his house, put up refreshments, provide a hall for dancing, rooms for relaxation, games and conversations. Most of the assemblies were held in winter.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

• Life and clothing in the time of Peter 1

• Change in life under Peter 1 briefly

• How did the peasants live under Peter 1

• Peasant life and life under Peter 1

• Life during Peter 1

Questions for this article:

§ 11. DAILY LIFE AND LIFE UNDER PETER I

Why did Peter I seek to change the traditions and everyday life of people?

Title page of "Youth of an honest mirror ...".

1. Noble way of life

Under Peter I, young nobles, as before, had to carry out lifelong service from the age of 16-17. In the first half of the XVIII century.

they often served as privates in infantry and dragoon regiments or as sailors on ships - along with yesterday's peasants and townspeople.

Service in the 17th century was not easy. But now, in addition to the usual combat and marching hardships, the nobleman had to put on a "German" uniform, learn the techniques of the "regimental system" according to the new charter, engage in company and regimental economy, and teach soldiers.

They themselves had to learn artillery or engineering and, in accordance with royal decrees, try to educate their children.

It was very difficult for a nobleman of the Petrine era to study - there was no teaching system, no professional teachers, no textbooks.

The young undergrowth had to deal with "wisdom" in obscure scientific language, endure flogging, cold in unheated rooms and hunger, since a penny salary was issued irregularly. Guards soldiers who were on duty in the classrooms of the Naval Academy beat pupils for violating order, regardless of their origin. The offspring of the nobility, who were sent abroad by order of Peter, (who could only read and write in Russian) had to study mathematics or “navigation” in a foreign language.

What educational institutions existed in Russia before Peter I?

What were created in his reign?

"Resignation" - due to illness or injury - under Peter I and his successors did not mean a free life on the estate.

A nobleman retired from military service and was immediately appointed to a "civilian" position - a governor in a provincial town, an official in a new institution, or a poll tax collector.

There was no peace at home either.

It was necessary to wear a "German" caftan and shave his beard - the royal decree forbade even retired nobles, under pain of a fine and beating with batogs, to walk "with beards and in an old dress." And it was also necessary to celebrate new holidays, appear at a masquerade, learn manners.

Peter also ordered to gather in assemblies, where men were obliged to come with their wives and adult daughters. Captured Swedish officers and residents of the German settlement taught the Russians the polonaise, the minuet and Peter's favorite dance, the grossvater.

Sheremetev Palace on the Fontanka in St. Petersburg.

Church literature was replaced by domestic and translated books on mathematics, mechanics, and fortification; guidelines for writing letters and acquiring secular skills (“Youth is an honest mirror ...”).

The reading circle of people of that era included the works of ancient authors Quintus Curtius, Julius Caesar, Josephus Flavius ​​and entertaining stories about brave and gallant heroes (“History of the Russian sailor Vasily Koriotsky” or “About Alexander the Russian nobleman”).

The ladies changed Russian sarafans for puffy dresses with bare shoulders, mastered fashionable hairstyles. There were new habits like smoking tobacco, new pastimes like playing cards and chess.

The Summer Garden, decorated with ancient sculptures of gods and heroes, became a place for the festivities of the St. Petersburg public.

For the king, Europeanization meant, first of all, the mastery of applied knowledge and technology. And the undergrowth of the nobility preferred a less difficult path for rapprochement with “trained peoples in morals” - acquaintance with fashion, secular entertainment, etc.

So the reforms contributed to the alienation of the tops of society from the bottom. In addition, new cultural demands were expensive: in order to live “in a European way” (to have a good house, fashionable clothes, a carriage, teachers for children), it was necessary to have at least 100 serf souls.

Peasants.

XVIII century. Artist F. Lerier

2. In the peasant and urban "world"

Village life, in contrast to the nobility, went on, as before, according to age-old customs and the cycle of agricultural work repeated from year to year. True, Peter I tried by his decrees to accustom the peasants to harvest rye with scythes and weave wide canvases. But in practice, nothing has changed: the methods of work were determined by local conditions, and a wide canvas could not be made on a conventional loom.

From the age of 8-9, a peasant boy was accustomed to peasant labor, and girls - to spin, embroider, weave, milk a cow, and cook.

In traditional society, the son took the place of the father and brought up his children in the same way. The “peace” community regulated the use of land, sorted out quarrels among fellow villagers, dealt with the layout of duties, that is, determined who would pay how much and who would go to repair the road and bridge across the river. Mutual responsibility forced the peasants themselves to persecute those who shied away from common affairs.

All the most important matters were decided at a meeting of married men - heads of households, as a rule, unanimously - the views of people who grew up in a close peasant "world" were close.

The whole life of the “world” was built on the basis of custom: how to pray, how to get married, how to celebrate a wake, how to sow, how to celebrate - all this was determined by tradition and took place in full view and under the control of fellow villagers. The violator of the accepted order was expected by universal condemnation and even exile.

The inhabitants of the cities were in many ways like peasants. They lived in estates - closed little worlds surrounded by a fence. The townspeople kept horses, cows, pigs, poultry; cultivated their gardens; they walked on Christmas and Maslenitsa, danced round the Trinity and had fun with fisticuffs.

In the peasant and township environment, news of unprecedented innovations - the "German" dress, the abolition of the patriarchate, new holidays with the participation of women - were perceived with condemnation, as a violation of "old times" and Orthodox piety.

Moreover, their introduction was accompanied by an increase in taxes, recruitment, sending to the construction of St. Petersburg, fortresses or canals.

3. Innovation in daily life

It is now difficult for us to imagine the shock of a traditionally educated person of the Petrine era, when, once in the capital, he saw unusually straight streets built according to European models at home and in the Summer Garden could collide with Pyotr Alekseevich himself - in the “dog form” (shaved), in "German" caftan, with a pipe in his teeth, who spoke in Dutch with the guests.

But over time, new fashions and habits entered everyday life.

The European costume entered the everyday life of the nobles and wealthy citizens: for men, short trousers, a camisole and a caftan with a tie, shoes, a hat, a wig; the ladies have corsets and dresses with framed skirts - fizhmakh, scarves, fans, lace, gloves.

Mirrors and engravings appeared in the furnishings of the houses, new furniture - beds, tables, stools, armchairs, cabinets for papers; silver, pewter and glassware.

Muscovites bought imported cane "Canary" sugar and coffee at 60 kopecks per pound; tea was still expensive (a pound cost 6 rubles) and incommensurable in price with caviar (5 kopecks per pound). Assemblies were held in the Palace of the Facets, on the street you could go to the "coffee house", and you could read about the news from London, Paris, Vienna and even Lisbon (albeit with a month's delay) in the newspaper that came from St. Petersburg.

SUMMING UP

Peter's reforms contributed to the formation in Russia of a secular way of life and secular culture, without which the type of a European-educated intelligent person and citizen could not subsequently appear - the main cultural achievement of the 18th century.

Questions and tasks for working with the text of the paragraph

What has changed in the service of the nobility in the era of Peter I compared to the previous time? 2. What changes have occurred in the appearance of the nobles? 3. Describe the peasant life of the early 18th century. Note how he was affected by the changes that took place in the country. 4. What changed in the life of the townspeople at the beginning of the 18th century, and what remained the same?

