What is the name of the primitive caveman. Who are the cavemen? Garni and cave monastery Geghard

Thousands of years ago, people did not know how to build houses and therefore lived in stone caves. However, it should be noted that the very first inhabitants of the caves did not even look like us. Modern scientists call these creatures Neanderthals. In 1856, the remains of several people were excavated in a limestone cave located in the Neander River Valley in Germany. So for the first time the skeletons of primitive people were discovered, preserved entirely due to the fact that the ancient inhabitants of the caves buried their dead. As you might guess, they were called Neanderthals in honor of the Neanderthal area, where their remains were found.

According to scientists, Neanderthals lived for about 70,000 years in Central Asia, the Middle East and many regions of Europe. They appeared on Earth about 100,000 years ago.

What did a typical Neanderthal look like? He was a strong, stocky man. His face was very different from the face of a modern person: flat cheekbones, a heavy, far protruding jaw, a low forehead and an almost absent chin - such is the portrait of a normal Neanderthal. It is possible that early Neanderthals lived outdoors during the warming period between ice ages. However, after a new cold snap, they moved under the arches of the caves and learned to fight the cold.

Many hearths found in caves prove that these people used fire to keep them warm and protect them from predators. It is also very likely that they cooked food on it.

Neanderthals knew how to make not only hand axes, but also flint tools. The latter were wide fragments of stones with well-honed edges. Some of them were in the form of irregular triangles and, apparently, were used as knives for skinning and cutting the meat of slaughtered animals. It is possible that Neanderthal hunters also had wooden spears pointed at the end.

And, finally, one very interesting detail about the Neanderthals: their brains were larger than the brains of modern humans!

At the end of the ice age, the Cro-Magnons - the descendants of the Neanderthals, whose appearance was already much more similar to the appearance of modern people - began to move to Europe. They are so named only because the remains of these cave dwellers were found in the town of Cro-Magnon in southern France. Also interesting is the fact that experts who studied the remains, the skeletons of these cave dwellers, found that they were quite civilized and intelligent people. If they lived today, they could become scientists, statesmen or businessmen.

These people lived in turbulent times, surrounded by wild animals and other dangers. But despite this, they found time to make beautiful drawings on the walls of the caves. These drawings have survived to our time, are well preserved and delight us with their beauty and skillful technique.

These people had a well-developed social life. They lived in families. But since they began to hunt in groups, they had to unite in tribes. They believed in the afterlife: that the dead could be resurrected and reborn in the other world.

Gradually they created more advanced stone tools and new weapons. They learned how to carve a spear and a harpoon from horn and bone. They also invented arrows for guns. Women learned how to process skins and sew clothes from them with bone needles. As we can see, these people had intelligence and reached a high stage of development.

The name "cave people" or troglodytes is usually given to: 1) people or peoples who use caves for living, 2) or those whose cultural remains are found in caves, 3) or, finally, those who were buried there, intentionally or accidentally. Most often, the name P. man is used in relation to those people whose remains are found in the oldest deposits of caves, in layers belonging to the Paleolithic era. Few such remains are known to date. The most remarkable are those found in the Noletskaya cave (Trou de la Nauletie) in Belgium, in the Shipka cave, in Moravia (in both cases - fragments of the lower jaws), in the Neanderthal cave (see) near Dusseldorf, in the Spy grotto, in the province of Namur (Belgium). They indicate the existence of a race of short stature, with an underdeveloped skull, a receding forehead and chin, prominent brow ridges, and a savage hunting culture reminiscent of modern Eskimo. Some believe, based on the finds of human skeletons in the caves of Truchère Furfooz in Belgium, that by the end of the Paleolithic era another type of person appeared, with a wider skull (brachycephals); but most researchers attribute the appearance of this type to the beginning of the Neolithic era. Dolichocephaly, however, continued to predominate in this era, as evidenced by human remains from many deposits in the caves of France, England, Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Russia; but in Germany, in the Neolithic caves of Belgium, in the tombs of the Stone Age of Prussia and Denmark, in places a rather significant percentage of brachycephals is found, which at the end of the Neolithic era, in the era of dolmens, begin to occur more and more often also in France and Switzerland. In general, it is impossible to associate the idea of ​​a human being with the idea of ​​a certain definite physical type and a certain stage of culture. Caves served as dwellings and burial places in the most diverse eras and among the most diverse peoples, who were at very different levels of culture - from the Paleolithic to the modern.

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• - an extinct predatory mammal of the family. feline. Lived in the 2nd floor. Pleistocene - early. Holocene, in Europe and North. Asia. The size of a large lion or tiger. He lived not in caves, but on the plains and in the foothills...

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• - a species of bear that lived at the beginning of the modern geological era and at the end of the previous one, and whose remains are found mainly in caves, which explains the name given to this species and the cave hyena - Hyaena ...

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• - an extinct predatory mammal of the cat family ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - an extinct predatory mammal of the cat family. Lived in the 2nd floor. Pleistocene - early Holocene, in Europe and North. Asia. The size of a large lion or tiger. He lived not in caves, but on the plains and in the foothills...
• - an extinct carnivorous mammal. Lived in the Pleistocene, in Eurasia. In terms of body structure, it is close to the brown bear, but much larger. Lived in caves...

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From Greek. τρωγλοδύτης ) - since antiquity the name of wild people who lived in caves. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the term was especially applied to people who lived during the last ice age, whose remains were found in the oldest cave deposits, in layers dating back to the Paleolithic era. In colloquial speech, it is used in relation to uncultured and ignorant people.

