The fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms are formed for. Hat mushrooms. mushroom classes. The structure of cap mushrooms

The kingdom of mushrooms is one of the many in its variety. In this article we will talk about the highest representatives of this kingdom - hat mushrooms. After reading the material, you will learn how to breed, feed and how the representatives of this species are arranged.

From the textbook for the 5th grade "Biology" we know that the structure of the cap mushroom consists of mycelium and the fruiting body.

Mycelium is an organ located in the soil, and is presented in the form of thin white threads (hyphae).

They grow in different directions from the center, while the central parts die off over time. Over the years, the mycelium turns into a dense ring.

The part that we used to call the fungus is actually the fruiting body. A mushroom is a mycelium in the substrate, and a cap on a leg is an organ for reproduction and settlement.

Varieties of hats

The shape of the cap is fundamental in the taxonomy of mushrooms. To determine the species, the location of the center and the features of the edge of a given organ of the fruiting body are taken into account. Examples of edges are solid, lobed, wavy, ribbed, etc.

In its form, the hat can be:

conical;
truncated conical;
bell-shaped;
ovoid;
globular;
convex;
flat;
bent;
funnel-shaped, etc.

The surface of the cap can also be different; on top it is covered with skin, which serves as protection.

The plexuses of fungal filaments form a pulp that also affects the variety. According to the consistency, it can be gelatinous, fleshy, leathery, woody, loose or cottony.

The lower part of the cap is called the hymenophore, according to the type it happens:

lamellar (champignons, russula, chanterelles);
needle (oiler);
tubular (boletus, boletus, boletus).

Tubular representatives (boletus, boletus) sometimes enter into symbiosis with trees, while mycelium threads entangle the root of the tree and can get inside it. Thus, mushrooms take nutrients, and in return they give water and mineral salts.

Rice. 2. Hymenophore types.

How are spores formed in cap mushrooms? It is in the hymenophore that spores mature, with the help of which reproduction occurs. The process of sporulation begins after puberty. The spore-bearing layer (hymenium) is located on the inner surface of the tubules, the outer surface of the spines and plates. At the lower end of the tubules there is a hole (pore) through which the spores spill out to the surface and are carried by the wind.

Spores can spread over long distances, they were found at an altitude of 3 thousand meters. It happens that the fruiting body is eaten by animals, in which case the spores are not digested, but along with the waste products of digestion enter the soil.

Leg structure

The organ consists of hyphae, in terms of its density it is quite durable. According to its location relative to the cap, the leg is lateral, central and eccentric.

The shape of the leg is:

straight;
curved;
flattened laterally;
cylindrical.

By structure, it can be hollow, cellular, solid, spongy. The main meaning of the leg is the removal of the cap (reproductive organ) as high as possible above the soil surface.

Rice. 3. Varieties of the internal structure of the legs.

general characteristics

Of great importance for the growth of cap mushrooms are indicators of humidity and ambient temperature. The optimum humidity level is 50-80%. At the same time, not only the soil, but also the air should be moist.

Depending on the species, a certain type of lighting is required. For some, open space is needed (meadows, forest edges), for others, sparse forests, and some do not require lighting at all.

Soils for growth can be different: black soil, gray and brown forest, clay and loamy, sandy and sandy, calcareous.

What have we learned?

Hat mushrooms, in addition to mycelium, have a fruiting body, which consists of a stem and a cap. By their shape, you can recognize a type of fungus. At the bottom of the cap is a hymenophore, in which spores are formed. With their help, these organisms reproduce. For growth, the level of humidity and ambient temperature is of great importance.

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Mushroom world.

