The figurative meaning of the word enriches our language and develops. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. How do you understand the meaning of the word conscience?
With ambiguity, one of the meanings of the word is direct, and all the rest portable.
direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed at the object (immediately causes an idea of the object, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context. Words denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in
direct meaning.
Portable meaning of the word- this is its secondary meaning that arose on the basis of the direct one. For example:
toy, -i, well. 1. A thing that serves for the game. Kids toys.
2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will, an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.
The essence of polysemy lies in the fact that some name of an object, phenomenon passes, is also transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects, phenomena at the same time. Depending on the basis of which sign the name is transferred, there are three main types of figurative meaning: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche.
Metaphor(from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity, for example: ripe apple -eyeball(by form); human nose- bow of the ship(by location); chocolate bar- chocolate tan(by color); bird wing- aircraft wing(by function); the dog howled- the wind howled(according to the nature of the sound), etc. yes
Metonymy(then Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency *, for example: water boils- behindthe kettle boils; porcelain dish- tasty dish; native gold- Scythian gold etc. A kind of metonymy is synecdoche.
Synecdoche(from the Greek "synekdoche - connotation) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa, for example: thick currant- ripe currant; beautiful mouth- extra mouth(about an extra person in the family); bighead- clever mind etc.
In the process of development of figurative names, the word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding the main meaning. Over time figurative meanings can become straight.
It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context. See, for example, the sentences: 1) Wesat on the corner bastion, so both sides couldsee everything (M. Lermontov). 2) In Tarakanovka, as in the most remote corner of a bear, there was no place for secrets (D. Mamin-Siberian)
* Adjacent - located directly next to, having about border.
In the first sentence, the word injection used in the literal sense: "a place where two sides of something converge, intersect." And in stable combinations “in a dead corner”, “bear corner”, the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a dark corner- in a remote area bearliving corner - dumb place.
In explanatory dictionaries the direct meaning of the word is given first, and the portable values are numbered 2, 3, 4, 5. A value recently fixed as a portable value is marked "pen,", For example:
Wooden, oh, oh. 1. made of wood 2. trans. Motionless, expressionless. Wooden expression. O wood oil- cheap olive oil.
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolayevich Shmelev: "The figurative meaning of the word enriches our language, develops and transforms it."
To express their thoughts, people do not always use unambiguous words. In Russian, there are words that have several meanings. These words sometimes help to more accurately convey the idea or influence the interlocutor. There are many such words. The ability to use ambiguous words correctly makes speech brighter, and a person more interesting.
In this passage from the work “The Republic of SHKID” there is a word that L. Panteleev used in a figurative sense - “a pile of appetizing cakes melted on a platter” (11). Here the word "melt" helps to imagine how quickly the food disappears from the blind old woman's plate. Usually this word is used in relation to objects that quickly pass from one state to another. The author, using a word with a figurative meaning, wanted to emphasize the acute hunger that orphans feel, their constant desire to eat at least something. Thanks to this description, the scene of the theft of cakes turned out to be emotional, the reader feels not only anger for the offended old woman, but also pity for the children who just wanted to eat yummy. The author expressed the hero's indignation at the act of his comrades by describing his lips, which "jumped" (20).
The use of ambiguous words develops the language, enriches people's speech and makes literary works very interesting.
There are many such words in the Russian language, and they are often used in literature as an effective way to make works expressive and expressive.
15.2. Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “- You know, Lyonka, you are doing well,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffing. - Forgive us, please. This is not only for myself, I speak for the whole class.
"Republic of SHKID" tells about life in a children's colony, in which not the most well-mannered and exemplary gathered - the children there are not angels. The times were harsh, naturally, all the vices of society in such periods are most reflected in the fate of the most vulnerable representatives of society - children. Before appearing in the colony, many of the boys were engaged in theft, but they retained such positive qualities as empathy and justice.
