Tank parameters t 90. How much does the tank weigh. Fire control system and sighting devices
Main battle tank T-90
History of creation
The T-72B serial production, which was launched in 1985, already at the time of its creation, turned out to be outdated in terms of the fire control complex, so there was no automated control system on it at all. The T-72B lagged behind both the foreign Leopard-2 and Abrams tanks and the domestic T-80BV, T-64BV, T-80U and T-80UD, which were produced in the second half of the 80s. Therefore, immediately after the start of production of the T-72B, work began on its improvement. Various upgrade options were developed, including the installation of the 1A45 weapons control complex already installed on the T-80UD and T-80U, while maintaining the existing layout of the T-72B. The upgraded machine received the index "Object-188". The first four tanks entered testing in 1989, and two more modified samples were tested in 1990.
Along with the 1A45 installation, there was also a simpler improvement option, which included the modification of the 1A40-1 tank sighting system and the installation of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression system.
The design of the T-72B advanced tank did not differ significantly from the T-72B, and the 1A45 system had long been tested on tanks developed by the KMDB. Morozov and the Leningrad "Spetsmash". In fact, the task of the UKBTM designers was only to install a ready-made weapons control system in the T-72B tank. But even this task turned out to be difficult for the designers of the UKBTM, which is why, according to both the testers and the tankers, the working field of the gunner and commander and the ergonomics of their jobs were unsuccessfully implemented.
The tank was put into service in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. Initially, for this rather modest modernization, a new name "T-88" was also supposed, which was later replaced by "T-90".
The production of T-90 tanks for the Russian army began in 1992, in rather difficult times for Russia, but thanks to the patronage of Russian President B.N. Yeltsin, the plant received funding before this chairman of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee. From 1992 to 1997, about 120 T-90 tanks were produced for the Russian armed forces. The first vehicles hit the training centers, the T-90 entered service with the 21st Taganrog Order of the Suvorov Motorized Rifle Division and the 5th Guards Don Tank Division. In the 90s, part of the tanks was dismantled, many were not combat-ready. In the mid-2000s, the remaining T-90 tanks were transferred from Siberia to the 2nd Taman Guards Division in the Moscow region and a number of training centers.
For deliveries abroad, an export modification of the T-90S tank with improved characteristics was developed. Since 2004, the production of the improved T-90A began.
Firepower
The main armament of the T-90 is a modernized 125-mm smoothbore gun-launcher 2A46M-2.
Tank ammunition - 43 shots, of which 22 shots are placed in the rotating conveyor of the automatic loader and 21 in non-mechanized stacking.
A 7.62 caliber PKT machine gun is paired with the cannon. Machine gun ammunition 200 rounds (8 tapes of 250 rounds each). Shooting from a machine gun coaxial with a cannon can be carried out from the gunner's or commander's seat.
The anti-aircraft machine gun is located on the commander's hatch, has a remote control and is designed to fire at air and ground targets with the tank's hatches closed from the commander's seat. The vertical pointing angle ranges from -5° to +70°, horizontally - in the range of +/- 90° heading, or 360° with the tank turret. Vertically, in the range of angles from -3° to +30°, the machine gun is stabilized. Ammunition for anti-aircraft machine gun 300 rounds (2 tapes in magazines, 150 each).
The main anti-tank weapons of the T-90 are also armor-piercing sub-caliber shells (3BM-22, 3BM-26, BM-29, 3BM-42) and a guided weapon system with 3UBK14 and 3UBK20 shots. Rate of fire - 6 ... 8 rounds per minute. Russian BPS from the T-90 ammunition lag behind the American ones in terms of armor penetration. were mainly developed back in the 80s under the USSR.
Another factor hindering the development of increased power ammunition for the T-90 tank is the limitations of the automatic loader (AZ) along the length of the loaded projectile.
T-90 tanks equipped with KUV 9K119 "Reflex" receive fundamentally new combat capabilities: the firing range of the TUR is 2 ... 2.5 times greater than the return fire range of the BPS of any modern tanks. This allows domestic tanks to win the battle before entering the zone of effective fire of enemy tanks.
The 1A45-T fire control complex consists of a 1G46 gunner's day sight, a TO1-KO1 gunner's night sight with a Buran-PA sight, a PNK-4S sighting and observation system for the commander, a PZU-7 anti-aircraft sight, a 1ETs29 anti-aircraft gun control system, a ballistic computer 1B528-1 with input information sensors, weapon stabilizer 2E42-4 and other devices.
The gunner's day sight 1G46 has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel.
Night sighting complex TO1-KO1 with TPN-4 Buran-PA sight with image intensifier tube.
The commander's PNK-4S sighting and observation system consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor. The commander's combined sight TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: a daytime single channel, a daytime multiple channel with a magnification of 8x and a night channel with a magnification of 5.4x. The commander can switch from the day channel to the night channel (with an image intensifier tube) and vice versa using the lever.
The anti-aircraft sight allows the commander to fire at air targets from the anti-aircraft machine gun mount while being protected by the turret armor.
The ballistic calculator 1B528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc.
The disadvantages of the T-90 fire control complex are errors in stabilizing the field of view of the night sight, which makes it difficult to observe and aim on the move. Night sight TPN-4 has dependent stabilization in both planes.
The T-90S and T-90A are equipped with an improved fire control system with a thermal imaging sight "Essa", the conditions for monitoring the target and aiming through the second sight on the move are no worse than when working through the first one.
Security T-90
The design of the tower with a cast base of the T-90 tank is similar to that used on the T-72B. The filler packs are of the "semi-active" type.
On the frontal part of the turret of the T-90 tank, 7 containers and one block of dynamic protection are installed, which cover less than half of the frontal projection of the turret at a heading angle of fire of 0 °.
21 containers are installed on the roof of the tower, protecting from ammunition attacking from above.
Due to the unsuccessful scheme for installing jamming spotlights from the Shtora-1 KOEP, a large section of the tower projection in the most threatening sectors of fire is not protected by dynamic protection. The areas on the sides of the embrasure are also very weakly protected, with one container and one section of reduced size.
Further modernization of the tower is difficult due to the significant moment of unbalance of the tower (the center of gravity is shifted forward).
The armor of the T-90 hull consists of spaced obstacles made of steel of increased hardness and armor using "reflective sheets" on the principle of functioning similar to the package used in the tank turret.
On the upper part of the frontal node, the built-in dynamic protection "Contact-V" is installed, which provides protection not only from cumulative PTS, but also from OBPS.
Force screens with built-in dynamic protection are installed on the sides of the hull.
Tanks equipped with built-in dynamic protection "Contact-V" provide protection against armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile (BPS) М829А1.
Comparison Characteristics |
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Type of |
Manufacturer country |
B.weight, t. |
Armor penetration (mm./60 0) |
Eq protection (mm.) |
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BTS |
KS |
from BPS |
from KS |
||||
T-90 |
RF |
46,5 |
220…300 |
670…700 |
1000 |
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Complex of optoelectronic suppression "Shtora-1"
The Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression complex, which provides the tank with individual protection against anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as TOW, Hot, Milan, Dragon and laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfiree", "Copper head" by creating active interference with their guidance. In a fraction of a second after the laser beam of the “enemy” rangefinder hit, the T-90 automatics warned the crew about the danger with a sound signal and fired a grenade in the threatened direction, which, having exploded, created a dense aerosol cloud that completely swallowed the tank. As a result, the laser rangefinder lost its target and the ATGM went off course.
