The first museum was founded c. On this day, the first museum in Russia, the Cabinet of Curiosities, was founded. Moving the collection of curiosities

The first Russian public museum - the Kunstkamera (now the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography named after Peter the Great) - was opened in St. Petersburg in 1719 in the Kikin Chambers - the house of the disgraced boyar Alexander Kikin, not far from the Smolny Cathedral.

The collection was based on the personal collections of Peter I and collections on anatomy and zoology. The main source of new collections was the famous "academic expeditions" of the first half of the 18th century and the purchase of "rarities" in various European countries by order of Peter I. In the early years, the Kunstkamera also had "live" exhibits - monsters, dwarfs, giants.

According to the decree of Peter I, the museum was free for visitors. Peter believed that "hunters should be taught and treated, and not take money from them." With funds specially allocated by the tsar, the Kunstkamera offered visitors "coffee and zuckerbrods", snacks and Hungarian wine. Visitors were greeted by a "sub-librarian" or other attendant, who was led around the rooms and pointed out the rarities with a brief explanation.

Since 1721, the collection of the Kunstkamera has replenished with paintings.

Since 1724, the Academy of Sciences was established in St. Petersburg, and the Kunstkamera turned into a scientific institution. In 1718-1734 a new building was built for the Kunstkamera, where in 1728 some of the collections were transferred.

In the 1820-1830s, academic museums were created on the basis of the Kunstkamera: Ethnographic, Asian, Egyptian, Anatomical, Zoological, Botanical, Mineralogical Museums and the Cabinet of Peter I. They were located in two neighboring buildings on the Neva embankment, including Ethnographic, Asian , Egyptian museums and the Cabinet of Peter I - in the building of the Kunstkamera.

In 1703, by order of Peter I, the Zeikhgauz was founded - a place of storage of "memorable and curious" artillery pieces, which in 1756 was transformed into a Memorial Hall (now the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps). According to a special decree, the most valuable and interesting specimens of artillery pieces, and later other types of weapons, uniforms, banners, were delivered to the Zeikhgauz from all over Russia.

The museum life of the collection began in 1868, when part of the Kronverk building in the lower and mezzanine floors of the east wing was assigned to accommodate military history collections.

In 1709, Peter I created the "Model-camora" at the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg - a repository of shipbuilding models and drawings, the collections of which were later transferred to the Maritime Museum, which opened in 1805 (now - the Central Naval Museum). The entire history of the Russian fleet is presented in the exposition and collection of the museum. In 1908 the museum was named after its founder, Emperor Peter the Great. Initially, the museum was located in the building of the Main Admiralty, and in 1939 it moved to the building of the former Stock Exchange.

In 1773, the Mining Museum was formed at the Mining Corps in St. Petersburg - the custodian of unique collections of minerals, ores, rocks, paleontological remains, collections of models and models on the history of mining and mining equipment, edged weapons, stone-cutting and jewelry art.

In 1791, the Cabinet of Natural History was established at Moscow University (now the Zoological Museum of Moscow University), all of whose collections, except for part of the corals and mollusk shells, perished in the Moscow fire of 1812. At present, its scientific collections include more than 4.5 million items - extensive collections of beetles, mammals and birds.

In 1806, by decree of Emperor Alexander I, the Armory Chamber was transformed into a public museum - one of the earliest art and historical museums in Russia. The armory, as a repository of hereditary treasures of the royal court, has been mentioned since the second half of the 16th century. Regalia, weapons, palace household items, gifts from foreign ambassadors were collected here. In 1726, the Armory was merged with the Treasury and the Stable Treasury, the Workshop and other chambers and became known as the Workshop and the Armory.

Back in 1718, Peter I ordered to arrange a display of royal clothes and other relics in the Workshop Chamber, but due to a fire (1737), the collection was transferred to the empty premises of the Kremlin.

After the transformation of the Armory into a public museum, in 1806-1809 the first special museum building in Moscow designed by the architect Egotov was built for it on Senate Square in the Kremlin. During the war with Napoleon, the collection was taken to Nizhny Novgorod. In the summer of 1813, the exhibits were safely returned to Moscow. The first exposition of the museum was opened in 1814, when it was headed by one of the most famous and influential nobles of his time, Prince Nikolai Yusupov.

In 1851, according to the project of the architect Konstantin Ton, a new building of the Armory was built, in which it is still located.

In 1831, in the palace of Nikolai Rumyantsev, according to his will, a public museum (Rumyantsev Museum) was opened on the English Embankment in St. Petersburg, where collections of historical and artistic values ​​​​of the chancellor were presented: handwritten and printed books of the 12th-19th centuries, paintings, graphics , arts and crafts and numismatics, as well as minerals and an archaeological and ethnographic collection. On Mondays, the museum was open to everyone, on other days - to scientists.

In 1861, the Rumyantsev Museum moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow to the Pashkov House. In Moscow, a "department of fine arts" was organized in the museum, which was initiated by the gift of Alexander II - the painting by Alexander Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People". In 1862, the Rumyantsev Museum received 201 paintings from the Hermitage, then other collections joined. By 1867, the "department of fine arts" consisted of an art gallery, an engravings cabinet, an antiquities cabinet, and a sculpture department.

After the reorganization of 1924, the Library named after V.I. Lenin (now the Russian State Library), the rest of the collections went to different museums and archives of the country. After the liquidation of the museum, the funds were distributed between the Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin and the Museum of the Peoples of the USSR (later - the Leningrad Ethnographic Museum).

In 1852, the Hermitage opened its doors to the public - one of the largest art museums in the world, founded in 1764 as a private collection of Catherine II.

The beginning of the museum's collection was laid by Catherine II with the acquisition of 255 paintings by world masters. Most of the works were placed in separate rooms of the Winter Palace, which were given the French name "Hermitage" - the definition of privacy. Subsequently, Catherine, and later other rulers, continued to acquire works by famous masters.

In 1839-1852, by order of Nicholas I, the New Hermitage was built - the first building in Russia created specifically for the museum.
Today, the Hermitage collections are located in the Winter Palace (1754-1762), the Small Hermitage (1764-1767), the Old Hermitage (1771-1787), the Hermitage Theater (1783-1787) and the New Hermitage, as well as in the Menshikov Palace and the General Staff Building.

The State Hermitage has over 2.7 million exhibits and displays art and artifacts from around the world and throughout history - from ancient Egypt to early 20th century Europe. Here you can see priceless works by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian, unique collections of Rembrandt and Rubens, works by Renoir, Cezanne, Manet, Monet and Pizarro, paintings by Van Gogh, Matisse, Gauguin and sculptures by Rodin.

From the end of the 18th century, local history museums began to appear in provincial cities - in Irkutsk (1783, now the Irkutsk Regional Museum of Local Lore), Orenburg (1831, now the Orenburg Regional Museum of Local Lore), Astrakhan (1836, now the Astrakhan Museum of Local Lore) and other cities of Russia.

