Plan the state as a political system. State as an institution of the political system of society. Elections and their role in the political life of society

The concept of the state. Theories of the origin of the state.

State structure.

State signs.

State functions.

5. The form of the state: a) the form of the device, b) the form of government, c) the political regime.

1. The concept of the state. Theories of the origin of the state.

In political science, the topic of the state is one of the most important both in content and in the structure of the course. The state, both several millennia ago and still today, is the main subject of political power, without, of course, covering other institutions of power. The state has an impact on the entire political life of society, the political system, the political behavior of a person and at the same time is under the influence of the latter.

State is a system of institutions and organizations whose main task is to manage public affairs in order to preserve the integrity of society and ensure its development. The state usually solves this problem by adopting laws, decrees and other normative acts binding on the population 1 .

The central category of political science - "polis" ("city-state"), which appeared over two and a half millennia ago in Ancient Greece, includes the concept of the state and is the starting point for the formation of other categories (for example, "politics"). It is no coincidence that it is present in the titles of the works of ancient Greek thinkers ("State" Plato"Politics" Aristotle); great European enlighteners ("Sovereign" N.Machiavelli, "On the Spirit of Laws" C. Montesquieu, "Ideas for the experience of establishing the boundaries of the state" W. Humboldt); Russian revolutionaries ("State and anarchy" M. Bakunin, "State and revolution "V.I. Lenin), as well as modern political scientists - S. Lipset(USA), M. Hettyha(Germany), domestic scientists - V. Nersesyants, V. Zorkina and other researchers of the state.

Starting to consider the first question, it must be borne in mind that the history of various states in the progressive development of mankind, as well as the reflection of this process in the mind, theoretical thought, gave rise to many views, theories (concepts) of the emergence and development of the state.

1. Theocratic views (or theological, related to theology), considering the state as a manifestation of God's will, as a need for a man created by God as a political being. Hence, in the Middle Ages, the monarch, the king was regarded as the messenger of a higher being.

2. patriarchal theory, she considers the state as a large family, created on the basis of the voluntary merger of small families under the auspices of paternal authority.

3. The theory of the social contract. Prevailed in the 15th-18th centuries, described in the works T. Hobbes, J.-J. Rousseau. They continued to develop the ideas of ancient thinkers ( Plato, Epicurus) that the clash of interests of people, "passions" (feelings, temperaments) creates a threat to their existence, so people come to the realization of handing over power to someone to protect everyone in order to ensure order and organization of public life.

4. conquest theory, violence that arose in the nineteenth century. as a transfer of the ideas of Darwinism to human society. So, L. Gumplovich, E. Dühring viewed the state as an organization of victors over the vanquished.

5. Socio-economic concept connects the emergence of the state with the social division of labor, the division of society into economically dominant and subordinate classes. Yet Plato distinguished three classes of citizens: rulers, guards, artisans performing various functions in the state (rulers rule, guards protect the state, artisans work). The rulers have large property, artisans - small property, the guards do not have property. K.Marx, F.Engels, V.Lenin considered the state as the result of the emergence of private property, its concentration in the hands of a minority, and as the need of this minority to protect its economic dominance. Representatives of this trend expressed the idea of the withering away of the state either as a result of the development of industry and science ( Saint Simon), or destruction of classes ( K. Marx).

6. In addition to the above theories, there are also psychological theory , explaining the origins of the state in the human genius ( J. Burdo). Biopsychological approaches in the analysis of political processes are considered by modern political scientists R. Masters(USA), Lorenz(Austria) and others.

In modern political science, thought is more and more asserted. That among the factors influencing the emergence of the state, it is very difficult to single out any main one. Consequently, the origins of the state lie in a whole complex of factors.

State in the political life of society.

Political parties and their role in the political life of society.

The role of the media in political life.

5. Political consciousness and political behavior.

political participation.

Elections and their role in the political life of society.

Electoral process and electoral procedures.

Civil society and the rule of law.

political elites.

political leadership.

political ideologies.

C8.7.1.

The political system of society

	Points

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of the political system. / The political system of society is a system that implements social management. 2) The main elements of the political system: a) organizations and institutions (the state, parties and socio-political movements, the media); b) political communications (a set of relations and forms of interaction between political subjects); c) political norms and traditions (constitutions and laws, ethical and moral norms); d) cultural and ideological subsystem (a set of political ideas, views, ideas and feelings that are different in their content). 3) Functions of the political system: a) determination of goals, objectives and ways of development of society; b) regulation of the company's activities; c) distribution of spiritual and material resources; d) coordination of different political interests; e) stability and security of society; f) monitoring the implementation of decisions and compliance with regulations. 4) Typology of political systems: a) depending on the source of power (democratic and non-democratic (authoritarian and totalitarian)); b) depending on interaction with society (open and closed); 5) Features of modern political systems. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.




Maximum score	3

C8.7.2.

« The state in the political life of society»

