World War I participants table. Countries participating in the First World War. The situation on the western front
Lesson: “The First World War. Russia's participation in the First World War.
developed for 9th grade students of the humanities department in accordance with the basic principles of the advanced learning methodology.
The author of the technique is S.N. Lysenkova discovered a remarkable phenomenon: in order to reduce the objective difficulty of some questions of the program, it is necessary to get ahead of their introduction into the educational process. The assimilation of the material occurs in three stages:
preliminary introduction of the first (small) portions of future knowledge,
clarification of new concepts, their generalization and application,
development of fluency of mental techniques and learning activities.
Such a dispersed assimilation of educational material ensures the transfer of knowledge into long-term memory.
Conceptual provisions of the pedagogy of cooperation:
personal approach of cooperation pedagogy;
comfort in the classroom: goodwill, mutual assistance;
consistency, consistency of the content of educational material.
The basic principles of the advanced learning methodology are optimally suited for studying the issues of international relations in the era of imperialism. For the first time, 9th grade students get acquainted with the most complex processes of world and national history. In the 8th grade, the concepts are studied: imperialism, imperialist wars, in the 9th grade the development and deepening of these concepts will continue, the features of their manifestation in Russia are considered. In this lesson, the concepts are introduced: world war, the concepts are deepened: military-political blocs and contradictions within them, nationalism, chauvinism, the Versailles-Washington system and its influence on the fate of the world. The study of these concepts is promising, in subsequent lessons they will continue to be studied and they will become basic for students to understand the causes of the Second World War.
In accordance with the methodology of advanced learning, tables and reference diagrams are used in the lesson.
Lesson: World War I.
Russia's participation in the First World War.
Lesson Objectives: to help students develop a holistic view of the system of international relations on the eve of the war, to help them understand these phenomena, as well as the growth of nationalist sentiments in European society as the main factors that brought the world to the brink of war. Find out the goals of the belligerent powers, the causes, scope and main military operations. To acquaint students with the most important provisions of the Versailles-Washington system and lead them to an independent conclusion about the reasons for its instability.
To promote the humanistic value orientations of students in relation to wars as a way to resolve conflicts. Show Man in the war and the role of Pridnestrovie and Pridnestrovians in the war.
To contribute to the development of cognitive skills to correlate historical events with certain periods, locate them on a map, group historical events according to a specified attribute, determine and argue their attitude and assessment of the most significant events in history.
Lesson equipment: A.O. Soroko-Tsyupa. The latest history of foreign countries (textbook), A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. Russian history. XX century., S.Sh. Kaziev, E.M. Burdin. Istria of Russia (in tables and diagrams), A.T. Stepanishchev. Methods of teaching and studying history.
V.1-2, Atlas "World History", wall map "The First World War".
Lesson plan:
The international situation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
"Powder magazine of Europe": 1 and P Balkan wars and their results.
Reason, causes, nature of the war. Participant goals.
Major military operations in 1914, 1915, 1916
A man at war (based on local history material)
Results of the war. War lessons.
Motivational conversation of the teacher about the role of wars in the history of mankind, about the change in their nature in the era of imperialism, the complication of the system of international relations. The teacher sets the objectives of the lesson, ways to achieve them, voices his lesson plan.
By revising first question the teacher relies on the students' knowledge that they received in history lessons earlier. The following questions are considered and discussed:
Teacher: At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The world has entered the era of imperialism.
1. Signs of imperialism.
2. What sign was decisive in the formation of the system of international relations at the turn of the century?
Working with the map "The World from 1870 to 1914"
4.What were the main metropolitan areas in existence by the beginning of the 20th century?
5. What colonies belonged to the leading European countries?
6. Give definitions of concepts: colony, metropolis, dominion.
7. Analyzing the map, guess which countries lacked colonies and why? (It is necessary to help students remember the countries of the first and second echelons of modernization).
8.Where and in what way could these colonies be acquired?
9. What wars for the redivision of the world have we studied?
10Why are these wars called imperialist?
Teacher: in the system of military-political blocs, military-political blocs are being formed. Students complete the table on the board.
