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The period of the formation of the barbarian kingdoms of the century. The emergence of barbarian kingdoms. Barbarians and Rome. Causes of the Great Migration

After the Great Migration of Peoples, the barbarian tribes did not have statehood. The emergence of states was due to the internal development of German society, as well as the adaptation of the Germans to the real conditions of joining the Roman Empire. The states created by the Germans were called barbarian kingdoms.

Definition 1

Barbarian kingdoms are state formations on the territory of the Western Roman Empire, created by barbarian peoples. The time of their occurrence is V century, i.e. the time of the collapse of the empire. A common feature of states: internal instability, the cause of which is not established rules for the transfer of power.

After permission from the capital of the empire, Ravenna, to settle in a specific territory, the barbarian tribes received the land. Managing it and protecting it became the duty of the tribe. Local residents were involved in production. Having become federates, the barbarians monopolized military affairs. The local residents were happy with this state of affairs. They perceived them as rulers, governors from the emperor, while continuing to consider themselves Romans.

The barbarian kingdoms remained fragmented tribal entities, relying on interpersonal and intertribal relationships. The authority of power was based on the magical aura and personal qualities of the leader. In most cases, the barbarians did not seize power, but received it from the emperor. As a result, the empire was dismembered.

The invasion of the Huns interrupted the creation of barbarian states. There is a simultaneous division of tribes and their consolidation into multi-ethnic unions. The Empire controls the settlement of tribal formations.

Existing barbarian kingdoms

The first barbarian state was the Kingdom of the Visigoths, which arose in 418. The Visigoth king Valius signed a treaty with Honorius and received lands north of the Pyrenees Mountains to the Loire River. In 718 it was conquered by the Arabs.

In 429, the Vandals and Alans, ousted from Iberia by the Visigoths, crossed to Africa and formed the Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans. By the mid-30s, the Vandals conquered the entire Roman north of Africa, captured Carthage and made it their capital. In 534, the Kingdom of Carthage was captured by Byzantium.

The Burgundians became federates in 413 and settled in Worms on the left bank of the Rhine. The Kingdom of Burgundy was formed. In 435, the invasion of the Huns devastated their lands and killed the king. The remaining Burgundians moved in 443 by order of Emperor Aetius to the banks of the Rhone River in Savoy. In 534, Burgundy became part of the Frankish state.

The Frankish leader Clovis formed the Frankish kingdom in 481 and proclaimed himself king. For three centuries, a powerful state appeared in the center of Europe.

Note 1

In 488, an agreement was concluded between the Ostrogothic king Theodoric and Emperor Flavius ​​Zeno to fight the leader Odoacer. Having defeated the enemy, Theodoric created the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and became the emperor's representative in Italy. In 555, Byzantium captured the Italian Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.

The Suevi settled the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. In 409 they created their own kingdom. In 585 they were subjugated by the Visigoths.

In 566, the Lombards completed the formation of a kingdom in Northern Italy. Gradually they populated the entire territory of the Apennine Peninsula, Corsica and Istria. In 774 they were conquered by Charlemagne.

In Britain in the 5th century, Germanic tribes strengthened:

  • Angles,
  • Saxons,
  • Frisians,
  • Yutov.

In the 6th century they created seven sovereign Anglo-Saxon states, which sought to unite and create one kingdom.

Features of barbarian kingdoms

Each state had blurry, frequently changing borders. Capitals were also subject to displacement. Conflicts between the king and vassals ended in the death of the ruler.

Note 2

Despite the formation of the state, communal relations remained. This was expressed in holding public meetings and convening a military militia.

The Roman state system and Roman law had a great influence on the barbarian kingdoms. Officials and senior officials attended management school in Rome.

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Formation of barbarian kingdoms

The indigenous population of Britain - the Britons (Celts) - by the beginning of the 1st millennium was under the rule of the Roman Empire. The scattered tribes were experiencing the stage of formation of a supra-communal administration. The inclusion of the Britons in the tax and military service system of the empire accelerated and modified this process.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, “the inhabitants of the island of Britain united with some Celtic peoples in order to break away from Roman power and, no longer obeying Roman laws, to live at their own discretion,” the chronicler wrote a little later than these events. “So the British took up arms and liberated their communities from the barbarians that threatened them.” Military struggle for independence in the 4th – 5th centuries. advanced the process of strengthening the power of military leaders and the beginning of a military-democratic system.

