Program "I love Psychology 

Lack of spirituality as a global problem of mankind. Global problems of mankind. Spiritual world of personality. outlook

Finally, THE FOURTH, no less terrible GLOBAL PROBLEM - THE CRISIS OF HUMAN SPIRITUALITY. Virtually all secular and religious, global and regional, ancient and new ideologies today cannot even provide any convincing answer either to the actual problems of the era or to the eternal demands of the spirit. Defenseless, tossing, limping human thought in many cases is unable to grasp the present, maturely evaluate the past, at least somehow foresee the future.

There are currently no reliable social theories and philosophical and anthropological concepts within which it would be possible to more or less definitely characterize our today, and even more so tomorrow. Fear, anxiety, anxiety permeate all layers of human consciousness. One of the influential American philosophers Richard Rorty in the spring of 1995 at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences told that in the American philosophical community everyone is so tired that they hope for something to appear, but no one has the slightest idea what it should be.

It is sometimes said that two ideas came to us from the 19th century, worthy of being called the ideas of the century (realizing that this is a strong simplification, we nevertheless agree with it conditionally). One idea is socialist, the other is scientific and technological. It was believed that, relying on them, the people of the Earth would build a just society, gain the fullness of life, assert the freedom and dignity of the individual.

Both of these ideas are now in ruins. Both of them faced the limits set by biospheric global possibilities of human existence.

The socialist idea raised social justice to the shield, the technocratic idea raised economic efficiency. Their docking, conjugation, organic unification is not possible today. And our age has not generated new bright, principled, unifying ideas. And all mankind is now in some kind of ideological vacuum. Such is the fate of secular, scientific and philosophical-sociological ideas.

And world and local religions, or esoteric teachings of Western and Eastern shades, as they should, are called to the “other world”. However, despite the abundance of neo-religions (such as "Munism" or "Bahaism"), many-sided sectarianism in world religions, there are no fundamentally new ideas. All this is just a rewriting of traditionalist, canonical provisions that came from the past, sometimes very old. The dynamics of abrupt global historical shifts sometimes leads to a loss of orientation, the collapse of shrines, and spiritual devastation.

These are some of the global problems of our time. They are real. They cannot be seen. However, you should not give up, fall into hopeless pessimism, despair and dramatize everything and everything. There are threats, but there are also hopes. Though timid, but still hopes, prerequisites for overcoming global crisis collisions.

HUMANITY

The modern world is characterized by rapid changes in many spheres of human life and society. A person's striving forward often leads him to the edge of an abyss called a global catastrophe. As J. Fourastier said, traditional man lived on Earth for many tens of thousands of years. He suffered from hunger, cold and other inconveniences, but in any case he proved his ability for a long planetary existence. A man of a new formation, born of modernity, has existed on Earth for only two or three hundred years. But he managed to pile up so many fatal problems that it remains unclear whether he will exist tomorrow.

Global problems that threaten the continued existence of mankind did not arise today. But their considerable age did not at all advance humanity along the path of their solution. Under the global problems understand the totality of problems that constitute a threat to all mankind. They are called global precisely because, on the one hand, they affect the interests of all countries and peoples, at whatever stage of development they are, and on the other hand, their solution depends on the ability of mankind to unite. That is, they cannot be solved in one country, they cannot be solved by combining the efforts of several (even the most developed) countries. In order to solve them, it is necessary that all mankind act in unanimous aspiration and reinforce this aspiration with its policy, the direction of the economy and scientific and technical power.

Global problems arose gradually as society developed and changed depending on the stage of its development, on priority areas of activity. In full growth, they stood before society in the twentieth century. Most of the problems that have become global today have accompanied humanity throughout its history. These, first of all, include the problems of ecology, preservation of peace, overcoming poverty, hunger, and illiteracy. But after the Second World War, due to the unprecedented scale of human transformational activity, all these problems turned into global ones, expressing the contradictions of the integral modern world. The reasons for the transformation of these problems into global ones are the increased growth of human needs, the increased scale of technical means of society's impact on nature, and the depletion of natural resources.



On the initiative of the Italian economist and humanist Aurelio Peccei, in 1968 a public organization appeared, called the Club of Rome. This club brought together scientists and public figures from around the world to study global problems. Members of the Club of Rome identified a range of problems that have since been considered traditional global problems:

Ø Prevention of nuclear war and preservation of peace;

Ø Social development and economic growth;

Ø Overcoming economic backwardness, poverty and misery;

Ø Environmental problem;

Ø Demographic problem.

20th century became a turning point not only in world social history, but also in the very fate of mankind, which entered the period of the scientific and technological revolution. Space exploration begins, society begins to consume a huge amount of natural resources, the waste returned to the environment reaches an unprecedented size. The human population has increased by 2.5 times during the lifetime of one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the "demographic press".

The global problems of our time include problems that cover the "world-man" system as a whole and reflect the vital factors of human existence - environmental, demographic, problems of the crisis of culture, problems of war and peace, and more recently - the problems of terrorism. The prevention of the global crisis of modern civilization, the life of society, its fate, the state of the natural environment, and social progress depend on their solution. The global crisis testifies to the self-destruction of the world created by man, it has a destructive effect on the life, health and psyche of individuals that make up society.

The global crisis covers environmental, economic, technical areas, social sphere, politics, demography. By the beginning of the XXI century. it reaches unprecedented sharpness. The way out of the crisis presupposes the elimination of social antagonisms, the intensification of international activities aimed at introducing legal norms for environmental management and measures to achieve global balance.

