Why is it raining. Design and research work "Collection and systematization of material for the essay-description "Rain"" Rain natural phenomenon research work
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Completed by: student of grade 1B MBOU secondary school No. 26 Vilker Ekaterina Supervisor: Arestova S.V.
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Subject: Why is it raining? Problem: You may have noticed that when the sky turns gray and the white clouds turn into heavy clouds, after a while it starts to rain. But where does this rain come from? Research hypothesis: it is possible that when it rains, puddles are formed that soak into the ground, and drops from the ground fly into the sky. And when the clouds move together, the drops have nowhere to go and they begin to fall to the ground.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Purpose: to find out what "rain" is and where it comes from. Tasks: To get acquainted with water from the history of the Earth. Find out what the science of "hydrology" studies. Find out what “rain” is and where it comes from. Get acquainted with the physical properties of water and conduct experiments and observations on rainwater and snow. Research methods: Think for yourself; Use encyclopedias (books, internet); Ask an adult Observation; Conduct experiments.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
About water from the history of the Earth In the history of our planet, water is very important. It plays an important role in the life of the flora and fauna of the Earth. Life is impossible without water, but water can exist without life. Therefore, our ancestors believed that water appeared on Earth before life arose. Rain is precipitation that falls from clouds in the form of water droplets. Watching it rain, primitive man believed that all the water was in the sky. According to other observations, water appeared from under the Earth, where, according to legends, the dwellings of spirits and gods were located. Hence the veneration of springs, seas, lakes and other bodies of water.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The water deity of the ancient Slavs was Vodyanoy, a mythical inhabitant of rivers, lakes and streams. The merman was represented as a naked old man with a fish tail. The ancient Greek god of the sea was Poseidon.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
The ancient Romans revered the god of the sea Neptune In order to influence the weather, that is, to make it rain when necessary, the ancient people prayed and made sacrifices to the gods of thunder: Greeks and Romans - to Zeus Ancient Slavs - to Perun
7 slide
Description of the slide:
The science of "hydrology" and the concept of "water cycle in nature". The science of hydrology is engaged in the study of the water cycle in nature, the influence of human activity on it. More than half of the surface of our planet is covered with water. The watery shell of the earth is called the hydrosphere. It is divided into the following parts: 1. waters of the oceans; 2. land waters; 3. groundwater. Water moves and combines with the help of the global water cycle. The global cycle is the movement of water from ocean to land and from land to ocean through the atmosphere.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
The sun's rays warm the earth and water bodies. As a result, the water begins to evaporate and rise high up in the form of steam. It's cold upstairs, so the steam starts to cool down and turn back into tiny, tiny droplets of water or sharp ice crystals. When there are a lot of such droplets, a cloud appears, which we see in the sky. Clouds come in different shapes and colors. The wind carries them. When small water droplets have merged into large raindrops that can no longer stay in the air, they begin to fall down in the form of rain.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
The water from the reservoir traveled high in the sky in the form of steam and returned as rain to the earth. This is the water cycle in nature. If it is very cold at the top, then water droplets can freeze and turn into ice balls that will fall to the ground in the form of hail. Snow forms high in the clouds. Snowflakes are made when several ice crystals are joined together or attached to a frozen drop of water. If the snowflakes falling down do not melt, then snow will fall to the ground.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Properties of water From the school course we are familiar with the properties of water: Water is transparent; The water is colorless; Water is the solvent; The water is odorless; Water flows (property - fluidity); Water expands when heated; Water contracts as it cools.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
An experience. How does the water cycle occur in nature. To do this, we poured water into the pan, covered it with a lid and put it on the included stove. When the water boiled, some of it evaporated and settled on the lid. We shook the lid and the drops fell back into the pot.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
observation. Using a microscope, we looked at rainwater, puddle water, and melted snow.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Observation 1. In October 2013, we collected raindrops in a saucer. We held the saucer overhead, sticking out our hand from the balcony of the second floor, so that foreign objects could not get into the container. In the microscope, we saw a clean drop of rainwater.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Observation 2. We wondered what rainwater looks like close to the ground. In order to test this, in November 2013 we placed an empty jar on the ground in the yard. When rain water got into it, we carefully examined it. She appeared to be practically clean. Only a small blade of grass fell into the jar. When we looked at a seemingly clean raindrop through a microscope, we saw that there were foreign particles in it. They were some kind of "rags" that looked like slime. We also saw a few sticks.