The world of mushrooms is very diverse. Mushrooms are not only porcini, birch trees, aspen mushrooms, milk mushrooms, mushrooms and other hats that we meet in the forest. Mushrooms make up the largest group of plant organisms of a special type: from the simplest, smallest, threads and molds almost invisible to the naked eye to hat giants - and are characterized by a peculiar structure and reproduction. What we call a fungus is one part of the fungal organism, its fruiting body. The other part - the mycelium, on which the above-ground fruiting body develops, is hidden in the ground or rotten wood. The fruiting body of the cap mushroom and the mycelium consist of long thin thread-like plexuses - hyphae. Hat mushrooms reproduce by spores. Spores are found in tubular and agaric mushrooms in the lower layer of the cap, and in marsupials - on the entire smooth and cellular (in bags) surface of the cap, for which these latter got their name. Spores, separated from the fungi and falling into the soil, under favorable conditions, like the seeds of cereal plants, germinate into a thin thread, which later, branching and growing, forms a mycelium. After a while, the mycelium begins to bear fruit - fruiting bodies appear on the surface of the soil - mushrooms that we collect. However, mushrooms can also reproduce in pieces of mycelium, if placed in favorable conditions.

hat mushrooms grow on humus-rich forest soil, in fields and meadows, are found on rotting wood. From the threads of the mycelium of cap mushrooms, fruiting bodies develop, which serve to form spores. Many cap mushrooms form mycorrhiza with plants. Fungi spread by spores. Among cap mushrooms there are edible and poisonous ones.

The body of the cap mushroom is a mycelium, which is located in the upper soil layer (see Fig. 44). From the threads of the mycelium, fruiting bodies are formed, on the surface or inside of which spores are formed.

The fruiting body consists of a stem and a cap. The leg and hat are formed by bundles of hyphae tightly adjacent to each other. In the stem, all the threads are the same, but in the hat they form two layers: a dense upper, often dyed, and a lower one. Tens of millions of tiny spores are formed in the lower layer of the cap on plates or tubes. In the raincoat fungus, spores are formed inside the fruiting body and, when ripe, are thrown out (Fig. 45).

agaric mushrooms

In some mushrooms, the lower layer of the cap consists of numerous plates (russula, milk mushrooms, champignons, pale ganka). These are agaric mushrooms.

tubular mushrooms

In white fungus, boletus, boletus, butterdish, the lower layer of the cap is represented by numerous tubes, so they are called tubular mushrooms.

Many cap mushrooms (porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, saffron milk mushroom, fly agaric, fly agaric, etc.) live in symbiosis with plants, forming mycorrhiza, or “fungal root” (from the Greek mikes - mushroom and rhizos - root).

The mushroom picker absorbs water from the soil with minerals dissolved in it and supplies them to the roots of plants. The fungus receives ready-made organic substances from the roots of the plant. Certain fungi form mycorrhiza with certain plants, such as boletus with birches. material from the site

About 5 thousand species of hat mushrooms are known. Over 200 species are edible. The most valuable of them are: porcini mushroom, camelina, boletus, common champignon, flywheel, russula, boletus, butterdish, real chanterelle, autumn mushroom (Fig. 46). These mushrooms have high taste and nutritional qualities.

In everyday life, mushrooms are called the fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms. fruiting body consists of a cap and a leg (in another way, the leg is called a hemp). The hat can be painted in different colors (brown, bluish, red, etc.). There are hat mushrooms that do not have legs (truffles, morels).

In addition to the fruiting body, cap mushrooms have mycelium (mycelium), characteristic of all species belonging to the kingdom Fungi. You can see the mycelium of the cap fungus in the soil near the surface. Usually it is a plexus of thin branching whitish filaments. It is the myceliums that are the main body of the fungus, while the fruiting bodies serve for reproduction.

Mycelium hyphae

The thread (hyphae) of the mycelium consists of one row of long cells. Each cell can have several nuclei. Fruiting bodies grow on mycelium, they consist of the same hyphae, but tightly adjacent to each other. In the cap of the mushroom, the hyphae form two layers. The top layer is covered with skin, the color of which is given by various pigments. The bottom layer of the cap may contain either tubules or plates. In the first case, these are tubular mushrooms (boletus, boletus), in the second - lamellar (russula, saffron mushrooms).

Boletus fungus (oiler) Lamellar fungus (russula)

Cap mushrooms, like all mushrooms, do not have chloroplasts (like other plastids), and therefore are not plants and cannot feed on photosynthesis. Cap mushrooms feed on the absorption of organic matter from the soil along with water and inorganic substances by the mycelium. Therefore, mushrooms grow in places where there is a lot of humus, with partial decomposition of which the soil is enriched with organic matter.