A feature of global problems is their close interconnection and interdependence: the aggravation of one of them entails the aggravation of all the others. Therefore, they must be addressed comprehensively.

In modern scientific literature, one can find a different list of global problems. Their number can vary from 8 to 45. However, all of them can be divided into 4 main groups (Appendix: Fig. A.20):

Ø Political;

Ø Socio-economic;

Ø Natural and economic;

Ø Socio-cultural.

To problems political character is the prevention of thermonuclear catastrophe, new world wars, the fight against international terrorism.

The first and main global problem of mankind, threatening the very existence of nature and society, is the threat of a thermonuclear catastrophe. For many years, the essence of this global problem was seen in the prevention of nuclear war. However, the nuclear threat does not come only from the military. Chernobyl scenarios are also possible. Nuclear technologies continue to develop, they are mastered by many countries, and this increases the threat of a thermonuclear catastrophe of a technological nature.

The new threat, which has acquired a global character, is connected with the international terrorism. As the problem of terrorism becomes more and more international in nature, there is a need for international cooperation in countering this phenomenon. One of the key tasks is to stop the financing of terrorism.

Along with well-known forms of terrorism, new forms based on the use of nuclear, chemical, bacteriological materials have appeared, facts of influencing computer systems for controlling military operations, and an attempt to use space technology for terrorist purposes have been noted.

The prevention of new wars and the fight against terrorism require the unification of the efforts of the world community aimed at reducing nuclear weapons, combating "combat" terrorism and its financing.

Socio-economic problems include the need for the normal functioning of the world economy; overcoming the backwardness of underdeveloped countries.

The reasons for the backwardness of these countries are some of their features such as: high population growth, predominantly agrarian production, lack of new technologies, use of traditional energy sources, and much more.

Natural and economic problems include the environmental problem, energy, food, raw materials, the problem of the oceans and space exploration.

Ecological the problem includes climate warming, the problem of the ozone layer, the expansion of desertification, water pollution.

Global energy problem is the problem of providing mankind with fuel and energy at the present time and in the foreseeable future. The main reason for the emergence of the global energy problem should be considered the rapid growth in the consumption of mineral fuels in the 20th century. If developed countries solve this problem primarily by slowing down the growth of their demand by reducing energy intensity, then in other countries there is a relatively rapid increase in energy consumption. To this may be added growing competition in the world energy market between developed countries and new large industrial countries (China, India, Brazil).

Among the main global problems, a special place is occupied by food. After all, the physical existence and health of billions of people primarily depend on the availability and quality of food. The essence of the problem is that the increase in the world's population leads to a catastrophic shortage of food, hunger, and disease. Acute and chronic hunger and the resulting diseases and premature deaths are the result of an absolute shortage of food on Earth.

By the beginning of the 21st century, two new trends appeared in the food sector. First, the growth of food production began to slow down gradually, and the decline in production costs, and, consequently, the price of a unit of production, also slowed down. Secondly, although this did not immediately affect the direct cost of food products, the environmental price that humanity pays for the growth of agricultural production began to increase. This has found its expression in the increasing irreversibility of the impact of agriculture and the industries associated with it on the environment and human health, and in the increasingly noticeable anthropogenic undermining of the general conditions of agriculture itself.

The global commodity problem is related to the following factors:

Ø depletion of developed deposits of coal, oil, iron and other ores;

Ø limited explored reserves of oil and natural gas;

Ø discovery and extraction of minerals in worse than before conditions;

Ø an increase in the territorial gap between the areas of extraction and consumption of minerals, etc.

The solution to the raw material problem lies in resource saving and in the search for new technologies that make it possible to use previously inaccessible sources of raw materials and energy.

The World Ocean is one of the most important objects of environmental protection. The peculiarity of this object is that the current in the seas and oceans quickly carries pollutants to long distances from the places of their release. Therefore, the problem of protecting the cleanliness of the ocean has a pronounced international character.

Successful restoration of water resources while simultaneously involving them in economic circulation, that is, the reproduction of water resources, the prevention of new pollution, is possible only through a set of measures, including the treatment of wastewater and water bodies, the introduction of recycling water supply and low-waste technologies. In recent years, a number of important international agreements have been adopted to protect the seas and oceans from pollution. In accordance with these agreements, the washing of tankers and the discharge of waste ship waters must be carried out in special port facilities. Each country that has signed the agreement bears legal and financial responsibility for the pollution of the waters of the oceans and seas.

Until recently, scientists believed that the development of the near space(near-Earth space) has almost no effect on the weather, climate and other living conditions on Earth. Therefore, space exploration was carried out without taking into account the environmental situation. However, the appearance of ozone holes made me think. But the problem of preserving the ozone layer, as it turned out, is only a small part of a much more general problem of the protection and rational use of near-Earth space, and, above all, that part of it, which is formed by the upper atmosphere and for which ozone is only one of its components.

Space is a new environment for man. But here, too, the age-old problem of clogging the near-Earth space with debris from spacecraft arose. Moreover, there is a distinction between observable and unobservable space debris, the amount of which is unknown. Space debris appears during the operation of orbital stations and spacecraft, and as a result of their subsequent deliberate elimination. It also includes spent detachable elements of spacecraft structures. Space debris is dangerous not only for astronauts and space technology, but also for earthlings.

Thus, if effective measures are not taken by mankind in the very near future to combat space debris, then the space era in the history of mankind may end ingloriously in the near future. Outer space is not under the jurisdiction of any state. This is in its purest form an international object of protection. Thus, one of the most important problems that arise in the process of industrial space exploration is to determine the specific factors of the permissible limits of anthropogenic impact on the environment and near-Earth space.