In 1834, the first public Geological Museum in Russia was established in Yekaterinburg on the initiative of the Mining Society. Its organizers sought to show the geological uniqueness of the Ural Mountains and thereby promote the development of the mining industry in Russia. The new museum immediately aroused great interest, both among specialists and ordinary visitors, and by the end of 1836 it had become one of the largest mineralogical collections in the world.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources.

The history of museums goes back to ancient times. The forerunners of museums appeared when society reached the stage of development at which objects are stored not only for economic reasons, but as documentary evidence, as not material, but aesthetic values.

The forerunners of modern museums were the storage of relics in temples. They appeared in ancient Greece. They kept works of art and religious objects. These were places for contemplation, knowledge of the surrounding world, meditation and philosophical reflection. Ancient philosophers, poets, musicians and artists gathered here to compete in their skills.

Museums existed not only in temples and sanctuaries, but also in the homes of eminent aristocrats, where for centuries, from generation to generation, objects of art, expensive household items and gifts brought by subjects to confirm their loyalty were accumulated. In the Acropolis in Athens, in the Temple of Delphi, in Olympia, in Cyrene, the number of statues, vases, fabrics, jewelry has grown so much that they no longer fit in the temples and additional premises were built for their storage, which later became known as museums. Museum science. Museums of the world / Sat. scientific works. - M., 1991. - p. 65

In the 15th century, museums arose in connection with the great geographical discoveries, with the development of science and industry, with the need to preserve historical and cultural values. Museum exhibits were samples of flora and fauna, minerals, geodetic and astronomical instruments.

The first museums in Russia appeared in the era of Peter I (1696-1725). The emperor founded the famous "Kunstkamera" in St. Petersburg. Its difference was indicated immediately - orientation to Western culture.

The first mention of the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin dates back to the 16th century. Catherine II played an important role in the creation of art museums. She acquired collections of classical paintings in Western Europe and established the Hermitage, which became a public museum.

In the first quarter of the 18th century, Russia victoriously participated in the Northern War in Europe. War trophies formed the basis of many private and public museums.

How many things, once widely used, have gone out of our everyday life and turned into a rarity, a rarity. It is rare things that are collected, stored and displayed in a wide variety of museums located in the capital, regional and district cities, towns, sometimes even in small villages.

Museums are historical, art, agricultural, natural science, art history, technical, literary, memorial, complex, local history, etc.

Each museum exhibit has its own "legend", which is reflected in the scientific description card. It describes the origin of the object, its movement, being in collections, at exhibitions, the time of manufacture, places of existence, methods and conditions of use.

An appeal to Russian museum practice allows us to understand how the attitude towards especially valuable objects of cultural heritage developed, since the history of museum business is the history of awareness of the fact that cultural heritage belongs to a given society.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the concept of especially valuable museum objects (OTsMO) did not exist. In the process of understanding the cultural value of objects, their belonging to the cultural heritage, several historical stages can be distinguished. The first of them is connected with highlighting the special value of works of art and historical relics on religious and mystical grounds and placing them in churches, cathedrals, monasteries and their sacristies. Other grounds for the selection of objects were their material value, belonging to the princely, then royal household. Princely treasuries existed in Kyiv, Suzdal, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov. In the XIV-XV centuries. The Moscow Kremlin becomes the main treasury. It was based on symbols of power: Monomakh's cap, orb, scepter, expensive weapons, gifts, etc. The collected things were supposed to stun subjects and foreign ambassadors. Inspection of these things became part of the ritual of the Moscow court. Special premises were built for the treasury, the evacuation of the most valuable items was envisaged. So, in 1572, during the Tatar raid, things were taken to Novgorod on 450 sledges. In 1605-1612. The Moscow Kremlin and its treasury were plundered by the Poles, but later restored by the Romanovs. Ovsyannikova S.A. Art museums of St. Petersburg and Moscow in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries (the Hermitage, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum) // Questions of the History of Museum Affairs in the USSR. - M., 1962. - P.7

At the next stage, museum institutions appear. The first museums in Russia appeared on the initiative of Peter I and Catherine II. And in the future, the state, the imperial house, the government created or financially supported undertakings that were most valuable in terms of science, art, and prestige. The development of the exact sciences, natural history leads to the emergence of scientific collections and museums. The criterion of scientific significance is firmly fixed in the assessment of the value of objects and objects. Significant collections of works of art and the first art museums (the Hermitage) arise, but the emerging museums were based on collections of a closed nature, intended for a narrow circle of people.

A new stage of museum construction, reflecting changes in public consciousness in relation to cultural heritage, began in Russia (as well as in Europe) in the 19th century. under the influence of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment, which proclaimed the public ownership of museums. A new type of museum collection is emerging, the value of which is determined not so much by scientific and artistic value, but by moral and symbolic value, as an expression of the commonality and power of human culture. Public museums are created, the owners of private collections transfer them to public use.

In Russia, this manifested itself especially clearly in the post-reform period, characterized by the development of the economy, the deepening of the process of national self-awareness, the democratization of society and the activities of the public with its ideals of enlightenment. The number of museums, their profile diversity has grown, which reflected the spread of the concept of cultural heritage to an ever wider range of objects, including works of contemporary art, memorial values ​​(museums of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov), ​​etc. A special role in these processes played already existing museums, deployed active educational work; museum and public figures, collectors, who constantly expanded the concept of the value of cultural objects and contributed to the formation of a broader and deeper understanding of cultural heritage in society. The activities of P.M. Tretyakov, the Shchukins, the Morozovs, N.M. Martyanov, V.I. Goshkevich and many other founders of new Russian museums allow us to speak of the wide scope and effectiveness of their efforts. Kalugina T.P. Art Museum as a Cultural Phenomenon. - SPb.: OOO Publishing house Petropolis, 2001. - p. 106

The realization that the monuments of art and antiquity, stored in museums and constituting the property of the whole people, require state care and protection, occurred in Russia around the beginning of the 20th century. This provision applied to all museums, regardless of departmental subordination, especially to the richest museums of the palace department, whose treasures were originally the property of the royal family. But in relation to other museums, the state pursued a policy of protectionism, allocated material resources to them, replenished their budget, albeit in an insufficient amount. The criteria for evaluating museum collections that had been established by that time (scientific significance, value of objects from the point of view of art, antiquity, memorial belonging, the possibility of using them for educational purposes, ideological impact on the visitor, etc.) were determined by expert assessments of specialists working in the museum business.

The first Moscow institutions of a museum nature, which kept mainly relics and rarities, are the sacristies of monasteries and churches and the Armory, which already in the 17th century. had a kind of exhibition hall.

Since the 18th century private collections became widespread (“Museum of the Three Kingdoms of Nature” by P.G. Demidov, Russian Museum of P.F. Karabanov, collections of A.I. Musin-Pushkin, F.A. Tolstoy, M.P. Pogodin, etc.) and "natural classrooms" of educational institutions (the first at Moscow University: the Mineral Cabinet, 1759; the Cabinet of Natural History, which later became the Zoological Museum, 1791).