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) The concept of the state. / The state is a key institution of the political system. 2) The main features of the state: a) the presence of sovereignty; b) territory and population; c) public authorities; d) system of law; e) taxes and fees. 3) Functions of the state: a) internal (economic, cultural, educational, social, ideological, law enforcement); b) external (defensive, diplomatic, foreign economic); 4) Forms of the state: a) forms of government (monarchies and republics); b) political regime (democratic, non-democratic); c) forms of government (unitary, federal); 5) A democratic state is the main type of state in the modern world. 6) Features of modern Russian statehood. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.3.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic " Political parties and their role in the political life of society". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of political parties. / Political parties are an intermediary between civil society and the state. 2) The main features of political parties: a) the presence of common political views and beliefs; b) stability and constancy of the composition; c) the desire to participate in power; d) agitation and propaganda of their ideas and activities; e) the presence of leaders. 3) Functions of political parties: a) dissemination of political knowledge and information in society; b) preparation and conduct of election campaigns; c) education and promotion of the political elite; d) accumulation and promotion of certain political interests. 4) Classification of political parties: a) by composition (cadre and mass); b) in relation to the authorities (ruling, oppositional); c) in relation to the law (legal, illegal); d) according to the basic ideology (conservative, liberal, socialist, communist). 5) Party systems: a) one-party, totalitarian; b) bipartisan, competitive; c) multi-party, pluralistic. 6) Features of modern Russian multi-party system. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.4.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic " The role of the media in political life". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) The concept of the media / Media - the fourth power in modern political life. / Media - means of creating, replicating and disseminating information. 2) Media functions: a) informational (selection and commenting on social information); b) expert (assessment and analysis of political events and phenomena); c) political socialization (introducing people to political values and actions); d) representation of public interests, opinions, positions; e) mobilization (motivation and organization of certain political actions). 3) The main types of media: a) printed (newspapers, magazines); b) audiovisual (radio and television); c) electronic (network resources). 4) Categories of information: a) local; b) national; c) international. 4) General principles of media activities: a) priority, attractiveness of the topic; b) sensationalism, extremeness, originality of the topic; c) information about previously unknown events and phenomena; d) official information. 5) Political advertising and political manipulation. 6) Mass media in the political life of the Russian Federation. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.5.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic " Political consciousness and political behavior". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) The concept of political consciousness. / Political consciousness is the basis for the formation of attitudes of political behavior. 2) Levels of political consciousness: a) ordinary (practical, everyday knowledge about politics); b) ideological and theoretical (qualified, professional opinion of scientists). 3) Motives of political behavior: a) emotional, spontaneous actions; b) conscious political interests and actions. 4) Forms of political behavior: a) by target orientation (constructive and destructive); b) according to the composition of participants (individual, group, mass); c) by nature (organized and spontaneous). 4) Political protest is a special form of political behavior. 5) Ways to regulate political behavior: a) regulation through legal norms; b) the operation of moral norms and values; c) self-organization of subjects of political actions; d) political education, dissemination of political knowledge; e) political leadership, the influence of leaders. 6) Electoral political consciousness and electoral behavior is the main factor influencing power in a democratic society. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.6.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic " Political participation". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) The essence of political participation / Political participation - an indicator of the involvement of citizens in politics. 2) Normative bases of the electoral process: a) the Constitution; b) laws on elections of bodies of state power and administration. 3) The main stages of the electoral process: a) the preparatory stage, ensuring the readiness of society for elections; b) nomination, registration of candidates and formation of programs; c) campaigning in the media, struggle for votes; d) voting and summing up the results of elections. 4) Conditions for the effectiveness and democracy of elections: a) the presence in society of an atmosphere of trust, readiness to recognize the results of elections; b) respect for the rights and freedoms of a citizen in the state; c) a high level of electoral culture; d) democratic nature of the registration of candidates, parties, voters; e) formation of independent and competent bodies for the conduct and control of elections. 5) The specifics of elections in societies making the transition from authoritarianism and totalitarianism to democracy. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.7.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic " Elections and their role in the political life of society". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The concept of elections / Elections - a way of forming government bodies, taking into account the will of citizens. 2) The most important functions of elections: a) identification, consolidation and representation of various interests of the population; b) exercising control by society over the institutions of power; c) integration of diverse opinions and formation of a common political will; d) stabilization of the political system, legitimization of specific institutions of power: parliament, government, president, renewal of the elites; e) mobilization of the electorate to solve urgent social problems; f) political socialization of the population, development of its political consciousness and political participation. 3) Signs of democratic elections: a) direct, equal, general elections, excluding all discriminatory qualifications; b) secret voting of voters; c) providing a real alternative to political programs and candidates for the voter; d) freedom of elections, absence of pressure (administrative, informational, psychological) on the voter; e) periodicity and regularity of elections. 4) Elections are an indispensable condition for the establishment and development of democratic institutions and traditions. 5) The specifics of elections in societies making the transition from authoritarianism and totalitarianism to democracy. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.8.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic " Electoral process and electoral procedures". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic: 1) The electoral process is the process of forming new authorities. 2) Normative bases of the electoral process: a) the Constitution; b) laws on elections of bodies of state power and administration. 3) The main stages of the electoral process: a) the preparatory stage, ensuring the readiness of society for elections; b) nomination, registration of candidates and formation of programs; c) campaigning in the media, struggle for votes; d) voting and summing up the results of elections. 4) Conditions for the effectiveness and democracy of elections: a) the presence in society of an atmosphere of trust, readiness to recognize the results of elections; b) respect for the rights and freedoms of a citizen in the state; c) a high level of electoral culture; d) democratic nature of the registration of candidates, parties, voters; e) formation of independent and competent bodies for the conduct and control of elections. 5) The specifics of elections in societies making the transition from authoritarianism and totalitarianism to democracy. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.9.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Civil society and the rule of law". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) Civil society - a set of amateur initiatives of citizens. 2) Signs of civil society: a) self-activity and initiative of citizens; b) a high level of political culture; c) the responsibility of citizens for what is happening in the country; d) recognition of the value of the rights and freedoms of the individual. 3) Partnerships between civil society and the rule of law. 4) Directions of interaction between civil society and the rule of law: a) protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens; b) nature protection activities; c) protecting the interests of entrepreneurs and employees; d) development of democratic institutions and traditions; e) activities in the field of education, healthcare, culture. 5) The tendency to expand the positions of civil society as a feature of the development of the modern political system. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.10.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Political elites". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the variants of the plan for disclosing this topic: 1) The concept of the political elite. / The political elite is a group participating in the process of developing and making political decisions. 2) Trends in the formation of elite groups: a) aristocratic (the desire of the ruling circle to consolidate their position in society); b) democratic (updating the elites at the expense of gifted and enterprising people). 3) Classification of elites: a) political elite (statesmen, officials, party leaders, parliamentarians); b) economic elite (owners of large enterprises and banks); c) the military elite (higher generals and officers); d) information elite (owners of mass media channels); e) scientific and cultural elites (great scientists, cultural figures, leaders of confessions). 4) The main channels for recruiting the elite in a democratic society: a) public service; b) social activities; c) education and culture system; d) economic activity. 5) The main features of the recruitment and functioning of the elite in modern Russia. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.11.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Political Leadership". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) The concept of political leadership. / Political leadership is the personification of political will. 2) Functions of political leadership: a) analysis of the political situation, assessment of trends in the development of society; b) formulating goals, determining the means and methods for achieving them, directing political actions; c) strengthening the connection between the government and the people, the formation of mass support for the current political course; d) leadership of their supporters and like-minded people, team building. 3) Factors influencing the style of political leadership: a) political beliefs of leaders; b) the reaction of the leader to an extreme situation; c) previous life and political experience; d) political environment, environment. 4) The main types of political leadership: a) traditional; b) charismatic; c) rational-legal. 5) The role of the leader in the political life of modern society. 6) The specifics of political leadership in Russia. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic on the merits. The structure of the answer corresponds to a plan of a complex type (contains at least three points, two of which are detailed).
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes two points, each of which is detailed in sub-points. OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the topic. The plan includes at least three points, of which one is detailed. OR One of the points of the plan does not reflect the content of the topic. The structure of the response follows the complex type plan.
The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan includes two points, one of which is detailed OR The wording of the points of the plan is correct and allows you to reveal the content of the specified topic. The plan is simple in its structure and contains at least three points.
The content and structure plan does not cover the proposed topic
Maximum score	3

C8.7.12.

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Political Ideologies". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

The content of the correct answer and instructions for grading (other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: - the correctness of the wording of the points of the plan in terms of their relevance to the given topic; - compliance of the structure of the proposed answer with a plan of a complex type.
One of the options for the disclosure of this topic: 1) The concept of political ideology. / Political ideologies - a manifestation of the theoretical level of political consciousness. 2) Forms of presentation of political ideology: a) socio-political theories; b) political programs; c) speeches of state and political figures. 3) Modern political ideologies: a) liberalism; b) conservatism; c) social democracy; d) communism; e) nationalism and fascism. 4) Political propaganda as a means of promoting political ideology. 5) The specifics of the formation of political views in the modern Russian Federation. Perhaps a different number and (or) other correct wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed form.
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Section "Law"

Topics of plans for the section "Law"

ACADEMY OF LAW AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FEDERAL SERVICE OF PUNISHMENT

RUSSIAN FEDERATION Faculty of Law

Specialty 030501.65 - "Jurisprudence"

Test

in POLITICAL SCIENCE

topic: State as an institution

political system of society

Listener Rybalka S.V. course 5 study group No. 5105

Date of sending to the faculty Place of work and

Faculty Paramedic

PLAN

Introduction.

The main theories of the origin of the state, its main features and functions.

Forms of government and government.

Constitutional state.

Conclusion.

List of used literature.

Introduction.

With all the variety of approaches to the definition of the concepts of “politics”, “political”, they invariably rely on two main categories - “state” and “power”. Power relations in one form or another are inherent in all spheres of society, even the family. Political power is exercised through special institutions that form the political system of society and among which the state is central.

The state is one of the most perfect, complex and contradictory creations of human civilization. Most of the peoples known in the history are a picture that tells about the formation, clashes and death of state formations, about a sophisticated and cruel struggle for power, in which people did not spare either their own kind or themselves.

From the first to the last days of his life, a person is more or less dependent on the state, which is called upon to protect his rights and security, but in return requires him to comply with numerous, sometimes very burdensome norms and rules. The tragic conflict between the human personality striving for freedom and the cruel restrictions imposed on it by the state and society, which arose even in ancient states, has not been resolved to this day.

Public life is represented by numerous and interconnected spheres. The largest of them are economic, social, political, spiritual. Each of these spheres is a certain system with its own type of organization and management, with its own laws of development and traditions. These systems are studied by the relevant social sciences.

The purpose of the political sphere (system) of society, in contrast to the economic, social and spiritual, as well as all others, is the organization and implementation of public administration of society as a whole (from the national level to the smallest structures in the state administrative complex). Without a political system, the life of society would simply not be able to exist.

The political system is one of the largest and most complex. Within its framework, key political processes arise and develop, decisions important for the fate of society are made and implemented. Therefore, it is not surprising that this system attracts to one degree or another the attention of representatives of various social sciences, however, specifically and comprehensively, as part of all the components of the political system, it is studied by only one science - POLITICAL SCIENCE. Political science becomes a truly popular science only in a democratic society. It is a science adequate to democratic political systems, since it contributes to their further development and improvement.

The problems of the rule of law have always worried advanced people, progressive thinkers of antiquity, the Middle Ages and the present. Questions like - what is the rule of law? When did his idea come about and how did it develop? What are its main signs and features? What is the purpose and purpose of the rule of law? - almost always were in the field of view of philosophers, lawyers, historians, regardless of their views and judgments, as well as how this state was qualified and what it was called - whether the state of law, justice, the welfare state or the state of legality.

The main theories of the origin of the state,

its main features and functions.

Over the centuries, people's ideas about the state, its role and functions, about the best forms of political structure have changed. The thinkers of antiquity considered the emergence of the state as a natural process of development and complication of the forms of human coexistence. Aristotle believed that initially people unite in families, then several families form a village, and at the final stage of this process, a state is created as a form of community of citizens using a certain political system and subject to the power of laws. “A society consisting of several villages is,” wrote Aristotle, “a completely completed state that has reached ... a fully self-sufficient state and has arisen for the sake of the needs of life, but exists for the sake of achieving a good life. It follows from this that any state is a product of natural origin, as well as primary communications: it is the completion of them ... ”Man, in the view of Aristotle, is by nature a political being. In his work “Politics”, the philosopher wrote: “Nature instilled in all people the desire for state communication, and the first person who organized this communication provided humanity with the greatest benefit. A person who has found his completion, the most perfect of living beings, and vice versa, a person who lives outside the law and law is the worst of all ... The concept of justice is associated with the idea of the state, since law, which serves as a measure of justice, is the regulatory norm of a political society.