Socio-cultural problems include the demographic problem, the crisis of culture and morality, human spirituality, the lack of democracy, health care.

Global demographic problem falls into two aspects: the population explosion in a number of countries and regions of the developing world and the demographic aging of the population of developed and transition countries. For the former, the solution is to increase the rate of economic growth and reduce the rate of population growth. For the second - emigration and reforming the pension system.

The crisis of human spirituality associated with the loosening of the former ideals of most cultures, the loss of meaningful life values, the technical and technological orientation of consciousness, utilitarianism, the thirst for enrichment, profit, the priority of material values ​​over spiritual ones.

Health protection includes the fight against alcoholism, drug addiction, oncological diseases, AIDS, tuberculosis and other diseases that have become globally widespread.

Thus, the future of mankind depends on how effectively global problems will be solved and whether society will be able to prevent the emergence of new ones.

Training task

1. Why do many of the problems that have accompanied the development of human society over a long history in the twentieth century acquire a global character?

2. What is the complex nature of global problems?

3. What is the connection between a person's spirituality, his moral values ​​and all other global problems?

Test

1. When did the global problems arise?

a) in a primitive society;

b) in modern times;

c) in the twentieth century;

d) at the beginning of the 21st century.

2. What issues does the Club of Rome deal with?

a) trying to develop medicine;

b) studies global problems;

c) participates in the resolution of conflicts between countries;

d) create new jobs.

3. What problem is not global?

a) computerization;

b) the fight against AIDS;

c) improving morality;

d) population growth.

4. Relatively new is a global problem…

a) environmental pollution;

b) nuclear war;

c) fighting hunger;

d) international terrorism.

5. The problems of a political nature include:

a) prevention of a thermonuclear catastrophe;

b) space exploration;

c) overcoming the backwardness of some countries;

d) improvement of the ecological situation.

6. A socio-economic problem is:

a) raw materials;

b) demographic;

c) overcoming the backwardness of underdeveloped countries;

d) international terrorism.

7. The natural and economic problem is ...

a) the normal functioning of the world economy;

b) food;

c) health protection;

d) crisis of spirituality.

8. A socio-cultural problem is ...

a) raw material problem;

b) ecological;

c) lack of democracy;

d) space exploration.

9. Choose the correct statement:

a) global problems have always accompanied the development of society;

b) global problems are complex;

c) global problems include only political problems;

d) the solution of global problems depends on the group of the most developed countries.

10. A feature of global problems is that they ...

a) are local in nature;

b) apply only to underdeveloped countries;

c) depend on the type of nature management;

d) affect the interests of all mankind.


Review questions

1. Define the concept of "global problems".

2. When did the global problems arise?

3. When does an organization called the Club of Rome appear?

4. What are the goals of the Club of Rome?

5. Who is considered the founder of the Club of Rome?

6. What is the range of global problems identified by the members of the Club of Rome?

7. Give a classification of global problems of our time.

8. What do political global problems include?

9. Describe the global problems of a socio-economic nature.

10. What global problems are natural and economic?

11. Give the characteristic of social and cultural problems.


CONCLUSION

Philosophy has a huge formative impact on a person, systematizes a person’s worldview, streamlines thinking. Of course, one book cannot accomplish all these tasks. The material presented in the textbook gives an idea of ​​the main milestones in the development of philosophical knowledge, the established structure and the most important issues on which the philosophical thought of different eras is concentrated. In addition, the manual provides a description of the current state of many problems of science and philosophy, such as the problem of consciousness and the structure of the Universe, space-time, movement and development, etc.

Having mastered the material of this manual, the student receives the basics of philosophical knowledge, which he can independently replenish, using additional literature indicated in the recommended list of literature, as well as independently selecting articles, monographs on issues of interest to him. Our knowledge does not stand still. Humanity constantly receives new knowledge, as a result of which its idea of ​​the world and itself changes, therefore, any thinking person, having mastered elementary knowledge in the learning process, will continue to strive to expand and deepen them.

The knowledge gained during the study of philosophy will help the development of many academic disciplines in the future: cultural studies, sociology, ethics, natural sciences (including CSE).

Basic

1. Alekseev, P. V. Philosophy [Text]: textbook. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Prospekt, 2010. - 592 p.

2. Grinenko, G.V. History of Philosophy [Text]: textbook. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M. : Yurayt, 2010. - 689 p.

3. Spirkin, A. G. Philosophy [Text]: textbook. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Yurayt, 2011. - 828 p.

4. Philosophy [Text]: textbook / ed. Dr. Philosopher. sciences, prof., acad. V. N. Lavrinenko. - 5th ed., revised. and additional - M. : Yurayt, 2011. - 561 p.

Additional

5. Fourastie J. Lettre ouvert a quatre milliards d'hommes. Paris, 1970.

6. Abdeev, R.F. Philosophy of information civilization [Text] / R.F. Abdeev. M., 1994

7. Ableev, S.R. History of world philosophy [Text]: textbook / S.R. Ableev. M., 2005.

8. Aydinyan, V.F. System of concepts and principles of epistemology [Text] / V.F. Aydinyan. L., 1991.

9. Eysenck, G. The nature of intelligence - the battle for the mind [Text] / G. Eysenck, L. Kamin. M., 2002.

10. Vernadsky, V.I. Scientific outlook [Text] / V.I. Vernadsky // Philosophy and worldview. M., 1990.

11. Hobbes, T. Philosophical foundations of the doctrine of the citizen [Text] / T. Hobbes. M., 1964.

12. Gubin, V. D. Philosophy [Text]: textbook. - M.: Prospekt, 2010. - 336 p.

13. Davis, P. Superpower. The search for a unified theory of nature [Text] /P. Davis. M., 1989.

14. Ikonnikova, G. I. Philosophy of law [Text]: textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Yurayt, 2010. - 351 p.