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tripartite alliance |
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11. What is the surprise and inconsistency of unions?
(If difficulties arise, students are invited to recall the history of Russian-English and Russian-French relations in the 19th century, during the Russian-Japanese war; Russian-German relations).
12. Name and show on the map the first imperialist wars.
Consideration second question start by using a wall map and an atlas. Students, under the guidance of a teacher, name the countries located in the Balkans, find out which European countries' interests were represented in the Balkans. It is necessary to remind students that Russia refused to participate in the Triple Alliance due to contradictions with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.
Why was the Balkans called “the powder magazine of Europe” in the first decade of the 20th century?
Causes and results of the 1st Balkan War.
Why did the Second Balkan War start? Under what slogans did it take place?
Document analysis:
“History teachers should have taken some of the responsibility for starting the First World War. Indeed, the war was largely the result of excessive nationalist and patriotic fervor on all sides - the result of "historical poisoning."
(G. Wells).
Make a guess about how it was in the early twentieth century
organized teaching of history in the leading European countries?
Define the concepts: nationalism, chauvinism
(dictionary for the textbook).
Why in France the killer of the leader was acquitted by the court
the pacifist movement of Jean Jaurès?.
What is pacifism?
Third question it is advisable to start with the assassination in Sarajevo (student report). Students are asked to answer the following questions:
Why did the young man Gavrila Princip deliberately go for the murder of an innocent Austrian heir to the throne and his wife, knowing full well that he would not live either? What guided them?
How did events develop after the assassination in Sarajevo? (work with the reference scheme).
How did the war start?
Austria-Hungary
Serbia Germany
France Turkey
England Japan
State the reasons for the war.
38 states with a population of 1.5 billion people were involved in the war. 67 million people were put under arms. Why was the war so big?
The nature of the war.
Table: The goals of the participants in the First World War.
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Powers - the main participants in the war |
What union did you belong to? |
Goals of going to war |
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Germany |
Central Powers |
Capture the overseas possessions of Great Britain and France, the western territories of the Russian Empire |
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Austria-Hungary |
Central Powers |
Establish dominance in the Balkans and seize land in Poland. |
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To achieve control over the Black Sea straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, to strengthen its influence in the Balkans. Realize the imperial idea of restoring the Greek Empire with its capital in Constantinople (Istanbul) headed by one of the Russian Grand Dukes |
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Return the territories lost as a result of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871: Alsace and Lorraine. Annex the left bank of the Rhine and the Saar from Germany. |
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Increase your possessions at the expense of territories subject to the Ottoman Empire and Germany. |
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Ottoman Empire |
Central Powers |
Relying on the help of the allies, take revenge for the failures in the wars with Russia and restore their possessions in the Balkans |
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Bulgaria |
Central Powers |
Capture part of the territory of Greece, Serbia and Romania. |
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Seeked to oust Germany from China and from the islands of Oceania |
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Expand your territory with Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire |
The teacher invites the students to get acquainted with the table and conducts a workshop.
Workshop.
Determine which of the countries pursued the listed goals in the war:
1. The capture of colonies and the transformation of Eastern Europe into dependent lands.
2. The defeat of the main competitor - Germany - and the expansion of possessions by
Middle East.
3. Saving the empire "where the sun never sets."
4. Strengthening the monarchical power. Strengthening influence in the Balkans. Expansion of control over the possessions of Russia.
5. Return of Alsace and Lorraine, the capture of the Rhine zone. Fragmentation of enemy territory into several small states.
6.What goals did Russia pursue in the war?
7. Was Russia ready for war? (Document analysis on page 51 of the Workbook).
Teacher: How was the news of the war received in Russia? The war was expected, but it came as a complete surprise. There were queues of volunteers in the military registration and enlistment offices. In 1914, there were 80 thousand officers in the Russian army. Most of them will die in the first year of the war. In the infantry among the officers, the losses will be up to 96%. Young, cheerful, who could have a future.
7. How was the news of the war received in our city? (Student's message)
By revising fourth question a table, a textbook on the history of Russia, a wall map and an Atlas are used.