The Shtora-1 complex consists of two independent systems: a remote system for setting up aerosol formations designed to block the fields of view (hardware and visual) of guidance systems using laser illumination, and a station for optoelectronic countermeasures TSHU 1-7, designed to organize false signals in the control loop of anti-tank projectiles with semi-automatic command guidance systems.
The “Shtora-1” complex provides: jamming in the form of modulated infrared radiation that affects the semi-automatic missile control system; automatic shooting of an aerosol-forming grenade in the direction of the laser illumination source and blocking this direction with an aerosol curtain, determining the direction to the laser illumination source and issuing a command to turn the tank turret in the indicated direction, light and sound signaling when the tank is irradiated with laser designators and rangefinders, setting in front of the tank of a masking aerosol curtain.
Optoelectronic suppression station OTSHU-1, installed on the T-90S tank, provides jamming in the form of modulated infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 0.7-2.5 microns in the sector + -20 degrees from the axis of the bore along the horizon and 4.5 degrees - vertically.
The aerosol curtain installation system responds to laser radiation within 360 degrees in azimuth and -5 ... +25 in the vertical plane. An aerosol screen is formed at a distance of 55-70 meters 3 seconds after the 3D17 grenades are fired. The duration of the aerosol cloud is about 20 seconds (according to foreign sources). The weight of the system is about 400 kg.
Tactical characteristics of the SHTORA system |
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The probability of disruption of the aimed guidance of anti-tank weapons of the types ATLIS, TADS, PAVE-SPIKE |
daytime 0.85 |
The probability of disruption of guided missiles with a laser homing head of the Maverick, Helfire type |
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The probability of disruption of guided artillery shells of the "Copperhead" type |
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Probability of aiming failure of target designators with electro-optical modulator |
0,8 - 0,9 |
The probability of failure of guidance of anti-tank guided missiles with television heads "Maverick", "Helfire" |
0,54 |
The probability of disruption of the guidance of anti-tank guided missiles of the type "Milan", "Hot" |
|
Increasing the probability of protection from artillery systems with laser rangefinders, in times |
1,3 - 3,0 |
Mobility
The tank is equipped with a V-84MS engine with a power of 840 hp. differing from the B-84-1 in the design of the exhaust manifolds.
The seven-speed on-board gearbox (BKP) was developed in the early 60s for the T-64 tank under the 5TDF engine, with a power of 700 hp. In the 70s, the BKP was reinforced for the V-46 engines, and then for the V-84 and V-92.
Naturally, the BKP developed in the 60s no longer fully meet modern requirements. Due to the use of an outdated scheme of the turning mechanism, the role of which is performed by onboard stepped gearboxes, the maneuverability of the Russian T-90 tank is lower than that of foreign tanks.
In addition to maneuverability, the disadvantage of the tank's transmission is the low reverse speed - 4.8 km / h. Modern Western tanks use hydrostatic turning mechanisms with digital automatic control systems, and reverse movement is provided up to 30 km / h.
Another aspect is the ease of maintenance of a tank engine, in which the V-84s are inferior to foreign diesels. Replacing the engine is difficult due to poor access to it in the engine compartment and the need for centering work - replacing the engine by a factory team of 4 people takes 22.2 hours. The presence of a guitar and the need to center other units with it complicates and complicates repair work in the engine-transmission department. This did not meet the requirements for advanced armored vehicles back in the 70s.
The chassis of the T-90 is similar to that used on the T-72B.
Tactical and technical characteristics |
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Parameter |
Unit of measurement |
T-90 |
Full mass |
46,5 |
|
Crew |
people |
|
Specific power |
hp/t |
|
Engine |
HP |
V-84MS |
Tank width |
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Ground pressure |
kgf / cm 2 |
0,94 |
Temperature mode of operation |
°C |
40…+50 (with power reduction) |
Tank length |
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with gun forward |
mm |
9530 |
corps |
mm |
6917 |
Tank width |
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along the caterpillar |
mm |
3370 |
removable protective screens |
mm |
3780 |
Tower roof height |
mm |
2228 |
Support surface length |
mm |
4270 |
Ground clearance |
mm |
426…470 |
Track width |
mm |
2790 |
Travel speed |
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Average on a dry dirt road |
km/h |
35…40 |
Maximum on paved road |
km/h |
|
In reverse gear, maximum |
km/h |
4,18 |
Fuel consumption per 100 km |
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On a dry dirt road |
l, up to |
260…450 |
On paved road |
l, up to |
|
on main fuel tanks |
km |
|
with extra barrels |
km |
|
Ammunition |
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Shots to the cannon |
PC |
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Russian main battle tank. Designed in the late 1980s - early 1990s as a deep modernization of the T-72B tank under the name "T-72B improved", but in 1992 it entered service under the T-90 index. After the death of Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, the chief designer of the tank, the T-90 was given the name "Vladimir" by the decision of the government of the Russian Federation.
Between 2001 and 2010 T-90 became the best-selling in the world tank market.
Since the end of 2011, the purchase of T-90 tanks for the Russian Armed Forces has been stopped.
09/09/2011 at the NTIIM training ground in the city of Nizhny Tagil, as part of the VIII international arms exhibition REA-2011, the T-90SM, a new version of the T-90 tank for export, was first publicly shown.
History of creation and production
The T-90 is a deep modernization of the T-72B, designed in Nizhny Tagil "UKBTM" in 1989 under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimir Potkin as "Improved T-72B" (factory name "Object 188"). In 1989, the tank was sent to the GSI, which were successful.
"Object 188" was created in parallel with a more advanced experimental tank called Object 187 in order to bring the T-72B tank to the level of T-80UUD. The armor of the T-72B of later series corresponded to this level, but the lack of an automated fire control system was a big drawback. The very simple and reliable sighting system 1A40-1 no longer met modern requirements for tanks. To increase the firepower of the tank, it was planned to install a new FCS on it (a fire control system is an automated system that combines a set of sensors and technical means. It provides search, detection and identification of targets; preparation of weapons for firing, their guidance and solving the task of hitting a target). The solution was the installation of the 1A45 Irtysh fire control complex, worked out on T-80U (UD) tanks. It was modified to function in conjunction with the automatic loader of the T-72 tank. The modified complex was named 1A45T.
At the beginning of 1989, the Object 188 tank was sent for state testing. Tests showed a fairly high reliability of the new tank. On March 27, 1991, by a joint decision of the Ministry of Defense and the defense industry, the tank was recommended for adoption by the USSR Armed Forces. The development of the "Object 187" had to be stopped. But the subsequent period in the life of the country and the conclusions made upon receipt of the results of the combat use of T-72 tanks in Operation Desert Storm did not make it possible to make a final decision. In addition, in December 1991, the USSR ceased to exist.
The UVZ design bureau decided to increase the effectiveness of the protection of Object 188. The machine was equipped with the Shtora-1 TShU-1 optoelectronic suppression complex, and then additional tests were carried out. On September 30, 1992, the first "Object 188" of the installation series went into run tests, and on October 5, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation issued a decree No. By order of the President of the Russian Federation, the tank was given the name - T-90.