In the 30-50s. 19th century the first projects of public museums appeared (Z.A. Volkonskaya, A.A. Dobrovolsky, E.D. Tyurin), many museums acquired the status of public ones (the Armory in 1858). In 1862, the public Rumyantsev Museum was transferred from St. Petersburg (it was housed in the Pashkov house)

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, a number of all-Russian exhibitions were held in Moscow, the exhibits of which served as the basis for the creation of a number of museums: the Polytechnic and Historical Museums (Polytechnic Exhibition, 1872), the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow University (Anthropological Exhibition, 1879), the Commercial and Industrial Museum of Handicrafts ( Artistic and industrial exhibition, 1882; now the Museum of Folk Art).

Many owners transferred their collections to public museums (P.I. Shchukin in 1905 - to the Historical Museum), the city (P.M. Tretyakov, who laid the foundation for the Tretyakov Gallery, in 1892; I.E. Tsvetkov in 1909)

By 1914 there were over 40 museums in Moscow. Many of them carried out significant scientific and educational activities, organized traveling exhibitions, folk readings, public lectures, literary and musical evenings. Some museums were free for certain categories of visitors (the Tretyakov Gallery - for everyone).

Who knows who opened the first museum in Russia? Tsar Peter I was the first to come to the understanding of the museum as a social institution, designed not only to preserve the memory of cultural values, but also to educate people. things that in German were called "Kunstkammers". Curious and greedy for novelties, the young king began to buy individual items of historical and cultural value, as well as entire collections. He sent the acquired valuables home, and they formed the basis of his personal collection (the Sovereign's Cabinet). Which museum was the first in Russia? The history of its creation and development will be told to the reader in the article.

Foundation of the Kunstkamera

Returning to Russia, Peter I did not forget about his idea to organize an office of rarities. Initially, exhibits taken from the countries where he visited, as well as books, were located in the so-called Sovereign's Cabinet. When transferring the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, which was under construction, one of the first orders of Peter I was to transport the rarities and libraries collected by the tsar. They were placed in the first royal residence - the Summer Palace. The first museum in Russia was called in the European manner - the Kunstkamera (room of rarities). This event took place in 1714. This is the officially recognized date of foundation of the first museum in the history of Russia.

Moving the collection of curiosities

The number of collected items turned out to be so large that it was impossible to organize them and organize proper care. Therefore, it was decided to adapt the confiscated vast chambers of the disgraced nobleman Kikin to the Kunstkamera and the library. After the transfer of the collections in 1718 to the Kikiny Chambers, by order of Peter I, they became open to the public for free. Giving state importance to the collection of old and unusual things, the king primarily pursued educational goals.

The first expositions in the Kunstkamera

Initially, three departments were organized in a two-story building:

1. natural rarities.
2. Numismatic (coin) office.
3. Library with a large collection of ancient manuscripts.

In addition, there were live exhibits. For example, the ugly little Thomas (126 cm) had only two fingers on his hands and feet, resembling cancer claws.

Formation of meetings

The first receipts were of foreign origin. After the tsar signed a decree in 1718 obliging him to send everything “green, old and unusual” to the first museum in Russia, the Kunstkamera, the number of exhibits increased dramatically. The establishment of the first Russian museum coincided with the organization of an expedition to search for minerals in the east of the country, on the shores of the Baltic, Azov, and Caspian Seas. As a result of excavations near Astrakhan, gold and silver sacrificial utensils of pagan times were found, they were sent to the Kunstkamera. Of great importance for replenishing the exposition were the findings of the expedition of the German botanist, physician Messerschmidt, who was sent by Peter I to Siberia. Significant materials on ethnography, fine arts, and writing of the peoples of the East, collected by Messerschmidt, significantly expanded the collection of the Kunstkamera.

In the section of natural rarities, preparations from the anatomical collection of the Dutchman Ruysch, which the tsar acquired in 1698, are exhibited. Artifacts made of ivory, a large amount of amber, and archaeological finds are exhibited interspersed with representatives of the animal and plant worlds. Coins and medals are exhibited in the munz-cabinet. Physician Areskin was appointed chief superintendent of the collection, while Johann Schumacher acted as librarian and superintendent of "rarities and naturals".

Construction of a new task

Like all undertakings carried out by the tsar on a state scale, the very first museum established in Russia began to grow very quickly. A new building was needed to house the collections, which had become cramped in the Kikin Chambers. It was planned to build it on the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island, where the center of the future capital was to be located. According to the royal plan, next to the Academy, the library was to house the state museum. The choice of the construction site was indicated by nature itself. According to legend, Peter the Great, walking along Vasilievsky Island, saw an unusual tree in which a branch that had grown into the trunk formed the arch of a barn castle. Amazed by the monster tree, he ordered to cut it down, and on this site to build the building of the Kunstkamera, in which this piece of wood became an exhibit.

Building Description

The construction of the first public museum in Russia began in 1718 and continued until 1734. In different periods, the construction was led by Mattarnovi, Gerbel, and Mikhail Zemtsov completed the work. The construction of the Kunstkamera was personally controlled by the tsar, but, unfortunately, due to his death (1725), he was never able to see his offspring in finished form. Two three-story buildings are connected by a multi-tiered tower, decorated with a complex dome. For the construction, bricks ordered from abroad were used. In a magnificent baroque building, museum expositions occupied the east wing, and the institutions of the Academy of Sciences were located in the west. The central part of the building is occupied by the Anatomical Theatre. An observatory was set up in the tower, and the Gottorp Globe is kept there.

Exhibitions in the new building

The building, 100 meters long and 15 meters wide, was the city's first monumental masterpiece. The rapid flow of exhibits into the new building continued, they quickly filled the room. The systematization of previously randomly placed rarities was taken up by the first academicians of the established Academy of Science. The increased staff of the museum staff did a great job of dividing the exhibits into groups placed in separate rooms. The imperial office, which occupied two rooms, contained the personal belongings of the emperor, there was also a wax figure of Peter I, made by the father of the famous architect Rastrelli, Bartolomeo Rastrelli. In addition to the Münz Cabinet and the Library, a Kunst Cabinet, Imperial and Physics Cabinets, and nature laboratories were established. The created unique collection of natural history and ethnography, according to many foreigners who visited the Kunstkamera in the thirties of the XVIII century, had no equal in Europe.

Fire of 1747

A huge fire that arose due to malfunctions of stoves and chimneys destroyed a significant part of the ethnographic collections and the library fund. The fire also burned down such a unique exhibit as the Gottorp Globe, located in the tower. Lists of ethnographic collections destroyed in the fire by the Academy of Sciences were sent to the Russian provinces. The accompanying letters contained a request to restore, if possible, the exhibits that had died in the fire. By order of Empress Elizabeth, significant funds were allocated for the restoration of the premises and the lost collections. What was saved was temporarily housed in Demidov's house. The Kunstkamera was reopened for visits almost twenty years after the fire - in 1766. However, the dome of the tower remained unrestored for a long time, which was restored much later.