The students are given the task: to find on the map the main military operations of 1914-916, to tell about their results using the table:
Table: Main events of the First
World War 1914 - 1918
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Periods |
Western Front |
Eastern front |
Result |
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The offensive of the German troops through Belgium. Battle of the Marne. German troops are stopped and thrown back from Paris. Naval blockade of Germany by the English fleet |
The unsuccessful offensive of two Russian armies (generals P.K. Renenkampf and A.V. Samsonov) in East Prussia. The offensive of Russian troops in Galicia against Austria-Hungary. |
The East Prussian operation of the Russian troops helped the French and British survive the battle on the Marne River. The "Schliefen Plan" failed, Germany could not avoid a war on two fronts. The Ottoman Empire was joined by Germany and Austria-Hungary. |
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There were almost no active military operations. Ruthless submarine war of Germany against the fleet of the Entente. The first ever chemical attack by German troops on Ypres (Belgium). |
The offensive of Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russian troops. The Russian army with heavy losses is forced to retreat. Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. Bulgaria took the side of Germany (the Central Powers). |
Germany and its allies failed to liquidate the Eastern Front. Positional ("trench") warfare. France and England have strengthened their military potential. There has been a military-economic advantage of the Entente countries. |
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The offensive of the German army along Verdun. The first use of tanks by the Entente troops and the offensive on the Somme. |
The Russian army under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia and Bukovina ("Brusilov breakthrough"). However, it was not possible to build on the success of the Russian army. |
The battles at Verdun and the Somme did not give a decisive advantage to either side. It became clear that Germany could not win the war, Austria-Hungary was on the verge of complete defeat. |
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In the battles on the fields of France, neither the Central Powers nor the Entente managed to achieve a decisive victory. US entry into the war on the side of the Entente. |
Revolution in February-March 1917. in Russia. Fall of the monarchy. Provisional government - "War to the bitter end!" Decree on peace of the Bolshevik government. The call to conclude peace without annexation and indemnity is not supported by either Germany or the Entente. |
Huge losses forced the Anglo-French command to stop major offensive operations. The entry into the war of the United States led to the economic and military superiority of the Entente. Revolutionary Russia, exhausted by the war, could not continue the struggle. |
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The offensive of the German troops in France (P. Hindenburg, E. Ludendorff) to Paris. On the Marne, the counteroffensive of the Entente troops under the command of the French General F. Foch. US President W. Wilson proposed a 14-point peace plan. The uprising of sailors in Kiel was the beginning of the German revolution. The Social Democratic government concluded an armistice with the Entente in the Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918. |
In March 1918, the Bolshevik government concluded a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. |
The Eastern Front ceased to exist. Germany got rid of the need to fight on two fronts. Bulgaria withdrew from the war. The Ottoman Empire surrendered. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary led to the collapse of Austria-Hungary and its military collapse. End of the First World War. The victory of the Entente countries. |
It is expedient to hear the message about the Brusilov breakthrough.
Analyze and answer the question: were the most intense battles on the Western or Eastern Front?
How would you assess the interaction of allies in military-political blocs?
What is "positional warfare"?
Fifth question viewed from a demonstration of photographs of those distant years. (magazine "Spark" for 1995).
Who says that war is not scary,
He knows nothing about the war. Yu.Drunina
Students talk about their ancestors - participants in the war, use materials from the personal archives of Tiraspol residents and the local history museum (about the Barabash family).
The teacher reads out a document on the use of gases in 1915 near the city of Ypres, demonstrates a reproduction of the painting by Yu.I. Pimenov “War invalids. XX century".
1. What methods of warfare are documented?
2. Which methods are traditional and which are new?
Our countrymen played an exceptional role in saving people's lives. Among them: the outstanding chemist N.D. Zelinsky, an outstanding microbiologist L.A. Tarasevich. Listen to student messages.
By revising results war, a textbook for universities by Sh.M. Munchaev “National History” (p. 211) is used. Students are invited to write down the economic, political and social consequences of the war in their notebooks, and the material is voiced by the most prepared student in the form of a message.