The views of the ancient philosophers reflected the reality of the political life of the polis-states. In the Middle Ages, the theory of the patrimonial state became widespread in Europe: state power was derived from the right to own land, which corresponded to the political and legal practice of feudal society. The political thought of the Middle Ages developed in line with the theological worldview, i.e. power relations were assessed in terms of religious doctrine. In modern times, the contractual theory of the origin of the state has appeared, which to a large extent contributed to the formation of modern democratic states and still has a profound impact on the political ideas of their citizens.

In accordance with this theory, the state arose as a result of a conscious and voluntary agreement of people who were previously in a natural, pre-state state, but then, in order to reliably ensure their fundamental rights and freedoms, decided to create state institutions. Thus, initially the state was identified with the community of citizens, then it began to be regarded as an institution of earthly power, subordinate to the highest Divine establishment and not intruding into the area of human relations with God. And, finally, along with the liberation of politics from the influence of the church, the existence of norms limiting the power of the state and obligatory for it was recognized.

The state in its modern forms has developed in the course of a long historical development. The forerunners of state institutions were pre-state forms of social self-regulation, self-organization of human communities. For a long time, relations between people were quite effectively regulated, human communities were held together, making them capable of joint activities and mutual support, traditions, norms, customs, which were supported by the authority of the elders and the opinion of all members of the tribe, clan, patriarchal family.

The state did not emerge all at once: gradually, the institutions of political leadership separated themselves from society, to which, step by step, the functions that had previously been carried out by the entire tribe or clan were transferred. The most important reason that caused the complication of the system of socio-political leadership was the development of human economic activity. It gave rise to more developed forms of cooperation and organization of joint activities, which contributed to an increase in the efficiency of people's work and the emergence of a surplus product. Initially insignificant, but over time, more and more obvious property stratification led to the need to create specific norms, rules and structures that regulated property relations. Increasing clashes between the numerically increased tribes due to fertile lands, hunting territories, etc. made it necessary to preserve the wealth of the tribe and increase it at the expense of others with the help of an armed force specially created for this.

Already the first institutions of political leadership, set above society by the very logic of life, separated from it and relying on professional armed force, gained a certain independence and self-sufficiency. They began to form their own interests, which did not always coincide with the interests of the individual, clan, tribe. The emergence of these institutions gave primitive societies a powerful impetus for development, but at the same time complicated the decision-making process in the sphere of governance. Increasing wealth inequality, as well as the strengthening of bodies of political leadership increasingly distant from society, intensified the rivalry for control over them between different groups of people united by similar social interests. As society developed, social classes were formed on the basis of these groups, occupying various positions in the system of power relations.

In addition to the general reasons for the emergence of the state, five factors can be distinguished that also accelerated the emergence of state structures and gave them a certain specificity. These include conquest (say, of one tribe by another) and the need to create a mechanism of power to keep the enslaved submissive; the presence of an external threat that required the creation of armed formations and the regular collection of funds for their maintenance; the need to carry out major economic work (for example, irrigation, construction, etc.), unthinkable without the mobilization of significant material and human resources and the creation of an apparatus for their rational distribution and use.

Increasing the frequency and periodicity of contacts between different communities of people increased their mutual influence on each other, on their ways of life and systems of government. Suffice it to recall how powerful an incentive for the formation of a state among the Germanic, Celtic and other tribes was their close acquaintance with ancient Greece and Rome. After the conquest of Ancient Rome in barbarian tribal unions, the process of state formation went much faster. They borrowed from the conquered empire not only many institutions and legal norms, but also external paraphernalia, symbols of power, some of which have survived to this day. Such concepts as “king”, “August”, “August”, “empire”, “imperial”, came to all European languages from Latin.

Conflicts of ethnically diverse communities could also serve as an additional impetus for the emergence of state structures. Indeed, in the course of conquests, the dominant tribe usually turned the conquered tribes belonging to other ethnic groups into their slaves, and special institutions were needed to regulate relations between them. Slave-owning states took shape primarily where there was a constant influx of foreign captives who had to be kept in subjection. However, the preservation and strengthening of the power of the social groups that dominated in a particular community was, although important, but by no means the only task of the state. Of course, for a long time the class struggle had a huge impact on the content of the activities of state institutions, on the types and forms of state formations.

As we found out, the political institution of the state arises at an early stage, during the period of decomposition of the tribal system. However, the term “state” itself appears for the first time in modern times in Europe. First it takes root in Spain and France, later in Germany. From the very beginning, its content is determined by the development of the modern state. The original Latin word “status” (“state”, in the Middle Ages also “estate”) gradually acquires a new meaning. They denoted the adherents of the holder of power, then the possession of power, and finally, power as a social function. Starting from the 11th century the term “state” also refers to a public institution. But besides this, the meaning of this term also includes the meanings that existed before the New Age, in connection with which the more ancient words “res publika”, “imperium” disappear.

Thus, the history of the term “state” shows that it should be considered as a specific concept tied to the historical era and referred exclusively to the modern state. Currently, the term also, depending on the context, can have a different meaning. First, in the narrow sense of the word, the state is identified with the representative and executive-administrative bodies of political power, as well as with the system of legal norms that determine their functioning. Secondly, this term is used to refer to the relations of political power, i.e. relations of domination and subordination between different groups of citizens, between authorities (for example, parliament and government), as well as between authorities and public organizations. Thirdly, in everyday speech the term "state" is often used as a synonym for the concepts "country", "fatherland", "society".

Such ambiguity of the term “state” is not accidental. It follows from the essence of the state not only as a class organization, but also as a universal organization designed to ensure the integrity of society. This ambiguity is also due to the very organization of the state, in the structure of which the main components of society are organically woven.

As a universal form of organization of society, the state consists of the following elements: territory, population, power.

The territory is the physical, material basis of the state. The territory of the state is that part of the world space on which the power of this ruling political group fully operates. Moreover, this territory is not limited to the so-called solid land. It includes bowels, air space, territorial waters. In all these environments, the state exercises its sovereign power and has the right to protect them from external intrusion from other states and individuals.

First of all, the issue of the emergence and disappearance of states is connected with the territory. Ultimately, there are no states without territory. With the loss of territory (for example, as a result of a war), the state ceases to exist. This explains the fact that many internal and external political conflicts begin to develop from the question of control over one or another part of the space. And that is why one of the main goals of the ruling political groups that are not in the service of foreign powers is to guarantee the territorial integrity of the state, for which various means are used - from diplomatic to military.

The population - as a constituent element of the state, is a human community living on the territory of a given state and subject to its authority. The entire population living on the territory of the state constitutes a community of people, a single people, a nation. In most Western countries, especially in English-speaking countries, the concepts of "people" and "nation" are used as identical. The concept of “nation” (from Latin “natio” - tribe, people) is associated with the state, and this is understood as the entire community of people, the population of the territory occupied by the state, regardless of ethnicity, united by one board. Of course, in reality, within the framework of the people as the entire population of a given state, various ethnic groups (nationalities) often coexist, which sometimes also call themselves nations.

The influence of the state on the population is universal. Every person living in the territory of a certain state, including foreign citizens, is subject to a single authority. However, this does not mean that the population of the state is united in all respects. A people is far from being a homogeneous community. Within its framework, various estate, class, ethnic and other communities coexist with specific socio-economic and spiritual interests. But it is the people as an integral element of the state that acts as an integrating community in relation to the social groups included in it.

The integrity of the people, i.e. the general subordination of the population to the existing authorities is the most important condition for the integrity of the state. The split of the population along social-class or other (ethnic, religious) grounds poses a great threat to the existence of the state. The emergence of a conflict, for example, between ethnic communities coexisting within the same state is usually accompanied by the refusal of at least one of the parties to obey the ruling group, which almost inevitably leads to the disintegration of the country into several independent states.

Power is the defining element (feature) of the state. The State makes its rulings binding on the entire population. These decrees are expressed in the form of legal norms (laws) adopted by authorized state bodies. It is through the legislative bodies of the state that the ruling political group communicates its will to the subordinates. The obligatory observance by the population of legal norms is ensured by the activities of executive and administrative state bodies, courts, other legal institutions, as well as a special apparatus of coercion. The latter consists of detachments of people deliberately organized for this purpose and having the appropriate material resources. The power of the ruling political group is exercised through a complex of special institutions. The system of such institutions in political and legal science is usually called the bodies of state power and administration. The main elements of this structure are the institutions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, which have different design and names in different countries. An important place in the structure of executive power is occupied by the bodies of protection of public order and state security, as well as the armed forces. Through these bodies, the monopoly right of the state to apply coercive measures is ensured. Sometimes the media are called as authorities - the state press, radio and television. However, the latter do not have any powers of authority and, therefore, cannot be classified as institutions of power.