15. Ilyenkov E.V. Philosophy and culture [Text] / E.V. Ilyenkov. M., 1991.

16. Kanke V. A. Philosophy for lawyers [Text]: textbook. - M.: Omega-L, 2009. - 412 p.

17. Kant, I. Criticism of the ability of judgment [Text] / I. Kant. M., 1995.

18. Kozyrev, N.A. Causal or asymmetric mechanics in a linear approximation [Text] / N.A. Kozyrev. Pulkovo, 1958.

19. Korotkov, K. Riddles of living glow [Text] / K. Korotkov. SPb., 2003.

20. Kokhanovsky, V.P. Philosophy [Text]: lecture notes / resp. ed. V. P. Kokhanovsky. - 10th ed. - Rostov n/a. : Phoenix, 2008. - 190 p.

21. Kokhanovsky, V. P. Philosophy [Text]: lecture notes / V. P. Kokhanovsky, L. V. Zharov, V. P. Yakovlev; resp. ed. V. P. Kokhanovsky. - 10th ed. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2008. - 190 p.

22. Kokhanovsky, V.P. Philosophy for graduate students [Text]: textbook. allowance / V.P. Kokhanovsky, E. V. Zolotukhina, T.G. Lyashkevich, T.B. Fathy. Rostov n / a, 2003.

23. Lipsky, B. I. Philosophy [Text]: textbook. - M.: Yurayt, 2011. - 495 p.

24. Muldashev E.R. From whom are we descended? [Text] / E.R. Muldashev. M., 1999.

25. New philosophical encyclopedia [Text]: in 4 volumes / scientific. Ed.: M. S. Kovaleva [and others]. - M.: Thought, 2010.

26. The latest philosophical dictionary. Postmodernism [Text]. - Minsk: Modern writer, 2007. - 816 p.

27. Sikorsky, B.F. Perspectives of a person in the light of humanistic ideas of Western philosophy of the XX century [Text]: textbook / B.F. Sikorsky. Kursk: publishing house of KSPU, 1995.

28. Tikhoplav, V. Yu. Physics of faith [Text] / V. Yu. Tikhoplav, T.S. Tikhomel. M., 2001.

29. Tikhoplav, V.Yu. Life for rent [Text] / V.Yu. Tikhoplav, T.S. Tikhomel. M., 2001.

30. Trubetskoy S.N. The course of the history of ancient philosophy [Text] / S.N. Trubetskoy. SPb., 1996.

31. Chanyshev, A.N. A course of lectures on ancient philosophy [Text] / A.N. Chanyshev. M., 1991.

32. Schure, E. Great initiates. Essay on the esotericism of religions [Text] / E. Shure. Kaluga, 1914.

33. Shchavelev, S.P. Practical knowledge [Text] / S.P. Schavelev. Voronezh, 1994.

2. The spiritual world of the individual. Worldview.

3. Do you agree with the statement of the French writer F. R. Chateaubriand: “As is almost always the case in politics, the result is the opposite nyu"? Justify your answer. How to explain thatthe result does not always coincide with the intended goal?

1. global problems - it's a collectionproblems affecting the vital interests of all mankind and requiring for their resolutionconcerted action by the entire world community.

The most important global problem is preovercoming the ecological crisis and its aftermathstviya. In the course of his economic activity, for a long time man occupied the position of a consumer in relation to nature, mercilessly exploited it, believing that natural reserves are inexhaustible.

One of the negative results of human activity has become depletion of natural resources, primarily energy. Mankind is also concerned about the problem of ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants. As for other common energy sources - oil, gas, peat, coal - the danger of their depletion in the very near future is very high. Therefore, humanity, apparently, should heed the opinion that it needs voluntary self-restraint both in the production and consumption of energy.

The second aspect of this problem is behindenvironmental pollution(atmosphere, water, soil, etc.) - Powerful accumulations of harmful substances lead to the appearance of so-called ozone holes, which has a negative impact on the health of the planet's population and leads to global warming.

There is a problem of general degradation of the environment. Humanity can solve it only together. In 1982 The UN adopted a document - the World Charter for Conservation of Nature, and then created a special commission on environment and development. In addition to the UN, non-governmental organizations such as Greenpeace, the Club of Rome, etc. play an important role in developing and ensuring the environmental safety of mankind.

Another global problem is the growth of the world's population. (demographic problem). It is associated with a continuous increase in the number of people living on the territory of the planet. This problem is generated by two global demographic processes: the so-called population explosion in developing countries and underreproduction of the population in developed countries. However, it is obvious that the Earth's resources (primarily food) are limited, and today a number of developing countries have had to face the problem of birth control. The demographic problem should be solved now, because our planet is not able to provide such a number of people with the food necessary for survival.

The demographic problem is closely intertwined with the problem reducing the gap in the level of ecoeconomic development between the developed countries of the West and the developing countries of the "third world" (the so-called "North-South" problem). The essence of this problem lies in the fact that most of those who were released in the second half of the 20th century. from the colonial dependence of countries, embarking on the path of catching up economic development, they could not, despite relative success, overcome the gap with developed countries in terms of basic economic indicators (primarily in terms of GDP per capita).