Teacher: On November 11, 1918, an armistice was signed in the Compiègne Forest (France) between the victors (the Entente countries) and defeated Germany. The final result of the war was summed up in 1919-20. Students are invited to get acquainted with the content of the main treaties following the results of the war and draw a conclusion about their consequences.
Versailles-Washington system.
Peace treaties.
transfer of all colonies;
reduction in the size of the armed forces to 100,000;
Germany is deprived of the right to have heavy artillery, tanks, aircraft, submarines, warships;
occupation of the left bank of the Rhine for 15 years;
a demilitarized zone 50 km wide on the right bank of the Rhine;
transfer of about 1/7 of the territory and 1/10 of the population;
reparations (compensation for damages). Article 231 (article on responsibility for wars).
division of Hungary and Austria;
transfer of South Tyrol to Italy up to Brenner;
recognition of the independent states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia;
reduction in armaments, including a reduction in the size of the army to 30,000;
reparations.
transfer of the coastal territories of Thrace to Greece.
Slovakia passes to Czechoslovakia;
Transylvania is ceded to Romania;
Banat is transferred to Yugoslavia.
the establishment of international control over the straits and the creation of an international administration for these purposes;
reduction in armaments, including a reduction in the size of the army to 50,000;
transfer of territories.
6. Washington Conference 1921-1922
a) the "Treaty of the Four Powers" (England, USA, France, Japan): guarantees of the inviolability of colonial island possessions in the Pacific Ocean;
b) "Treaty of five powers" (England, USA, France, Japan and Italy): a ban on the construction of warships with a displacement of more than 35 thousand tons; possession of the navy in accordance with 5:5:3.5:1.75:1.75.
c) "Treaty of Nine Powers" (England, USA, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, China, Holland): adoption of a provision respecting the sovereignty and independence of China; introduces the principle of "open doors and equal opportunities" in trade and industrial development in relation to China; p/o Shandong should be returned to China.
What were the consequences of the war for Russia?
Homework: P. 9,10. Write a letter from the front on behalf of a participant in the war.
1. The beginning of the First World War and its causes. The goals of the powers in the war. Military campaign in 1914.
The First World War (1914-1918) is one of the longest, bloodiest and most significant in terms of consequences in the history of mankind. It went on for over four years. It was attended by 33 countries out of 59 that had state sovereignty at that time. The population of the warring countries was over 1.5 billion people, i.e. about 87% of all inhabitants of the Earth. A total of 73.5 million people were put under arms. Over 10 million were killed and 20 million wounded. Civilian casualties from epidemics, famine, cold and other wartime disasters also numbered in the tens of millions.
The First World War opened a new layer of Russia's national history, created the prerequisites for revolution, civil war, the building of socialism, and many decades of separation from Europe.
There are a lot of reasons why the First World War began, but various scholars and various records of those years tell us that the main reason is that at that time Europe was developing very rapidly. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were no territories left in the world that were not captured by the capitalist powers. Germany during this period bypassed all of Europe in terms of industrial production, and since Germany had very few colonies, it sought to capture them. By capturing them, Germany would have new markets. At that time, England and France had very large colonies, so the interests of these countries often clashed.
With its penetration into the Middle East, Germany created a threat to Russia's interests in the Black Sea basin. Austria-Hungary, acting in alliance with Germany, became a serious competitor to tsarist Russia in the struggle for influence in the Balkans.
The aggravation of foreign policy contradictions between the major countries led to the division of the world into two hostile camps and to the formation of two imperialist groupings: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Tripartite Agreement, or Entente (England, France, Russia).
The war between the major European powers was beneficial to the US imperialists, since this struggle created favorable conditions for the further development of American expansion, especially in Latin America and the Far East. American monopolies relied on the maximum benefit from Europe.