Of course, power is exercised by specific people, whose composition changes. However, due to its manifestation in the form of organizational institutions, subject to established rules and norms of activity, state power in each country has a specific certainty and relative stability. This means that the appearance of a state is determined not so much by specific politicians as by the features of the structure and functioning of its power institutions. In other words, the rulers change, but the state power institutions remain. That is why we can talk, for example, about the features of the American state that do not depend on the changing persons entering into its bodies.

The state is a sovereign organization of power, i.e. state power in the country acts as the highest power, and in the world community - as an independent, independent power. This means that the state power is legally superior to the power of any other institution located in the territory of a given country. In international relations, the sovereignty of a state is expressed in the fact that its authorities are not legally obliged to carry out orders, commands of other states. Respect for sovereignty is a basic principle of international law, enshrined in the UN Charter and other international documents. The sovereignty of the state presupposes that there is no other power above its power, which is recognized as sovereign, that can subjugate it or prevent it from exercising its will.

The exercise of power by the state is associated with the implementation of its monopoly rights, which are also signs of the state. These rights include: the monopoly of non-economic coercion, which does not allow physical coercion and violence on the part of individuals and individual groups; the exclusive right to make laws binding on all; the exclusive right to issue banknotes; the right to determine and levy taxes and fees, issue loans, implement budgetary policy; the right to create and maintain armed forces for various purposes and organs for the suppression of illegal actions; the right to carry out foreign policy.

The study of the functions of the state is a detailed study of the question of its essence, social role. Functions reflect the main activities of the state in fulfilling its mission. Its essence is manifested in the functions of the state. In its most general form, the state performs two main functions: mediation and management.

The mediating function is directly related to the nature of the state as an instrument for regulating the contradictions and conflicts that arise in a society divided into social groups. Social conflicts can only be resolved with the help of a social force that rises above the private interests of various social groups. As such, the state acts. Its mediating role is that the ruling political group is looking for a formula for compromise between the conflicting parties. By proposing and imposing solutions that basically satisfy the conflicting parties, the state authorities seek to prevent the danger of a direct clash between them.

It is clear that in the course of performing this function, the state ultimately resolves conflicts in the interests of social groups that occupy a dominant position in society. However, at the same time, it is forced to limit the claims of the opposing sides to one degree or another. In some cases, the ruling group puts the dominant social forces before the necessity of agreeing to decisions that do not suit them, if at a particular moment such terms of compromise have significant support from the masses. Under such circumstances, the ruling group makes significant concessions from its stratum for the sake of common interests, in the name of preserving the foundations of the social system and the integrity of society and the state.

Along with mediating functions in relations between dominant and subordinate social groups, the ruling group is also forced to act as an arbitrator in conflicts between its various parts.

The ruling group is not a monolith, it has a fairly complex internal structure. Quite sharp confrontations can arise between the various components of this group. Like conflicts with the masses, these clashes can be just as dangerous or even more dangerous for the ruling groups themselves and for society as a whole. Therefore, far-sighted ruling groups seek to restore their unity, using all sorts of means for this, up to and including coercion.

The mediating function of the state is not limited to the settlement of internal social conflicts. The state power is entrusted with the duty to resolve external conflicts, to ensure the development of relations with foreign countries. The ability of the ruling political group to ensure the strengthening of the country's defense, increase its security, the development of international relations is so important that it can strengthen or lose its power, depending on success or failure in this matter. Even more important is the intermediary function, to ensure the external conditions for the life of the country, maintain and strengthen the integrity of society, because external conflicts are fraught not only with the weakening of the state, but also with the cessation of its physical existence.

The function of management consists in regulating the course of affairs in the country as a whole, in more or less effective control over the implementation of certain types of activities necessary for the preservation and development of society as a whole. In any society, there are problems related to defense, the economy, the use of natural resources, food production, the development of health care, education, social security, judiciary, and so on. The task of the state is to influence the social system as a whole and its individual elements in order to resolve these problems or mitigate their severity. The management function is no less important for the normal development of society than the regulation of social class relations. On how effectively it is carried out, social stability and the prestige of the ruling political groups depend.

So, the state, as the main institution of the political system, performs two main functions - an intermediary and a management function. Both of them find their expression in the activities of the state to regulate both its internal and external problems. An analysis of the content of these two functions showed that they can be divided into a number of narrower ones in their nature and content. In domestic political and legal literature, all of them, as a rule, are divided into internal and external functions of the state. Internal ones include: protection of the existing mode of production, regulation of social relations, economic activity, protection of public order, and others. External functions are: ensuring the integrity, security and sovereignty of the country, protecting the interests of the state in the international arena, developing mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries, participating in solving global problems of mankind, and others.

Territory, population, power, functions - all these are the substantial characteristics of the state, which reflect the common that is inherent in all states.

Forms of government and government.

However, states differ quite significantly from each other in terms of the features of their internal organization, which is also revealed in the originality of their external appearance. This applies to various constituent elements and aspects of the state's activities: the organization of power, the territorial structure, the methods for implementing power decrees, the totality of functions performed, etc. Features of the structure and functioning of the state and make up its form. The form of the state consists of three elements: the form of government, the form of government and the form of the political regime.

The form of government is the organization of the supreme state power, which predetermines the structure of the highest state bodies, the order of their formation of interaction between themselves and the population. There are two forms of government: monarchy and republic.

Monarchy was the first historical form of government. It is characterized by the fact that the supreme power in the country is exercised by one person. The head of state - the monarch - holds his post, as a rule, by inheritance, and his power is considered non-derivative from any other power, its body or voters.

There are two types of monarchy: absolute and constitutional. The first is characterized by the omnipotence of the head of state. Under the second, the power of the monarch does not actually extend to the sphere of legislation and is significantly limited in the field of administration. The functions of the monarch in this case are predominantly representative in nature.

The republic as a form of government, although it arose later than the monarchy, is also known already in antiquity. It differs from a monarchy in that the head of state is elected and replaceable, and his power is considered to be derived from a representative body or voters. There are three main types of republic: parliamentary, presidential and mixed or semi-presidential.

In a parliamentary republic, the government is formed by the legislature and is formally responsible to it. At any time, Parliament may, by voting, express its approval or disapproval of the activities of a minister, head of government or the government as a whole. The head of government - the chairman of the council of ministers, the prime minister, the chancellor - is not officially the head of state, but in reality he is the first person in the political hierarchy of a parliamentary republic. The head of state - the president here is elected either by parliament or by direct vote of the people. However, in the system of government, it occupies a modest place. His duties are usually limited to representative functions, which differ little from those of the head of state in constitutional monarchies.

The presidential republic is characterized by a strict separation of powers, in which state authorities have significant independence in relation to each other. The president here is both the head of state and government, he is elected independently of parliament, either by an electoral college or directly by the people. He himself appoints the government and manages its activities. In a presidential republic, parliament cannot pass a vote of no confidence in the government, and the president cannot dissolve parliament. However, the parliament has the ability to limit the actions of the president and the government through the adopted laws and through the approval of the budget. The president, in turn, is vested with the right of suspensive veto on the decisions of the legislature. In a presidential republic, the government is stable, and the president himself can be removed from power only if he violates the constitution or commits a crime.

A semi-presidential, or mixed, republic does not have the typical features of the first two varieties of the form of government under consideration, but tends to one of them. Its characteristic feature is the dual responsibility of the government - both to the president and to the parliament. In a semi-presidential republic, the president and parliament are directly elected by the people. The head of state is the president. He appoints the head of government and ministers, taking into account the alignment of political forces in parliament. The head of state, as a rule, presides over meetings of the Cabinet of Ministers and approves its decisions. Parliament also has the ability to control the government by approving the country's annual budget, as well as through the right to pass a vote of no confidence in the government.

Under the form of state structure it is customary to understand the territorial-organizational structure of the state. With the help of this concept, the state structure is characterized in terms of the distribution of power in the center and in the localities. On this basis, unitary (simple, national), federal (union, multinational) and confederate states, as well as imperial formations, are distinguished.

Unitary states are states that are characterized by a high degree of centralization of political power. The administrative-territorial units of such states do not have the features of statehood and sovereignty.

Federal states are states whose territorial parts, to one degree or another, have sovereignty, have signs of statehood. Each subject of the federation has its own constitution, as well as legislative, executive and judicial authorities. The powers between the federation and its constituent state entities are determined by a single constitution.

Confederate states are unions of sovereign states formed to jointly solve certain problems of an economic, military, social and other nature. In such unions, there are no unified bodies of state power and administration, and special institutions are created only to coordinate the actions of the members of the union in the implementation of the planned tasks.

Empires are state formations characterized by a vast territorial base, highly centralized power, asymmetric relations of domination and subordination between center and periphery, as well as a heterogeneous ethnic and cultural composition of the population. Empires arise through territorial expansion from the original core, which could be a city or a nation-state.

In different forms of states, but belonging to the same historical era, there are common essential features. The historically conditioned features of the state are manifested in the nature of relations between the ruling and subordinate social classes, which are provided by state-legal means. From this point of view, the following historical types of state are distinguished: slave-owning, feudal and bourgeois.