15 slide
Description of the slide: Description of the slide:
Observation 5. In a jar where dirty snow melted, we saw dirty muddy water. Sand settled at the bottom. The melted snow from this jar had an unpleasant smell. When we looked at a drop from this jar under a microscope, we saw a large amount of mucus, small pebbles, as well as many small round-shaped microorganisms moving in different directions.
18 slide
Description of the slide:
Output. Thus, we got acquainted with the ideas of ancient people about water and saw how they understood the mechanism of the water cycle in nature. We also got acquainted with the science of "Hydrology" and found out what it studies. We studied how the water cycle occurs in nature. Conducted experiments with rainwater and snow. And they came to the conclusion that puddles and snow contain bacteria. Therefore, you can’t take snow in your mouth and wet your hands in a puddle so that bacteria don’t get into our body. The hypothesis put forward by us at the beginning of our study was partially confirmed. We have learned that the water from the reservoirs and the earth rises in the form of steam under the influence of the sun's rays.
Place of work, position: -
MBOU "Secondary School No. 4, Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov Region"
Region: — Saratov region
Abstract characteristics:
Levels of education: – primary general education
Class(es): — 1st class
Subject(s): - World around
Target audience: – Teacher (teacher)
Resource type: - other type
Brief description of the resource:-
Research work of 1st grade students
Educational institution "Secondary school No. 4 of the city of Krasnoarmeysk, Saratov region"
educational and research conference of students
"START TO SCIENCE"
"IS RAIN ALWAYS A GOOD ONE?"
The work was done by students of the 1st grade
MBOU "Secondary School No. 4 of Krasnoarmeysk
Saratov region"
Ovsyannikova Olesya
Terentiev Danila
scientific adviser
Sedova Oksana Yurievna
primary school teacher
MBOU "Secondary School No. 4 of Krasnoarmeysk
Saratov region"
Krasnoarmeysk
Introduction
The music of the rain is gentle, melodic,
Rustles sliding, sometimes rhythmic,
Drum beats zealously,
That kisses us, drizzling foggy.
The music of the rain gently caresses the ear.
Thoughts, like birds, collects in flocks.
Beckons us to sleep, gives us dreams,
So that we do not have confusion in our souls ...
(I. Lysikova)
The object of attention of our study was one of the natural phenomena - rain.
In autumn, spring and summer, we listen to the weather forecast every day to find out if it will rain today and whether it is worth taking an umbrella with us to hide from the rain and not get wet. Many of us like to walk in the rain, fall asleep to the sound of rain, while others, on the contrary, try to hide at home at the first drops of rain, they cannot stand the slush and dampness that rains bring.
We have watched rain a lot before and we have questions that we will try to answer in our research work. What is rain? How is it formed? What happens? And is rain always good?
The theme of our work: "Is rain always good?"
Relevance: we believe that rain can bring not only benefits, but also harm to the environment.
The purpose of our study: learn as much as possible about this natural phenomenon.
To achieve this goal, we set ourselves tasks:
- Learn how rain is formed.
- Find out what rains are?
- Find out how people feel about rain?
- What kind of rain should not be on Earth?
In our work, we used the following methods:
- Reading special literature (reference books, encyclopedias, fiction books).
- Use of Internet resources with the help of adults.
- Conducting surveys.
- Conducting experiments.
- Preparation of memos, rules, booklets.