Among these guys, the author singles out Lenka - he was the most honest. He did not tolerate rudeness and considered it dishonorable to take away food from a blind man: “Tell me - what heroes: they attacked an old woman!” (21). For these words, his comrades forcibly fed him stolen cakes, and then beat him. The boy also suffered from the director, who mistook him for a thief. Panteleev turned out to be not only honest, but also a loyal and decent person. He did not hand over his offenders to the director.
The resilience of the young hero brought him the recognition of other guys. Their leader, the Japanese, shamed his comrades: “Still, guys, this is rudeness ...” (40). He was ready to go to the director and tell the truth, although the others did not support him. Lenka's act excited the team, the guys rated it positively.
Panteleev was released, and the Japanese apologized to him, so the reconciliation took place (52).
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word conscience?
Conscience is a certain criterion for evaluating the essence of a person. The presence of conscience allows a person to be called a person. Conscience makes it possible to evaluate your words and deeds, to determine their correctness.
If a person has a conscience, then he cannot commit illegal and immoral acts. Conscience does not allow a person to engage in theft, to lie to others, to show rudeness. Conscience is a moral compass for a person. A conscientious person has a positive effect on the people around him.
In the book "The Republic of ShKID", the conscientious Panteleev at first annoyed his peers with his particularity, for whom this criterion had not yet been properly formed. The act of the boy has a positive effect on children. Later they realized that Panteleev was a true friend and it was his conscience that did not allow him to betray his comrades.
If earlier they did not listen to the voice of conscience, they stole cakes from a blind person, then in the future they will listen to the reasonable words of a friend. Next time, they will think about the consequences of their actions. Conscience is formed in a person gradually, it helps him evaluate himself, his words and deeds.
Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some people believe that conscience today does not help to live, but only creates problems. They even believe that in modern society, conscience only causes discomfort in life. Therefore, they ignore their inner voice, they can pass by an elderly person who needs help, lie to friends, and not repay a debt. Unscrupulous people do a lot of harm, but even more dangerous are indifferent people. It is with their silent connivance that many bad deeds are committed. Conscientious people do not let us get used to evil, they encourage us to correct our mistakes.
15.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Dmitry Nikolaevich Shmelev: "The figurative meaning of the word enriches our language, develops and transforms it."
In the Russian language, along with single-valued words, there are a huge number of such words that have not one, but two or more meanings. If you look in the Explanatory Dictionary, you can see that there are even more such words than unambiguous ones. Of course, this is no coincidence. Polysemantic words give expressiveness to speech. Such a joke as a pun is based on the use of different meanings of one ambiguous word; the figurative meaning of the word allows you to make your statement brighter.
For example, in the text of L. Panteleev in sentence 11 we read about how a pile of cakes “melted”. This word is used in a figurative sense of “decreased in size”, and we can easily imagine this picture: a bunch of cakes are getting smaller, and then they completely disappear.
In sentence 20, the author writes about the boy that his lips “jumped”. This is also a word in a figurative sense. Reading, we immediately understand that the newcomer is almost crying from anger and resentment, to such an extent he is shocked by the act of the guys.
Words in a figurative sense are often used in fiction as a means of expression.
15.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of sentences 47-49 of the text: “-You know, Lyonka, you are doing well,” said the Japanese, blushing and sniffing. - Forgive us, please. This is not only for myself, I speak for the whole class.
The action of the book "Republic of SHKID" takes place in a colony. The guys who got there are, of course, not angels. Most of them stole on the street so as not to starve to death, and some of their habits remained at that moment, which is described in the episode with the stolen cakes.
But the newcomer Panteleev was more honest than the others: it seemed dishonorable to him to steal from a blind old woman, so the other colonists beat him, and the director, without understanding, punished Panteleev, because he did not deny his guilt.
The other colonists felt ashamed. That is why the Japanese blushed when he asked for forgiveness from Lyonka. The guys suddenly realized that it is possible to live more honestly than they do: not to offend the weak, not to shift the blame onto others. This is stated in the words of the Japanese (in sentences 40 - 42). But going to the director and confessing is still too heroic an act for guys who are not used to living honestly. As a result, no one supports the proposal of the Japanese, but still the guys felt guilty and agreed with the apology. Therefore, Lenka reconciled with the guys (sentence 51-52).