The slave-owning state provides for such socio-economic relations in which the ruling class appropriates practically the entire product created by the labor of the slave class subordinate to it. The latter are also deprived of any political and legal rights.

The feudal state, which replaced the slave state, is characterized by the unlimited power of the owners of landed property - feudal lords or, what is the same, landlords. This state ensures such socio-economic relations in which, on the one hand, the propertied class has the right to transfer land to the peasants for use, which often meant their forced attachment to the land. On the other hand, the peasants are charged with the obligation to give their owners a part of the produced product, as well as to work for them free of charge. Unlike slaves, peasants in a feudal state are the owners of tools and households. For all their dependence and lack of rights, the peasants are still recognized as legal entities.

The bourgeois state, which arises at the industrial stage of the development of production, abolishes class privileges and proclaims the formal equality of people before the law. It gives citizens the right to freely hire workers or sell their labor to property owners. Providing these relations with legal means, the state objectively acts as an instrument for the realization of the rights and interests, first of all, of private owners - the bourgeoisie. At the same time, it does not relieve itself of the obligation to protect the legal rights of other categories of citizens. The bourgeois state also establishes the principle of elective organs of power, which contributes to the development of democratic forms of political life.

Constitutional state.

When considering this issue, first of all, it is necessary to understand that the form of government is an integral part of such a complex social phenomenon as the Form of the state.

The form of government is the administrative-territorial and national structure of the state, which reveals the nature of the relationship between its constituent parts, between central and local government bodies.

The form of government most fully reveals and shows the internal structure of the state. Of all the known forms of government, there are:

unitary states;

Federations;

Confederation. one

However, a confederation cannot be attributed unambiguously to the forms of government, since a confederation is a union of several sovereign states that have united for a while to solve some common problem.

Historical memory keeps many instructive and fruitful ideas about the compatibility of the state with law. The rule of law is a product of the new time. Neither antiquity nor the Middle Ages knew the rule of law. Although, as some lawyers believe, the idea of the rule of law has its roots in ancient society. The ideas of the German philosopher Kant (1724-1804), the French educator and jurist Montesquieu (1689-1755) and other European enlighteners of the 18th and 19th centuries are at the heart of modern concepts of the rule of law. such as Hugo Grotius, Spinoza, J. Locke, Denis Diderot, J.-J. Rousseau. These scholars believed that the police, bureaucratic state of the era of absolutism (which Kant called the state of arbitrariness) should be replaced by a rule of law state based on the idea of an autonomous person with inalienable, inalienable rights. The relationship between the individual and state power in a rule of law state is fundamentally different than in an absolutist state, because a rule of law state is characterized by the limitation of state power, its boundness by law and law.

Issues of the rule of law are widely discussed in our time. The main reason for such attention to the rule of law lies not only in the humanism of the very idea of its emergence, but also in the search for ways of its most adequate design and effective implementation.

By the term "state" we designate a special type of social phenomena, which are characterized by the following features:

a) the relationship of power and subordination;

b) the monopoly use of violence by those in power;

c) the presence of a legal order;

d) relative constancy;

e) institutional dimension. Thus, the state is not an entity located above society and independent of it, but a certain type of legally regulated social behavior that exists in specific spatial and temporal conditions. The state is not a physical phenomenon that can be detected with the help of the senses, but a social fact that presupposes a legally normalized hierarchical interaction of its members. When we talk about the state, we mean certain relations between people, legally regulated by those who are authorized to do so.

The state is a collective phenomenon that exists in a specific spatio-temporal context. The spatio-temporal nature of the state is determined by the fact that the legal order operates in a particular territory at a particular time. The legal order of a certain state does not last forever and not in all states. Its applicability is limited to a given territory during a given period.

So, the state is a complex social phenomenon, the hallmark of which is the forced regulation of people's behavior through normative norms.

The state is a political community, the constituent elements of which are territory, population and power. The territory is the spatial basis of the state. The physical basis is one of the conditions that make the existence of the state possible. Ultimately, without the territory of the state does not exist, although it can change over time. The territory is the space of the state, occupied by its population, where the power of the political elite, implemented through legal norms, fully operates.

The second constituent element of the state is the population, that is, the human community living on its territory and subject to its authority. The people as a generic concept can be characterized as a relatively broad social group, whose members have a sense of belonging to it due to the common features of culture and historical consciousness.

The third constituent element of the state is power, in other words, the relations of domination and subordination that exist between the political elite and the rest of society.

The idea of the state as an organization that operates on the basis of the law began to take shape already in the early stages of the development of human civilization. The search for more perfect and just forms of life was associated with the idea of a rule of law state. Thinkers of antiquity (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.) tried to identify such connections and interactions between law and state power that would ensure the harmonious functioning of society. Scientists of antiquity believed that the most reasonable and fair is only that political form of human cohabitation, in which the law is obligatory both for citizens and for the state itself.

State power, recognizing the law, and at the same time limited by it, according to ancient thinkers, was considered a fair statehood. State-legal ideas and institutions of ancient Greece and Rome had a significant impact on the formation and development of later progressive teachings about the rule of law.

During the beginning of the disintegration of feudalism, the ideas of legal statehood were outlined by the progressive thinkers of that time N. Machiavelli and J. Bodin. In his theory, Machiavelli attempted to sketch out the contours of an ideal state that would best meet the needs of his time. He saw the goal of the state in the possibility of free use of property and security for everyone. Bodin defined the state as the legal administration of many families and what belongs to them.

During the period of early bourgeois revolutions, progressive thinkers G. Grotius, B. Spinoza, T. Hobbes, D. Locke, C. Montesquieu, D. Diderot, P. Holbach, T. Jefferson and others made a significant contribution to the development of the concept of the rule of law.

Grotius was the first prominent theorist of the natural law school. He considered the goal of the state to be the protection of private property through such legal establishments that would ensure each person the free use of his property with the consent of all.

Spinoza was one of the first to give a theoretical justification for a democratic state, which, being bound by laws, ensures the real rights and freedoms of citizens. He argued that the state is powerful only when it guarantees each citizen not only the safety of life, but also the satisfaction of his interests, and warned contemporary rulers against encroachment on the property, security, honor, freedom and other benefits of subjects.

Hobbes developed a number of progressive provisions on the rule of law in public life. These include, for example, the justification of formal equality before the law, the inviolability of contracts.

A significant contribution to the development of the fundamental elements of legal statehood during this period was made by Voltaire, Helvetius, Rousseau, Kant, Payne and other prominent thinkers.

Kant substantiated and developed in detail the philosophical basis of the theory of the rule of law, in which a person occupies a central place. The supremacy of the people through the supremacy of the Constitution, expressing its will, determines the freedom, equality and independence of all citizens in the state, which acts as "an association of many people subject to legal laws." The philosophical concept of the rule of law according to Kant had a significant impact on the further development of political and legal thought and the practice of state and legal construction.

The thinkers of Western Europe honed the elements of theory from the standpoint of their time and the experience of the past. If we ignore subjective assessments, then most authors agreed that only a state can be considered legal if the legislator is also subordinate to the law, like the citizen. The ideas of the rule of law are also widely reflected in Russian political and legal thought. They were expounded in the works of D.I. Pisarev, A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, A.I. Radishchev.

After the October Revolution, the idea of the rule of law was replaced by the requirements of revolutionary legal consciousness, and later completely excluded from reality.

Shershenevich notes the following ways of formation and the main parameters of the rule of law:

1) to eliminate arbitrariness, it is necessary to establish norms of objective law that determine the limits of everyone's freedom and limit some interests from others, including the state organization - hence the idea of the rule of law in management;

2) if personal initiative requires space, then it is enough for the state to confine itself to the protection of subjective rights;

3) so that the new order is not violated by the authorities themselves, it is necessary to strictly define the powers of the latter, separating the legislative branch from the executive branch, establishing the independence of the judiciary and allowing elected public elements to participate in the legislation.

The rule of law is a multidimensional developing phenomenon. Over time, it acquired new features, filled with new content. Only the idea of the connection of the rule of law with law remained enduring.

A legal democratic state is a state whose structure and activities correspond to the will of the people, the universally recognized rights and freedoms of man and citizen. A democratic state is the most important element of the democracy of a civil society based on the rights of people's freedom. The sovereignty of the people is the source of power for all organs of this state.

The goal of the rule of law is to ensure the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of its citizens in all spheres, but it can be achieved provided that citizens, in turn, show respect for the laws and institutions of the existing system. The rule of law seeks to establish a single and binding legal order for all citizens, so that they depend as little as possible on the whims of politicians. Historically, the demand for a sovereign and unified state arose in response to the inequality of rights and sanctions that characterized the Middle Ages. In a state governed by the rule of law, only a legally elected government is authorized to use force as a means of coercion.