Another global issue that has long been considered the most important is problemprevention of a new - tpretpyey - mirdvawar. To date, the likelihood of conflict between the leading powers of the world is much less than before. However, there is a possibility that nuclear weapons will fall into the hands of authoritarian regimes or international terrorist organizations. There is a great danger of individual local conflicts escalating into regional and even international ones (with the possible use of nuclear weapons by one side).

The Threat of Global Terrorism has become a global problem of our time relatively recently. Terror (lat. toggog - horror, fear) - the use of violence, including the physical destruction of people, to achieve any political goals. Violent actions should instill a sense of fear in people. Terrorism is one of the extreme forms of political extremism. An integral property of terrorism is the systematic use of violence, used with appropriate socio-political and ideological justification.

Global problems include the looming AIDS epidemic And developdrug addiction, disease, alcoholism, tobacco smoking, as well as diseases - cancer, cardiovascular diseases.

All global problems are united by a number of common problems. signs:

1) they arose in the second half of the 20th century. and are a consequence of the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution;

2) global problems pose a threat to the existence of mankind as a whole;

3) they are all interconnected - it is impossible to solve each of them separately;

4) the presence of global problems is an indicator of the unity and integrity of the modern world;

5) their solution requires the unification of the efforts of all mankind, encourages the search for mutual understanding and harmonization of the interests of various countries and peoples, contributes to the formation of a single civilization.

2. Spiritual world of personality (human microcosm) is a holistic and at the same time contradictory phenomenon, which is a complex system.

Herelements are:

1) spiritual needs in the knowledge of the surrounding world, in self-expression by means of culture, art, other forms of activity, in the use of cultural achievements, etc.;

2) knowledge about nature, society, man, himself;

3) beliefs, firm views based on a worldview and defining human activity in all its manifestations and spheres;

4) belief in the truth of those beliefs that a person shares (i.e., unsubstantiated recognition of the correctness of some position);

5) the ability to one or another form of social activity;

6) feelings and emotions in which the relationship of a person to nature and society is expressed;

7) goals that a person consciously sets for himself, ideally anticipating the results of his activity;

8) the values ​​that underlie a person's attitude to the world and himself, giving meaning to his activities, reflecting his ideals.

Values are the object of a person's aspirations, are the most important moment of the meaning of his life. Distinguish social values ​​- public ideals that act as a standard of due in various spheres of public life, and personal values ​​are the ideals of an individual, serving as one of the sources of motivation for her behavior.

An important element of the spiritual world of man is his outlook, which is understood as a set of generalized views on objective reality and a person’s place in it, on people’s attitude to the surrounding reality and to themselves, as well as the beliefs, principles, ideas and ideals conditioned by these views.

There are several types of worldview:

1) everyday (or everyday), which is based on personal experience and is formed under the influence of life circumstances;

2) religious, which is based on religious views, ideas and beliefs of a person;

3) scientific, which is based on the achievements of modern science and reflects the scientific picture of the world, the results of modern scientific knowledge;

4) humanistic (it is spoken of more as a goal than as a reality), which combines the best aspects of the scientific worldview with ideas about social justice, environmental safety and moral ideal.

3 . One can agree with the statement of F. R. Chateaubriand. Politics, by its very nature, is a goal-setting activity. This means that it arises and is carried out for the sake of certain goals. The goal, means and result are the main components of political and any other activity. Purpose is an ideal result worked out by human thinking, for the sake of which activity is carried out and which serves as its internal motive. In political activity, it performs organizing and motivational functions. Facilities politicians are tools, tools for the practical implementation of goals, for turning ideal motives into real actions.

The question of the influence of ends and means on the results and moral evaluation of politics has long been a subject of controversy.

Among the various views onThis account can be divided into three main ones:

1) the moral character of the policy is determined by its purpose;

2) the means used have a priority influence on the moral significance of the policy;

3) both the end and the means are equally important for making the policy humane, and they must be commensurate with each other and with the specific situation.

In the modern world, such a concept as globalization is widespread. Globality is a term that is increasingly used by philosophers when considering social and environmental problems on a global scale. Such global problems as drug addiction, the current state of society living under the dictation of the so-called sexual revolution (the reasons for the modern depravity of Russian youth, in particular, and Western society as a whole), and other problems of the loss of the moral foundations of the human spiritual world.

Society, having lost its spiritual core, the main criterion of morality, in fact, loses an integral system of moral principles of its inner world. The emerging emptiness oppresses a person, he feels that something is lost, he fully feels the emerging emptiness. For example, using various narcotic substances, a person feels how the emptiness inside him is shrinking, becoming insignificant. Following the principles of sexual emancipation, at the same time acquiring pseudo-ethical values, a person begins to think that he has found himself, his place in society. But, delighting the soul with bodily charms, a person thereby destroys his own spiritual world.

It can be said that the crisis of modern society is a consequence of the destruction of obsolete spiritual values ​​developed back in the Renaissance. In order for society to acquire its own moral and ethical principles, with the help of which it was possible to find its place in this world without destroying itself, a change in previous traditions is required. Speaking about the spiritual values ​​of the Renaissance, it is worth noting that their existence for more than six centuries, determined the spirituality of European society, had a significant impact on the materialization of ideas. Anthropocentrism, as the leading idea of ​​the Renaissance, made it possible to develop many teachings about man and society. Putting man at the forefront as the highest value, the system of his spiritual world was subordinated to this idea. Despite the fact that many of the virtues developed in the Middle Ages were preserved (love for everyone, work, etc.), they were all directed towards a person as the most important being. Such virtues as kindness, humility fade into the background. It becomes important for a person to acquire life comfort through the accumulation of material wealth, which led mankind to the age of industry.