To accomplish these tasks, we did the following work:
- collected material about what rain is and how it is formed;
- collected information about the types of rain;
- conducted a survey among relatives, students and teachers of the school;
- conducted experiments to: find out how rain is formed and how rain can harm nature;
- collected poems, riddles, sayings, drawings about rain;
- made a memo of rules of conduct during the rain.
What is rain and how does it form?
In the dictionary of Ozhegov S.I.:
Rain - 1. Atmospheric precipitation in the form of water drops, jets.
In the dictionary of Dahl V.I .:
Rain - water in drops or jets from the clouds.
In a word, rain is, first of all, water.
There are many oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds and just puddles on Earth. The sun heats the water in them. Water evaporates, turning into invisible steam. This steam, along with warm air, rises higher and higher, to where it is always cold. There, at a height, the steam turns into tiny droplets of water. When there are too many droplets, they become a cloud. And now the clouds are floating above the earth, unable to retain moisture in themselves. Then it rains.
In class, we conducted experiments "Turning water into steam" and "Formation of rain." (Appendix No. 1) First, we poured water into a saucer and left it for several days. After two days, we noticed that the saucer was dry. Where is the water? Evaporated!
Then, during the lesson, we “created” rain on our own, watching how water collects in a cloud (ordinary sponge) and rains back into a saucer. Now we can make it rain ourselves at home!
What kind of rains are there?
Rains are classified according to two main criteria:
- intensity;
- duration.
By intensity:
Few people know, but fog can also be conditionally attributed to rain. During fog, the smallest particles of water not only evaporate from the surface of the earth, but also settle down from the clouds. The droplet diameter is up to one tenth of a millimeter. Other types of rain can be distinguished as follows:
According to the duration, the following types of rain are distinguished:
In addition, the following types of rain are known to the people:
- "Blind" is the name given to summer rain without clouds. He walks in the sun: he is heard, but not seen. You can only guess from the footprints on the ground and water. Puddles and rivers respond to the blind rain with big bubbles. They are called "rain bubbles".
- "Mushroom" - fine warm summer rain. Hits straight to the ground! The mushroom picker is hovering. The air smells like smoke. The mushroom rain song is the shortest. Listen to mushrooms and grow. To the song!
- "Spore" - fast, fast rain. It always pours strongly, vertically, approaching with an oncoming noise. Particularly good is the spore rain on the river. As if a glass ringing is heard from the knock of drops. By the height of this ringing, you can guess whether the rain is gaining strength or subsiding.
- "Covered" - rain in the form of rather large drops. Do not wait it out - it can rain for hours, days, sometimes weeks. Such rain is the most unloved for many people - there is nowhere to hide from it: a gray veil of clouds captures vast spaces, sometimes thousands of kilometers.
Of no less interest are unusual types of rain:
- "Exotic" - wonderful, mysterious. Rains, which, together with water, bring various objects to the surface: coins, fruits, grain, and even fish, spiders, jellyfish, frogs.
- "Colored" - when the drops are painted in different colors: blue, red. How is this possible?
The wind lifts the pollen high into the sky, and the pigment contained in the pollen paints the rain in different colors. - "Zvezdny" is a meteor shower, or rather meteoric bodies that fly into the atmosphere of our Earth and develop speeds of up to tens of kilometers per second. When rubbing against the air, they warm up and begin to glow, and then collapse. This phenomenon can be observed at night, it seems that the stars are falling. People often make wishes when they see shooting stars.
The impact of rain on man and nature
Rain is a beautiful and fascinating natural phenomenon that not only looks beautiful, but also has amazing energy, which helps to balance all systems of the human body. In addition, this element may have an influence on the formation of some character traits of people.
It is known that damp rainy weather has a negative effect on people with a weakened immune system: despondency appears, the body begins to mope a little, etc.
Drizzling weather usually causes drowsiness, depression and pessimism.
On the other hand, people with a romantic nature in the rain receive some spirituality, inspiration for creativity and a general mood for positive.