In the middle of the 6th century. the independent development of British communities was interrupted: Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded from the continent. The centuries-old struggle against the invasion (remained in world culture by the myths about the knights of the “round table” and King Arthur - the semi-legendary leader Ambrose, around 500) ended in defeat. Anglo-Saxon dominance was established in Britain. However, back in the 7th century. Separate tribal associations (kingdoms) of the Britons remained.

The Anglo-Saxon conquerors were only at the stage of supra-communal administration, they did not have royal power, and the first leaders were more leaders, ancient German dukes. The Britons were also at a slightly higher stage of development politically. Formed by the 6th – 7th centuries. the associations were only proto-states of the barbarian type. However (unlike the Visigoths, Franks or Lombards in Europe), the almost lack of influence of Roman state institutions predetermined the weakness of state principles.

Only in the VI century. The first kings with honorary rights and their subordinate squads appear. The spread of Christianity in Britain (591 – 688) played an important role in accelerating state formation. Isolation from the Roman center made it more important for British bishops from the very beginning to receive royal patronage. At the end of the 7th century. The church was granted exemption from taxes and duties and other privileges.

By the beginning of the 7th century. In southern Britain, 19 proto-state associations with their own “successions to the throne” were formed. Gradually, 7 - 8 proto-states acquired the greatest influence and importance - the largest and most stable were Northumbria, Mercia, Essex, Wessex, Kent (they also differed ethnically). At times, kingdoms recognized the dominance of one of them in a general conditional union; the heads of such temporary associations accepted the special title of bradwald. But on the whole, Britain was the so-called. "seven queens" (heptarchy).

Within the framework of the heptarchy during the 7th – 9th centuries. The process of developing proto-states into early state formations gradually completed. On the one hand, this process was expressed in the growth of the rights and importance of royal power. If in the 7th century. kings were considered as one of the members of the tribe, the encroachment on which is a type of ancestral “grievance” and must be redeemed, then by the 8th – 9th centuries. The rudiments of public powers are already recognized for the kings: the right to order, punish, judge, manage community authorities and their guarantors.

The special right of kings to patronize is recognized - as a result of this, a special circle of (near and distant) close kings is formed, occupying a special place in society, specially protected by law. Usurping tribal rights, kings make grants - rights, and then lands. On the other hand, the process of formation of early statehood was expressed in the emergence of a state organization: administrators, taxes, and coercive power. The church was especially important in the formation of the early administration: due to special ties with kings, church leaders were entrusted with many public functions.

At the same time, a royal court and a hierarchy of military officials were formed, who were entrusted with local administration and the execution of royal commissions and the collection of taxes. In the 8th century Kings are recognized as having the unconditional supreme right (akin to the former Roman imperium) to command. Royal legislation becomes a permanent function of power. At the turn of the 7th – 8th centuries. in connection with the growth of legislative regulation, the scope of the state (royal) court expanded, actions without a court were prohibited. People's assemblies and other remnants of the military-democratic order fell out of use.

By the beginning of the 9th century. political leadership in southern Britain passed to the most powerful kingdom of the heptarchy - Wessex. During the reign of King Egbert (802 - 839), the kingdom achieved hegemony over all others. Such dominance ensured the accelerated development of state royal power: the elevation of the king above the clan and territorial nobility, the introduction into law of the highest penalties for encroachments on the king.

For a single ruler, with the help of the church, the procedure of anointing the kingdom is introduced (akin to the Franks) - the king now symbolizes the ruler of God's grace with the corresponding supreme rights in relation to all subjects. The final strengthening of statehood occurred at the end of the 9th century. X century, when a single Anglo-Saxon kingdom emerged with a new social hierarchy and a strengthened early territorial organization (instead of tribal associations).

At 410 ᴦ. Visigoths(Western Goths) under the leadership of Alaric took Rome. A few years later, Rome provided land in the south of Gaul for the settlement of the Visigoths. So in 418, the first barbarian Visigothic kingdom. The Visigoths soon captured other territories in Gaul and Spain.