In the modern world, where most countries are industrialized, the values ​​of the Renaissance have exhausted themselves. Mankind, while satisfying its material needs, did not pay attention to the environment, did not calculate the consequences of its large-scale influences on it. Consumer civilization is focused on obtaining maximum profit from the use of natural resources. What cannot be sold has not only no price, but also no value. According to consumer ideology, limiting consumption can have a negative impact on economic growth. However, the link between environmental hardship and consumer orientation is becoming clearer. The modern economic paradigm is based on a liberal system of values, the main criterion of which is freedom. Freedom in modern society is the absence of obstacles to the satisfaction of human desires. Nature is seen as a reservoir of resources to satisfy the endless desires of man. The result was various environmental problems (the problem of ozone holes and the greenhouse effect, the depletion of natural landscapes, the growing number of rare species of animals and plants, etc.), which show how cruel man has become in relation to nature, expose the crisis of anthropocentric absolutes. A person, having built for himself a convenient material sphere and spiritual values, drowns himself in them. In this regard, there was a need to develop a new system of spiritual values, which could become common for many peoples of the world. Even the Russian scientist Berdyaev, speaking about sustainable noospheric development, developed the idea of ​​acquiring universal spiritual values. It is they who in the future are called upon to determine the further development of mankind.

In modern society, the number of crimes is constantly increasing, violence and hostility are familiar to us. According to the authors, all these phenomena are the result of the objectification of the spiritual world of a person, that is, the objectification of his inner being, alienation and loneliness. Therefore, violence, crime, hatred are expressions of the soul. It is worth considering what the souls and inner world of modern people are filled with today. For most, it is anger, hatred, fear. The question arises: where should one look for the source of everything negative? According to the authors, the source is within the objectified society itself. The values ​​that the West dictated to us for a long time cannot satisfy the norms of all mankind. Today we can conclude that a crisis of values ​​has come.

What role do values ​​play in human life? What values ​​are true and necessary, priority? The authors tried to answer these questions using the example of Russia as a unique, multiethnic, polyconfessional state. Also, Russia has its own specifics; it has a special geopolitical position, intermediate between Europe and Asia. In our opinion, Russia must finally take its position, independent of either the West or the East. In this case, we are not talking at all about the isolation of the state, we just want to say that Russia should have its own path of development, taking into account all its specific features.

For many centuries, peoples of different faiths have lived on the territory of Russia. It has been noticed that certain virtues, values ​​and norms - faith, hope, love, wisdom, courage, justice, temperance, catholicity - coincide in many religions. Faith in God, in yourself. Hope for a better future, which has always helped people to cope with the cruel reality, to overcome their despair. Love, expressed in sincere patriotism (love for the Motherland), honor and respect for elders (love for one's neighbors). Wisdom, which includes the experience of our ancestors. Abstinence, which is one of the most important principles of spiritual self-education, the development of willpower; during Orthodox fasts, helping a person to get closer to God, partially cleansed of earthly sins. In Russian culture, there has always been a desire for catholicity, the unity of all: man with God and the world around him as God's creation. Sobornost also has a social character: the Russian people throughout the history of Russia, the Russian Empire, to protect their homeland, their state, have always shown conciliarity: during the Great Troubles of 1598–1613, during the Patriotic War of 1812, during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 –1945

Let's look at the current situation in Russia. Many Russian people remain unbelievers: they do not believe in God, or in goodness, or in other people. Many lose love and hope, becoming embittered and cruel, letting hatred into their hearts and souls. Today, in Russian society, the primacy belongs to Western material values: material goods, power, money; people go over their heads, achieving their goals, our souls become stale, we forget about spirituality, morality. In our opinion, representatives of the humanities are responsible for the development of a new system of spiritual values. The authors of this work are students of the specialty social anthropology. We believe that the new system of spiritual values ​​should become the basis for Russia's sustainable development. Based on the analysis, it is necessary to identify those common values ​​in each religion and develop a system that is important to introduce into the field of education and culture. It is on a spiritual basis that the entire material sphere of society's life should be built. When each of us realizes that human life is also a value, when virtue becomes the norm of behavior for every person, when we finally overcome the disunity that is present in society today, then we will be able to live in harmony with the surrounding world, nature, people. For Russian society today it is necessary to realize the importance of reassessing the values ​​of its development, developing a new system of values.

If in the process of development its spiritual and cultural component is diminished or ignored, then this inevitably leads to the decline of society. In modern times, in order to avoid political, social and interethnic conflicts, an open dialogue between world religions and cultures is necessary. Spiritual, cultural and religious forces should form the basis for the development of countries.

Annotation. The article discusses the causes of the global crisis of modern society associated with a low level of morality. The understanding of basic concepts in a consumer society and in a highly moral society is compared. The ways out of the crisis state of modern society, presented in the "Doctrine of high morality", are considered, the role of the social movement to overcome the crisis state of society is shown.

Modern society is in a global crisis. Every day, media reports come in about political confrontation and military conflicts, terrorist attacks and environmental, man-made disasters, the bankruptcy of not only individual companies, but entire countries. And there seems to be no end to it. What's the matter? What is at the heart of this global crisis? The answer to these questions should not be sought in economics or politics. The roots of the crisis are much deeper - in the sphere of the spiritual and moral life of society and each individual.