Development of the museum in the 18th century

The eighteenth century entered the history of Russia as a time of great expeditions. Scientists during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions (1733-1743), physical expeditions (from 1768 to 1774) collected a huge amount of ethnographic, archaeological materials, samples in the field of botany, zoology, geography. Museum workers of the Kunstkamera were engaged in the processing and systematization of materials. After the acquisition of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska by Russia, government decrees were sent to fishers requiring the collection of information about natural resources. Fishers were obliged to make descriptions of the customs of the indigenous peoples. The first Russian museum was enriched with valuable materials during marine scientific expeditions, geological surveys organized by the Russian-American Company.

Academic Library

Back in the Kikin Chambers, the book collection included thousands of volumes written in the Old Slavonic language, as well as works by Latin, Greek, German and French authors. The beginning of the library collection was laid by the emperor himself, who was a passionate collector of books. His personal library consisted of two thousand volumes, which was a rarity in those days. Usually large collections of books were at churches and monasteries, and in private collections their number did not exceed a hundred copies. In the personal library of the emperor there were books that he inherited, donated by foreign and Russian authors, brought from abroad on maritime, military affairs, shipbuilding and other areas.

Books on medicine, anatomy, pharmacology, as well as works on chemistry, botany, mineralogy, geography, architecture, stored in the Pharmacy Order, were transported from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The source of replenishment of the library of the Kunstkamera was the decree of Peter I on the delivery of handwritten and printed books, ancient charters from monasteries. Books of dead or executed people who fell out of favor with the nobles during the confiscation of property were also sent to the museum library. By 1725, the collection of books amounted to 11 thousand volumes.

Further development of the museum

With the accumulation of materials and the development of science, a chemical laboratory, a botanical garden, and an observatory spun off from the Kunstkamera. Everything that was connected with artistic crafts and art was allocated to the Academy of Arts, created in 1764. The 19th century brought great changes to the Kunstkamera, when a number of museums were created on the basis of scientific collections: Mineralogical, Zoological, Botanical, Ethnographic, Anatomical Cabinet. Separated in 1836, the Ethnographic Museum, which later became known as the Museum of Astronomy and Ethnography, inherited the old building of the Kunstkamera. Now it bears the name of its founder - Peter the Great.

There are a huge number of museums in the world today. Among them, there is a significant number of industry-specific, for example, art museums, among which there are many museums of world significance. These are: the Louvre, partly the British Museum, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, the Dresden Gallery, these are famous museum complexes, museums-reserves, incl. ethnographic and natural (Yellowstone and Kenya national parks, Kizhi, Valaam, Khokhlovka, Ipatiy, Zagorsky Reserve (Trinity-Sergius Lavra), Kiev-Pechersk ensemble. This also includes museum cities (Khiva, Suzdal, etc.), monuments " Golden Ring” in the Russian Federation, the Kirillo-Belozersky Ensemble, etc., including estate museums (Melikhovo, Yasnaya Polyana, Karabikha, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, Krasny Rog, Ovstug, Abramtsevo, Tarkhany, Pyatigorsky Reserve, Mikhailovskoye, respectively, for example, A. P. Chekhov, L. N. Tolstoy, N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. K. Tolstoy, F. I. Tyutchev, M. Y. Lermontov, A. S. Pushkin, museum complex I.K. Aivazovsky in Feodosia, I.S. Levitan in Plyos, A.N. Ostrovsky in Shchelykovo, etc.), the famous complexes of museums-palaces and park ensembles (Pushkin - Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk; Lomonosov - Oranienbaum, Ostankino (Sheremetyevo), Zvenigorod ensemble, Arkhangelsk, Kuskovo, Kolomenskoye, etc.) - their number can be infinitely multiplied. not only about the history of all museums (i.e., many of which are themselves the subject of a separate study), but even to mention them. Below we restrict ourselves to a brief outline of the museums of Uzbekistan and the history of the main types of historical museums.

A large center, a region for the development of museum work is modern independent Uzbekistan. Particular attention has been paid to the development of museum work in independent Uzbekistan in recent years, when a number of historically important decrees of President I.A. Karimov and the government of the Republic is given to the museum business. Among the first museums on the territory of modern Uzbekistan were the Turkestan Museum (opened in Tashkent in 1876) and the Museum of History and Culture in Samarkand (opened in 1874). Initially, the Turkestan Museum (now the State Museum of the History of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and earlier the State Museum of the History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan), basically, originally arose on the basis of archaeological, partly ethnographic collections as a small collection and was housed in a three-room apartment. Gradually, the museum's collection grew, replenished with new interesting museum items, and the exposition expanded. The museum was located for a long time in a relatively old, architecturally interesting, but cramped building on the current street. Akhunbabaev, then he was given the building of the former Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the same street. Recently, the exposition of the museum has significantly expanded, updated, enriched; a large place in it is occupied by a new exposition dedicated to the struggle for independence and the development of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan.

Another major museum of historical profile in Samarkand - for a long time in the 20th century. was located in the premises of the former Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan in Samarkand, and then moved to a new special museum building in the center of Samarkand. Among the major museums of Uzbekistan is the State Museum of Arts of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which has the richest collection of Eastern, Western, Russian classical and modern fine arts (painting, sculpture), as well as a rich collection of national arts and crafts. The foundation of the museum was laid in 1918 after the nationalization of the collection of Grand Duke N.K. Romanov, who lived in Tashkent, in whose palace the museum was located for many years, but the collection of the museum grew incomparably and was enriched in the future. In the late 1930s, the museum moved to a new building. This building was badly damaged and was demolished after the Tashkent earthquake in 1966. In its place, thanks to the active assistance of Sh. Rashidov, a new small special building was built, where now the museum is located, which has large expositions and is constantly updated, cycles of lectures are held in the museum building , exhibitions are organized (including international ones), as well as the Exhibition Hall of the Union of Artists of the Republic of Uzbekistan. A special institution in the system of the Ministry of Culture Affairs plays a large role for museums. Among the monuments of museum significance in Uzbekistan are museum complexes that attract great attention - ensembles of Samarkand, Tashkent, Kokand, Bukhara, Khiva, etc. In Samarkand, this is a complex of mosques, mausoleums (Shakhi-Zinda) , Registan Square Ensemble (Ulugbek, Sher-Dor, Tillya-Kori Madrasahs), the famous mausoleum of Amir Temur and the Temurids (Gur-Emir), restored and restored to its original form; large restoration work is underway in independent Uzbekistan to restore the giant mosque of the Timurid era, destroyed by an earthquake, known as the Bibi-Khanum mosque. In Samarkand, the observatory of Mirzo Ulugbek with the museum of Mirzo Ulugbek also attracts great attention. Among the museum ensembles, one cannot fail to name such monuments of world significance in Bukhara as the Kalyan minaret (Minor-Kalon), the Ismail Samani mausoleum, known for its exceptional proportionality, the beauty of figured brickwork, the museum-fortress-citadel (Ark), the ensemble of the former summer palace Emir of Bukhara (Sitorai-Mokhi-Khosa), whose rooms were decorated, in particular, by the famous master Usta Shirin Muradov. The ensembles of the city-museum of Khiva (Tashkhouli, Pahlavan-Mahmud, etc.) ). Uzbekistan is rich in local history museums, and many of them have rich funds and an interesting exposition. They work not only in the regional centers of the republic, but also in many other cities (among them are the local history museums of Angren, Chirchik, etc.).