Even earlier, tribes of Vandals and Alans passed through Gaul and Spain to North Africa. Originated in Africa Vandal-Alan kingdom. At 455 ᴦ. The Vandals carried out a naval raid on Rome, subjecting it to a terrible defeat. In those same years, the Germanic tribes Angles, Saxons, Jutes launch an invasion of Britain. Οʜᴎ defeated the Celtic kingdoms that existed on the island after the departure of the Roman troops and formed 7 barbarian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Gaul, east of the Visigoths, the Burgundians created a kingdom.

The barbarians also ruled in Italy. The Roman army here consisted almost entirely of barbarians, whose leaders ruled in the name of the emperors. At 476 ᴦ. one of these leaders, Odoark, overthrew the Western emperor and sent his crown to Constantinople. The eastern emperor was now considered the supreme ruler of the barbarian kingdoms.
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At the same time, he had no real power over them. Soon tribes invaded Italy Ostrogoths(Eastern Goths) under the leadership of King Theodoric (49.3 - 526) and, having defeated the state of Odoacer, created their own kingdom here.

Kingdom of the Franks arose almost simultaneously with the Ostrogothic kingdom. At 486 ᴦ. King of the Salic (Maritime) Franks Chlodnik led their relocation to Northern Gaul. Soon the Franks subjugated a number of neighboring Germanic tribes - the Alemanni, the Thuringians, defeated the search for the Visigothic kingdom and conquered Southern Gaul from it.

The Goths and other Germans took a significant part of the lands from the inhabitants of the Roman Empire. The Franks, unlike them, almost did not take away land from local residents, but divided among themselves the empty former possessions of the emperor. For this reason, the Gallo-Roman “village” treated the Franks more friendly than other barbarians. At the same time, Clovis and all the Franks accepted Christianity in the orthodox form, which was adhered to by the inhabitants of Gaul, and not in the form of Arianism, like other Germans. Clovis generously distributed valuables and lands to bishops and monasteries. Clovis's policy towards local residents was continued by his successors. Of all the barbarian kingdoms, the Frankish kingdom turned out to be the most stable.

In general, the barbarian kingdoms were states with a weak central government, and there were sharp contradictions between the barbarians and the local inhabitants. This predetermined the instability of the political situation and Pirope.

Formation of barbarian kingdoms. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Education of barbarian kingdoms." 2017, 2018.

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    • § 8. The Great Migration of Nations and the formation of barbarian kingdoms in Europe

    The death of the Western Roman Empire in 476 is considered the boundary between the history of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages, or Middle Ages. There is no consensus among historians about the end of the Middle Ages. Most of them believe that it ended at the end of the 15th century. after the discovery of America by Europeans, but there are other points of view (for example, the middle of the 17th century). Scientists also argue: can the term “Middle Ages” be applied to all regions of the globe or only to Western Europe?

    The Middle Ages are divided into three stages - early (5th century - mid-9th century), mature (end of the 9th century - end of the 13th century) and later (beginning of the 14th century - end of the 15th century).

    Reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire

    The death of the empire is associated with invasions of barbarian tribes into its territory. The Romans called barbarians those who lived outside the Roman state, did not know the Latin language and were alien to Roman culture.

    Warlike tribes of Germans lived in Central Europe. At first, the Romans managed to repel their raids. At the end of the 4th century. The Germans were joined in the attacks by a number of other barbarian peoples. By this time, many barbarian tribes in their development had approached the formation of statehood. They unite in alliances led by leaders - dukes, kings. The number of tribes grew, it was difficult for them to feed themselves on their lands. All peoples at this stage of development become very warlike and strive to enrich themselves at the expense of others. The barbarians were attracted to the cities, fertile fields, and rich pastures of the empire. Thousands of people with families, livestock, and property began to move from their places and move to Roman lands. The Great Migration of Peoples began.


    The Roman Empire turned out to be easy prey for the barbarians. As you know, it was divided into two parts, within which, especially in the west, there was little unity. The empire was rocked by uprisings; people suffering from huge taxes and the arbitrariness of officials often awaited the arrival of the barbarians as liberators. All adult men of the tribe fought as part of the barbarian militias, and they were opposed by relatively small detachments of professional Roman warriors.