5. What goods that appeared in Russia under Peter I were unknown to the inhabitants of the country before?

We study the document

FROM THE ARTICLE OF THE HISTORIAN M. P. POGODIN

We are waking up. What day is it today? September 18, 1863. Peter the Great ordered to count the years from the Nativity of Christ, Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January.

It's time to get dressed - our dress is sewn according to the style originally given by Peter I, the uniform is according to his form. The cloth was woven in the factory he started, the wool was sheared from the sheep he bred. A book catches your eye - Peter the Great introduced this typeface and cut out the letters himself. You will begin to read it - this language under Peter I became written, literary, displacing the former, ecclesiastical one. Newspapers are brought to you - Peter the Great began publishing them ... At dinner, from salted herring to potatoes, which he ordered to sow by the Senate decree, to grape wine, diluted by him, all the dishes will tell you about Peter the Great.

After lunch, you go to visit - this is the assembly of Peter the Great. You meet ladies there, admitted to the men's company at the request of Peter the Great. Let's go to the university - the first secular school was founded by Peter the Great. You receive a rank - according to the Table of Ranks of Peter the Great. The rank gives me the nobility: this is how Peter the Great established it. I need to file a complaint: Peter the Great determined its form. They will accept her in front of the mirror of Peter the Great. They will judge according to its general regulations.

You decide to travel - following the example of Peter the Great; you will be well received - Peter the Great placed Russia among the European states and began to inspire respect for her.

What innovations of the Petrine era are not named in the document? 2. Make a list of Petrine innovations that remain relevant for the inhabitants of modern Russia.

Thinking, comparing, reflecting

2. Using the Internet, prepare a presentation on the topic "Fashion of the Petrine era."

Describe in the form of a letter to your family the impressions of a poor provincial nobleman who came to the assembly for the first time.

Prove (using the text of the paragraph) that Peter's modernization also changed people's daily lives.

OPINION OF THE HISTORIAN

Changes in daily life under Peter

E. I. Kirichenko (from the book "Russian Style"): The cultural turning point in Russia at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries was not a turn, but a coup. The transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age became for her at the same time a transition to accelerated development (the gap had to be made up).

Most importantly, the radicality of perhaps the greatest stadial coup in the entire history of Russia was aggravated by another coup that accompanied it. Namely: going beyond the framework of the Byzantine-type culture associated with Orthodoxy and the forcible planting of European culture, genetically related and developing in the context of other versions of Christianity.

Culture under Peter 1

The wise man avoids all extremes.

Culture under Peter 1 in Russia is a very important topic, since it is generally believed that Peter 1 became a great reformer precisely because of the changes in culture in Russia.

In fact, it is necessary to separate concepts: Peter the Great rather than reformed and created, but destroyed the old.

And the reforms of Peter 1 in culture once again emphasize this. Today I propose to talk in detail about what Petrine culture was, what changes took place in the country and what consequences these changes had.

How massive were the changes?

Let's open any history textbook and it will be written there that under Peter 1 Russia eliminated backwardness by adopting the European way of life, stopped wearing beards, began to wear European clothes, drink coffee, smoke tobacco, learn foreign languages, read books, invite scientists, and so on. .

All this is a lie, and these cultural changes did not carry any mass character and systematic character.

About the culture of the Petrine era, you need to understand 2 things:

• Peter 1 never allowed or allowed anything. He commanded and forced. Therefore, when they say that he will allow you to read, study or drink coffee, you need to understand that Peter 1 forced you to read, study and drink coffee. The difference between the concepts is gigantic. He made it the same as a soldier with a stick at school, who beat children and “driven” knowledge into them (it was on this principle that Peter's schools worked).
• As the historian Klyuchevsky wrote, despite all the transformations of the Petrine era, the population of Russia, as it was a draft, remained.

  We are told that Peter completely changed the culture of the country, and one of the most prominent historians of our Motherland writes that from the point of view of the people and society, little has changed.

Klyuchevsky summed up what was happening with his phrase, but in my opinion Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin spoke much more eloquently about the events of that era.

The people, with stubborn constancy, kept their beard and Russian caftan. The people were sincerely satisfied with their victory and were already looking indifferently at the German way of life of their shaved boyars.

The reforms of Peter 1 in the field of culture affected at best 2% of the population - the nobility. The remaining 98% of innovations practically did not touch. As a result, Peter dealt a blow to Russian society - he forever divided the nobles and everyone else. If earlier Russian society was one, but with different estates, now it was 2 different societies: with different traditions, customs, culture, and so on.

New calendar

Under Peter the European calendar was introduced in Russia.

It was introduced on January 1, 1700 (January 1, 7208 according to the church calendar). Prior to that, there was a calendar where the chronology was from the Creation of the world, and not from the birth of Christ, and the new year began on September 1. After the transition to the new calendar in Russia, on the orders of Peter, they began to celebrate the New Year holiday on a massive scale. The king ordered to decorate houses with Christmas trees, shoot from guns, light candles and arrange various fun. As a result, the state and the church were increasingly moving away from each other.

Now the state had one calendar, the church another.

The first New Year was celebrated like this. 200 cannons were installed on the Red Square of Moscow and it was ordered to fire from them for 6 days in a row. Fireworks were used for the first time at the festival. Each inhabitant of houses was ordered to decorate houses and gates with pine and spruce branches. All owners of firearms were ordered to fire into the air. Pay attention - everyone was ordered.

Introduction of a new alphabet and fonts

At the time of Peter's coming to power in Russia, the alphabet created by Cyril and Methodius was in force.

It was considered the alphabet of the church, and its own fonts were used in all writings. The lettering itself was carried out in the Greek manner and was very difficult to read.

In 1708, a new civil alphabet was introduced in Russia, or, more simply, new typographic fonts were approved. For culture under Peter 1, this was a serious step.

Previously, all books were published exclusively in church fonts, which were very massive and extremely difficult to read.

This transformation of the Petrine era seems insignificant, but it was one of the few reforms thanks to which culture in Russia under Peter 1 really began to move in a positive direction.

Under Peter the Great, not only the boyars and boyars, but also the letters Russians threw off their wide fur coats, dressed up in summer clothes.

Mikhail Lomonosov

At the same time, Arabic numerals were introduced.

Previously, all numbers were denoted by letters.

On the other hand, we again see that the reforms of Peter 1 in culture are constantly creating a division: the state is separate, the church is separate.

Speaking about the creation of the Russian alphabet of the Petrine era, many historians forget to clarify that the changes affected not only the appearance of letters and numbers, but also their content:

• Peter 1 introduced the letter " E". They say that the letter was already used and therefore Peter simply "legitimized" it.

  But this letter began to be used precisely in the Petrine era, when hundreds of foreign words began to be used in Russian, where the letter E is important.

• Peter removed the letter "Izhitsa" from the alphabet, in 1710 this letter was returned and it existed until the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917.
• The alphabet removed doublet letters (these are 2 letters used to denote 1 sound).