Mass production tank started in 1992. In 1992-1998 About 120 T-90s were produced for the Russian Armed Forces. Due to a decrease in funding for the armed forces, the production of tanks was suspended and resumed only in 2001 after the signing of an export contract with India on February 18, 2001. The first 40 T-90S were sent to India in 2001 and 84 T-90S in 2002, allowing the buyer to fully form four tank battalions.
In 2004-2006, the tank was thoroughly modernized and its production for the Russian Armed Forces was resumed under the T-90A index. 32 T-90A tanks (model 2004) and 337 T-90A tanks (model 2006) were produced, as well as more than 50 T-90AK from 2004 to 2011. In 2005, the T-90A was officially adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.
The T-90A, a modernized version of the T-90 (originally "object 188A1"), which entered production in 2004, has a number of important improvements:
As a night sight, a thermal imager "Buran-M" was installed on the modification of 2004, then on the modification of 2006 they began to install a more modern thermal imager of the second generation "ESSA" with a "Catherine FC" matrix, stabilized in two planes, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder channel, this made it possible to increase the range of night vision from 1800 to 4000 m;
- the former cast turret was replaced with a reinforced welded turret with frontal parts up to 950 mm in size, which significantly increased its resistance against BOPS / KS;
-instead of the 840-horsepower engine, a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel engine was installed. It also provided for the possibility of installing a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine on the tank;
- the gun stabilizer was replaced, which doubled the aiming speed and improved the accuracy of firing on the move.
According to official data, as of the beginning of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications for the Russian Armed Forces amounted to about 500 tanks: approximately 120 T-90, 32 T-90A (including 7 pieces of the AK modification) with a night gunner's sight "Buran-M" and approximately 337 T-90A (including 30-40 pieces of the AK modification) with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.
According to them, as of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications amounted to at least 1335 tanks (not including those made under license in India):
T-90 modification of 1992 (object 188) - about 120 tanks;
-T-90S "Bhishma" modification of 2001 (object 188C) - 657 (310 + 347) tanks. In 2006, the Indian government also awarded a $2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks at the state-owned HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) in Avadi, Tamil Nadu. In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 of the planned 1000 locally produced T-90S.
-T-90CA modification of 2006 (object 188CA) - 189 tanks;
-T-90A modification of 2004 (object 188A1) - 32 tanks with a gunner's night sight "Buran-M";
-T-90A modification of 2006 (object 188A1) - 217 (+120 until 2011) tanks with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.
Design description
The T-90 has a classic layout, with the control compartment located in the frontal part, the fighting compartment in the middle and the engine-transmission compartment in the aft part. The crew of the T-90 consists of three people - the driver, located along the longitudinal axis of the tank in the control compartment and the gunner with the commander, located in the tower to the left and right of the gun, respectively.
On the T-90 of the initial series ("Object 188"), in addition to the 1A45T control system, unified with the T-80, the Shtora-1 optoelectronic suppression complex was equipped, providing the tank with protection from the most common guided anti-tank weapons, such as ATGMs with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as "TOW", "Hot", "Milan", "Dragon" and weapons with laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfire", "Copperhead" by creating active interference with their guidance. 2 searchlights ТШУ-1-7/7М for interference in the IR range, sights and GOS.
Firepower
Fire control system and sighting devices
T-90
The T-90 SLA showed the following live firing capabilities. Heavily armored targets at a distance of up to 5 km, the T-90 tank hits on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a fairly high probability of hitting the first shot. During the GSI (state tests), 24 missile launches were made at ranges of 4-5 km and they all hit the target (all missile launches were carried out by inexperienced specialists), an experienced gunner, moving at a speed of 25 km / h, hit 7 real armored targets located at ranges of 1500-2500. In similar conditions, the Leopard hit 1, Abrams 2 targets less. On tests in India, he demonstrated the ability to see the target at night in difficult climatic conditions at a distance of up to 3000 meters.
Firing from the main and auxiliary weapons of the T-90A is carried out by the 1A42 fire control complex, consisting of the 1G46 rangefinder sight, the commander's sighting and observation complex T01-K04 and the rear-view television system.
The main means of aiming at the target of the gun and the coaxial machine gun is the 1A43 gunner's information-computing day complex, which is part of the fire control system. It, in turn, consists of a 1G46 guidance device, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer and a set of automatic sensors that determine the firing conditions.
The 1G46 sighting and rangefinder guidance device is designed directly for aiming a weapon at a target and combines a periscope sight with a continuously adjustable magnification within 2.7-12X, a laser rangefinder that determines the range in the range of 400-5000 m, a system for their stabilization in two planes and guided missile guidance system. The 1V528-1 electronic tank ballistic computer automatically calculates the required barrel elevation angle and horizontal lead when firing at a moving target, adjusts these parameters taking into account the meteorological conditions determined by a set of sensors, and automatically aims the weapon in accordance with these data. In addition, as on other Soviet tanks, the T-90A gun is equipped with a side level and an azimuth indicator for firing semi-direct fire and from closed positions.
The tank commander has a T01-K04 sighting and observation system, which provides firing from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount, and also, in a duplicated mode, from the main armament. The complex includes an electron-optical day / night periscope observation device PK-5, stabilized in two planes. The daytime channel of the observation device provides an increase of up to 8X, the night channel - up to 5.2X. At night, the device operates in passive mode, at a distance of up to 1000 m, due to increased natural light, or in active mode, at a distance of up to 5000 m, by illuminating the target with an OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlight. In addition, a PZU-7 monocular telescopic optical sight is used to aim the anti-aircraft machine gun mount.
For shooting at night, the T-90A is equipped with a Buran-M or ESSA TVP night complex, which allows you to recognize targets 2.3x2.3 m in size at night. The complex consists of a thermal imaging camera stabilized in two planes, with the help of which both the gunner and the commander can monitor the area from individual screens, as well as control weapons using a standard fire control system.
Sighting system: 1) The gunner's main sight is multi-channel with sighting and thermal imaging channels, a laser rangefinder, a built-in laser control channel, an increase in the sighting channel, magnification 4-12. Target recognition range of the "tank" type, meters: through the sighting channel up to 5000, through the thermal imaging channel at least 3500 2) Commander's sight - combined panoramic with television and thermal imaging channels, laser rangefinder channel up to 5000, at night through the thermal imaging channel not less than 3500
Ballistic computer with a set of sensors for meteorological and topographic conditions and a sensor for accounting for the bend of the trunk. The ability to automatically track targets is provided independently for the gunner and commander with the implementation of the “hunter-shooter” mode. The speed of the turret transfer horizontally, deg / s, is not less than 40. Rear-view camera (version after 2011).