The rule of law, unlike a despotic or police state, itself limits itself to a certain set of permanent norms and rules. The central place among them is occupied by such a norm as the division of powers into three main branches - legislative, executive and judicial. Each power carries out its strictly defined functions. And together they check and balance each other, thus providing a guarantee against violation of democratic norms and abuse of power. And besides, the citizens themselves, through the universal electoral system and the electoral process, have the opportunity to control the authorities and, if necessary, correct their actions. This principle of mutual control, characteristic of the rule of law, was formulated by the German philosopher I. Kant in the statement that every citizen should have the same ability to compel the ruling to the exact and unconditional execution of the law, as the ruling in relation to the citizen. In other words, the legislator is also subject to the law, as is the individual citizen.

At the same time, the subordination of state power is supplemented by the recognition of the inalienable and inviolable rights of the individual, which precede the state itself. The inviolability of the person is guaranteed by law, as is the inviolability of the home and correspondence.

In the process of its formation and approval, the rule of law state developed and consolidated not only legislative guarantees of individual freedoms and rights, but also its power as the guardian of such freedoms and rights, the main guarantor of the normal existence and functioning of civil society, its basic institutions, principles and values. And as such, the rule of law has a number of common legal foundations that unite all members of civil society, which in their essence are of a supra-class and universal nature.

Private, often conflicting interests are concentrated in civil society. The rule of law, expressing the general will of citizens, is called upon to reconcile and combine these interests in a real life process. If the state were a political reflection of only the economic interests of the owners, then it could take the form of a kind of oligarchic republic. However, in practice, the economic dominance of owners coexists with various forms of state and political systems - both dictatorship and democracy. Of course, the propertied classes strive to turn the institutions of power into an instrument of their domination. But the democratic principles underlying the state system ensure a significant degree of independence of the state, the activities of its institutions from certain economic and social class interests. The guarantee of this independence is the existence of civil society and the correspondence between it and the rule of law.

It is not enough just to proclaim the state democratic (this is done by totalitarian states), the main thing is to ensure its structure and activities with appropriate legal institutions, real guarantees of democracy. The concept of a democratic state is inextricably linked with the concepts of a constitutional and legal state, in a certain sense, we can talk about the synonymy of all three terms. A democratic state cannot but be both constitutional and legal.

The state can correspond to the characteristics of a democratic one only in the conditions of a formed civil society. This state must strictly adhere to the established limits of interference in economic and spiritual life, which ensure the freedom of enterprise and culture. The functions of a democratic state include ensuring the common interests of the people, but with unconditional observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Such a state is the antipode of a totalitarian state, these two concepts are mutually exclusive.

The most important features of a democratic state:

a) real representative democracy;

b) ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Representative democracy is the exercise of power by the people through elected institutions that represent citizens and have the exclusive right to make laws. Representative bodies (parliaments, elected bodies of local self-government) are vested with the right to resolve the most important issues in the life of the people (declaration of war, adoption of the budget, introduction of a state of emergency and martial law, resolution of territorial disputes, etc.). Constitutions in different countries endow representative bodies with different powers, but the functions of the legislature and the adoption of the budget are mandatory and most important among them.

Ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is another important feature of a democratic state. It is here that the close connection between formally democratic institutions and the political regime appears. Only under the conditions of a democratic regime do rights and freedoms become real, the rule of law is established and the arbitrariness of the power structures of the state is excluded. No lofty goals and democratic declarations are capable of imparting a truly democratic character to a state if the universally recognized rights and freedoms of man and citizen are not ensured.

In the rule of law, there are at least four main features:

Separation of powers;

Law supremacy;

Strict observance of human rights and freedoms;

Social and legal security of the individual.

In addition, sometimes other signs of the rule of law are also distinguished:

The concentration of all the prerogatives of state-power regulation in the system of state institutions;

The presence of a developed civil society;

Creation of anti-monopoly mechanisms that prevent the concentration of power in any one link or institution;

Establishing in law and carrying out in practice the sovereignty of state power;

Formation by society on the basis of the norms of the electoral law of legislative bodies and control over the formation and expression of the legislative will in laws;

Compliance of domestic legislation with generally recognized norms and principles of international law;

Legal protection of all subjects of social communication from arbitrary decisions of anyone;

Elevation of the court as a model, model and means of ensuring legal statehood;

Compliance of laws with law and the legal organization of the system of state power;

Unity of rights and duties of citizens.

The features of the rule of law reflect its main features, which must be present in it.

Separation of powers means that each of the three powers existing in the state (legislative, executive and judicial) must be independent of the other and in its activities obey only the law.

The legislative power has supremacy, since it establishes the legal principles of state and public life, the main directions of the country's domestic and foreign policy, and therefore ultimately determines the legal organization and forms of activity of the executive and judicial authorities. The dominant position of the legislative bodies in the mechanism of the rule of law determines the highest legal force of the laws adopted by them, gives a universally binding character to the rules of law. However, the supremacy of the legislature is not absolute. It is under the control of the people and special constitutional bodies, with the help of which the conformity of laws with the current Constitution is ensured.

The executive power in the person of its bodies is engaged in the direct implementation of the legal norms adopted by the legislator. It has a legal character only if it is a sub-legislative authority, acts on the basis of legality. In a state of law, every citizen can appeal against any illegal actions of the executive bodies and officials in court.

The judiciary is called upon to protect the law, the legal foundations of state and public life from any violations, no matter who commits them. Justice in the rule of law is carried out only by the judiciary. No one can appropriate the functions of the court. The independence and legality of justice are the most important guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the legal statehood in general. The judiciary acts as a deterrent that prevents the violation of legal provisions, and above all in the constitutional ones, both by the legislative and executive bodies of state power, thereby ensuring a real separation of powers.

The rule of law means that the state and the individual in their actions must first of all comply with the law, that is, no one has the right to break the law.

Protection of human rights and freedoms - these are, first of all, constitutional guarantees that a person is free, and his rights cannot be violated without the permission of the court. The state is obliged to protect the person, and the person is accordingly obliged to protect his state.

In a rule of law state, domestic legislation must comply with generally accepted international laws, but this does not serve well to promote the ideas of a rule of law state, since by bringing legislation to world standards, we thereby erase our own, unique face of the state, turn into one of the small European states, developing these standards. Only when they take into account all the national characteristics of all the states of the world, only then can you bring your legislation in line with the standards, and then only some of their parts.

The rule of law should be based on a legal economy, and not a command and barracks economy, doomed to degradation due to the lack of internal incentives to work

The economic basis of the rule of law are production relations based on multiformity, on various forms of ownership (state, collective, rental, private, cooperative, private and others) as equal and equally protected legally. In a state governed by the rule of law, property belongs directly to the producers and consumers of material goods; the individual producer acts as the owner of the products of his personal labor. The legal principle of statehood is realized only in the presence of independence and freedom of property, which economically ensure the rule of law, equality of participants in industrial relations, the constant growth of the welfare of society and its self-development.

The social basis of the rule of law is a self-regulating civil society, which brings together free citizens - carriers of social progress. Civil society is a system of economic, spiritual, cultural, moral, religious and other relations of individuals freely and voluntarily united in associations, unions, corporations to satisfy their spiritual and material needs and interests. It is built on the principle of self-government, protected by traditions, customs, moral norms and the right of state intervention. The state is only a form of civil society. The focus of such a state is a person and his interests. Through a system of social institutions and public relations, the necessary conditions are created for the realization of each citizen's creative and labor opportunities, pluralism of opinions, personal rights and freedoms are ensured. The transition from totalitarian methods of government to legal statehood is associated with a sharp reorientation of the social activity of the state. The solid social basis of the state predetermines the stability of its legal foundations.

The moral basis of the rule of law form the universal principles of humanism and justice, equality and freedom of the individual. Specifically, this is expressed in democratic methods of public administration, justice and justice, in the priority of the rights and freedoms of the individual in relations with the state, the protection of the rights of the minority, and tolerance for various religious worldviews.

The rule of law is a sovereign state that concentrates the sovereignty of the people, nations and nationalities inhabiting the country. By exercising the supremacy, universality, completeness and exclusivity of power, such a state ensures the freedom of social relations based on the principles of justice for all citizens without exception. Coercion in a legal state is carried out on the basis of law, limited by law and excludes arbitrariness and lawlessness. the state uses force within the legal framework and only in cases where its sovereignty and the interests of its citizens are violated. It restricts the freedom of an individual if his behavior threatens the freedom of others.

The deployment of the entire complex of state institutions in a democratic society eliminates the dominance of political power, eliminates or sharply limits the manifestations of its negative aspects. Among the vast complex of institutions characteristic of a developed state in a democracy, it is necessary to point out, in particular, the following: the mandate of the people to exercise power, primarily through the formation of representative bodies that perform legislative and control functions; presence of municipal self-government; subordination of all departments of power to the law; independent and strong justice; the presence of state power in separate blocks, including the executive branch.