There is also the idea that spring rain is the most beneficial for humans. It is at this time of the year when it rains that most people's mood improves, many ideas and fantasies appear in their creative life, the general state becomes optimistic.
Having studied this information, we decided to conduct surveys (Appendix No. 2) among relatives, classmates, students and teachers of the school on the topic "My mood during the rain."
We found out that out of 48 people: in 24 - the mood worsens, in 17 - it improves, and in 7 - it becomes romantic.
To the question "Rain for nature is..." out of 48 people: 46 - answered "good" and 2 people believe that it is "harm".
In a word, the significance of rain for nature is great. Rain irrigates, moisturizes, nourishes, washes everything around.
The rainiest place on Earth is considered to be Mount Waialeale, which is located on the island of Kauai, which is part of the Hawaiian Islands. Here, rain is so commonplace that dry weather seems like a miracle. If Vaialeale were not a mountain, then in a year it would be covered with water, the layer of which would correspond to a four-story house. This area also holds the record for the longest rain - 350 days.
The Atacama Desert in Chile does not boast a lot of rainfall. According to weather forecasters, it doesn't rain here for years! With such a climate, some areas of this desert resemble the surface of Mars and are very, very dangerous for humans and in general for any living beings.
Imagine just for a moment what if it never rained? Rivers, lakes, seas would dry up. Plants would burn under the sun. There would be no insects, birds, animals, of course - fish, and in the end - and the man himself. So it’s not always worth it to frown and get angry if bad weather comes to replace the clear weather, and outside the window it pours like a bucket. After all, moisture is good!
When the rain is bad
Moisture for nature is a necessity. But not all rains are beneficial.
If the rain lasts longer than usual, the plants will not only be saturated with moisture, but even get fed up with it, they may rot. And too heavy and long rain can cause a flood, which will also bring only harm to the environment.
There are also rains that should not be on Earth! These are radioactive and acid rains. They appeared due to human activities and environmental pollution.
Radioactive fallout is one of the most dangerous consequences of human pollution of the atmosphere. They arise as a result of a nuclear weapon test, a nuclear explosion, or an accident at a nuclear power plant. The consequences after them are irreversible - diseases of internal organs, skin lesions, genetic mutations.
Acid rain.
In nature, acid rain does not exist. Regular rain becomes acidic. Why?
There are two reasons: natural and artificial.
Natural causes: volcanic eruptions, lightning, thunderstorms.
Artificial: industrial production, car exhausts, aircraft pollute the air with harmful gases, which, when combined with water droplets, form acid. And acid rain falls on the earth, bringing only harm to all life on Earth. Acid rain destroys plants, crops, kills fish in reservoirs.
Acid rain: how to deal with them
In the classroom, we conducted the experiment "The effect of acid rain on plants."
They took a leaf of a houseplant and dropped a few drops of sulfuric acid on it, which is part of acid rain. Five minutes later, brown dots appeared on the leaf. The plant got burned! (Appendix No. 3)
Acid rain is currently a problem in many parts of the world.
In Russia, the highest levels of acid rain are observed in the densely populated and industrial regions of the country - in the Central, Central Black Earth, North-West, Ural, as well as in large cities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Omsk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and others , saturated with power plants and vehicles.
Over the past five years, according to studies, there has been a steady increase in the acidity of rains.
Why is it dangerous?
Scientists point out that The consequences of acid rain are very multidimensional, and dangerous for both people and animals, as well as plants.. Among the main effects are the following:
How to deal with acid rain?
It is almost impossible to deal with the precipitation itself. H it is necessary to deal with the causes of this phenomenon. Knowledge of the problems will improve the environmental safety of the Earth's population.
Rain rules
- Try to stay at home or in shelter as much as possible.
- Use personal protective equipment: umbrella, raincoat, boots.
- If your clothes and shoes get wet, take them off immediately and warm yourself.