T90MS
The SLA allows the crew to hit moving targets, including when the tank itself is in motion, with a high probability of hitting the target from the first shot in almost any weather conditions. The gun provides at least 15% more accuracy. Equipped with a combat control system and a navigation system that can be integrated down to the division level. 4 TV cameras provide an almost circular view, transmitting images to the commander's and gunner's monitors. Each camera has a field of view of 95 degrees in azimuth and 40 degrees in elevation.
smoothbore gun
The main armament of the T-90A(SM) is a 125-mm 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun, mounted in a trunnion-coupled installation with a machine gun in the frontal part of the turret and stabilized in two planes by the 2E42-4 Jasmine system. The new 2A46M-5 gun reduces dispersion by 15%. Unlike the 2A46M, the barrel is chrome-plated, equipped with an ejector, a thermal protective cover and a system for taking into account the thermal bending of the gun barrel, which allows you to check the aiming line without leaving the tank. The barrel length of the gun is 48 calibers. The gun is equipped with an automatic loader and is capable of firing ATGMs. The T-90 automatic loader, located on the rotating platform of the tower, is an electromechanical, carousel type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander's seat. The rate of fire of the T-90A (SA) is 8 shots in 56 seconds when the automatic loader is in operation, the loading time of one AZ shot is 7 seconds.
The ammunition load of the T-90A (CA) gun consists of 42 (43, 40 on other modifications) shots of separate-sleeve loading, of which 22 are in the automatic loader, and another 20 are in stowage in the hull and turret of the tank and can be manually moved by the crew into the automatic loader as the ammunition in it is spent, or directly loaded into the gun. The T-90 can fire a wide range of four types of ammunition - armor-piercing sub-caliber 3BM42, 3BM46, 3BM42M (partially) cumulative ZBK29 (M), high-explosive fragmentation projectiles ZOF26 with the Ainet remote detonation system, with a 3VM-12 electronic fuse that provides detonation OFS at a given point in the trajectory, this increases the efficiency of firing at hovering helicopters and manpower in the trenches, guided by missiles, which can be laid in the ammunition load in any ratio.
Russian BOPS from the T-90 ammunition are somewhat inferior in armor penetration to their American counterparts, but surpass them in speed. For example, the armor penetration of the ZBM-42M from the T-90A ammunition load is estimated at 650-700 mm KGS, and the 3BM-46 is 650 mm (distance 2000 m), while the American M829A2 BOPS from the M1A2SEP ammunition load penetrates 710 at the same distance (750 according to analytical data) mm KGS (rolled homogeneous steel).
Guided weapons complex
In addition to traditional artillery weapons, the T-90 has the ability to fire the Invar-M ATGM. Missiles are launched using the main gun of the tank, missiles are guided by a laser beam in a semi-automatic mode. The T-90 guided weapon system allows firing, with a probability of hitting close to one, at stationary or moving targets at a speed of up to 70 km / h at a distance of 100 to 5000 m, from a standstill and on the move at a speed of up to 30 km / h . This provides him with a greater effective range of hitting a target than tanks equipped only with artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern aiming means, effective shooting at targets of the “tank” type at a distance of more than 2500 m is already quite seriously difficult.
The guided weapons complex consists of a laser control channel with a ballistic computer, an automation unit and guided missile firing for a tank gun. Guided missile rounds, grade 3UBK14 or 3UBK20, have the same dimensions as standard 125 mm artillery rounds and consist of a solid propellant rocket and a reduced propellant charge necessary to give the missile initial speed, as well as to ensure the gun recoil and open its shutter after shot.
Auxiliary armament
The auxiliary armament of the T-90 consists of a coaxial machine gun, an anti-aircraft machine gun mount and the crew's personal weapons. A 7.62-mm PKT or PKTM machine gun is installed in a coaxial installation with a gun. The machine gun ammunition consists of 2000 rounds in eight belts of 250 pieces, the combat rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.
The anti-aircraft machine gun mount is mounted on the roof of the tower on the commander's cupola and is a remotely guided autonomous 12.7-mm machine gun, NSVT "Cliff" on tanks of the first releases or 6P49 "Kord" - on later vehicles. Guidance of the machine gun in the horizontal and vertical plane is carried out using an electromechanical drive. The ammunition load of the machine gun is 300 rounds in two belts of 150 pieces.
Security and survivability
Ballistic protection
The T-90 is equipped with sharply differentiated anti-ballistic armor protection. The armored body of the T-90 is welded, the turret is cast on the T-90 and welded on the T-90CA and T-90A.
The main body material is armored steel; the upper frontal plate of the hull, as well as the frontal part of the tower within the heading angles + ... -35 degrees. made of composite armor. Partially, the sides and roof of the turret and side armor plates of the hull also have a multilayer structure. The armor of the T-90S/A is made of steel armor of medium hardness, which is quite significantly (10-15%) superior in terms of projectile resistance to cast armor of medium hardness, which was previously used.
The shape of the armored hull of the T-90 and its layout have not changed compared to the T-72, although the security of the new tank has increased significantly compared to its predecessor, due to the use of more modern composite armor. The T-90 hull is box-shaped, with a wedge-shaped nose with a standard for main Soviet battle tanks angle of inclination to the vertical of the upper frontal plate - 68 degrees. The sides of the hull are vertical, their upper part consists of armor plates, while the lower part is formed by the edges of the bottom. The stern of the hull has a reverse slope. The roof of the hull consists of several rolled armor plates, while the bottom of the hull is one-piece stamped, of complex shape. The tower on the T-90A has frontal parts horizontally deflected back by 60 °.
The exact data on booking the T-90 (sample 1992) as well as other modifications, as of 2014, are classified.
Active protection
In addition to traditional armor and dynamic protection, the T-90 is equipped with active protection, consisting of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex. The complex is designed to protect against tank destruction by anti-tank guided missiles and consists of an optical-electronic suppression station and a curtain installation system. The optoelectronic suppression station is designed to protect against missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system and consists of two OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlights, two modulators and a control panel.
The screening system is designed to counteract guided missiles with laser homing or semi-automatic guidance by the laser beam, as well as to interfere with the operation of laser rangefinders and the installation of a smoke (aerosol) screen. The system consists of a complex of laser radiation indicators, which includes two coarse and two fine direction sensors, a control system and twelve aerosol grenade launchers. When a tank is irradiated with laser radiation, the curtain installation system determines the direction of irradiation and alerts the crew, after which, automatically or at the direction of the tank commander, it fires an aerosol grenade, which, when ruptured, creates an aerosol cloud that attenuates and partially reflects laser radiation, disrupting the operation of missile guidance systems. In addition, the aerosol cloud masks the tank, acting as a smoke screen and can be used specifically for this purpose.
Mobility
Engine
T-90 early modifications are equipped with a four-stroke V-shaped 12-cylinder multi-fuel diesel engine model V-84MS liquid cooling with direct fuel injection and driven centrifugal supercharger. B-84MS develops a maximum power of 840 hp. at 2000 rpm.
On the T-90 of later releases, the T-90A / C, the B-92C2 model engine is installed, which is a modernized B-84 and differs from it in the installation of a turbocharger and an improved design, which made it possible to increase the power developed by the engine to 1000 hp. at 2000 rpm.
Transmission
Gearboxes are planetary with hydraulic control. The transmission provides 7 gears forward and one reverse. The turning of the machine is carried out by switching on a lower gear in the gearbox on the side of the lagging track. The gearbox control drive is hydraulic with a mechanical drive of the spools. The brake drive is mechanical, but at the same time it provides effective braking and stopping the machine, holding it even on steep ascents and descents.