Many interesting museums can be named among the major museums of the capital of the republic. In 1938, the Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts was opened in the building of the former home of the orientalist and diplomat Prince Polovtsev. In the early 70s. a new building for storing funds and expositions was attached to it. Now it is one of the most interesting museums in the capital of Uzbekistan, in which the decor of the old part of the building (which was decorated by the best masters of arts and crafts) is combined with the exposition of the new part of the museum. Very interesting in this regard and the halls of the Bolshoi Theater. A. Navoi. Among the major specialized museums located in Tashkent are the open-air Museum of Railway Engineering (one of the three largest in the world, along with museums in Philadelphia and Tokyo), the Museum of the Armed Forces of the Ministry of Defense (History of the Armed Forces) with a permanent exhibition, the Museum of Health History, Museums of geology and paleontology, etc. There are a number of educational museums in Tashkent (criminology at the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Archaeological and Zoological Museums of the M. Ulugbek NUU). Among the major museums of the capital of Uzbekistan, the Museum of Nature, rich in exposition funds, leading from the Turkestan Museum.

In Tashkent, there is also a large Literary Museum named after. A. Navoi. A number of museums are devoted to the history of enterprises and institutions. Among the major museums of this kind are the Museum of the History of TVRZ (Uzjeldorremmash), TAPOiCH, NUU, etc. A number of interesting museums are dedicated to outstanding figures of history and culture. Among them there are many memorial museums, houses-museums. Here it is necessary to name the museum of Imam Al-Bukhari in the Samarkand region, house-museums and memorial museums of M.T. Aibek, M. Ashrafi, Yu.Akhunbabaeva, S.P. Borodin, G. Gulyam, artist U. Tansykbaev, Tamara Khanum, M. Turgunbaeva S. Yesenin and others, many of which have been updated in recent years, their funds have been enriched, new expositions have been created. At TSPU them. Nizami is famous for the museum of the heroes of the war against fascism (TSPU students E. Stempkovskaya), at the NUU Lyceum there is a museum named after. S. Sirazhdinov, a prominent scientist, former rector of Tashkent State University. A number of interesting public museums operate in schools. An interesting museum is the creator of electronic television - Tashkent B.P. Grabovsky at the Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of Youth. New forms of museum work also appear, for example, the Central Asia Museum-Salon, rooms and museum rooms (for example, V.A. Ulugbek, Ibn Sino and others (Shakhrisabz and others).One of the magnificent buildings of the capital of independent Uzbekistan is the Museum dedicated to the history of Amir Temur and the Temurids located in the city center.This museum is dedicated to an important era in the history of Uzbekistan - today one of the brightest in republic.

Speaking about the museums of Uzbekistan, one cannot help but recall the magnificent natural monuments of museum significance - the Chatkal Reserve, and in Tashkent - the rich Zoo, which has recently been moved into a new, well-equipped complex. The Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, one of the largest in the world, is widely known as a scientific center.

Many historical monuments of Uzbekistan are not only protected by the state, but are also under the protection of UNESCO as monuments of world knowledge. Modern museums have their own international organization - the International Council of Museums, which publishes the Museum magazine.

Museums have appeared since the most ancient civilizations (in Mespottamia, the Palace of Knossos (Crete), palaces and temples of China, Nineveh, etc.). Among the early monuments that had museum significance, it is necessary to note Ctesiphon, Constantinople, Baghdad, Cordoba and others, which have entire complexes of the PMZ. The first museums arose as collections in Ancient Greece and Rome. In the Renaissance, with the development of science, a conscious collection of historical and artistic values ​​​​began, which often later became the core of future famous museums. The collection of the PMZ by the merchant and banker J. Menetti in the 15th century, ancient inscriptions (the basis of epigraphy), antiquities (the cabinet of rarities of Francis I in Fontainebleau), cabinets of curiosities in Tyrol, Munich, collections at universities continued this process. Great geographical discoveries, the development of international relations give rise to an increased interest in collecting, and sometimes even capturing, foreign manuscripts, antiquities, and books. In 1683, the Oxford Museum appeared, and in 1753, on the basis of large national collections of private individuals, the first national museum, the British Museum, was founded. Museums have been established in Russia since the 17th century. In 1844 in Paris, the collection of J. Sommerar formed the basis of the Cluny Historical Museum, and in 1837 the Palace of Versailles became the National Historical Museum of France. In most cases, museums in Western Europe in the 19th - early 20th centuries. consisted of archaeological collections and works of art. A considerable part of the collections (including the British Museum) was collected in the conditions of colonial conquests, the robbery of historical monuments of enslaved countries.

In Italy, in the Lutheran Museum in Rome, the Doge's Palace in Venice, and others, there are many monuments of antiquity and the Renaissance. In 1875, the National Museum of the History of Primitive Society and Ethnography was established in Rome, and in 1916 the Central Museum Risorgimento. In Spain and Portugal, historical monuments are located in art museums or in palace museums (for example, the Prado Museums in Madrid, El Escorial, etc.). In Berlin, in 1825, as mentioned, the old, and in 1855 - the new Museums were created, in Nuremberg in 1852 - the German National Museum; in Denmark in Copenhagen in 1917 - the National Museum. History museums arose in Lublin (1817), Zagreb (1880), Belgrade (1901), and others. In the countries of the East, a number of national museums (museum ensembles of palaces) were also organized. the main National Museum in Cairo (Museum of Egyptian Antiquities), in India - the Government Museum in Madras (1851), the Central Museum in Nagpur (1863), the Indian Museum in Calcutta (1866), the Archaeological Museum in Mathura (1874) * and others. In Istanbul in 1877 the Military Museum was organized. The first museum in the United States was organized by the Pennsylvania Historical Society in Philadelphia (1834), the National Museum in Washington was organized in 1875. In Latin America, one of the oldest museums - the National Museum, Bogotá (Colombia) was founded in 1824.