Another way mushrooms feed is symbiosis with trees. Many cap mushrooms penetrate their hyphae into the roots of trees. The so-called mycorrhiza. Through it, the fungus receives organic substances from plants. The tree, on the other hand, receives water and minerals from the fungus, which are absorbed by the branched mycelium from a large area of soil. Each type of mushroom is able to enter into symbiosis only with certain trees. So mushrooms form mycorrhiza with pines and spruces, boletus with birches, etc. Accordingly, these mushrooms can be found only near “their” trees.

Reproduction of fungi is carried out by spores, which are formed in the tubules or plates of the lower layer of the cap. Mushroom spores are small and light enough to be dispersed by wind. In addition, they are often spread by invertebrates on their bodies, or by vertebrates that eat mushrooms. In the digestive tract of animals, spores are not digested and are excreted along with the litter. Once in favorable conditions, the spore of the fungus germinates, gradually forming a large mycelium. After some time, fruiting bodies begin to grow on the mycelium.

The fruiting bodies of many mushrooms are edible (boletus, white mushroom, boletus, champignons, russula, etc.). However, there are also many poisonous mushrooms (white grebe, fly agaric, false mushrooms, etc.). In addition, old fruiting bodies also become poisonous. Mushrooms accumulate heavy metals, so they cannot be collected near roads, in industrial areas.

The post about cap mushrooms will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about these edible mushrooms, which are known to every fan of silent hunting. Also, the information of the report will help you prepare for the lesson.

"Hat mushrooms" report

These types of mushrooms are known to every mushroom picker. Hat mushrooms are examples: boletus, saffron mushrooms, russula, porcini mushrooms, champignons, fly agaric. They like to grow in shady forests, in places with high temperature and humidity.

The fruiting body of the cap is a hat and a stump, and their mycelium is located in the soil. Intertwining, long threads of mycelium are densely located along the fruiting body and forest litter. Cap mushrooms are multicellular organisms.

Hat mushroom habitat and nutrition

Mushrooms do not have chlorophyll in their composition and cannot produce it, so sunlight is not needed for their growth. About how hat mushrooms eat - these organisms are saprophytes. For them, ready-made organic substances, which they receive from dead plants, serve as food.

Most types of cap mushrooms grow near certain types of trees. For example, boletus grows near aspens, near birch trees - boletus, near spruce - mushrooms, and near pine - oilers. This phenomenon is due to the fusion of the mycelium of the fungus with the roots of the tree. But why do hat mushrooms grow next to trees? The fact is that the relationship between two living organisms is mutually beneficial. From the mycelium, the tree receives the right amount of moisture and minerals, and the fungus itself absorbs organic matter from the root system of its “comrade”.

Some types of cap mushrooms enter into symbiosis (cohabitation) with woody green plants. The mushroom picker with its threads braids the tips of the tree roots like a cover. This phenomenon is called fungus root or mycorrhiza. Scientists have also proven that certain trees cannot develop normally without interacting with the mycelium of certain fungi. Therefore, when a forest belt is planted in the steppe, soil is often added to the soil, which contains mycelium.

Features of cap mushrooms

Hat types of mushrooms are divided into tubular and lamellar. The hat of agaric mushrooms below has a large number of thin plates. They diverge like rays from a hemp leg. The most common species are champignon, russula, camelina. The cap of tubular mushrooms is pierced from below with small holes. They look like narrow tubes. These include white mushrooms and aspen mushrooms.

Cap mushrooms in the fruiting body form a large number of microscopic spores that mature under the cap. After maturation, they fall to the ground. When it enters moist soil, the spores quickly germinate into the mycelium. Several fruiting bodies emerge from it. When you collect mushrooms, carefully cut or break them off so as not to damage the mycelium.

We hope that the report on the topic "Hat mushrooms" helped you learn a lot of information about this type of living organisms, what they eat and where they live. You can add a story about hat mushrooms through the comment form below.