15.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word CONSCIENCE?
Conscience is what allows a person to be a person, such a feeling of the rightness or wrongness of an act, a kind of compass. Anyone who has a conscience understands how to act and how not, and he tries to avoid bad deeds even if no one knows for sure about them.
Conscience helps us evaluate ourselves. Unfortunately, not everyone has a conscience. Some believe that there are only problems from her: she reproaches, does not give rest, but a person strives for happiness and peace. And it also happens that someone's conscience has not yet been properly formed. For example, in this text we just see guys who did not listen to their conscience, because it rather interfered with them when they lived on the street and were forced to steal and deceive so as not to die of hunger. But Lenka's honest act first shocked them and provoked aggression, and then made them awaken their best feelings. They felt ashamed, which means that they became a little better than they were before.
Conscience makes a person ashamed of others if they do something bad. I met such an example in literature - in the story of E. Nosov "Doll". The hero of this story, Akimych, is ashamed of those people who pass by a mutilated doll and do not pay attention to this disgrace. He buries the doll and says: "You can't bury everything." I think he means that unscrupulous people with the silent connivance of the rest have already committed a lot of evil, it is already difficult to correct it. The author encourages those in whom the conscience is still alive, not to get used to the bad, but to try to correct it.
Conscience is the core of the human soul.
Words, phrases, phrases and sentences - all this and much more is embedded in the concept of "language". How much is hidden in it, and how little we really know about the language! Every day and even every minute we spend next to him - whether we say our thoughts aloud or we read or listen to the radio ... Language, our speech is a real art, and it should be beautiful. And its beauty must be genuine. What helps in the search for true beauty
The direct and figurative meaning of words is what enriches our language, develops it and transforms it. How does this happen? Let's understand this endless process, when, as they say, words grow from words.
First of all, you should understand the figurative meaning of the word, and what main types they are divided into. Each word can have one or more meanings. Words with the same meaning are called monosemantic words. In Russian, there are much fewer of them than words with many different meanings. Examples are words such as computer, ash, satin, sleeve. A word that can be used in several meanings, including figuratively, is a polysemantic word, examples: a house can be used in the meaning of a building, a place for people to live, a family way of life, etc.; the sky is the air space above the earth, as well as the location of the visible luminaries, or divine power, conduction.
With ambiguity, a direct and figurative meaning of a word is distinguished. The first meaning of the word, its basis - this is the direct meaning of the word. By the way, the word “direct” in this context is figurative, i.e. the main meaning of the word is “something even,
without bends” - is transferred to another object or phenomenon with the meaning “literal, unambiguously expressed”. So there is no need to go far - you just need to be more attentive and observant in what words we use, when and how.
From the above example, it already becomes clear that the figurative meaning is the secondary meaning of the word that arose when the literal meaning of the word was transferred to another object. Depending on what feature of the object was the reason for the transfer of meaning, there are such types of figurative meaning as metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche.
Direct and can overlap with each other based on similarity - this is a metaphor. For example:
ice water - ice hands (by sign);
poisonous mushroom - poisonous character (by sign);
a star in the sky - a star in the hand (according to the location);
chocolate candy - chocolate tan (based on color).
Metonymy is the selection in a phenomenon or object of some property, which, by its nature, can replace the rest. For example:
gold jewelry - she has gold in her ears;
porcelain dishes - there was porcelain on the shelves;
headache - my head is gone.
And, finally, synecdoche is a type of metonymy when one word is replaced by another on the basis of a constant, really existing ratio of part to whole and vice versa. For example:
He is a real head (meaning very smart, the head is the part of the body that houses the brain).
The whole village sided with him - every resident, that is, the "village" as a whole, which replaces its part.
What can be said in conclusion? Only one thing: if you know the direct and figurative meaning of a word, you will not only be able to use certain words correctly, but also enrich your speech and learn how to convey your thoughts and feelings beautifully, and maybe one day you will come up with your own metaphor or metonymy ... Who knows?