In what case does it become possible for a person to pour waste with toxic substances into water bodies; produce products with unhealthy components and counterfeit medicines that cannot help a person in a difficult situation; to bomb civilian targets, knowing in advance that there are civilians, children? There is only one answer - in the case of a low level of morality. This is precisely the main reason for the global crisis, which has engulfed almost all countries of the world and all aspects of society.

The ideology of the consumer society, when the main value is money and power, leads to the substitution of universal human values ​​that were professed in different eras, among different peoples, with false values, to a distortion of the basic basic concepts. In a society dominated by the ideology of consumption, exorbitant desires are inflated, lying mainly in the sphere of material goods, the thirst for pleasure. Profit becomes the main priority of people, and elementary concepts are interpreted with the opposite meaning. As a result, modern society is not so much evolving (in certain areas) as degrading as a whole.

Famous historians, political scientists and politicians V.E. Bagdasaryan and S.S. Sulakshin in his monograph considers the value factors that strengthen the Russian state, and also identifies factors that have a devastating effect on it, the so-called anti-values, which are focused not on the strengthening and life of any state, but, on the contrary, on its weakening and even death.

The conclusion reached by the authors is disappointing: “... Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. is in a state of not just a crisis, but a civilizational catastrophe. The erosion of the country's values ​​is one of its factors. Many of them have reached historic lows. The way out, respectively, is seen in the development of the vital potentials of the country, which ... correspond to the highest values ​​of the state.

And this is understood not only by scientists and politicians. More and more ordinary people, citizens of Russia and other countries, understand the importance of raising the level of morality in society, considering this process as an effective mechanism for the evolutionary development of society. There is a trend of more and more active involvement of Russians and citizens of other countries in actions aimed at the revival of morality in the world, overcoming the magic of anti-values. One such example is the activity of the International Public Organization “FOR MORALITY!”, which includes participants from 50 countries of the world. Members of the Movement “FOR MORALITY!” they do not just start with themselves and strive to lead a moral lifestyle, they meet people, talk about the problems of morality in society, and also try to include the leadership of their countries in solving this problem. In particular, the participants of the Movement developed a policy document "The Doctrine of High Morality" (hereinafter - the Doctrine), which is a look at the causes of the current state of society, defines the main value orientations, defines basic concepts, and suggests ways out of the ideological crisis. The doctrine contains the concept of the ideology of a highly moral society, which can serve as the basis for the formation of state policy, the improvement of the legal field, as well as for the development of targeted programs in the field of improving morality.

The existing deformations in the spiritual and moral sphere are clearly manifested when comparing the understanding of the basic basic concepts such as God, man, the physical world, society, freedom, power, and others presented in the Doctrine. Considering them will help, in our opinion, to see a way out of the current crisis situation.

The concept of "God". In a consumer society, this concept is no longer perceived as a source of absolute values ​​that determine a person's entire life. Instead, fetishism is implanted - religious worship of material values, the cult of money dominates. The psychology of "fast food" is also manifested in matters of faith. Often the worship of God is formal, associated only with the observance of rituals.
Objectively, God is the Supreme Law that governs the Universe. Everything is subject to this Law. Following it allows the individual to develop spiritually and morally.

The question of the existence of God is gradually moving from the field of religious and philosophical reasoning into the field of scientific research. So, in the world there are a large number of fundamental physical constants (gravity, electromagnetic force, nuclear interaction, the ratio of the Earth's radius to the distance to the Sun, and others). Research results of mathematicians, the Problem of Morality and the global crisis of the society of physicists and astrophysicists from different countries of the world - I.L. Rosenthal, V.A. Nikitin, S. Weinberg, R. Breuer, F. Dyson, D. Polkinhorn, D. Barrow, F. Tripler, D. Jean and others - indicate that the slightest change in any of them would lead to the destruction of the Universe. Scientific research in this area allowed scientists to conclude that there is a Supermind that controls the Universe.

The greatest physicist of the 20th century, Arthur Compton, Nobel Prize winner, says: “Faith begins with the knowledge that the Supreme Intelligence created the Universe and man. It is not difficult for me to believe this, because the fact that there is a plan, and therefore Reason, is irrefutable. The order in the universe, which unfolds before our eyes, itself testifies to the truth of the greatest and sublime statement: "In the beginning - God."

Similar statements were made at different times by: Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Charles Darwin, K. Flammarion, N.I. Pirogov, Jules S. Duchesne, F. Crick, A.D. Sakharov, P.P. Garyaev and many other scientists of the world.
The concept of "Physical world". In modern society, there is an idea that there is only the physical world that can be seen, touched, studied, decomposed into its component parts, therefore all activity is limited to this world.
However, scientists have proven that the physical world is only the “tip of the iceberg”. Nobel Prize winner, Italian physicist C. Rubbia, claims that visible matter is only one billionth of the entire universe. The universe is much wider, and scientists are providing evidence for new levels of life in it. The discovery by the Russian scientist S.V. Zenin of the information-phase state of matter, the development by the English physicist D. Bohm of the theory of the holographic Universe, the discoveries of Russian scientists G.I. Shipov and A.E. Akimov in the field of the theory of physical vacuum and torsion fields testify to the multilevel nature and the existence of a reasonable control of the Universe.
The concept of "Man". In a consumer society, a person is considered as part of the material world. It has a "beginning" (birth) and an "end" (death) - just like any object or process of the physical world has its origin and destruction. And since, according to the ideas of the majority, a person lives once, then one must live one's only life in the enjoyment of all its benefits. It is impossible to become perfect in one life, so there is no point in striving for high morality, which provides for internal limitations and self-discipline.