The beginning of the war
The immediate cause for the outbreak of hostilities was the assassination in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. The Austrian-Hungarian government, with German approval, issued an ultimatum to Serbia, demanding freedom to interfere in Serbia's internal affairs. Despite the acceptance by Serbia of almost all conditions. Austria-Hungary declared war on July 28. Two days later, the Russian government, in response to the opening of hostilities by Austria-Hungary, announced a general mobilization. Germany used this as a pretext and launched a war against Russia on August 1, and against France on August 3. England declared war on Germany on 4 August. At the end of August, Japan took the side of the Entente, which decided to take advantage of the fact that Germany would be pinned down in the west and seize its colonies in the Far East. On October 30, 1914, Turkey entered the war on the side of the Entente.
In 1914, Italy did not enter the war, declaring its neutrality. She began hostilities in May 1915 on the side of the Entente. In April 1917, the United States entered the war on the side of the Entente.
The hostilities that began in August 1914 unfolded in several theaters and continued until November 1918. According to the nature of the tasks being solved and the military-political results achieved, the First World War is usually divided into five campaigns, each of which includes several operations.
The goals of the powers in the war.
RUSSIA.
It cannot be argued that the officially proclaimed goal - the protection of the Slav brothers in the Balkans, was only a declaration. At the beginning of the 20th century, pan-Slavist sentiments in Russian society were strong and powerful. But the obvious imperialist goal of Russia was the capture of the Black Sea straits.
GERMANY.
After the success of the Franco-Prussian war, Germany increasingly increased its military potential. Its desire to become the No. 1 European power was obvious. Almost entirely, Germany's interests lay in the maximum weakening of France and Great Britain as world powers.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
The "patchwork power", initially unviable, with the help of a victorious war, intended to take control of the south of Europe.
FRANCE.
The bitter lessons of defeat in the Franco-Prussian war demanded revenge. For decades, France has been preparing for a new clash with Germany, increasing military spending and armaments. By 1914, France, objectively, had sufficient potential to resist Germany. She intended to return Alsace and Lorraine, separated from France in 1871 following the war of 1870. At any cost, she sought to preserve her colonies, in particular, North Africa.
Serbia.
The newly formed state (full independence since 1878) sought to establish itself in the Balkans as the leader of the Slavic peoples of the peninsula. She planned to form Yugoslavia, including in it all the Slavs living in the south of Austria-Hungary.
Bulgaria.
She sought to establish herself in the Balkans as the leader of the Slavic peoples of the peninsula (as opposed to Serbia). It sought to return the territories lost during the Second Balkan War, as well as to acquire the territories that the country claimed following the results of the First Balkan War.
Poland.
Having no national state after the divisions of the Commonwealth, the Poles sought to gain independence and unite the Polish lands.
GREAT BRITAIN.
The “Mistress of the Seas” was not at all satisfied with the rapid growth of the German Navy, nor was it satisfied with the penetration of Germany into Africa. And in the first and in the second case - Germany grossly trampled on the interests of Great Britain.
Romania, Turkey and Italy had their own interests and goals, but they were regional in nature and were not commensurate with the goals of the Great Powers.
Military campaign in 1914.
The warring armies deployed in accordance with plans and calculations worked out in advance to concentrate under the protection of covering troops posted on the border and immediately began military operations. Comparing the deployments and immediate tasks of both sides, one has to note the particularly advantageous position of the German army in comparison with the troops of the Entente. The Germans had already won by their deployment a very important flank of the enemy, space and freedom for maneuver. The Entente started the war here in unfavorable conditions, forced to parry the blow and lose the initiative for a long time. In the east, Russia faced clashes with the secondary forces of Germany and with the main forces of Austria-Hungary.
The main theaters of operations in the 1914 campaign were the Western European and Eastern European military theaters. The main events in the Western European military theater in 1914 were the German invasion of Belgium, the Battle of the Border, the Battle of the Marne, the "Run to the Sea", and the Battle of Flanders. The main result of the 1914 campaign in this theater was the transition to a positional form of war.
Actions in the Eastern European military theater in 1914 included the East Prussian operation, the Battle of Galicia, the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation. Also important events of this stage of the First World War were the entry into the war of Turkey and the "cruiser war".