Means of observation, communication and navigation
The communication of the tank is provided by the R-163-50U VHF radio station and the R-163-UP receiver with frequency modulation and a step of 1 kHz. Communication range on VHF frequencies 30.025 to 79.975 MHz reaches 20 km on a two-meter whip antenna.
The commander's tank is additionally equipped with a HF radio station R-163-50K ("Crossbow-50K"), 2-30 MHz. The communication range on the whip antenna in motion is up to 50 km. In the parking lot, the range of external communication at frequencies from 2 to 18 MHz is up to 350 km. This range is achieved by installing a dipole antenna on an 11-meter mast.
Ergonomics
Some T-90s are equipped with the SKS-3 air conditioning system
maintainability
Two types of repairs are provided for the T-90: major and current. Maintenance is carried out as needed. With current repairs, the T-90 returns to service in an average of 2 hours. After a run of 2500 km, maintenance is carried out for a duration of 12 hours. After running 5000 km - 30 hours. Overhaul is carried out after a run of 11,000 km, while the resource of the tracks is 6,000 km.
Modifications
T-90 - the first serial modification.
T-90S - export version of the T-90. There are no OTSHU Shtor searchlights on the tank, instead of them additional blocks of built-in dynamic protection are equipped.
T-90K - commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (R-163-50K radio station) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
T-90SK - Command version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment.
T-90A - modification of the T-90 has been produced since 2004, equipped with a V-92S2 engine with a capacity of 1000 hp. with., modernized thermal imaging equipment, installed a welded tower instead of a cast one, a new PPO system.
T-90AK - commander's version of the T-90A, with additional communication and navigation equipment, as well as a tactical battle management system and improved fuel tank protection. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2006.
T-90CA - export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified laser radiation detection system, a new PPO system is equipped. Searchlights OTSHU curtains on the tank are absent, instead of them additional blocks of built-in dynamic protection are equipped.
T-90SKA - commander's version of the T-90CA, with additional communication and navigation equipment and the T-BMS tactical battle management system.
T-90A (2006) - modernization of the T-90A: the Essa second-generation thermal imaging sight was equipped, the automatic loader was modernized, the fuel tank was increased by 100 liters
T-90AM - the latest modification of the T-90A. The old turret was replaced with a new combat module with a Kalina fire control system with an integrated combat tactical information and control system, a new automatic loader and an upgraded 2A46M-5 gun, as well as a UDP T05BV-1 remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun. Dynamic protection "Relic". A steering wheel-based control and an automatic gear shifting system with the possibility of switching to manual are used. The tank is equipped with a monoblock power plant V-92S2F with a capacity of 1130 liters. s., created on the basis of the B-92S2.
T-90SM - export version of the T-90AM tank.
Vehicles based on the T-90
BMR-3M - armored demining vehicle
-BREM-1M - armored recovery vehicle
-TOS-1A "Solntsepyok" - multiple launch rocket system
-IMR-3M - engineering obstacle blocking vehicle
-MTU-90 - bridgelayer
- "Frame" - tank support combat vehicle
-E300 - universal tracked chassis
Export
Permission to supply abroad the export version of the T-90 under the designation T-90S was given simultaneously with the adoption of the tank into service in 1992. However, for the first time the tank was demonstrated at the IDEX exhibition in Abu Dhabi only in 1997.
The largest foreign buyer of the T-90 is India. In 1999, a preliminary contract was signed for the purchase of three test tanks. In 2001, the final contract was concluded and the delivery of a batch of 310 T-90S units began.
In 2001, an agreement was reached on licensed production of the T-90 in India. In the period from October 2002 to September 2003, the Russian side provided equipment and licensed technical documentation for the assembly of the T-90S in India. Technical assistance was provided in organizing production at the HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu) and other enterprises of the Indian military-industrial complex. In 2003, Uralvagonzavod supplied the remaining 186 out of 310 T-90S in the form of semi-assembled units and individual components for further licensed assembly at the facilities of the Indian HVF.
In 2006, the Government of India awarded a $2.5 billion contract for licensed production of 1000 T-90 tanks"Bhishma". In October of the same year, an additional contract worth $795 million was signed for the supply of another 330 T-90CA tanks during 2007-2008, providing for the assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. Together with Russia and France, the Indian version of the T-90 "Bhishma" was designed, which is distinguished by a modernized undercarriage, an improved fire control system with a French Essa thermal imager and Indian Kanchan dynamic armor. The tank was given the name "Bhishma" in honor of the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata".
In 2007, another contract was signed for the supply of 347 T-90CA worth $ 1.237 billion in the form of supplies of 124 tanks and 223 vehicle kits for licensed production (small assembly). In 2010, the contract was completed after the remaining 20 tanks and about 160 tank kits were shipped to India for assembly at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF.
As of 2008, more than 500 tanks have been delivered and plans have been announced to increase the degree of localization and deploy full-fledged production of the T-90. In 2008, Indian Defense Minister D. Singh called the T-90 "the second deterrent after nuclear weapons" in the conflict with Pakistan, which threatened to turn into a large-scale nuclear war.
In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 of the 1000 planned locally produced T-90CAs. In total, under the license contract for HVF, it is planned to produce 1000 T-90CA in 2009-2020. The production capacity of the state-owned HVF plant allows the production of up to 100 tanks per year.
Currently, Russian specialists are providing technical assistance in the production of supplied tank kits and warranty service for the T-90S / SA of the Indian army. As of 2010, Uralvagonzavod has sold more than 600 T-90S/CA tanks to India, of which about 400 are tank kits for assembly at the HVF plant. In total, India intends to bring the number of T-90s in the army to 2,000 by 2020.
Other countries
In March 2006, during Vladimir Putin's visit to Algeria, a large package of contracts worth about $8 billion was signed. In particular, it included 185 T-90S tanks.
In 2011, Kazakhstan showed great interest in purchasing T-90S tanks.
In 2011, an agreement was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and Rosoboronexport for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). The delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for another 94 T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems were equipped on the tanks.
In service
Azerbaijan: in 2011, an agreement was concluded between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and Rosoboronexport for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). The delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for another 94 T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems were installed on the tanks.
-Algeria: 185 units, as of 2013. In addition, 120 T-90CA units were ordered in 2011.
-India: 780 units (tanks of Russian production and tank kits assembled at the Indian state enterprise HVF), as of 2013.
- Russia: more than 500 units. (of which 200 units are in storage), as of 2013.
-Turkmenistan: 10 units, as of 2013. In the summer of 2011, a contract was signed for the supply of another 30 tanks.
-Uganda: 44 units, as of 2011. The tanks were delivered in 2011 under a package contract concluded in 2010.
Combat use
There are no official statements or confirmations regarding the participation of the T-90 in hostilities. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation did not make statements in this regard. There is only a certificate kept at Uralvagonzavod, which states that one T-90 tank of the 1992 model was at the disposal of one of the units in the conflict zone in Chechnya, but nothing is said about its participation in any battles.