  These were such letters as "DZ", "SHT" and "YA". The latter was replaced by today's classic letter I, the outline of which was personally developed by Peter.

shaving beards

Shaving beards is one of the innovations that culture brought under Peter 1. By a decree of 1698, everyone was ordered to shave their beards. Again, let's open any history textbook and it will be written there that everyone shaved their beards, stories will be told about how negligent townspeople pulled out beards by a hair, how they burned beards right on their faces, and so on.

This, of course, took place, but these were exceptional cases. In fact, the decree of 1698, on the one hand, prohibited beards, and on the other hand provided for the purchase of the right not to shave the beard:

• Merchants paid 100 rubles a year
• The boyars were paid 60 rubles a year
• Other townspeople paid 30 rubles a year.
• Peasants paid 1 kopeck for entry and exit from the city.

After paying the “beard tax”, the person received a special copper sign that was worn under the beard, and there were no more questions for this person.

I draw attention to the peasants - while they lived in the villages, they could wear beards without any problems at all. Problems arose only when crossing a soldier's checkpoint at the entrance (exit) to the city. But again, by paying 1 kopeck, they got the right to go further with a beard.

era architecture

The architecture of the era of Peter the Great is best understood in St. Petersburg. The emperor himself called this city in the Western manner "Paradise", that is, "paradise".

In many ways, the development, including architectural, of this city was reflected in other cities. So, by decree of 1714, Peter banned stone construction in Russia everywhere except St. Petersburg. All stone from all over the country was to be transported to this city, where large-scale construction projects were underway. For the first time, the city was built according to plan, and its architect was the Italian Trezzini. The style he used today is commonly called Russian Baroque.

Trezzini designed 2 types of houses for the city:

• For people "eminent" two-story stone buildings were offered.
• One-story buildings were offered for "mean" people.

Only administrative buildings and palaces of the people of Peter's entourage differed in architectural delights.

The king himself was indifferent to luxury. To understand this, just look at the photograph of the Summer Palace Peter 1 in the Summer Garden of St. Petersburg (a simple two-story building) and the Menshikov Palace on Vasilyevsky Island (a real palace).

As for architecture outside of St. Petersburg, the Moscow Church of the Archangel Gabriel (Menshikov Tower) can be distinguished.

It was designed by the architect Zarudny.

Culture and life of Russia under Peter I

Innovations in culture and life

When Peter I, on his return from Europe in 1698, began to cut the beards of the boyars and shorten their long coats, people at first perceived this as the folly of the young monarch. But they were wrong. Peter really began a broad program of cultural transformation. Beards and caftans became flowers, but so did berries.

Already in 1700, mannequins with samples of new clothes were exhibited at the gates of the Kremlin. Rigidly and decisively, the king began to change the appearance of people.

Not only clothes and shoes of European designs (Polish, Hungarian, French, German) but also wigs began to be introduced into the life of nobles and townspeople.

At the end of December 1699, the tsar issued a decree on changing the chronology in Russia. Previously, according to the old Russian custom that came from Byzantium, the years were calculated from the mythical creation of the world.

The New Year began on September 1st. Peter I ordered to count the years, as in Christian Orthodox Europe (Julian calendar) - from the Nativity of Christ, and to open the new year on January 1. On January 1, 1700, Russia began to live according to the new calendar. But for the church, Peter allowed to keep the old chronology. A Christmas tree, Santa Claus, January New Year holidays came to Russia.

Soon after the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the royal family, the court, the guards, and the entire population of the city began to participate in these holidays.

Solemn church services were held, and Christmas trees, merry festivities, fireworks were arranged on the streets; feasts began in the houses of the townspeople, in which the king often took part.

This was followed by a change in the counting of hours. In the past, the days were divided from morning to evening.

Peter also introduced a new, European division - the division of the day into equal 24 hours. All clocks in Russia, including those on the Kremlin's Spassky Gates, began to be redesigned. The chimes of the Spasskaya Tower first struck 9 a.m. on December 9, 1706.

Peter sought to ensure that the communication of the people around him was free and uninhibited, so that the inveterate old Moscow rituals and complex ceremonies that emphasized the importance and nobleness of the princely and boyar families became a thing of the past.

The first example of new ways of communication was given by Peter himself. He easily communicated both with his associates and with ordinary citizens and even soldiers. He went into their houses, sat down at the table, often became the godfather of the children not only of the nobility, but also of the common people.

Friendly feasts became frequent in the chambers of the king, in the houses of his associates.

Since 1718, the tsar introduced into the practice of communication the so-called assemblies - meetings.

They periodically took place in the winter in the evenings in the homes of rich and noble nobles and townspeople. All of the then Petersburg society gathered for them. Guests were not welcomed or seen off here. Everyone, including the king, could easily stop by for a cup of tea, play a game of checkers or chess, which became more and more fashionable. The youth danced and played games.

The statesmen had solid conversations, solved urgent matters, merchants, entrepreneurs discussed professional problems. Women certainly participated in the assemblies. They left such assemblies "in English" without saying goodbye.

The manners of Russian nobles and townspeople also became different, the so-called “polites”, the rules of good taste, appeared.

Peter in every possible way encouraged the ability to dance, speak fluently in foreign languages, fencing, master the art of speech and writing. All this changed the face of the upper strata of society. Released in 1717

the book “An Honest Mirror of Youth” (it was written at the direction of Peter), became a set of rules of good taste - the rules of external culture and the behavior of a nobleman in society. It denounced what quite recently was customary for the youngest king and his friends when they first went abroad. There, in particular, it was said about the behavior at the table: “sit up straight and don’t grab the first one into the dish, don’t eat like a pig and don’t blow in the ear (from the word ear) so that it splashes everywhere, don’t sniff always eat (when you eat) ... Don’t lick your fingers (fingers) and do not gnaw on bones, but cut with a knife.

Under Peter, Russian life shone with a series of new holidays and amusements.

In addition to the traditional festivities associated with the names and birthdays of the tsar, the tsarina, and their children, new ones appeared - the day of the coronation of Peter I, the day of the royal marriage, as well as annual holidays dedicated to the Battle of Poltava (June 27), victories at Gangut and Grengam ( July 27), the capture of Narva (August 9), the conclusion of the Nishtad Peace (August 30). A special holiday was organized in honor of the establishment of the first and highest Russian Order of St.

Part of the general cultural turn in society was the increase in the literacy of the population, the widespread deployment of book printing, printing and book publishing, the emergence of the first Russian public libraries.

With the active participation of Peter in Russia, a new civil alphabet was also published - instead of the outdated Church Slavonic. This greatly simplified book publishing. The new alphabet lasted more than two centuries

Old Russian alphabetic designations of numbers were replaced by Arabic numerals.

Now the unit was designated "1", and not the letter "A", as before.

There are new printing presses.

They published Russian and translation) and textbooks, books on history, natural science and technology, translations of literary and historical works of ancient authors, including Julius Caesar, the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop, and the Roman poet Ovid. The first public and free libraries appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In 1702, a remarkable event took place in the cultural life of the country: getting up one morning on one of the December days, Muscovites discovered that some outlandish printed sheets were being sold near the Moscow printing house.