The rule of law is a state that serves the needs of civil society and the legal economy, the purpose of which is to ensure freedom and well-being. It is controlled by civil society and is built on the equivalence of exchanged goods, on the actual ratio of public demand and supply, is responsible for the rule of law, which guarantees freedom and security to a person, because its spiritual foundation is the recognition of human rights.

A democratic state is a state in which political rights and freedoms are ensured, the participation of the people in the exercise of legislative power (directly and through representatives). This implies a high level of legal and political culture, a developed civic consciousness in society. In a democratic state, opportunities are provided within the framework of the law to defend and promote individual and group views and beliefs, which is reflected in the formation and functioning of political parties, public associations, political pluralism, freedom of the press, etc.

In a state governed by the rule of law, not a single state body, official, collective or public organization, not a single person has the right to encroach on the law. For its violation, they bear strict legal responsibility.

The rule of law also implies the legal stability of the Constitution. Its constant change, addition and updating is unacceptable. For then it ceases to be the Basic Law of the state, which has a long-term character.

UNITARY STATE - this is a single integral state formation, consisting of administrative-territorial units, which are subordinate to the central authorities and do not possess signs of state sovereignty.

A unitary state has a number of features that characterize it from various aspects.

On the territory of a unitary state, there is one constitution, a single system of legislation, one citizenship. It has a unified monetary system, a common tax and credit policy, which is mandatory for all administrative-territorial units.

A unitary state presupposes uniform representative, executive and judicial bodies common for the whole country, which carry out the supreme leadership of the relevant bodies of local self-government or local governments. For example, in France, the supreme and unified legislative body is a bicameral parliament, consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate. The highest judicial power in this country belongs to the Court of Cassation, and the highest executive power is exercised by the president.

In addition, the constituent parts of a unitary state do not have state sovereignty. They do not have their own independent military formations, legislative bodies and other attributes of statehood. However, local authorities have a very significant autonomy. According to the degree of dependence of local authorities on the central ones, the unitary state structure is divided into centralized and decentralized. The state is considered centralized if local authorities are headed by officials appointed from the center, to whom the authorities are subordinate (for example, Finland). In decentralized unitary states, local governments are elected by the people. But there are also mixed systems (Japan), where the heads of administrations are partly appointed and partly elected. In unitary states, national and legislative autonomies can be organized. This is due to the residence in the territory of this state of small nationalities. All interstate issues are decided by the central body, which officially represents the country in the international arena.

Another sign of a unitary state is the presence of a single monetary and, accordingly, financial and economic system, as well as the presence of a single state language of communication.

The state has a unified armed forces and a security service. It should be noted that in a unitary state, culture is often the same, that is, cultural and social values.

This concludes the consideration of the unitary state and move on to the federation.

FEDERATION - This is a voluntary unification of several previously independent state entities into one union state.

The federal state structure is unique. First, it is not uniform. Second, it's varied. This is determined by the difference in the population, more precisely, the national-ethnic composition of this population, historical processes and, in the end, geographical location. However, despite this, there are a number of features that are typical for most federations.

1. The supreme legislative, executive and judicial power belongs to the federal state authorities.

2. The Constitution delimits the powers of the subjects and the federation itself.

3. The territory of the federation consists of:

a) Subjects that are called differently.

b) Accordingly, the subjects consist of administrative-territorial units.

4. Subjects of the federation may adopt their own constitutions, laws, resolutions and other normative legal acts. They have their own supreme bodies of representative, executive and judicial power, which operate only on the territory of the subject of this federation.

5. Often there is dual citizenship, that is, the subject of the federation endows a citizen living on its territory with his citizenship, and this person already has citizenship of the federation. Therefore, a citizen has two citizenships: the citizenship of the subject and the citizenship of the federation.

6. Usually, representatives are allocated from the subjects of the federation, who are members of the representative government; these representatives in their totality form the legislative body of the federation, or rather, one of its parts (the chamber). The second part of the legislature of the federation is always elected by the people.

7. Foreign policy state activities are carried out by federal bodies. They act on the international arena on behalf of the federation.

Federations are built on territorial and national grounds.

TERRITORIAL FEDERATION. Such a federation is characterized by a significant limitation of the state sovereignty of the subject of the federation.

The state formations that make up the territorial federation are not states, since the internal and external relations of a given subject are regulated by federal authorities. The legal and actual delineation of competence between the subject and the federation is determined by constitutional norms. Usually, the constitution establishes a list of issues that are subordinate only to the highest federal authorities. And all other issues not specified in the constitution are regulated exclusively by the subject. But sometimes a list of issues of joint jurisdiction of the subject and the federation is drawn up in the constitution. Such issues are usually resolved by the subject with the federation by agreement.

The subjects of the federation are deprived of the right of direct representation in international relations.

Legislation in territorial federations does not provide, and in some countries even prohibits secession from the federation without the consent of all other subjects.

The armed forces in the territorial federation are united. They are managed by the federal bodies. The head of the federation is also the commander in chief (an example of a territorial federation is Germany).

NATIONAL FEDERATION. National federations are the most complex formations. They have all the features of a federation, but apart from them there are many features. Such federations have a number of features:

1) The subjects of such federations are national states and national-state formations, which differ from each other in the national composition of the population, culture, way of life, traditions and customs, religion and beliefs.

2) This kind of federation is built on the principle of voluntary association of its constituent subjects.

3) The highest state bodies of the national federation are formed from representatives of the subjects of the federation, that is, the central government is created to solve the problems of each nation and nationality living on the territory of the federation.

4) The national federation ensures the state sovereignty of large and small nations, in other words, their freedom and independent development.

5) In a national federation, a feature is the legal status of its subjects. In this kind of federation there is a concept - "The right of nations to self-determination." That is, the right of a national subject to secede from the federation at its own discretion if it no longer wishes to be in an alliance with other subjects of the federation. Moreover, the consent of the subjects of the federation, as a rule, is not required.

Differences between territorial and national federations.

These federations, first of all, differ in the degree of sovereignty of their subjects. The central government in the territorial federations has supremacy in relation to the highest state bodies of the members of the federation. The nation state is limited by the sovereignty of national state formations. If in a territorial federation subjects cannot establish diplomatic relations with other states, then the subject of a national federation can easily do this.

Federations may be constitutional and treaty or constitutional and treaty. The Russian Federation is contractual and constitutional, because it is based on three federal treaties (the treaty of the federation with the republics, the treaty with regions and territories, and the treaty with autonomous regions and districts) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. 2

CONFEDERATION - it is a temporary legal union of sovereign states, created to ensure their common interests.

SIGNS:

The Confederation does not have its own common legislative, executive and judicial authorities. Joint confederal bodies are created to resolve economic, social, defense issues, but not to manage the confederation.

b) There is no common citizenship.

c) This kind of association of sovereign states does not have a single army, a single budget, a single system of taxes. These issues can be resolved by single confederal authorities.

d) The Confederation may agree on a single monetary system, common customs rules, as well as a single interstate credit policy for the period of existence.

e) Usually, confederations create “transparent” borders, crossing of which does not require special documents.

f) Confederations are short-lived. They disintegrate upon reaching common goals or turn into federations.

OUTPUT: under a confederal structure of the state, the members of the confederation retain their sovereign rights, both in internal and external affairs.

It is interesting to note that the USSR in the last months of its existence also began to transform into a confederation. Members of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were delegated by the union republics. The deputies to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were elected by the Supreme Soviets of the Union republics from among the deputies of the Supreme Soviets of the republics and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, representing deputies from the corresponding republic. Each republic had one vote. In order to transform the USSR, it was planned to unite the union republics on the basis of the Treaty on the Union of Sovereign States, in the draft of which the future association was considered as a confederation. The process of turning the USSR into the SSG as a confederation was interrupted by the Belovezhskaya decisions in December 1991.

Conclusion.

The national composition of the country has a huge influence on the choice of the form of government in any country. A mono-ethnic society gravitates towards a unitary state. Multinational countries, with compact residence in a certain territory of different nationalities - to a federal structure. Also, the choice of the form of government may be influenced by any historical events.

Thus, having examined in detail the functions, forms of government, types of states, we can conclude that the state acts as the main means of exercising political power. This circumstance gives it the status of the main institution of the political system. As such, the state itself has a complex structure, performs specific functions, and is characterized by certain forms of organization. The quality of political life and the level of democracy in society depend to a decisive extent on the degree of development of the state, the conditions, forms, and methods of its functioning. Democratic forms of political life are most developed in the rule of law and civil society.

Bibliography.

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2. "Political Science" Course of lectures (under the editorship of M.N. Marchenko.) M.1993

3. Panarin A.S. “Introduction to Political Science” M.1994

4. “Fundamentals of political science. Brief glossary of terms and concepts. (under the editorship of Pugachev V.P.) M.1993

5. "History of political and legal doctrines" (responsible editor V.S. Nersesyants) M. 1989

6. "Political Science": textbook (under the editorship of B.I. Krasnov) M.1995.