TTX T-90A (S, M)
Classification: MBT (main battle tank)
- Combat weight, t: 46.5
-Layout scheme: classic
- Crew, people: 3
Dimensions:
Case length, mm: 6860
-Length with gun forward, mm: 9530
- Hull width, mm: 3780
-Height, mm: 2230 (on the roof of the tower)
- Base, mm: 4270
- Track, mm: 2790
-Clearance, mm: T-90(C): 426..492; T-90A (SA): 404..467
Booking:
Type of armor: combined anti-ballistic (with a filler in the form of plane-parallel plates and inserts made of steel of increased hardness and other materials)
-Active protection: KOEP Shtora-1/1M
- Dynamic protection: T-90 (A, C): "Contact-5"; T-90SM: "Relic"
Armament:
Gun caliber and brand: 125 mm T-90(S): 2A46M; T-90A(M): 2A46M-5
- Gun type: smoothbore
- Barrel length, calibers: 51
- Gun ammunition: T-90(S): 43 (22 in AZ); T-90A(SA): 42 (22 in AZ); T-90SM: 40 (22 in AZ)
- Angles VN, degrees: -5..+16
- GN angles, degrees: 360
-Firing range, km: ATGM: 5.0
-Sights: Gunner (day): 1G46; Gunner (night): Buran-PA, M or "ESSA"; Commander (day/night): T01-KO4
-Machine guns: 1 x 12.7 mm NSVT or Kord 1 x 7.62 mm PKT
-Other weapons: "Reflex-M"
Mobility:
Engine: Producer: ChTZ; Brand: V-84MS or V-92S2; Type: diesel; Volume: 38,880 cc; Maximum power: 1000 hp (736 kW), at 2000 rpm; Configuration: V-shaped; Cylinders: 12-cylinder; Cylinder diameter: 150mm; Piston stroke: 180 mm; Compression ratio: 14; Power system: direct injection; Cooling: liquid; Cycle (number of cycles): 4-stroke; Recommended fuel: multi-fuel
-Speed on the highway, km / h: 60
-Speed over rough terrain, km / h: 35-45
- Cruising range on the highway, km: 550 (700 with external tanks)
-Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 345..520
- Specific power, l. s./t: T-90(C): 18.6; T-90A(SA): 21.5; T-90SM: 24
- Suspension type: individual torsion bar
- Specific ground pressure, kg/sq.cm: T-90(C): 0.938; T-90A(SA): 0.97
- Climbability, deg.: 30
- overcome wall, m: 0.85
- Crossable ditch, m: 2.6..2.8
- Crossable ford, m: 1.2 (1.8 with preliminary preparation; 5.0 with OPVT (equipment for underwater driving of tanks - a set of devices that provide the tank with the ability to overcome water obstacles along their bottom))
History of creation
For deliveries abroad, an export modification of the T-90S tank was developed. Despite the fact that the export of the T-90S tank was allowed since 1992, it was not in demand.The low-power engine and the MSA, which had already begun to become obsolete, affected.
Salvation for the T-90 came, paradoxically from Pakistan, wishing to shift the balance of power in its permanent confrontation with India, Pakistan in 1996 signed contract with Ukraine for the supply of 320 T-80UD tanks.
In response to the sale by Ukraine to Pakistan, India urgently decided to restore the balance of power (at that time, Indian tankers simply had nothing to fight with the Pakistani T-80UD, which were head and shoulders superior to their T-72M and T-55) and purchase a batch of T -90C. Moreover, the purchase was carried out without any tenders, the reason for this is simple - in India, the T-72 has long been in service and their mass production was carried out. Considering that the T-90 was a modification of the T-72, India had no alternatives.
Thus, the supply of Ukrainian tanks to Pakistan, in fact, revived Russian tank building, which in those years was in the deepest crisis - there was a question of curtailing tank production capacities at Uralvagonzavod.
A number of improvements have been introduced into the T-90S weapon control complex developed for India, consisting in combining two autonomously operating sights - daytime and thermal imaging into a single sighting system.The complex provides synchronous control of the lines of sight of two sights and the sharing of the technical capabilities of each of the sights.
In 2001, UVZ began production of the T-90S for India, with the first 40 tanks delivered with cast turrets and another 84 with new welded turrets delivered in 2002.
In 2003-2004, another 186 T-90S assembly kits with welded ones were delivered, the assembly is carried out at the plant in Avadi, which previously assembled the T-72M1, in total, 1100 tanks of this type were assembled in India. The deployment of modern Al-Khalid tanks in Pakistan forced India to place an additional order for 347 T-90S tanks, deliveries of which began in 2008. Of these, 124 will be manufactured at UVZ and 223 will be assembled in India, deliveries of kits continue this year. Along with the assembly of tanks from kits supplied by UVZ, small-scale licensed production began in 2009.
In general, 2008 was the most productive year for the Russian production of T-90s, 113 T-90S and T-90CA tanks were delivered abroad, and another 62 for the Russian army. In 2009, export deliveries to India and Turkmenistan amounted to 110 vehicles. Supplies for the Russian army continued in 2009…2010, bringing the total number of T-90A up to 180 units.
The second major contract was the delivery of 187 T-90SA to Algeria. In 2006, Russia writes off a debt of $4.7 billion to Algeria in exchange for an obligation to buy weapons for the same amount. On the T-90CA, unlike the Indian T-90C, an improved gunner's sight with an automatic target tracking system is installed, the laser radiation indicators of the Shtora-1 complex are preserved.
In total, from 2001 to 2009, about 434 T-90С were delivered to India, 186 T-90СА were delivered to Algeria.
Firepower
The main armament of the T-90A is a 125-mm smoothbore gun-launcher installation 2A46M-2.
Tank ammunition - 43 shots, of which 22 shots are placed in the rotating conveyor of the automatic loader and 21 in non-mechanized stacking. The placement of ammunition in the T-90A tank is similar to the T-90. A 7.62 caliber PKT machine gun is paired with the cannon. Machine gun ammunition 2000 rounds (8 tapes of 250 rounds). Shooting from a machine gun coaxial with a cannon can be carried out from the gunner's or commander's seat.
The anti-aircraft machine gun is located on the commander's hatch, has a remote control and is designed to fire at air and ground targets with the tank's hatches closed from the commander's seat. The vertical pointing angle ranges from -5° to +70°, horizontally - in the range of +/- 90° heading, or 360° with the tank turret. Vertically, in the range of angles from -3° to +30°, the machine gun is stabilized. Ammunition for anti-aircraft machine gun 300 rounds (2 tapes in magazines, 150 each).
The main anti-tank weapons of the T-90 are also armor-piercing sub-caliber shells and a guided weapon system with 3UBK14 and 3UBK20 rounds. Rate of fire - 6 ... 8 rounds per minute.
T-90A tanks equipped with KUV 9K119 "Reflex" receive fundamentally new combat capabilities: the firing range of the TUR is 2 ... 2.5 times greater than the return fire range of the BPS of any modern tanks. This allows domestic tanks to win the battle before entering the zone of effective fire of enemy tanks.
The 1A45-T fire control complex of the T-90A tank has undergone a number of changes. The complex consists of a gunner's day sight 1G46, a night complex with a Buran-M sight, an sighting and observation complex for the commander PNK-4S, an anti-aircraft sight PZU-7, a 1ETs29 anti-aircraft gun control system, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer with input information sensors, a stabilizer weapons 2E42-4 and other devices.
The gunner's day sight 1G46 has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel.