Thus, the first mass newspaper in Russia, Vedomosti, was published. It was intended not only for the royal family and high dignitaries, like the Chimes under Alexei Mikhailovich. They took her out into the street.

The circulation of Vedomosti reached 2,500 copies.

But along with these innovations and successes of Russian culture, the first signs of an excessive and sometimes thoughtless passion for everything foreign appeared, to which the tsar himself set an example. Suffice it to say that the Russian language at that time was replenished with more than 4 thousand new and foreign words. Many of them were completely optional. The tsar's letters are full of German and Dutch words and terms. The real clogging of the Russian language began.

Imitation of Western fashion led to the fact that people were sometimes forced to change clothes that were comfortable and well adapted to the Russian climate for completely European, but uncomfortable and impractical for Russia outfits.

Indeed, what is the use of short trousers, silk stockings, felt hats in twenty-degree Petersburg frosts!

Changes in the cultural image of Russia also affected the appearance of Russian cities.

Peter forced the city authorities to build modern buildings, pave the streets with paving stones, as in European cities. In his decrees, he prescribed in existing cities to introduce elements of “correctness” - to take out residential buildings beyond the “red line”, “to build them not in the middle of their courtyards”, thereby creating straight streets, and achieving a symmetrical layout of building facades. Under him, for the first time in Russia, street lights lit up. Of course, it was in St. Petersburg.

And earlier in Europe, only seven cities - Hamburg, The Hague, Berlin, Copenhagen, Vienna, London and Hannover (the capital of Saxony) had lighting.

Thousands of workers, townspeople, state peasants were mobilized for the construction of St. Petersburg. Day and night to the city on carts in winter - building stone, roofing material, boards were carried on sledges.

Italian and French architects, engineers and craftsmen are invited to design and build streets, palaces and public buildings. Remarkable architectural ensembles began to be created - the Admiralty, the Peter and Paul Fortress with a new cathedral, the college building, the Menshikov Palace, the building of the Kunstkamera, etc.

"I am in the rank of scholars"

This is how Peter, who studied all his life, spoke about himself.

He demanded the same from the whole country.

In the first quarter of the XVIII century. in Russia, in essence, a network of secular schools and other educational institutions appeared. Numerical schools have opened in many cities of the country. Children of nobles, officials, lower clergy studied there.

The network of diocesan schools was expanded, where the children of clerics were trained, separate schools are being created for the children of soldiers and sailors.

But the development of the economy, trade, urban planning required more and more cadres of literate and intelligent people. The more complicated system of state - central and local - government demanded the same. We needed well-trained governors, vice-governors, governors, officials, diplomats who spoke foreign languages.

In response to these demands of the time, mining schools and a school of translators were created in Russia, where students mastered European and Oriental sciences.

Education is expanding at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, where schools are being formed - Slavic-Latin, Slavic-Greek, and Slavic-Russian.

Under Peter I, technical educational institutions appeared for the first time in Russia. Navigational schools, following Moscow, are created in Novgorod, Narva and other cities, and on their basis the Maritime Academy is opened in St. Petersburg. The main subject in it is shipbuilding. Mention should once again be made of the opening of engineering schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg and the emergence of the first medical schools.

Mostly the children of the nobility studied here. Peter himself was engaged in the selection of students, strictly followed the training, examined the students, praised the diligent, reproached and even punished the negligent.

By a special decree, he forbade young nobles to marry if they did not have an education. In essence, the tsar dragged Russia into enlightenment by force.

Development of science

While still in Europe during the great embassy, ​​Peter I paid much attention to getting acquainted with European science.

He met with outstanding scientists and inventors. The reformer tsar perfectly understood the role of science in the development of civilization. But how did he transfer scientific knowledge to Russia, how to give a powerful impetus to scientific thought in a backward country? The first thing he did was to invite European scientific luminaries to serve. Peter did not skimp on expenses. Provided them with good salaries, provided comfortable housing, gave various benefits.

This is how the Swiss mathematician and mechanic Daniil Bernoulli (1700-1782), the French astronomer and cartographer Joseph Delisle (1688-1768) and some others appeared in Russia. Secondly, the tsar helped talented Russian nuggets advance in science.

Many of them were trained in European countries with his support. Thirdly, he contributed in every possible way to the development of scientific and technical knowledge, as well as those areas of science that were of great practical interest for the development of Russian industry and the development of natural resources. Geological expeditions were sent all over the country, which discovered deposits of coal, iron and copper ores, silver, and sulfur.

For the first time in Peter's time, oil fields began to be developed.

The discovery of new lands, the annexation of Siberia led to a real boom in new expeditions to the east. Russian people appeared in Kamchatka and the Kuriles. The purpose of these expeditions was not only to explore and develop new lands rich in furs and minerals, but also to scientifically study the spaces of Russia and neighboring countries, and to draw up geographical maps.

A special expedition was sent to the Chukchi Peninsula, before which the tsar set the goal of reconnoitering "whether America agreed with Asia." Three weeks before his death, Peter drew up instructions for the Danish captain Vitus Bering, who was in the Russian service.

He was on his first expedition to Kamchatka to find a way across the Arctic Ocean to China and India. Already after the death of Peter Bering reached the shores of Alaska, opened the strait between Asia and America, named after him.

Another expedition made its way to India through the Central Asian khanates of Khiva and Bukhara.

Cossack atamans were instructed to survey and describe the lands along the Amu Darya, in the area of ​​Lake Issyk-Kul. Expeditions to the North Caucasus became regular. As a result, by the beginning of the 1920s maps of individual parts of Russia appeared.

The general rise of the economy and education in the country led to shifts in the field of technical innovation.

In mechanics, the inventions of Andrey Konstantinovich Nartov appeared, who created a series of original turning and screw-cutting machines. New, more economical and efficient ways began to forge and process gun barrels. Domestic optics was born. Russian craftsmen began to make microscopes, spyglasses, which were previously bought abroad.

At the initiative of Peter, an astronomical observatory and a botanical garden were opened, the collection of ancient manuscripts began, and new historical works appeared.

Literature and art

The era of Peter 1 could not but leave an imprint on literature and art.

The "Petrine" theme imperiously invades traditional folk literary genres.

A new phenomenon in literature was journalism - works created by Peter's associates and glorifying the deeds of the reformer tsar.

First quarter of the 18th century

Russia is marked by new phenomena in the field of art.

The theater was again revived in Moscow. Amateur theaters were organized by students of various secondary and higher educational institutions.

There have been significant changes in painting, and the most important of them is the development of secular realistic painting along with traditional icon painting.

First of all, this applies to portraiture.

The first realist artists appeared. Assessing their talent, Peter sent some of them to study abroad. The most prominent portrait painter of his time was Ivan Nikitich Nikitin, who created a gallery of portraits of famous people of that era. The painting "Peter I on his deathbed" also belongs to his brush. Another famous Russian portrait painter was Andrei Matveevich Matveev.

Both of them were trained in Holland.