    Many barbarians were also inspired by religious motives on their campaigns. Christianity began to penetrate into their midst even before the Great Migration. The most warlike Germanic tribe, the Goths, was baptized as a result of the sermons of Bishop Ulfila (he was a Goth, lived for a long time in the empire and translated the Bible into Gothic). However, for the barbarians the dogma of the Trinity was incomprehensible. Therefore, many of them accepted Christianity in the form of the teachings of the priest Arius. At the Council of Nicaea in 325, this teaching (Arianism) was recognized as a heresy (a departure from the tenets of the Christian faith). The Arians denied the trinity of God, believing that God is one, and Jesus Christ is not consubstantial with God the Father, but only co-essential with Him. Ulfilas preached Arianism. The Vandals, Burgundians, Lombards and a number of other tribes also became Arians. The Arians considered most of the inhabitants of the empire to be heretics and fought with them with enthusiasm.

    Formation of barbarian kingdoms

    Back in 410, the Visigoths (Western Goths), under the leadership of King Alarikha, took Rome. Soon the Western emperor provided lands in the south of Gaul for the settlement of the Visigoths. Thus, in 418, the first barbarian Visigothic kingdom appeared. The Visigoths captured other territories in Gaul and Spain.

    Even earlier, tribes of Vandals and Alans passed through Gaul and Spain to North Africa. The Vandal-Alan kingdom arose in Africa. In 455, the Vandals carried out a sea raid on Rome, subjecting it to defeat. In those same years, the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes began to invade Britain. They defeated the Celtic kingdoms that existed on the island after the departure of the Roman troops and formed seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Gaul, east of the Visigoths, the Burgundians created their kingdom. The barbarians also ruled in Italy. The Roman army here consisted almost entirely of barbarians, whose leaders actually ruled on behalf of the emperors. In 476, one of these leaders, Odoacer, deposed the Western emperor and sent his crown to Constantinople. Formally, the eastern emperor was now considered the supreme ruler of the barbarian kingdoms, but he had no real power. As for Odoacer, he proclaimed himself king of Italy. Soon the tribes of the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths) invaded Italy under the leadership of King Theodoric (Having killed Odoacer, the Ostrogoths created their own kingdom here.

    At the same time, the Frankish kingdom was formed. In 486, the king of the Salic (maritime) Franks, Clovis, led their campaign against Northern Gaul. Later, the Franks subjugated a number of Germanic tribes - Alemanni, Thuringians, defeated the Visigoths and captured Southern Gaul.

    The Goths, Burgundians and other Germanic tribes took away a significant part of the lands from the inhabitants of the Roman Empire. The Franks, in contrast, almost did not take away land from local residents, but divided among themselves the empty former possessions of the emperor. Therefore, the Gallo-Roman population treated the Franks more friendly than other barbarians. In addition, the Franks accepted Christianity in the orthodox form followed by the inhabitants of Gaul, and not in the form of Arianism, like other Germans. Clovis generously distributed valuables and lands to bishops and monasteries. For these reasons, of all the barbarian kingdoms, Frankish proved the most stable.


    Barbaric truths

    You can learn a lot about the life of the barbarian kingdoms from the records of their laws in the 5th - 9th centuries. These laws were called barbaric truths.

    Barbarian truths were records of customary law (we consolidate traditions, customs, rules of behavior), but, of course, they were also influenced by Roman law.

    The barbarian truths determined punishments for various crimes, the procedure for conducting trials, etc. The king and the nobility, free full members of society, were identified as special categories of the population. The laws in relation to dependent people and slaves were stricter.

    The most famous document is the “Salic Truth”, created by decree of King Clovis around 500. According to these laws, for the murder of a noble person (count) it was necessary to pay a wergeld (fine) of 600 solids, a free person - 200, a dependent - 100; for the murder of a slave, his owner was paid 30 solidi. The Salic Truth testifies that the Franks lived in communities that were land owners. Forests, pastures, and reservoirs were jointly owned, and arable land was owned by individual families. It was impossible to sell these plots, but there was a process of turning the plots into family property.