The growth of the NOD in the countries of the East accelerated the process of creating museums here. In 1914, in Beijing, in the former imperial palace, the Historical and Art Museum - Gugun was established, and in 1919 the National Museum in Damascus (Syria), in 1923 - the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad. After the Kemalist revolution, a number of historical museums were created in Turkey (in 1923 - the Museum of Turkic and Muslim Culture in Istanbul, the Ethnographic Museum in Ankara, in 1924 - the Top Kala Palace Museum, etc.). In 1938 the Museum of Antiquities of Iran was established in Tehran. Among the major museums of the historical profile, the museum will highlight the following: the reserve in Malbork (Poland), dedicated to the struggle against the aggression of the German crusader knights; Museum of the History of Warsaw (built as a result of the restoration of the Old Market destroyed during the Second World War). In Poland, museum-palaces are known in Neborov (17th century), Vidyanuza, and others. One of the first city-museums in the history of cities was opened in Torun (Poland). In Tabor (Czechoslovakia) there are museums of the history of Gusism named after. Yana Zizka; in Martin (the old center of NOD) in Slovakia there is also the National Museum of Slovakia. In the Belgrade ancient citadel there is a large museum of the history of the national liberation struggle. There are museums of the same type in Zagreb and Ljubljana. There is a major museum in memory of Sun Yat-sen in Shanghai, as well as in Guangzhou and Beijing. The Central Museum of Chinese History was opened in 1959-60. in Pekin. Those interested in the list of the largest historical museums in the world from popular publications can find in the SIE, v.9, M., 1966, pp.712-713. Outside the territory of the CIS member states, among the first museums, one should name the repository-treasury of kings, weapons, objects, everyday life, jewelry - the Armory, which arose back in the 16th century. B.F. had large collections of historical monuments. Godunov, F. Miloslavsky, V.A. Golovina, Ya.K. Bruce, A.N. Demidova, D.M. Golitsyn. In 1719, the first Public Museum in Russia was opened - the Kunstkamera (founded in 1714), in whose collection historical monuments occupied a prominent place. From the middle of the eighteenth century many collections on the history of artillery and maritime affairs are being turned into museums. Historical monuments were kept in the collections of the Hermitage (which opened to the public in 1852). Asiatic Museum (1818); museums of Odessa, Anapa, Feodosia (museum antiquities), etc., were mainly archaeological or military. Historical museums arose in Kyiv, Yekaterinoslav, Arkhangelsk, and others. The funds were often filled with objects of archeology (south), antiquities, and everyday life. Of great value were the monuments of writing, collected in museum collections. The development of history and science in the second half of the 19th century, the development of special auxiliary historical disciplines led to the expansion of the source base of museums, and affected the expansion of the museum network. At this time, the process of restructuring museum expositions, greater specialization of museums is underway. Of great importance for organizing the work of museums was the so-called historical school in historical science (I.E. Zabelina, N.I. Kostomarova, etc.), research on economic history, ethnography, archeology, etc., accompanied by the identification of many written and material monuments. In 1827 the Russian Historical Museum was founded in Moscow. Museums arose under the scientific public MAO, the Russian Geographical Society, the Pskov Archaeological Society, etc., as well as under the scientific archival commissions (Kostroma, Tambov, Saratov Tauride, etc.), at Kazan, Kiev and other universities, the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages, and also at many statistical committees (Minsk, Kutaisi, Vladikavkaz, Astrakhan, Novgorod, Vladimir, etc.). In the first decades of the 20th century, 25 new museums were created; Basically, in the 1920s, 19 historical and everyday museums were created in estates and 12 museum-monasteries (New Jerusalem, Trinity-Sergius Lavra, etc.). Many museums suffered during the war against fascism. But many major museums suffered in the post-war years as well.

Among historical museums, a large place has always been occupied by military history museums that store and exhibit weapons, military equipment and equipment, military banners, relics, and documents related to military history.

There are a number of types of military history museums:

General historical

industry: artillery, naval, etc.

memorial: museums-monuments, castles-fortresses, military, museums-panoramas.

In addition, in many historical and cultural, and sometimes in art museums, there are rich MKs of a military nature. For example, back in 1547, the Armory Chamber was mentioned, and in 1560, the first exhibition of captured weapons was held in Moscow. At the beginning of the 18th century there are many military museums. Some materials can be obtained by interested museums in the FIE, vol.

The Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow, the Central Naval Museum in St. Petersburg, the Central Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps (ibid.), the Museum-Exhibition of the CDA, the Naval Museum in Sevastopol, as well as naval museums in Vladivostok. Murmansk, Baltiysk, Kronstadt, the State Museum of the History of the Battle of Poltava, the State Borodino Military History Museum of Defense in Volgograd, the Belarusian State Museum of the History of War (Minsk), the Museum of the Defense of the Brest Fortress, the Museum of the Battle of Kursk, etc. Among the major memorial military history museums you can call museums A.V. Suvorov, military museum-command post N.F. Vatutin. Special types of military history museums are - panoramas and dioramas. Among them are the Borodino Battle Panorama Museum (Moscow), the Sevastopol Defense Panorama Museum (Sevastopol), the Sapun Mountain Storming Diorama Museum (Sevastopol), etc. There are many museums of military districts of military units.

It should be borne in mind that a number of museums, estates and palaces were created by the order "On the procedure for doing business in the department of the former Ministry of the Court", in accordance with which in the palaces of Peterhof, Gatchina, etc., taking into account the decree "On registration, registration and protection of monuments of art and antiquity owned by private individuals, societies and institutions” dated October 5, 1919, estates of historical significance were taken into account. Later, decrees were issued “On the protection of natural monuments, gardens, parks” of September 16, 1921 and “On accounting and protection of monuments of art of antiquity and nature” of January 7, 1924. In the most remarkable palaces and estates such as Kuskovo, Kolomenskoye, Ostankino, Arkhangelsk, Peterhof, Pavlovsk, Gatchina and others were created historical, artistic, architectural museums-reserves. Some of them, which suffered during the war against fascism, were later restored.