The music has also changed. Along with traditional choral works, military combat music sounded with folk songs. Regiments during parades, triumphs marched under Russian and foreign marches. The townsfolk looked with delight at the military-musical spectacles.

clothing

In the capital, and especially at official receptions and in institutions, it was required to appear in a “European dress”. For the Russians, it was unusually short. Russian people are accustomed to long-sleeved clothes with wide sleeves. Those who did not obey were cut off the floors of their clothes and exposed to general ridicule.

Holidays

During the time of Peter I, many festivities were held, which were celebrated magnificently, on a grand scale, with fireworks, illumination, firing of cannons.

There were many reasons for the holidays: these were victories in the Northern War, the celebration of the New Year, the launching of a new ship, the name day of the sovereign.

Decree of Peter I on the New Year

Peter I issued a decree according to which the new year began on January 1, and not on September 1, as it was before, and the counting of years went from the Nativity of Christ, as in the West, and not from the Creation of the world, as it was in Russia.

The decree was issued in December 1699 and, thus, from January 1, a new year, 1700, began in the country, and 7208 did not continue from the Co-creation of the world.

The first New Year was celebrated like this. A special decree was issued, according to which the tsar ordered on January 1, 1700 in Moscow on Red Square to place 200 cannons, from which they fired for six days in a row. They staged a magnificent fireworks display. Each owner of the house was ordered to decorate his gate with pine, spruce or juniper branches.

And those hosts who had firearms were supposed to salute in honor of the New Year. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru

Petrovsky assemblies

Tsar Peter I also introduced assemblies.

The decree said that the word was French. It meant receptions in some rich house, where not only men, but also women were present. There they danced, had small talk and friendly conversations, exchanged opinions, drank a drink previously unknown in Russia - coffee, smoked pipes with tobacco according to European custom, played checkers and chess.

Each St. Petersburg nobleman at least once a year (or even more often) had to arrange an assembly in his house, put up refreshments, provide a hall for dancing, rooms for relaxation, games and conversations.

Most of the assemblies were held in winter.

Different attitudes towards this undertaking of Peter I. Some welcomed, others did not approve, but obeyed.

Pictures (photos, drawings)

On this page, material on the topics:

• Petra's life 1

• Scientific knowledge in the period of Peter 1

• Changes in life under Peter 1 pictures

• Society under Peter 1 report

• Changes in life under Peter I

Questions for this article:

• For what purpose were the assemblies established in the capital?

• Who could and was obliged to attend the assemblies?

Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru

Changes in culture and life in the Petrine era

Education and school

Creation of a secular education system, which was based on the principle of training the nobility.

Studying was equated with public service.

Petrovsky school was created as a technical school, exact sciences prevailed among the disciplines

Appearance:

• digital schools for the education of children of nobles and officials
• "garrison" and "admiralty" schools for training children of soldiers and sailors, working people
• Technical Special Schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg
• Sending noble undergrowth to study abroad

1702

- publication of the first periodical newspaper Vedomosti

1703 - introduction Arabic numerals

1708 - transition to civil type - introduction of new letters "e", "I", "e", simplified spelling...

1714 – opening of the first in Russia public library in St. Petersburg

1714 - decree about not marrying illiterate noblemen

Base Kunstkamera - Collections of rarities based on the personal collection of Peter I.

With 1719- available for viewing

Creation "model-camera", which later became the basis for the Central Naval Museum

Appear tutorials:

• "Primer" F. Polikarpov
• "Arithmetic" L. Magnitsky
• "The First Teaching to the Youths" by F. Prokopovich

scientific knowledge

Creation the first map of the Caspian Sea and 30 maps of counties.

Discovery of many deposits:

• Coal – in the Donetsk and Kuznetsk coal basins
• Oil - in the Volga and Komi regions

1709 - the beginning of the Vyshnevolotsk canal system

1714

– opening of the first botanical garden in St. Petersburg

1724 - Decree establishing the Academy of Sciences

AT 1712. famous inventor A.K. Narts creates a lathe using a self-propelled metal tool holder. He invented a machine for drilling barrels from cannons, a number of original screw-cutting, gear-cutting, lathe-copying machines, technology and mechanization of coin production.

Theatre

1702

– opening in Moscow of a public public theatre.

The troupe is German actors. The repertoire consisted of German, French, Spanish plays. School theaters at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and the School of Surgery were popular. The sister of Peter I, Natalya Alekseevna, organized her own theater.

Publicism

Feofan Prokopovich - vice-president of the Synod, publicist, poet, playwright - wrote:

• 1721

  - "Spiritual regulation", where he substantiated the need to eliminate the patriarchate and the advantage of collegiate government, substantiated the subordination of spiritual authority to secular;

• 1722 - "The truth of the will of the monarchs", where he proved that the best form of state for Russia is an absolute monarchy

I.T. Pososhkov (“The Book of Poverty and Wealth (1724).

He advocated the development of domestic industry through state encouragement of entrepreneurial activity and the rational use of subsoil, believed that the exclusive right to trade should belong to the merchants, defended measures to limit the arbitrariness of the nobles, the regulation of peasant duties

Architecture

Beginning of transition to regular construction of new cities(St. Petersburg, Azov, Taganrog) with streets intersecting at right angles and alignment of the facades of houses along the street line.

A new phenomenon in architecture was the construction triumphal arches

The secular beginning in architecture began to prevail over the church

Dominant style - "Petrine baroque", which is characterized by: symmetry of the facades, high gable roofs, a simple compositional solution, monumentality, an abundance of decorations, wavy or broken cornices, the facade is painted in two colors, most often in a combination of red and white.

In St. Petersburg:

• Summer Palace of Peter I (Domenico Trezzini)
• Petrovsky Gates of the Peter and Paul Fortress
• Building of the Twelve Collegia
• Church of the Annunciation of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, etc.

Wooden architecture developed (Church of the Transfiguration on the island of Kizhi)

Sculpture

Monumental and decorative sculpture, reliefs, fountain and landscape gardening sculpture developed.

B.K.

Rastrelli - created busts of Peter I, A. D. Menshikov, the equestrian monument to Peter I, the sculptural group "Neptune"

Painting

Painting by nature became predominantly secular. Artists departed from icon painting traditions and sought to convey the volume of objects and the depth of the surrounding space, to depict figures in accordance with the laws of anatomy:

• I.N.

  Nikitin "Portrait of Peter I", "Peter I on his deathbed",

• A.M. Matveev “Self-portrait with his wife”, portraits of I.A.

  and A.P. Golitsyn

Rapid development engraving art(A.F. Zubov "Panorama of St. Petersburg", "View of St. Petersburg"

Life of people

1700 introduction of the Julian calendar . Years began to be counted from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the creation of the world (5508 years), New Year - January 1, 1700 (instead of September 1)

1700 - a decree obliging nobles, clerks and service officials, merchants wear European clothes(Hungarian and German dress)

1705 - a decree obliging the population of the country shave mustache and beard

1717

– introduction of rules of conduct in society - "Youth honest mirror"

1718 introduction of assemblies (from French - meeting) - a secular form of entertainment, when representatives of different classes, men and women, gathered, danced, played chess, had conversations

Holding public holidays with fireworks, carnival processions, masquerades

Sign of payment of duty for a beard

Hermitage.