    QUESTIONS AND TASKS

    1. Indicate the chronological framework of the Middle Ages and its stages.

    2. What was the reason for the death of the Western Roman Empire?

    3. What barbarian kingdoms arose in Western Europe? Show them on the map.

    4. What were the reasons for the religious contradictions between the barbarians and the inhabitants of the Roman Empire?

    5. Why did the Frankish kingdom turn out to be the most durable of the barbarian states?

    6. What can we learn about the life of the Frankish kingdom based on the Salic Truth?

    Document

    From the “History of the Franks” by Bishop Gregory of Tours

    And so King Clovis said to his people: “It is very unpleasant for me that these Arians own part of Gaul. Let us go with the help of God and, having overcome them, we will take the land under our rule.” Since this speech pleased everyone, he gathered an army and marched towards Poitiers.<...>And since some of the enemies passed through the territory of Tours, he issued... an order that nothing should be taken from that area except grass and water. But one of the troops, having found the hay of a certain poor man, said: “Didn’t the king order to take only herbs and nothing else? This is just grass.

    Therefore, we will not violate his instructions if we take her.” And he took the poor man’s hay by force.

    Rumors of this act reached the king, and he immediately struck the named with a sword.<...>And this was enough for the army not to take anything else in this country...

    QUESTIONS FOR THE DOCUMENT

    What reasons did Clovis give for the conquest of Gaul?

    Why did he kill the warrior? What was the purpose of this punishment?

    ISSUE 3 HISTORY OF CIVILIZED SOCIETY (XXX century BC - XX century AD) Semenov Yuri Ivanovich

    4.1. The emergence of “barbarian” kingdoms in Western Europe and the Carolingian Empire

    After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western Europe could not calm down for a long time. Barbarian kingdoms arose and disappeared, the boundaries between them changed.

    In the 5th century The migration of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes to Britain began. Most of the country's former inhabitants, the Britons, were exterminated, enslaved or driven to Scotland, Wales and the continent (Brittany). As a result, by the end of the 6th century. Several barbarian kingdoms formed on the territory of England (Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Kent).

    In 488-493 The Ostrogoths, who therefore lived in Pannonia, where they came along with the Huns, moved to Italy and conquered it. A vast kingdom arose, which was later destroyed by Byzantium. In 568, the Lombards invaded Italy at the head of a large super-union. The Lombard Kingdom was formed.

    The Frankish kingdom pursued an active policy of conquest. Under the founder of the state, Clovis, and his immediate successors, the Alemanni, Burgundians, Thuringians, Bavarians, and partly the Saxons were subjugated. After the temporary decline of the state, which took place in the 7th century, an era of new successes began.

    In 752, the ruler of the kingdom, Charles Martell, defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Poitiers and thereby stopped their advance into Western Europe. Under him and his successors, Frankish power over Aquitaine and Provence was restored, Alemannia, Thuringia and Bavaria were again subjugated, Saxony, Italy and the territory south of the Pyrenees were conquered. The Frankish state reached the peak of its power under Charlemagne, who in 800 was crowned emperor in Rome. Originating at the turn of the 8th-9th centuries. The Carolingian Empire covered the entire territory of Western Europe. Its short-lived existence significantly affected the entire subsequent history of this region.

    The Germans conquered the entire territory of the Western Roman Empire and created states that are commonly called barbarian kingdoms. For the indigenous population of this territory, this is regression. Their spiritual and material culture was largely destroyed. But this regression was not as deep as in the cases of the Indus and Mycenaean civilizations.

    The new sociohistorical organisms that emerged from the ruins of the Roman Empire were not pre-class, but class-based. The Germans accepted and assimilated certain elements of ancient culture. Outwardly, this was expressed, in particular, in their acceptance of Christianity - at the same time a product of the ancient world and its denial. Christianity arose as a force hostile to existing orders, and came to terms with them when they underwent significant changes. For the Germans, then, the emergence of the barbarian kingdoms was undoubtedly progress: they rose from the stage of a pre-class society to the stage of a class society. This transition is clearly evidenced by the preservation of writing and monumental architecture.

    From the book The Great Migration of Peoples author Budanova Vera Pavlovna

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