The first and main result of the 1914 campaign was the forced abandonment of the war according to the old models: the struggle was expected to be long, using all the vitality of the state and relying on its very existence. At the same time, there was a desire to increase the number of states participating in the struggle.
In the area of strategy for the 1914 campaign, there was a complete reversal of the ideas that formed the basis of the initial plans of both coalitions. In the field of tactics in the combat use of troops, the campaign of 1914 provided a rich experience, which prompted on both sides its immediate consideration for combat competition in the subsequent development of military events. the 1914 campaign brought forward the need for large improvised formations during the war itself.
As a result of the 1914 campaign, none of the parties achieved their original goals. The German plan to defeat the enemy at lightning speed, first in the West and then in the East, failed.
Who won (for himself).
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria - were defeated. France, Great Britain, Japan, Serbia, USA, Italy emerged victorious from the war. Russia, which did so much for the victory of the allies, was not among the victorious countries. It was torn apart by the fratricidal Civil War.
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"Russia in the First World War" - The war finally acquired a positional (ie protracted) character. He was killed in December 1916 by Dmitry Romanov, Felix Yusupov and Purishkevich. Entente 1907 England, France, Russia, and 30 more countries. Triple Alliance 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary Italy. He came from the peasants of the Tobolsk province.
"Beginning of the First World War" - Causes of the First World War. Military-political alliances on the eve of the war. Great Britain. After. World War I. Flamethrowers in action. August 4, 1914 Britain declares war on Germany. Zelinsky's coal gas mask. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia. German submarine "U-15".
"Post-war system of international treaties" - USA. Agreement between the Entente and Germany. Signing of the first international document. Paris Peace Conference. France. Italy. Post-war system of international treaties. Differences among the victorious powers. Inviolability of island possessions. Washington Peace Conference. Creation of the Communist International.
"World War I 1914-1918" - Schlieffen Plan: Lightning War France Russia. Opening of hostilities in the Black Sea and Transcaucasia. Objectives of the parties. historical inevitability. The result of 1916: the superiority of the forces of the ANTANTE. Side plans. End of the war. Assassination in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand. Stabilization.
"The exploits of the First World War" - The soul is cut in two. Gumilyov Nikolay Stepanovich. Brusilovsky breakthrough. Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich Russian military pilot. Heroes and deeds of the First World War. Kryuchkov Kozma Firsovich. General Alexei Alekseevich Brusilov. Austrian. Cossack Kryuchkov. Tribute.
"Commanders of the First World War" - An outstanding Russian military leader, General Staff General of Infantry. Paul von Hindenburg - German Colonel General. Colonel General Paul von Hindenburg. Ferdinand Foch - French military figure. Hero of the Russo-Japanese and World War I. Russian military leader and military teacher. Outstanding military leaders of the XX century.
In total there are 24 presentations in the topic
Lesson: "Russia in the First World War."
designed for 11th grade students in accordance with the basic principles of the advanced learning methodology.
Lesson Objectives:
ANDstudy the main stages of the First World War, the preparations for the war of the warring parties, pay attention to the chronological framework; to analyze the impact of the First World War on the internal situation of the country, the causes of the crisis of power.Find out the goals of the belligerent powers, the causes, scope and main military operations.
Formation of learning skills (analysis of a historical source, comparison, generalization of historical facts, group work skills);
Formation of information culture of students;
Develop communication skills in group work;
Mastering the skills and abilities of searching, systematizing and analyzing historical information.
To promote the humanistic value orientations of students in relation to wars as a way to resolve conflicts.
To contribute to the development of cognitive skills to correlate historical events with certain periods, locate them on a map, group historical events according to a specified attribute, determine and argue their attitude and assessment of the most significant events in history.
Education of patriotism on the examples of courage and heroism of Russian soldiers
Promote respect for history as a science of the past.
Lesson equipment:
textbook History of Russia (Izmozik V.S., Rudnik S.N.)
Atlas "World History",
wall map "World War I".
Lesson plan:
Reason, causes, nature of the war. Participant goals.