Russian culture of the time of Peter the Great.

Convenient article navigation:

Customs and way of life under Emperor Peter I

The era of the reign of Emperor Peter the Great is considered one of the most controversial. On the one hand, the state regularly fought for the right to access ice-free seas, on the other hand, new reforms were introduced. The receipt by Russia of sea trade routes with developed countries made it possible not only to restore the country's economy, but also to enrich its culture, making the life of a Russian person similar to a resident of Europe.

Military service

During the reign of Peter the Great, young nobles who had reached the age of sixteen or seventeen were supposed to serve for life. As a rule, they began their careers as privates in dragoon or infantry regiments. Quite often they were also taken as sailors on ships. It is worth noting that, by order of the tsar, privates and sailors had to wear "German" uniforms.

Like the sovereign himself, the nobleman must have been versed in engineering and artillery. At the same time, in Russia there was no common unified system for conveying knowledge. In addition, the nobles going abroad were required to master one of the sciences in a foreign language: navigation or mathematics. And the exams were taken by Pyotr Alekseevich himself.

In the event that a nobleman wanted to retire from military service, he was appointed to the “civilian”, where he served as governor in villages or provincial towns, a poll tax collector or an official in one of the many institutions that were opening at that time.

The appearance of the nobles under Peter I

But what exactly caused the discontent of both the common people and the representatives of the nobility is the change in wearing clothes. It was during this historical period, or rather, on August 29, 1699, that the tsar ordered that all wide-sleeved traditional dresses be changed to dresses of overseas cut. A couple of years later, the sovereign gives a new order, according to which the nobility had to wear French clothes on holidays, and German ones on weekdays.

Another change that shocked the inhabitants of the Russian Empire was the tsar's decree to shave their beards, for violation of which the culprit was fined and beaten in public with batogs. Also, since 1701, all women had to wear exclusively European cut dresses. At this time, a lot of jewelry comes into fashion: jabot, lace, etc. The cocked hat becomes the most popular headdress in Russia. A little later, narrow-toed shoes were introduced, as well as wide skirts, corsets and wigs.

Shaving beards under Peter I

Interior decoration

In addition, thanks to the developed Western trade and the opening of new manufactories, luxury items such as glass and pewter dishes, silver sets, cabinets for important papers, as well as chairs, stools, tables, beds, engravings and mirrors appear in the homes of the nobles. It all cost a lot of money.

Also, all nobles had to learn manners. Captured women and officers from the German settlement taught the ladies popular at that time dances (grossvater, minuet and polonaise).

New chronology

According to the royal decrees of December 19 and 20, 1699, the chronology from the Nativity of Christ was introduced in Russia, and the beginning of the year was moved to January 1, as was practiced by the developed Western powers. New Year celebrations lasted a whole week - from the first to the seventh of January. Wealthy inhabitants of the empire decorated the gates of their yards with juniper and pine branches, and ordinary people with ordinary branches. All seven days fireworks were fired in the capital.

Every year, Tsar Peter Alekseevich introduced new holidays, arranged balls and masquerades. Beginning in 1718, the emperor held assemblies, to which men had to come with their wives and adult daughters. In the eighteenth century, chess and cards became popular, and skating on the Neva River was arranged for representatives of the upper classes.

But the life of ordinary peasants during the reign of Peter the Great did not undergo significant changes. They worked for six days for their landowner, and on holidays and Sundays they were allowed to take care of their own household. Children were taught to physical labor from the age of eight or nine, raising them according to their own unwritten rules, which were supposed to help the child feed his family in the future.

All land issues were still in charge of the community, which monitored the observance of order, as well as sorted out the quarrels of fellow villagers and distributed duties. Local affairs were decided by the so-called gathering of married men.

At the same time, a fairly strong influence of customs and traditions has been preserved in everyday life. Clothing was made from cheap materials (most often canvas), and European fashion entered everyday life only at the end of the eighteenth century.

Among the main entertainments of ordinary peasants were round dances on the most significant holidays and mass games, and flour products, cabbage soup and stew served as traditional food. Some peasants could afford to smoke.

Table: Life under Peter I

Cultural reforms

Introduction of a new chronology

New Year celebration

Wearing European clothes

Changing the Appearance of Subjects

The appearance of the first museum (Kuntskamera)

The appearance of the first newspaper "Vedomosti"

Video lecture on the topic: Life under Peter I

How did the position of the nobility change under Peter 1? and got the best answer

Answer from Alexey Knyazev[guru]
Attachment of nobles to public service
Peter 1 did not get the best nobility, therefore, in order to rectify the situation, he introduced lifelong attachment to the civil service. The service was divided into military state and civil state services. Since a number of reforms were carried out in all areas, Peter 1 introduced compulsory education for the nobility. Nobles entered the military service at the age of 15 and always had the rank of private for the army and sailor for the navy. The nobility also entered the civil service from the age of 15 and also occupied an ordinary position. Until the age of 15, they were required to undergo training. There were cases when Peter 1 personally held reviews of the nobility and distributed them into colleges and regiments. The largest such review was held in Moscow, where Peter 1 personally assigned everyone to regiments and schools. After training and entering the service, the nobles fell into some guard regiments, and some into ordinary or city garrisons. It is known that the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments consisted only of nobles. In 1714, Peter 1 issued a decree stating that a nobleman could not become an officer if he had not served as a soldier in the guards regiment.
The nobility under Peter 1 was obliged to carry out not only military service, but also civil service, which was wild news for the nobles. If earlier this was not considered a real service, then under Peter 1, civil service for the nobles became as honorable as military service. At the chanceries, schools of certain orders began to be opened so as not to undergo military training, but to undergo civil education - jurisprudence, economics, civil law, etc. Realizing that the nobility would want to choose their military or civil service, Peter 1 adopted a decree, from which it followed that the nobles will be distributed at reviews based on their physical and mental data. The decree also stated that the share of nobles in the civil service should not exceed 30 percent of the total number of nobles.
Decree of Single Succession of 1714
The nobility of the time of Peter 1 still enjoyed the right to land ownership. But the distribution of state lands into possessions for service has ceased, now the lands were given out for achievements and feats in the service. March 23, 1714 Peter Alekseevich adopts the law "On movable and immovable estates and on uniform inheritance." The essence of the law was that, according to the law, the landowner could bequeath all his real estate to his son, but only to one. If he died without leaving a will, then all the property was transferred to the eldest son. If he had no sons, he could bequeath all real estate to any relative. If he was the last man in the family, he could bequeath all the property to his daughter, but also only one. However, the law lasted only 16 years and in 1730, Empress Anna Ioannovna canceled it, due to the constant hostility in noble families.
Table of ranks of Peter the Great
The source of noble nobility, Peter 1 declares official merits, expressed in rank. Equating the civil service with the military forced Peter to create a new bureaucracy for this kind of public service. January 24, 1722 Peter 1 creates a "table of ranks". In this report card, all positions were divided into 14 classes. For example, in the ground forces, the highest rank is Field Marshal General and the lowest is Fendrik (ensign); in the fleet, the highest rank is admiral general and the lowest rank is ship commissar; in the civil service, the highest rank is chancellor and the lowest rank is collegiate registrar.
The table of ranks created a revolution in the basis of the nobility - the significance and origin of the noble family was excluded. Now, anyone who achieved certain merits received the corresponding rank and, without passing from the very bottom, could not immediately take a higher rank. Now the service became the source of the nobility, and not the origin of your family. In the table of rank

1.1 Nobility under Peter I

The reign of Peter - 1682-1725 - can be described as a period of transformation of the nobility into a full-fledged estate, occurring simultaneously with its enslavement and increasing dependence on the state. The process of folding the nobility as a single class consists in the gradual acquisition of class rights and privileges.