However, if we take into account that the Universe is the most complex multi-level system of existence of different planes of being, therefore, such a complex living organism as a person is also multidimensional. Computer GDV-graphy technologies developed by K.G. Korotkov and based on the Kirlian effect, clearly show that a person has an energy component - a biofield that reflects his thoughts and feelings.

In addition to the mortal part, a person also has an immortal part, which evolves over many incarnations. During many of his lives, a person accumulates experience, develops his best qualities, and, according to the causal relationship, reaps the consequences of his actions, committed not only in one life, but in all previous existences. If a person knew that he lives more than once, he would think deeply before committing an immoral act. He would understand that if he offended and humiliated, deceived and killed someone in a previous incarnation, then in a subsequent rebirth he himself would be offended and humiliated, deceived and killed.

The scientific approach to the study of reincarnation, which has been developing since 1960, the organization in 1980 of the International Association for the Study of "Past" Life Therapy, which includes scientists from Great Britain, Germany, the USA, Russia and other countries, made it possible to document thousands of cases of memories of past lives. For example, an American doctor, Professor I. Stevenson, studied 3,000 cases of children's memories of past lives for 40 years.

Teaching in kindergartens and schools of only two laws of the universe: on the causal relationship and on the rebirth of the immortal part of a person - in one or two generations would radically change society and direct it along the moral path.

Having considered in detail the first three concepts, we will consider the rest briefly.
"Society" - in a consumer society, racial, property, religious and other inequality is assumed. In a highly moral society, humanity is a brotherhood of peoples.
"Freedom" - in a consumer society is manifested in non-observance of the Higher Law. Permissiveness, abuse to satisfy desires and receive pleasure. In a highly moral society, freedom is a conscious need to follow the Higher Law that exists in the Universe. Unlimited freedom to act within the limits of this Law.

"Power" - in a consumer society, power is aimed at keeping the masses in obedience, follows the political situation, generates corruption and the struggle for power. Positions are bought. In a highly moral society, power is an honorable duty. The best representatives of society occupy leadership positions in accordance with their moral qualities.
"Finance" - in a consumer society they act as a means of control, manipulation, control, enslavement. In a highly moral society, finance is a temporary phenomenon at a certain stage in the development of society (as an equivalent of exchange, a means of accounting and distribution).

"Work" - in a consumer society is a way to earn money. In a highly moral society, work is the highest joy, a way of creative self-realization of a person.
"Wars" - in a consumer society, this is a means of fighting for power, control, wealth and natural resources. In a highly moral society - a world without wars. Implementation of the principle of non-violence in international, social and interpersonal relations.
"Medicine, health care" - in a consumer society, treatment and medicines are used as a means of profit. There is no interest in the person being healthy. In a moral society, their goal is the health of every person. The basis of health is harmony with Nature.

"Education" - in a consumer society, a means of reproducing the labor force and educating citizens of the qualities necessary for the state. In a moral society, each person should receive the most versatile education as a means of revealing the inner potential of the individual.

"Mass media" - in a consumer society, this is a source of manipulation of mass consciousness. Fulfill the social order of those in power. Contribute to the stupidity of the population. In a moral society - contribute to the expansion of the horizons of each member of society. Expand and deepen knowledge.

"Art" - in a consumer society is seen as a commercial product of mass consumption. Reflects the immorality of society. In a highly moral society, it gives examples of high morality and morality, elevates the consciousness of people.

"Science" - in a consumer society serves the interests of financial elites. Scientific discoveries are used for profit, for military purposes. In a moral society, science studies the laws of the construction of the Universe and helps humanity to follow them. All scientific achievements and developments are aimed at improving human life.

"Family" - in a consumer society, there is a degeneration of the family: same-sex marriages, single-parent families, sexual perversions. In a moral society, the family is the backbone of society and the state.
"Free time" - in a consumer society is used for pleasure and entertainment. In a moral society, it is used for education and self-improvement.
The authors of the Doctrine of High Morality believe that the revival of morality should become a national program, a national ideology, promoted at all levels, in all possible ways. Only in this case is it possible to overcome the global moral crisis of modern society.

States built on moral principles have always had a social, economic and political advantage, which led them to prosperity and prosperity. Therefore, the only way out of any crisis is to raise the morality of the people. When a person becomes more and more moral, he himself automatically begins to reject what is immoral.

Now modern media are adjusting to the lowest desires of people, promoting low standards: rudeness, smoking, violence, sexual abuse and perversion, and others. The problem of morality and the global crisis of society However, the state found the strength at the highest level to start a campaign against smoking and alcoholization of the population. The next step should be the penetration on TV screens, on the radio, on the pages of publications of higher, more moral, beautiful examples of art and culture, which should gradually oust (not by prohibition) vulgarity, rudeness and violence from the consciousness of the people, and therefore from all areas of state life. It is necessary to settle in the minds of the people the understanding of God as the Highest Moral Law that exists in the Universe. It is necessary to promote moral concepts at the state level, such as honor, sincerity, kindness, modesty, benevolence and others. Russia must become a stronghold of morality in the world!

Literature:
1. Bagdasaryan V.E., Sulakshin S.S. The highest values ​​of the Russian state. / Series "Political Axiology". Scientific monograph. - M.: Scientific expert, 2012. - 624 p.
2. A. V. Bychkov, T. N. Mikushina, M. L. Skuratovskaya, and E. Yu. "The Doctrine of High Morality"