Major military operations in 1914, 1915, 1916
War and Russian society.
Results of the war. War lessons.
Motivational conversation of the teacher about the role of wars in the history of mankind, about the change in their nature in the era of imperialism, the complication of the system of international relations. The teacher sets the objectives of the lesson, ways to achieve them.
Beginning of the First World War. The reason for the start of the war was the assassination on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne, ex-Duke Franz Ferdinand. The Austrian prince captured Bosnia, which was claimed by Serbia. Austria-Hungary, under pressure from Germany, started the war.Murder in Sarajevo (student communication). Students are asked to answer the following questions:
Why did the young man Gavrila Princip deliberately go for the murder of an innocent Austrian heir to the throne and his wife, knowing full well that he would not live either? What guided them?
How did events develop after the assassination in Sarajevo? (work with the reference scheme).
Reasons for the war: 1. Contradictions between European powers; 2. Struggle for spheres of influence. The war immediately acquired a pan-European character and soon turned into a world war. It involved 38 states with a population of over 1.5 billion people. Most of the blame for instigating the war lies with the German-Austrian bloc, which started a big redivision of Europe and the world. She planned to crush France and then Russia, annex the Baltic and Polish provinces of Russia, some French colonies in Africa, and firmly establish herself in Turkey in the Near and Middle East. Austria-Hungary sought to subdue the Balkan states.
Triple Alliance
Entente
What is the surprise and inconsistency of unions?
(Students are invited to recall the history of Russian-English and Russian-French relations in the 19th century during the Russian-Japanese war; Russian-German relations).
Table: The goals of the participants in the First World War.
Powers - the main participants in the war
What union did you belong to?
Goals of going to war
Germany
Triple Alliance
Capture the overseas possessions of Great Britain and France, the western territories of the Russian Empire
Austria-Hungary
Triple Alliance
Establish dominance in the Balkans and seize land in Poland.
Russia
Entente
To achieve control over the Black Sea straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, to strengthen its influence in the Balkans. Implement the imperial idea of restoring the Greek Empire with its capital in Constantinople (Istanbul) headed by one of the Russian Grand Dukes
France
Entente
Return the territories lost as a result of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871: Alsace and Lorraine. Annex the left bank of the Rhine and the Saar from Germany.
England
Entente
Increase your possessions at the expense of territories subject to the Ottoman Empire and Germany.
Ottoman Empire
Triple Alliance
Relying on the help of the allies, take revenge for the failures in the wars with Russia and restore their possessions in the Balkans
Bulgaria
Triple Alliance
Capture part of the territory of Greece, Serbia and Romania.
Japan
Entente
Seeked to oust Germany from China and from the islands of Oceania
Italy
Entente
Expand your territory with Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
The teacher invites the students to get acquainted with the table and conducts a workshop.
Workshop.
Determine which of the countries pursued the listed goals in the war:
1. The capture of colonies and the transformation of Eastern Europe into dependent lands.
2. The defeat of the main competitor - Germany - and the expansion of possessions by
Middle East.
3. Saving the empire "where the sun never sets."
4. Strengthening the monarchical power. Strengthening influence in the Balkans. Expansion of control over the possessions of Russia.
5. Return of Alsace and Lorraine, the capture of the Rhine zone. Fragmentation of enemy territory into several small states.
6.What goals did Russia pursue in the war?
7. Was Russia ready for war?
Consideration of the secondquestion start by using a wall map and an atlas. Students, under the guidance of a teacher, name the countries located in the Balkans, find out which European countries' interests were represented in the Balkans. It is necessary to remind students that Russia refused to participate in the Triple Alliance due to contradictions with Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.
Teacher: How was the news of the war received in Russia? The war was expected, but it came as a complete surprise. There were queues of volunteers in the military registration and enlistment offices. In 1914, there were 80,000 officers in the Russian army. Most of them will die in the first year of the war. In the infantry among the officers, the losses will be up to 96%. Young, cheerful, who could have a future.