The night sight "Buran-PA" was replaced by an improved "Buran-M" with a III-generation image intensifier tube. installation of an image intensifier tube "a (electronic-optical converter) of the III generation using a new semiconductor matrix: with direct
image transfer, microchannel amplification, with built-in power supply, with light protection circuit, with automatic brightness control. The image intensifier tube has a photocathode with a sensitivity of 700 µA/lm (instead of 450 µA/lm) and a glow screen on a fiber-optic element. This increases the target recognition range (from 1200 to 1800 meters).
Since 2008, deliveries of the T-90A with a Belarusian-made ESSA thermal imaging sight from the French thermal imaging camera " Katherine - F.C."
The commander's PNK-4S sighting and observation system consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor.
The commander's combined sight TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: a daytime single channel, a daytime multiple channel with a magnification of 8x and a night channel with a magnification of 5.4x. The commander can switch from the day channel to the night channel (with an image intensifier tube) and vice versa using the lever. Anti-aircraft sight allows the commander to fire at air targets from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount while under the protection of the turret armor.
Daytime- commander's night sight with independent stabilization of the field of view according to VN and dependent stabilization of the field of view according to GN (stabilization of the field of view is provided by the stabilization of the tower), equipped with a mechanism for manual range measurement with a "base on the target", manual range entry on ballistic scales in the field of view, shooting through which is carried out with automatic shutdown of the ballistic computer (DOUBLE mode).
At the moment, the sight of the commander TKN-4S (Agat-S) is outdated, a number of modernization options have been developed - Agat-M with a new image intensifier tube, Agat-MD with a new image intensifier tube and a built-in laser rangefinder.
The upgraded commander's sight provides a target recognition range under standard conditions of up to 1200 m (800 m for the standard sight), and in the Agat-MD variant, the commander's ability to use weapons is significantly increased.
The ballistic calculator 1B528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc.
The disadvantages of the T-90 fire control complex were errors in stabilizing the field of view of the night sight, which makes it difficult to observe and aim on the move. Gunner's night sight with dependent stabilization of the field of view in two planes (the device is connected to the gun by a parallelogram, the stabilization of the field of view is ensured by the stabilization of the gun and turret, the field of view is aimed when the gun and turret are aimed), equipped with a mechanism for manual range measurement with a "base on the target" , by manually entering the range on the ballistic scales in the field of view, shooting through which is carried out only when the ballistic is turned off calculator.
The T-90A and T-90S (India), T-90CA (Algeria) have an improved fire control system with an ESSA thermal imaging sight, the conditions for monitoring the target and aiming through the second sight in motion are no worse than when working through the first one. Provides target measurement with a laser rangefinder, the use of guided weapons.
Security T-90A
The layout of the T-90A tank is similar to the T-72B and T-90. The main "innovation" for the T-90A was a turret with a welded base.
With regard to tank turrets, one of the significant reserves for strengthening their anti-projectile protection or reducing the mass of the steel base of the tower while maintaining the existing level of anti-projectile protection is to increase the resistance of steel armor used for towers.
The base of the T-90S/A turret is made of steel armor of medium hardness, which significantly (by 10-15%) exceeds cast armor of medium hardness in terms of projectile resistance.
Thus, with the same mass, a tower made of rolled armor can have a higher anti-ballistic resistance than a tower with a cast base.
Realization of the advantages of the design of a turret made of rolled metal in comparison with a cast one is possible only when its projectile resistance and survivability at the locations of the joints of rolled armor parts meets the general requirements for projectile resistance and survivability of the tower as a whole.
Welded joints of the T-90S and T-90A turrets are made with full or partial overlapping of the joints of parts and welds from the shell side.
Tower T-90A developed by the Research Institute of Steel and UKBTM.
The armor thickness of the side walls is 70 mm, the frontal armor barriers are 65 mm thick and the rear 150 mm thick. The roof of the tower is welded from separate welded parts, which reduces rigidity.On the outer surface of the forehead of the tower are installed V -shaped blocks of dynamic protection, similar ones are installed on the T-90.In total, 7 containers and one dynamic protection unit were installed on the frontal part of the T-90A tank turret, which cover less than half of the frontal projection of the turret at a heading angle of fire of 0 °.
21 containers are installed on the roof of the tower, protecting from ammunition attacking from above. The installation of remote sensing and jamming spotlights from the Shtora-1 KOEP on the T-90A tower is similar to the T-90.
Due to the unsuccessful scheme for installing jamming spotlights from the Shtora-1 KOEP, a large section of the tower projection in the most threatening sectors of fire is not protected by dynamic protection. The areas on the sides of the embrasure are also very weakly protected, with one container and one section of reduced size.
Further modernization of the tower is difficult due to the significant moment of unbalance of the tower (the center of gravity is shifted forward).
Reservation and installation of VDZ of the upper part of the bow assembly of the T-90A hull has been improved compared to the T-90 with an increase in the equivalent resistance to BPS by 10 ... 15%. On the sides of the hull On the sides of the hull there are force screens with built-in dynamic protection similar to the T-72B and T-90.
In general, the protection of the T-90A tank has remained at the level of the second half of the 80s of the 20th century and does not meet modern requirements, with the exception of the frontal projection within + 30 deg.
The export version of the T-90S supplied to India has a number of differences - the Shtora-1 KOEP is not installed. Trapezoidal remote sensing blocks are installed instead of jamming spotlights. The DZ installation on the T-90CA is similar to the Indian version, laser irradiation indicators are retained.
Comparison Characteristics |
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Type of |
Manufacturer country |
b.weight, t . |
armor penetration(mm./60 0) |
Protection equiv. + 35 ° (mm.) on |
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BTS |
KS |
from BPS |
from KS |
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T-90A |
RF |
46,5 |
1000 |
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Mobility
New V92S2 engine with 1000 hp. increased the speed of the tank on the battlefield. The engine is equipped with a turbocharger (TKR), which allows to increase the power of the power plant up to 30% compared to the existing one. A seven-speed onboard gearbox (BKP) was developed in the early 60s for the T-64 tank, engine 5TDF, 700 hp. In the 70s, the BKP was reinforced for the V-46 engines, and then for the V-84 and V-92.
Naturally, the BKPs developed in the 60s do not meet modern requirements. Due to the use of an outdated scheme of the turning mechanism, the role of which is performed by onboard stepped gearboxes, the maneuverability of the Russian T-90 tank is lower than that of foreign tanks. In addition to maneuverability, the disadvantage of the tank's transmission is the low reverse speed - 4.8 km / h.
1 - Upgraded MTO with high power engine.
2 - New engine exhaust device.
Due to the lack of transmission developments in UKBTM that correspond to the modern level and are ready for use, negotiations continue on installing a Western-made automatic transmission on the T-90S. Now the automatic transmission, ready for installation in compact MTOs of domestic tanks, was developed by the company " RENK ”, Also, automatic transmission is installed on tanks developed with the participation of Al-Khalid and Oplot KMDB.
In 1999, 3 T-90S vehicles took part in tests in India, one of them with a cast turret and 2 new ones with welded turrets. Tests of Russian T-90S tanks, which took place in the desert of Rajasthan, according to the Indian side, were not quite the same as the Nizhny Tagil tank builders would like.
According to a report cited by the Indian source Political Events, the engines of all three cars that took part in the tests failed the test due to severe overheating. And one of the tank engines failed, unable to withstand operation in conditions of high temperature and dust.