One of the first events in this area was the adoption of the Decree on uniform inheritance. In March 1714, a decree "On the order of inheritance in movable and immovable property" was issued, better known as the "Decree on Uniform Succession". This decree was an important milestone in the history of the Russian nobility. He legislated the equality of estates and estates as forms of real estate, i.e. there was a merger of these two forms of feudal landed property. From that moment on, land holdings were not subject to division among all the heirs of the deceased, but went to one of the sons at the choice of the testator. It is quite obvious that the rest, according to the legislator, having lost their source of income, should have rushed to the state service. In this regard, most researchers believe that the involvement of nobles in the service or some other activity useful to the state was the main purpose of this decree. Others believe that Peter I wanted to turn part of the nobility into the third estate. Still others - that the emperor took care of the preservation of the nobility itself and even sought to turn it into a kind of Western European aristocracy. The fourth, on the contrary, are convinced of the anti-noble orientation of this decree. This decree, which had many progressive features, caused discontent among the upper class. In addition, like many normative acts of the Petrine era, it was not well developed. The ambiguity of the wording created difficulties in the execution of the decree. Here is what Klyuchevsky notes about this: “It is poorly processed, does not foresee many cases, gives vague definitions that allow for conflicting interpretations: in the 1st paragraph it strongly prohibits the alienation of real estate, and in the 12th it provides and normalizes their sale as needed; establishing a sharp difference in the order of inheritance of movable and immovable property does not indicate what is meant by one and the other, and this gave rise to misunderstandings and abuses. These shortcomings caused repeated clarifications in subsequent decrees of Peter. By 1725, the decree had undergone significant revision, allowing significant deviations from the original version. But anyway, according to V.O. Klyuchevsky: "The law of 1714, without reaching the intended goals, only introduced confusion and economic disorder into the landowning environment."

According to some historians, the Decree on Uniform Succession was created in order to attract the nobles to the service. But despite this, Peter was constantly faced with an unwillingness to serve. This is explained by the fact that service under this emperor was not only obligatory, but also indefinite, for life. Every now and then, Peter received news of dozens and hundreds of nobles hiding from service or study on their estates. In the fight against this phenomenon, Peter was merciless. So, in the decree to the Senate it was said: "Whoever hides from the service, will announce to the people, whoever finds or announces such a person, to him give all the villages of the one who was guarded." Peter fought not only with punishments, but also by legislatively creating a new system of service. Peter I considered the professional training of a nobleman, his education, to be the most important sign of fitness for service. In January 1714, there was a ban on marrying noble offspring who did not have at least a primary education. A nobleman without education was deprived of the opportunity to occupy command positions in the army and leadership in civil administration. Peter was convinced that a noble origin could not be the basis for a successful career, so in February 1712 it was ordered not to promote nobles who did not serve as soldiers, that is, who did not receive the necessary training, as officers. Peter's attitude to the problem of the relationship of various social groups between themselves and the state was fully manifested in the course of the tax reform that began in 1718. Almost from the very beginning, the nobility was exempted from taxation, which legally secured one of its most important privileges. But even here problems arose, since it was not so easy to distinguish a nobleman from a non-nobleman. In the pre-Petrine era, there was no practice of awarding the nobility with the accompanying legal and documentary registration. Thus, in practice, the main sign of belonging to the nobility in the course of the tax reform was the real official position, i.e. service in the army as an officer or in the civil service at a fairly high position, as well as the presence of an estate with serfs.

Another important event of Peter I was the adoption on January 24, 1722 of the "Table of Ranks". Peter personally took part in editing this decree, which was based on borrowings from the "schedules of ranks" of the French, Prussian, Swedish and Danish kingdoms. All the ranks of the "Table of Ranks" were divided into three types: military, civilian (civil) and courtiers and were divided into fourteen classes. Each class was assigned its own rank. Chin - official and social position established in civil and military service. Although some historians considered the rank as a position. Petrovskaya "Table", determining a place in the hierarchy of the civil service, to some extent made it possible for talented people from the lower classes to advance. All those who have received the first 8 ranks in the state or court department are ranked as hereditary nobility, "even if they were of low breed", i.e. regardless of their origin. In military service, this title was given at the rank of the lowest XIV class. Thus, Peter I expressed his preference for military service over civilian. Moreover, the title of nobility applies only to children born after the father has received this rank; if, upon receiving the rank of children, he will not be born, he can ask for the grant of nobility to one of his previously born children. With the introduction of the table of ranks, the ancient Russian ranks - boyars, okolnichy and others - were not formally abolished, but the award to these ranks ceased. The publication of the report card had a significant impact on both the official routine and the historical fate of the nobility. The only regulator of service was personal length of service; "father's honor", the breed, has lost all meaning in this respect. Military service was separated from civil and court service. The acquisition of the nobility by the length of service of a certain rank and the grant of the monarch was legalized, which influenced the democratization of the noble class, the consolidation of the service nature of the nobility and the stratification of the noble mass into new groups - the hereditary and personal nobility.

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Introduction

As a legacy from his predecessors, Peter the Great received a service class that was greatly shaken and did not look like the service class that the heyday of the Muscovite state knew under this name. But Peter inherited from his ancestors to solve the same great state task, on which the people of the Muscovite state have been working for two centuries. The territory of the country had to enter its natural boundaries, the vast space occupied by an independent political people, had to have access to the sea. This was required by the state of the country's economy, and the interests of all the same security. As executors of this task, previous epochs gave him a class of people who were historically brought up in labor over the task of collecting all of Russia. This class fell into the hands of Peter not only ready for those improvements that life had long demanded, but already adapting to those new methods of struggle with which Peter started the war. The old task and the old familiar task of resolving it - war - left neither time, nor opportunity, nor even need, since the latter can historically be accepted, much concern for innovations, a new structure and a new appointment for the service class. In essence, under Peter, the same beginnings in the estate, which were put forward by the 17th century, continued to develop. True, a closer acquaintance with the West than in the 17th century and the most famous imitation brought a lot of new things to the conditions of life and service of the nobility, but all these were innovations of the external order, interesting only in those borrowed from the West forms in which they were embodied.

Letter of commendation of Peter I to Chancellor G.I. Golovkin to his patrimony. Title page. 1711

1. Attachment of the service class to serving military service

Preoccupied with war almost all the time of his reign, Peter, just like his ancestors, if not more, needed to attach the estates to a certain cause, and under him the attachment of the service class to the war was the same inviolable principle as in the 17th century.