Significant collections of banners, weapons, relics of military glory are kept in the State Hermitage, the State Historical Museum, and the Armory. Among the major military history museums are the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, the Hungarian National Museum and the Military History Museum in Budapest, the State Museum in Beijing. In the USA, large military-historical collections are located in the National Museum (Washington), the US Marine Corps Museum (Quentin, Virginia) is widely known, which is a place of storage of relics, documents of the history of the army; the Winchester Artillery Museum (New Haven, Connecticut); the Mariners' Museum (New Port, Virginia); Military Museum of West Point College (New York State); The Metropolitan Museum (New York) has a section on the history of weapons and knightly armor. In the UK, the so-called Imperial War Museum (London), founded in 1917, the London Arsenal (Tower, London), the Military School Museum in Sandhurst, the Maritime Museum in Greenwich (1934) are known. In France, the largest military-historical Museum of the Army (Paris) was founded in 1905 on the basis of the artillery museum of Les Invalides (founded in 1670); The War Museum (Paris, founded in 1918), contains materials on the history of the 1st and 2nd World Wars; Naval Museum (Paris, founded in 1837). In Italy, the largest VIMs are the Castle Museum of St. Angelo (Rome, founded in 1825); "Armeria Reale" (Turin, founded in 1837), the Italian Armory, the Maritime Museum (Genoa), the Maritime Historical Museum (Venice). In Spain, among the major VIMs are the Military Museum in Madrid (founded in 1804); Maritime Museum (Madrid, founded in 1843); Real Armeria (Madrid) - Spanish Armory. In Austria - the Military History Museum in Vienna (founded in 1891). In Sweden - the Royal Army Museum (Stockholm, founded in 1879), the Maritime Museum in Stockholm (1938); Maritime Museum in Gothenburg (1918). In Denmark - the Royal Museum "Arsenal" (1838), the Royal Museum, the Maritime Museum (Copenhagen). In Japan - the Itsukushima Army Museum (Hiroshima Prefecture), which contains samples of samurai weapons, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, etc. For memorial museums, see FIE, vol. 9, ss782-788 Archaeological museums (AM) originally appeared as part of historical museums (including, for example, the Moscow Armory and the Kunstkamera); specialized AM appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. (Nikolaev, Kerch, Feodosia). For the development of the AM collections, the works of I.A. Stempkovsky on the importance of collecting archaeological collections, N.N. Blaramberg and others. Among the museums of the so-called far abroad, the first museum arose in Alexandria (Egypt) as early as the 3rd century BC. as a collection of monuments of art and antiquity. Among the world's first major AMs were the private museums of ceramics of Roman aristocrats (including Pictor's fabius). The name "museum" was given to its collection of ancient manuscripts and ancient objects in the 15th century. Lorenzo Medici the Magnificent in Florence (Italy), from where it spread throughout the world. AM as such arose in the 19th century and is now available in all major centers of the world. Among the largest AM are the museums of Italy (the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, late 16th century), the National Museum (1865), the National Archaeological Museum (1870); Vatican Museum (Rome, 18th-19th centuries); the Lateran Museum of Sculpture (1844), the Baths of Diocletian (the so-called Museum of Thermae), the Roman National Museum (1839); Palazzo dei Conservatori, Capitoline Museum, Historical Ethnographic Museum (1875), Villa Giulia Museum (1889). The materials of the excavations of Pompeii and Hercules are stored in a special museum founded in 1738-48. in Naples. In Greece, the largest museum is the National Archaeological Museum in Athens (1874), the Acropolis Museum (1878), museums in Delphi, Corinth, etc. In France, the Louvre Museum is the richest collection of archaeological MK from Italy, Greece, Egypt, the Middle East (1793) and the National Museum of Antiquities (Paris, 1863). Large archaeological collections are contained in the Cabinet of Medals at the National Library and the Guimet Museum (1885), the museum in Saint-Germain (1801), Lille (1901) and others. Albert (London, 1852), Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, 1683). In Germany, these are the Berlin State Museum (1838), the museums of Munich, Dresden, Weimar, Nuremberg, Mainz and others. Museum in Copenhagen (Denmark, 1807) and the Madrid Museum of Archeology (Spain 1867), the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia (1878) and Plovdiv (1882, Bulgaria), the Budapest Historical Museum and the Azhaninka Museum (Hungary), the National Museum of Belgrade (1886), museum of archeology in Warsaw (1928), Poznań (1857), Lodz (1956). In America, the largest archaeological collection is the collection of the Metropolitan Museum (New York, 1870), large collections are in the Canadian National Museum in Ottawa (1842), the Ontario Museum (1912), and in Mexico - in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City (1825) , Museum of Archeology and History of Yucatan (Merida, 1920), Archaeological Museum in Teptaucan (1932).

In Turkey, the richest archaeological collection is contained in the Museum of Archeology in Istanbul (1869) and the Museum of Archeology in Ankara (1923), in Egypt - the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (1906), in the Greco-Roman Museum in Alexandria (1892); in Iran at the Museum of Archeology of Tehran (1936); in Iraq - in the museum of Baghdad (1923), Babylon (1940), Samarra (1956). Great historical values ​​are kept in the museums of China, in the Gugong Museum in Beijing, the National Museum of Nanjing, the Harbin Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Inscriptions in Xi'an, in the pavilion at the site of Sinanthropus in Zhoukoudian (near Beijing, 1953), the museum of the Neolithic settlement of Nanyang in Xi'an. In India, these are the Madurai Archaeological Museum (1874), the Baroda Museum (1894), the National Historical Museum of India in Delhi (1940), the Victoria and Albert Museum in Bombay (Minamai, 1855), etc. A large place in the system of historical museums in Russia was occupied by collections in the Kunstkamera, then these were the collections of the Asian (Anterior, Central Asia, Siberia, Far East, Volga region) and Ethnographic (1836) museums created in 1918. In 1779, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography was created, many materials were collected by the branches of the Russian Geographical Society. Later, on the basis of the Rumyantsev and Dashkov collections, the Central Museum of Ethnology was created on the basis of the ethnographic department of the Russian Museum and the State Museum of Ethnography. Large ethnographic museums arose in Tbilisi (Caucasian), in Rostov, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk and Yakutsk. In the far abroad, large ethnographic museums are located in Poland, the oldest ethnographic collections are in the Ashmolean Museums (Oxford, 1683), the British Museum (1753). Of the specialized ethnographic museums, it is necessary to mention the Berlin Museum of Ethnology, the Paris and Rotrdam Museums, the Amsterdam Museums (1883) and the Stockholm Sansen Ethno-Park (1891), the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, and the Danish National Museum. We also list the Museum of Ethnology in Munich, the university museums of archeology and ethnography of Cambridge, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Oxford, the Rivers Museum. The anthropological, ethnographic and archaeological museum is widely known - the Museum of Man (Paris, 1930), created on the basis of the Trocadero Museum (1878). Many museums in the West have collections associated with colonial expansion, such as the Dutch Colonial Museum in Harlem (1865), the Leiden Museum (Netherlands, 1887), the Central African Museum in Belgium (Brussels, 1896), the ethnographic department of the British Museum.

Ethnographic museums arose in India, Indonesia, Burma, Cambodia, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Algeria, Tunisia, Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria, and in America in Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and others. Museums of local lore have become widespread. The first local history museums on the modern territory of independent countries appeared at the end of the 19th century.

Museums of local lore, preserving and popularizing natural scientific and historical knowledge, monuments of certain geographical or administrative regions, appeared in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Such are the Museum of Natural Works in Irkutsk, the museum in Barnaul, then in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Orenburg, Astrakhan and other places. They were created at educational institutions, chambers of State property, branches of the Russian Geographical Society. Many of them were at first short-lived, after 1861 every decade there were 10-12, then 24-28 museums. In total at the beginning of the 20th century. There were about 80 local history museums, 12 of them in Ukraine, one in Transcaucasia, one in Central Asia. The collections of monuments collected by these museums (but their number in the national regions of Tsarist Russia, as it is easy to see, was small) contained serious scientific MC, which refers to the collections of the Kazan, Caucasus, Yakutsk, Irkutsk and other museums. In the 1920s, the Central Bureau of Local Lore of the People's Commissariat for Education published local lore magazines and created museums. Before the war, there were 429 local history museums on the territory of the former USSR. During the war years, many museums located on the territory of the occupied republics of the USSR suffered great damage. The Nazis completely or partially destroyed dozens of museums. By the mid-1960s, however, the number of local history museums had grown, although by no means all of them had rich and scientific expositions. There were about 460 of them in total, with departments of nature, history, and sometimes ethnography of the region.