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In popular culture

The image of the "caveman" has become widespread in popular culture, sometimes it is placed in the era of dinosaurs, such as in the cartoon The Flintstones, which is fiction.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Caveman

With regard to the amusement of the people and the troops with theaters, the matter did not succeed in the same way. The theaters established in the Kremlin and in Poznyakov's house immediately closed because actresses and actors were robbed.
Charity and that did not bring the desired results. False banknotes and non-false ones filled Moscow and had no price. For the French, who collected booty, they needed only gold. Not only did the counterfeit banknotes that Napoleon so graciously distributed to the unfortunate have no value, but silver was given below its value for gold.
But the most striking manifestation of the invalidity of the higher orders at that time was Napoleon's effort to stop the robberies and restore discipline.
That's what the ranks of the army reported.
“Robbery continues in the city despite orders to stop it. Order has not yet been restored, and there is not a single merchant who conducts trade in a lawful manner. Only marketers allow themselves to sell, and even then stolen things.
"La partie de mon arrondissement continue a etre en proie au pillage des soldats du 3 corps, qui, non contents d"arracher aux malheureux refugies dans des souterrains le peu qui leur reste, ont meme la ferocite de les blesser a coups de sabre, comme j "en ai vu plusieurs exemples".
“Rien de nouveau outre que les soldats se permettent de voler et de piller. Le 9 October.

Where the caveman ruled. It lasted many hundreds of thousands of years, in contrast to the second, which is several thousand years at most.

The first people on the planet

It was the cavemen who, thanks to their work, eventually turned into modern man. At the same time, culture arose. At that time the communities were small. Their organization was the most primitive. As is life. Therefore, sometimes that period is called primitive. Initially, cave people were engaged in gathering and hunting, making stone tools for these purposes. In such communities, equality of rights and obligations prevailed, and there was no class discrimination. Relationships were built on the basis

According to scientists, the caveman appeared about 2.5 million years ago as a result of the evolution of Australopithecus. The main difference is the beginning of stone processing and the creation of primitive tools from it. With such tools, cavemen cut branches, butchered carcasses after hunting, split bones, and dug up roots from the ground. According to the classification of such people, it is customary to call a skillful person. Their abilities were limited to movement on their feet and the ability to hold a stone and a stick, minimal logical actions to make simple tools for hunting. The groups were small.

Pithecanthropus

About one million years ago, the Pithecanthropus, the ape-man, appeared. His brain size was much larger than that of his. Accordingly, he was able to make more complex tools. For example, scrapers, cutters of the correct geometric shape. However, the functions of tools remained the same: to dig, plan, hunt and butcher the results of the hunt. The beginning of the Ice Age significantly influenced the life and adaptation to natural disasters of cavemen. Man has adapted to life in many climatic zones and zones, and scientists find traces of Pithecanthropus in areas of Europe, Northern China and Africa. These signs say that the geography of habitat has expanded significantly. The emergence of land zones contributed to migration due to the lowering of the level of the World Ocean.

How cavemen used to live

Pithecanthropes often arranged their housing near water sources. The caveman already then understood that water sources are the habitat of animals and, therefore, a source of food. A significant number of dangers forced people to gather in large groups for security, as well as to facilitate hunting.

The life of a caveman. Neanderthal

The Neanderthal man appeared 250 thousand years ago. Homo sapiens evolved from Pithecanthropus as a result of the influence of the environment and the development of labor skills. This stage of human development was named after the valley in which its remains were first found. Outwardly, he already had a great resemblance to modern man. A low forehead, a rough physique, a sloping chin - these are the main distinguishing features that this caveman stood out for. The photographs, modeled on the remains, give an idea of ​​the strength and power that these creatures possessed.

Neanderthals massively populated areas such as the south of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The main dwellings were caves. Often the cave had to be beaten off from the bears who came there for hibernation. The power of the cavemen is also evidenced by the fact that they were able to kill these large animals, the length of which sometimes reached three meters. Mass remains of bear bones have been found in caves in many European countries, such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland and others.

Mental development of a caveman

Since the mental abilities of the Neanderthals were higher than those of the Pithecanthropes, the tools of labor were significantly improved. The quality of performance has improved significantly. Also, the form has become more correct and varied. The technology of processing stone material has accelerated. The main achievement of the Neanderthals was the ability to make fire.

The high level of mental development of cave people is evidenced by the fact that the tools found in different parts of the world differed from each other. That is, their development took place independently in different regions. As scientists suggest, during the same period, racial differences of people also appear. The physical data of ancient people are also changing, which directly depend on the region of their habitat.

The cultural level of the cavemen also increased. In groups, relationships become stronger. There is an understanding of generational change. And, consequently, Neanderthals begin to bury the dead with the help of primitive rites. Often burials were carried out in caves. The people of that time had a separate attitude towards skulls. Their burials were carried out in special pits, probably due to some beliefs or everyday customs.

Unlike Pithecanthropes, Homo sapiens did not abandon the sick and the destitute. Probably, people of that time already obtained food much more than was necessary for survival. Consequently, it became possible to support dependents.

Rites

Found artifacts of that time say that Neanderthals performed some kind of rituals. So, in several caves were found arranged in a certain order. Such an installation is very reminiscent of an altar for religious ceremonies.