Another aspect is the ease of maintenance of the T-90A tank engine, in which the V-92S2 is inferior to foreign diesel engines. Replacing the engine is difficult due to poor access to it in the engine compartment and the need for centering work - replacing the engine by a factory team of 4 people takes 22.2 hours. The presence of a guitar and the need to center other units with it complicates and complicates repair work in the engine-transmission department. This did not meet the requirements for advanced armored vehicles back in the 70s; for all this time, no actions have been taken at UKBTM to eliminate this shortcoming.
The caterpillar mover of the T-90S and T-90A tanks has been improved; a new caterpillar belt has been installed, made of stamped elements interconnected by parallel rubber-metal hinges. In general, the track is similar to that used on the T-80, but without the rubberized track link.
Tactical and technical characteristics |
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Parameter |
Unit of measurement |
T-90A |
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Full mass |
46,5 |
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Crew |
people |
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Specific power |
hp/ t |
21,5 |
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Engine (V-92S2) |
hp |
1000 l. with . |
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Tank width |
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Ground pressure |
kgf/cm 2 |
0,91 |
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Temperature mode of operation |
°C |
40…+50 (with power reduction) |
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Tank length |
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with gun forward |
mm |
9530 |
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corps |
mm |
6917 |
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Tank width |
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along the caterpillar |
mm |
3370 |
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removable protective screens |
mm |
3780 |
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Tower roof height |
mm |
2228 |
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Support surface length |
mm |
4270 |
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Ground clearance |
mm |
426…470 |
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Track width |
mm |
2790 |
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Travel speed |
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Mediumon a dry dirt road |
km/h |
35…40 |
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Maximumon paved road |
km/h |
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In reverse gear, maximum |
km/h |
4,18 |
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Fuel consumption per 100 km |
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On a dry dirt road |
l, before |
260…450 |
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On paved road |
l, before |
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on main fuel tanks |
km |
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with extra barrels |
km |
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Ammunition |
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Shots to the cannon |
PC |
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(of which in the conveyor of the loading mechanism) |
PC |
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Cartridges: |
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to the KT-7.62 machine gun |
PC |
2000 |
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to the KT-12.7 machine gun |
PC |
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Aerosol grenades |
PC |
The weight of the tank ranges from 26 to 188 tons, depending on the thickness of the armor and the nature of the combat equipment. Tank - armored tracked vehicle with cannon armament. There are two groups of tanks: The weight of the tank ranges from 26 to 188 tons.
Let's compare the mass of several models of combat vehicles. How much does the T-90 tank weigh?The model is an improved version of the T-72 tank. It has high combat and technical characteristics that allow it to withstand battles in any climatic conditions. The weight of the T-90 tank is 46.5 tons. The weight of the T-90 tank is 46.5 tons. The combat vehicle is equipped with a 125-mm launcher designed to hit all types of targets, as well as an aiming system and a thermal imager. The tank has a high rate of fire, excellent speed (60 km), and the crew includes three people. How much does the T-34 tank weighThe T-34 is a true military legend. The production of the first "thirty-fours" began in 1940, and by the beginning of 1941, about 1225 units of equipment were in service with the USSR. The T-34 model tank changed and improved its technical characteristics several times during the war years. Therefore, the mass in different years of production was also not the same:
At the same time, in the total mass of the combat vehicle, the weight of the tracks is about 1150 kg. When comparing the weight of the tank turret of 1940 and 1942, there is a noticeable upward trend - from 3200 to 3900 kg. The crew of the T-34 includes a gunner-radio operator, driver, loader and commander. Tank "Maus" was created in 1943 and its weight was about 188 tons. This is a real "heavyweight" of German tank building, the length of the gun which reached 2.5 m. And the total length of the combat "Mouse" was about 11.5 m! The vehicle's ammunition included two twin guns (128 mm and 75 mm). The capacity of the Maus fuel tank is 2650 liters. The number of crew members is five people. It is interesting! On these pages you can find out: Despite the impressive size and weight of the Maus tank, almost all the free space inside was occupied by numerous instruments and parts. So the crew of the combat vehicle had to be placed "according to the residual principle." According to the results of field tests, the Mouse achieved good performance: speed of 20 km / h, overcoming a climb, a vertical obstacle 76 cm high at an angle of 30 degrees, crossing a water trench 2 m wide. True, all the efforts spent on creating and improving the types of this model were in vain. At the end of 1944, on the orders of Hitler, work on heavy tanks was stopped, and in the spring of 1945, prototypes of type 205 were prepared to defend the training ground in case of capture by the Red Army. Two surviving type 205 tanks after the war were transported to Leningrad, and from there to the tank training ground in Kubinka. How much does the AT-2 tank weighThe game World of Tanks is a great opportunity to at least "virtually" control tanks and other military equipment. The AT 2 tank is a Tier 5 combat unit of the British tech tree (PT-ACS class).
The weight of the AT-2 tank is 44 tons. Now you know how much the tank weighs, and as you can see, its mass depends on the modification. In addition, to determine the weight of the tank, it is not necessary to weigh it, but it is enough to calculate the mass, taking into account the density of the metal and the weight of the combat equipment. Tanks T-90, T-84 "Oplot" (Ukraine), "Leopard" (Germany) and "Abrams" (USA) have for some time become a kind of annoying factor for numerous specialists in the field of weapons in general and armored vehicles in particular. This situation was especially aggravated after the loss of the Russian T-90 tank to the Ukrainian T-84 "Oplot" in the Thai tender. 18:26 / 26.08.11 Tanks T-90, T-84 "Oplot", "Leopard" and "Abrams": emotions and realitiesAfter the victory of the Ukrainian T-84 "Oplot" tank in the tender and the purchase by Thailand of 200 of these combat vehicles in the amount of $ 230 million, many articles "for" and "against" the Russian tank appeared in the media. A negative decision for Russia, by a strange coincidence, was made just two weeks after the unflattering statement by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces Alexander Postnikov to the domestic tank. As little consolation for us, we can consider the fact that in the same tender the German Leopard tank was among the losers. However, even if Postnikov's statement regarding the Russian T-90 and the German "Leopard" is not connected with the decision of Thailand, in the aggregate these facts have become very unpleasant facts for the domestic tank building.
They forced some to draw certain conclusions, others stood up for the "honor of the uniform", others simply gloated, and so on. But, with a wide range of opinions and conclusions regarding these tanks, one more thing suggests itself - we cannot "rest on our laurels" even in the area where our positions have always been quite strong. As for the questions that arise in this case regarding which of the above tanks is superior to each other, it is possible to answer them either by comparing their characteristics, or by conducting comparative practical field tests. If the second requires special conditions, then the first can be realized by comparing the repeatedly published main characteristics of these combat vehicles and their features, which are given below. The main indicators of the tanks T-84 "Oplot", " Leopard-2", T-90A and M1 "Abrams"
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General characteristics of the "battle monster": weight 44 tons, gun 57 mm, 26 rounds per minute, speed 20 km/h. The crew includes four people. The tank can be used to push through the flanks of enemy units. However, at the same time, you should take care of your cover from the side of the allies. The accuracy of the AT 2's gun is low, so using the tank for long-range attacks is not recommended.