The measures of Peter the Great in relation to the service class during the war were random in nature, and only around 1717, when the tsar came to grips with "citizenship", began to become general and systematic.

From the “old” in the structure of the service class under Peter, the former enslavement of the service class through the personal service of each service person to the state remained unchanged. But in this enslavement, its form has changed somewhat. In the first years of the Swedish war, the noble cavalry was still serving military service on the same basis, but had the value not of the main force, but only of the auxiliary corps. In 1706, sheremetev's army continued to serve as stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles, residents, etc. In 1712, due to fears of a war with the Turks, all these ranks were ordered to equip themselves for service under a new name - courtiers. From 1711-1712, the expressions gradually go out of circulation in documents and decrees: boyar children, service people and are replaced by the expression gentry borrowed from Poland, which, in turn, was taken by the Poles from the Germans and redone from the word "Geschlecht" - genus. In Peter's decree of 1712, the entire service class is called the nobility. The foreign word was chosen not only because of Peter's predilection for foreign words, but because in Moscow time the expression "nobleman" denoted a relatively very low rank, and people of senior service, court and duma ranks did not call themselves nobles. In the last years of the reign of Peter and under his closest successors, the expressions “nobility” and “gentry” are equally in use, but only since the time of Catherine II the word “gentry” completely disappears from the everyday speech of the Russian language.

So, the nobles of the times of Peter the Great are attached to serving public service for life, like the service people of Moscow times. But, remaining attached to the service all their lives, the nobles under Peter carry out this service in a rather altered form. Now they are obliged to serve in the regular regiments and in the navy and to perform civil service in all those administrative and judicial institutions that have been transformed from the old ones and have arisen anew, and the military and civil service are separated. Since service in the new army, in the navy and in new civil institutions required some education, at least some special knowledge, school preparation for service from childhood was made compulsory for the nobles.

A nobleman of the time of Peter the Great was enrolled in active service from the age of fifteen and had to begin it without fail with a “foundation”, in the words of Peter, that is, an ordinary soldier in the army or a sailor in the navy, a non-commissioned schreiber or a college junker in civilian institutions. According to the law, it was supposed to study only up to fifteen years, and then it was necessary to serve, and Peter very strictly monitored that the nobility was in business. From time to time, he arranged reviews of all adult nobles who were and were not in the service, and noble "undergrowths", as noble children who had not reached the legal age for service were called. At these reviews, held in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the tsar sometimes personally distributed the nobles and underage to regiments and schools, personally putting “wings” in the lists against the names of those who were fit for service. In 1704, Peter himself reviewed in Moscow more than 8,000 nobles convened there. The discharge clerk called out the nobles by name, and the tsar looked at the notebook and put his marks.

"Not without grief and not without tears,- says the historian N. G. Ustryalov, - noble undergrowth went to distant lands, where neither their father nor their grandfathers had been, for a tricky, painful, often inconsistent business with either their rank or inclinations, and all the more difficult because hardly any of them understood any foreign language. Some of them were already married, had children, and it is easy to imagine how many weeping for them remained in Moscow and on estates. Of course, there was no home where they would not grieve and complain about the long-term separation from relatives and neighbors, doomed to learn the craft of a sailor. Many, moreover, grumbled at the sending of youth to heretical lands, fearing that sinful association with distrust will destroy young souls in this life and the next..

In addition to serving foreign teachings, the nobility carried a compulsory school service. After graduating from compulsory training, the nobleman went to the service. The undergrowths of the nobility “according to their fitness” were enrolled alone in the guards, others in the army regiments or in the “garrisons”. The Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments consisted exclusively of nobles and were a kind of practical school for officers for the army. By decree of 1714, it was forbidden to make officers "from noble breeds" who did not serve as soldiers

2. Attachment of nobles to civil service

In addition to military service, under Peter the civil service becomes the same obligatory duty for the nobility. This attachment to the civil service was big news for the gentry. In the 16th and 17th centuries, only one military service was considered a real service, and servicemen, if they occupied the highest civil positions, then performed them as temporary assignments - these were “cases”, “parcels”, and not a service. Under Peter, civilian service becomes equally honorable and obligatory for a nobleman, like military service. Knowing the old dislike of service people for "sprinkling seed", Peter ordered "not to reproach" the passage of this service to people of noble gentry families. As a concession to the swaggering feeling of the gentry, who disdained to serve alongside clerk's children, Peter decided in 1724 "not to appoint secretaries not from the gentry, so that later they could become assessors, advisers and higher", from the clerk's rank to the rank of secretary they were made only in case of exceptional merit. Like the military service, the new civil service - under the new local administration and in the new courts, in the colleges and under the Senate - required some preliminary preparation. To do this, at the metropolitan chancelleries, collegiate and senatorial, they began to start a kind of schools where noble undergrowths were handed over for them to pass the secrets of order office work, jurisprudence, economy and "citizenship", that is, in general, they taught all non-military sciences, which are necessary for a person to know "civilian » services. By the General Regulations in 1720, such schools, placed under the supervision of secretaries, were deemed necessary to establish at all offices, so that each had 6 or 7 gentry children in training. But this was poorly realized: the gentry stubbornly shunned the civil service.

Recognizing the difficulty of achieving a voluntary attraction of the gentry to civilian service, and on the other hand, bearing in mind that subsequently an easier service would attract more hunters, Peter did not grant the nobility the right to choose the service at their own discretion. At the reviews, the nobles were appointed to the service according to their "suitability", according to their appearance, according to the abilities and wealth of each, and a certain proportion of service in the military and civilian departments was established: only 1/3 of its cash members could consist of each surname in civilian positions enrolled in the service. This was done so that "the servicemen at sea and on land would not be impoverished."

general nominal and separately;

which of them is suitable for work and will be used and for which and how much will then remain;

how many children and how old someone is, and henceforth who will be born and die male.

The king of arms was entrusted with the care of the education of the nobles and their correct distribution by service. Stepan Kolychev was appointed the first King of Arms.

3. The fight against the evasion of the service of the nobles

In 1721, all the nobles, both employed and dismissed, were ordered to appear at the review, those who lived in the cities of the St. Petersburg province - to St. Petersburg, the rest - to Moscow. Only the nobles who lived and served in remote Siberia and Astrakhan were spared from appearing at the review. All those who had been at the previous reviews and even all those who were in the provinces were supposed to appear at the review. So that things would not stop in the absence of those who appeared, the nobles were divided into two shifts: one shift was supposed to arrive in St. Petersburg or Moscow in December 1721, the other in March 1722. This review allowed the king of arms to replenish and correct all the previous lists of nobles and draw up new ones. The main concern of the king of arms was the fight against the old evasion of the nobles from service. The most common measures were taken against this. In 1703, it was announced that the nobles who did not appear at the review in Moscow by the specified date, as well as the governors, “repairing their disgrace”, would be executed without mercy. However, there were no executions, and the government, both this time and later, only seized estates for failure to appear. In 1707, a fine was taken from those who did not appear for service, setting a deadline for appearance, after which those who did not appear were ordered to “beat the batogs, exile them to Azov, and write their villages to the sovereign.” But these drastic measures did not help.