Local history museums play an important role in collecting scientific collections on nature, history, and culture. In Uzbekistan, such museums as Angren (1961), Andijan (1964), Namangan (1920), Kokand (1924), Surkhandarya in Termez (1953), Fergana (1899), Chirchik (1958), Bukhara Museum-Reserve (1923) are known ), Karakalpak in Nukus (1927). The first museum collections in the proper sense of the word arose in ancient Greece, where works of art gradually concentrated in temples, sacred groves, palaces, meeting houses; to a certain extent, such museums reflected different aspects of the life of different cities, regions, and were, in a certain sense, local history. The beginning of systematic collecting and the creation of museums as special museum institutions, of course, dates back to the Renaissance / Renaissance /, while the museums were diversified, reflecting different aspects of natural history and the history of society. Geographical discoveries, the formation of modern science and brought to life in the XV-XVIII centuries chamber-museum collections, including natural monuments, historical and ethnographic collections, rarities. In Russia, the first PUBLIC museum / diversified plan / was opened at the beginning of the 18th century, the network of museums of the former Russian Empire was formed during the 2nd half of the 18th-19th centuries. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 150 museums operating here, not counting the closed collections in the army - they existed under scientific societies, scientific archival commissions, statistical committees and universities, as mentioned above. Many museum valuables were in private collections, inaccessible to scientists and specialists. Not to mention the general public. Departmental disunity of museums led to discord in scientific and methodological issues. An attempt to develop general principles of museum work at the all-Russian museum congress was not successful / a preparatory congress was held in 1913 / After the nationalization of the largest museums and museum collections in 1917-1918, a certain order was established in the protection of museums.

culture

Until a time machine is invented to travel back in time, the only way to "time travel" is to visit an ancient museum. Of course, reading books is also a good way to "go back in time", but nothing compares to seeing with your own eyes things that have miraculously come down to us from the depths of antiquity.

If you want to take an unforgettable journey into the past, you should definitely go to the museum. In addition to archaeological artifacts, these places will also introduce you to artists who have had a huge impact on world culture.

From paintings and sculptures to other inspiring things, everything you see and learn in these museums can be an alternative to what you can learn in one semester of history studies.

1) Capitoline Museums, Rome, Italy

This museum complex includes several museums of art and archeology. The first step towards the creation of this museum was taken in 1471, when Pope Sixtus IV donated a collection of antique bronzes to the city of Rome. The artifacts were placed on the Capitol Hill in Rome. In 1536, Michelangelo Buonarroti designed a complex with three palaces and a square between them. Now these palaces house museums, the collections of which have been collected for 400 years! If you visit the Capitoline Museums, you can admire the art of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, see unique ancient Roman statues, coins, jewelry and much more.

2) Vatican Museums, Vatican

The Vatican has a large complex of museums known as the Vatican Museums. The first museum of this complex appeared at the beginning of the 16th century. The first exhibit for it was purchased by Pope Julius II in 1506. The original collection of museum exhibits is housed in the Borgia Apartments. After some time, it was ordered to build a building solely in order to house a museum in it. Today, the Vatican Museums include a large group of museums, including the Museum of Ancient Sculpture, the ancient library, the Museum of Art, the Museum of the History of the Vatican and many others.

3) Amerbach's Cabinet, Basel, Switzerland

Initially, this was a collection of interesting artifacts that the city of Basel, Switzerland, acquired in 1661. Ten years later, the public could see the collection. The event marked the opening of the first still existing public museum in the world. At the moment, the museum's collection is part of the rich historical and cultural heritage of the city of Basel. This place is a kind of Mecca for those who want to look into the past, see curious artifacts and works of art.

4) Royal Armories, London, UK

It is the oldest museum in the UK and one of the oldest in the world. The museum contains the largest collection of weapons and armor in the world. For the first time, the museum was opened to the public in 1660, although the collection had already begun to be collected before that, but only high-ranking guests of the king could see its exhibits. Among the outstanding collections of the museum are the Firearms Collection, the Artillery Collection, the National Arms and Armor Collection and others.

5) Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology, Besancon, France

This museum is considered the oldest museum in France. It opened in 1694 and today replaces all over the world thanks to its huge collection of paintings, artefacts, furniture and so on. In the museum you can even see several Egyptian mummies, works of art by famous Italian, French and Spanish artists and more than 5,500 French cabinets from different European schools.

6) Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, Oxford, UK

Located in the English city of Oxford, this museum is the oldest university museum in the world. In 1677 he received his first collection of rare items from Elias Ashmole. A year later, construction began on a building for this museum, which was completed in 1683. Today the museum contains an expensive collection of objects of artistic and archaeological significance. Among the valuable exhibits you can find biblical manuscripts, paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo, Turner's watercolors, the formal costume of Lawrence of Arabia and much more.

7) British Museum, London, UK

Founded in 1753, the British Museum is one of the oldest museums in the world and has the most expensive collection of exhibits from around the world. A very beautiful museum building houses collections of exhibits, consisting of 7 million items. Among the numerous departments of the museum are the following: Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquity, Department of the Middle East, Department of Prints and Paintings, Department of Asia, Department of Africa, Oceania and America, Department of Coins and Medals, Department of Europe and Prehistory, Department scientific research, libraries and archives.

8) Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy

This Italian museum is not only one of the oldest museums in the world, but also one of the most famous. He is famous, of course, for his collections, as well as the building where they are located. The main courtyard of the museum is long and narrow, and ends at the Arno River. At the time when the building was built (the construction was completed in 1581), the design of such a courtyard was quite unique. Architectural historians believe that this courtyard was the first urban landscape in Europe. The most famous in the Uffizi collection are paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Michelangelo, Duccio di Buoninsegna, Simone Martini, Fra Filippo Lippi and Caravaggio.

9) Belvedere, Vienna, Austria

The exhibits of this museum began to be collected by the imperial family in Vienna. The owner of this palace complex, which was built as a summer residence, was Prince Eugene of Savoy. After the death of the prince, a museum was founded here and opened to the public. The first exhibits of the museum were paintings belonging to the Hamburg dynasty. The Imperial Art Gallery was opened a little earlier in another place, but was later moved to the Belvedere. This happened in 1776. Five years later, the gallery was opened to the public.

10) Louvre, France, Paris

Perhaps the most famous museum in the world is the Louvre, which is also one of the largest in the world, as well as one of the oldest. Once, namely at the end of the 12th century, the Louvre building was a fortress. Only after the French Revolution a museum settled in the building. It was officially opened on August 10, 1793 and included 537 paintings. Most of these works of art were previously owned by churches throughout the country. Today, the museum has more than 35 thousand exhibits, including some of the most famous, including the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, the statue of Venus de Milo, works by Rembrandt and Titian and many other masterpieces.