The students are given the task: to find on the map the main military operations of 1914-916, to tell about their results using the table:
Table: Main events of the First
World War 1914 - 1918
Periods
Western Front
Eastern front
Result
1914
The offensive of the German troops through Belgium. Battle of the Marne. German troops are stopped and thrown back from Paris. Naval blockade of Germany by the English fleet
The unsuccessful offensive of two Russian armies (Generals P.K. Renenkampf and A.V. Samsonov) in East Prussia. The offensive of Russian troops in Galicia against Austria-Hungary.
The East Prussian operation of the Russian troops helped the French and British survive the battle on the Marne River. The "Schliefen Plan" failed, Germany could not avoid a war on two fronts. The Ottoman Empire was joined by Germany and Austria-Hungary.
1915
There were almost no active military operations. Ruthless submarine war of Germany against the fleet of the Entente. The first ever chemical attack by German troops on Ypres (Belgium).
The offensive of Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russian troops. The Russian army with heavy losses is forced to retreat. Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. Bulgaria took the side of Germany (the Central Powers).
Germany and its allies failed to liquidate the Eastern Front. Positional ("trench") warfare. France and England have strengthened their military potential. There has been a military-economic advantage of the Entente countries.
1916
The offensive of the German army along Verdun. The first use of tanks by the Entente troops and the offensive on the Somme.
The Russian army under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia and Bukovina ("Brusilov breakthrough"). However, it was not possible to build on the success of the Russian army.
The battles at Verdun and the Somme did not give a decisive advantage to either side. It became clear that Germany could not win the war, Austria-Hungary was on the verge of complete defeat.
1917
In the battles on the fields of France, neither the Central Powers nor the Entente managed to achieve a decisive victory. US entry into the war on the side of the Entente.
Revolution in February-March 1917. in Russia. Fall of the monarchy. Provisional government - "War to the bitter end!" Decree on peace of the Bolshevik government. The call to conclude peace without annexation and indemnity is not supported by either Germany or the Entente.
Huge losses forced the Anglo-French command to stop major offensive operations. The entry into the war of the United States led to the economic and military superiority of the Entente. Revolutionary Russia, exhausted by the war, could not continue the struggle.
1918
The offensive of the German troops in France (P. Hindenburg, E. Ludendorff) to Paris. On the Marne, the counteroffensive of the Entente troops under the command of the French General F. Foch. US President W. Wilson proposed a 14-point peace plan. The uprising of sailors in Kiel was the beginning of the German revolution. The Social Democratic government concluded an armistice with the Entente in the Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918.
In March 1918, the Bolshevik government concluded a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
The Eastern Front ceased to exist. Germany got rid of the need to fight on two fronts. Bulgaria withdrew from the war. The Ottoman Empire surrendered. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary led to the collapse of Austria-Hungary and its military collapse. End of the First World War. The victory of the Entente countries.
Message about the Brusilov breakthrough.
Analyze and answer the question: were the most intense battles on the Western or Eastern Front?
How would you assess the interaction of allies in military-political blocs?
What is "positional warfare"?
1. What methods of warfare are documented?
2. Which methods are traditional and which are new?
The study of the third question begins with the fact that the country was swept by a wave of Germanophobia.
There is an explosion of patriotism. The war gave birth to "refugee". From the middle of 1915, the revolutionary movement, anti-war actions in the army (fraternization, desertion, etc.), a powerful upsurge of the strike movement, grew. By the beginning of 1917, a nationwide crisis was brewing in the country.
Work with the source “From the conversation of the English military representative in Russia, General A. Knox, with Quartermaster General P.P. Lebedev October 1, 1915.
The teacher poses a question to the students: “Whose side do you take on this issue? Argument your point of view.
Results.
In 1917, Russian troops are defeated on the fronts of the world war in the conditions of revolution. In March 1918, Soviet Russia concludes a separate peace with Germany - the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on predatory terms: Russia lost the Baltic states, part of Belarus and Transcaucasia. Payment of indemnity by Russia, loss of the fleet, etc.
In November 1918 - the defeat of Germany and its allies from the Entente.
house assignment
11, make a chronological table "The main events of the First World War."