7. "Introduction to Political Science" ed. Samsonova M.1994

8. "General Theory of State and Law" Textbook, ed. V.V. Lazareva M.1994

9. "Civil society as a phenomenon of civilization" Reznik Yu. M.1993

10. Cherdantsev A.F. Theory of Government and Rights. Textbook for high schools. M., URAIT, 1999.

11. Plato. State. // Collection. cit.: in 4 volumes. T.3. M., 1994.

12. Chernilovsky Z.M. General History of State and Law. Textbook for high schools. - M., Higher School, 1986.

13.Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 2003. political state ", politicians, political activities and political parties. 2.1 State how political organization in society. State is the main element political systems ...

Lesson plan:

1. The concept of a political institution.

3. Functions of the state.

1 . political institutionis a set of roles and statuses designed to satisfy a political need. (First of all, it is the state, parliament, presidency, political parties and pressure groups, legal systems and courts, electoral systems, etc.) The main function of all institutions is the regulation of socio-political processes and phenomena in order to maintain their stability and maintain a balance between them.

2. State as a political institution. His signs.

The state is the main institution of the political system of society, created to organize and manage the life of a certain population in a certain territory with the help of state power, which is binding on all its citizens.

State signs:

Territory

Population

Power

Sovereignty

Monopoly on the legal use of force

Exclusive right to legislate

Universality

The right to collect taxes and fees from the population

State apparatus- it is a system of state bodies interconnected by common principles, the unity of the ultimate goal and interaction, endowed with authority, as well as having the material and technical capabilities to carry out their functions.

State bodies are structural units of the state apparatus.

3. Functions of the state.

The social purpose of the state is expressed in its functions, i.e. the main directions of its activities in the implementation of urgent tasks.

Usually the functions of the state are divided into internal and external.

Internal functionsprovide satisfaction of various interests of the population of the country. These include economic, social, cultural, environmental, and law enforcement functions. External functions aimed at establishing mutually beneficial economic, political, cultural, technical, environmental and military cooperation with other states, at ensuring the country's defense capability.

4. Forms of government in the modern world.

The form of the state is a set of external features of the state, including three elements: the form of government, the form of government and the political regime.

The form of government is the administrative-territorial organization of the state, as well as the system of relations between central and regional authorities. There are two forms of government: federation and unitary state.

A federation is a form of government in which the administrative-territorial entities (subjects) included in it have limited legal and political independence.

The federal states include: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, India, Canada, Russia, USA, etc.

A unitary state is a form of government, the administrative-territorial formations of which do not have political independence.

Unitary states include: Great Britain, Japan, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc.

A confederation is a more or less permanent union of states that fully retain their state sovereignty for the implementation of any joint goals.

Members of the confederation transfer to the competence of the allied bodies the solution of only a limited number of issues, most often in the field of defense, foreign policy, transport and communications, and the monetary system.

The form of government is characterized by the order of formation of the highest bodies of state power (head of state, parliament, government), as well as the distribution of powers and functions between them.

Modern states have two forms of government: monarchy and republic.

A republic is a form of government in which all the highest organs of state power are either elected or formed by nationwide representative institutions (parliaments). Within the framework of the republican form of government, it is customary to distinguish between presidential, parliamentary and mixed republics.

Parliamentary republic characterized by the fact that the parliament is formally a sovereign body that forms a government politically responsible to it and elects a president who is only the head of state, but not the executive. The classical model of a parliamentary republic exists in Italy and Germany.

Presidential republic characterized by the fact that the president elected, as a rule, popularly, is legally and in fact the head of state and executive power.

Monarchy is a form of government in which the supreme power belongs to one person who holds his position in the established order of succession to the throne.

In the modern world, two types of monarchy remain - absolute and constitutional.

Absolute monarchy is characterized by the legal and actual concentration of all state power in the hands of the monarch. He exercises executive power jointly with the government, and legislative power through legislative advisory bodies (appointed or elected). Currently, eight absolute monarchies remain in the world: Bahrain, Brunei, Vatican City, Qatar, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Saudi Arabia.

Constitutional monarchy - the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution or laws, as well as the current legislative and executive bodies of the state.

Machiavelli - 16-17 centuries. - gave the concept of the state.

In the 17-18 centuries. - agreements are drawn up, according to which the state arose as a result of a conscious and voluntary agreement of people.

In the 19th century - Marxist teaching spread. The state arose because there was private property and classes.

There are several defined states.

State- a form of organization of political power, in a society with sovereignty.

State- a historically established political institution that has supreme power in the country. Ensures the safety and rights of citizens.

A distinctive feature is sovereignty, supreme power and independence.

The state power has a professional apparatus for managing armed detachments of people (army, police), that is, the state is able to use coercion.

Signs of a modern state:

Territory, population, sovereign public authority.

The territory is not divided, not touchable, inalienable and exclusive, that is, the territory of the state is dominated by the power of only this state.

The population is a multi-ethnic community that has lived in a certain territory and emphasizes its power.

Sovereignty is the independent supremacy of states on their own territory.

The apparatus of state administration, the prosecutor's office, and the court are being formed.

Public power is based on law, the activities of a special layer of persons whose profession is public service.

The uniqueness of the state - only it has its own armed forces, huge material human resources.

Only the state represents the entire public within the country and beyond its territories.

The state performs the following functions:

Internal (protection, rights, freedoms)

External (protection of interests, participation in solving global problems).

The forms of the state depend on the forms of government, the political regime.

The form of government is the organization of the highest political power.

The main feature of the form of government is the legal status of the head of state.

The state structure is a concept for determining the relationship between central and regional bodies.

The main forms of government:

1. Federation

2. Unitary state

3. Confederation

4. Union of states.

Political regime - a form of government or methods of exercising state power: democratic, totalitarian.

Signs of the rule of law

In the 20th century in many countries, states have developed - legal, the rule of law in society and in all spheres of its life.

Supremacy is the main sign of a rule of law state - the subordination of its bodies, officials, citizens to the law.

The legal state differs from the extra-legal state by the quality of laws; they must be integral features of the life of the state.

Freedom is not absolute, but has a measure.

The rule of law establishes the freedom of people and their equality as a quality of people, honor, dignity of interests, their protection - the principle of the rule of law.

The rule of law establishes the principle of mutual responsibility of the state and the individual.

The rule of law is unthinkable without the principle of distribution of power. All state power in full does not belong to anyone. Each has its own function.

Democracy and citizen participation in political life

Citizen- a person legally belonging to a particular state. Legal connection with the state - the state recognizes and guarantees its rights and freedoms, protects abroad, and on the other hand, it fulfills laws and obligations.

Important relationships between the state and the individual are regulated by constitutional law. A set of norms constitutes a status.

Its elements:

1. Citizenship is a stable legal relationship of a person with a particular state. Citizen, stateless person, foreigner.

2. Legal status.

3. Rights, freedoms, obligations.

4. Legal personality - includes constitutional legal capacity and legal capacity.

Legal capacity - the ability to have constitutional rights, freedoms and carry out duties enshrined in the constitution, comes from birth.

Legal capacity - to acquire rights and obligations by one's actions, comes from the age of 18.

Specifically, the legal personality to acquire and exercise rights and obligations is formed from the age of 18.

Specific principles are enshrined in the constitution in accordance with which the position of a person is carried out, his legal status is regulated.

Constitutional rights, freedoms, duties of a person and a citizen are the main element of the status of an individual, since their scope and content determine the legal and real position of an individual in the state.

The political life of society is the sphere of social relations, entering into it, people join the management of society. Participation is an instrumental activity of citizens. They influence the formation and activities of state authorities and local self-government.

Forms of political participation:

Legal - carried out on the basis of the rights, freedoms and duties of the individual.

Illegal - carried out in forms prohibited by legislative acts, resolutions (demonstrations, rallies).

In terms of intensity:

1. Constant

2. episodic

3. Periodic

Weber singled out politicians:

1. On occasion - we elect.

2. Part-time - those who are involved in politics out of necessity.

3. By profession - those who live off politics.

Political socialization is the process of a person's entry into the world of politics, the assimilation of a certain type of culture. A certain political ideas, values, attitudes are formed in the personality.

Elections are a way of forming bodies of local voting control.

Elections: state, local, main, additional, presidential, parliamentary.

Suffrage– norms of regulation of the organization and holding of elections.

Suffrage:

Active - you choose.

Passive - you are elected.

Electoral process – election date, voter registration, nomination of candidates, percentages of results.

Three systems are known:

Majority- in which the elected - received the majority of votes provided for by law. There are:

Relative majority - if received a relative majority compared to others.

Proportional - with it, the distribution of mandates between parties is carried out in accordance with the number of votes they received, and each party or bloc puts forward its own list of candidates and votes for one of the lists.

A minimum number of votes is set to determine the results.

Mixed - parties.

A plebiscite is a survey of the population about the political fate of the territory in which they live.

Referenda: national, local, constitutional, legislative.