- Before going outdoors, check the weather forecast for the coming days.
- If you get caught in the rain in nature, try to quickly set up a camp in a safe place, securely anchor the tents, cover them with waterproof fabric, equip the gutters around the tents.
- In rainy weather, do not camp in the riverbed or on the banks of a mountain river.
- If you are exposed to acid rain, take a shower immediately to prevent the consequences.
Conclusion
Investigating this natural phenomenon, we made the following conclusions:
- Rain is one of the unique natural phenomena that exists in nature.
- We learned how rain is formed, and now we can independently “cause” rain at home.
- All rains differ in intensity and duration, and there are also "unusual" ones - exotic, colored and stellar.
- We learned where the rainiest place on the planet is located and where it doesn’t rain for years.
- Everyone should monitor the environment and then dangerous rains will not fall on Earth.
- People have different opinions about rain, but they agree that rain is also good weather!
List of resources
Internet resources
http://odogde.ru Rain and interesting things about rain
http://nplit.ru Entertaining climatology
Print Resources
Big book of questions and answers about the nature of things and phenomena, - M., 2004
My first scientific experiments, Content Publishing Group, 2003
Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Publishing house "Az", 1992.
Tanaseychuk V. Ecology in pictures. - M., "Children's literature", 1989
Wallard K. An entertaining book of questions and answers for smart people and smart girls. "Family Leisure Club", 2010.
What? What for? Why? Big book of questions and answers. EKSMO, 2004.
Other resources
Big electronic encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius"
Children's electronic encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius"
Files:
File size: 909824 bytes.
MBOU Losevskaya secondary school No. 1
RESEARCH WORK
Two people standing side by side see each their own rainbow! Because at every moment the rainbow is formed by the refraction of the sun's rays in new and new drops. Raindrops are falling. The place of the fallen drop is occupied by another and manages to send its colored rays into the rainbow, followed by the next one, and so on.
Prepared by: Stezhkina Anastasia, 8th grade student (297-484-170)
Scientific adviser: Zaporozhtseva Olga Ivanovna (physics teacher) 9289-089-552)
from. Losevo 2015
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
2. What is a rainbow, history of research ……………………………………………………………….4
3.Rainbow in mythology and religion …………………………………………………………………………….5
4. Research history …………………………………………………………………………………..6
5.Physics of the rainbow ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5.1. Where does the rainbow come from? Observation conditions ……………………………………………….7
5.2.Why does the rainbow have the shape of an arc …………………………………………………………………..8
5.3. Rainbow coloring and secondary rainbow ……………………………………………………………..10
5.4. The reason for the rainbow is the refraction and dispersion of light ……………………………………………….11
11
5.4.2. "Newton" in a drop ……………………………………………………………………………….11
5.4.3. Scheme of rainbow formation ……………………………………………………………………...11
6. Unusual rainbows ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7.Rainbow and associated terms …………………………………………………………………...15
8. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. 8. Conclusion……………………………………………… 16
9. Literature used ……………………………………………………………………………...17
1. INTRODUCTION
Once, being in nature (on a hike), we observed a rather beautiful phenomenon - a rainbow. The beauty of what we saw simply fascinated us, although it was not the first time we saw a rainbow. This time she was extraordinarily juicy, big, and that made her seem even more beautiful. And after a while, behind the first rainbow, a second appeared. This is what amazed us. We immediately had quite a lot of surveys, which we later formulated in our project.
Project goals:
Understand how a rainbow is formed.
Why does it always form at the same angle?
Why is the rainbow shaped like an arc?
Rainbow: main and side. What is the difference?
Why is the name of Isaac Newton associated with the rainbow in the scientific world?
And so our research began.
2.WHAT IS A RAINBOW
A rainbow is not an object at all, but an optical phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs due to the refraction of light rays in drops of water, and all this only during rain. That is, a rainbow is not an object, but just a play of light. But what a beautiful game, I must say!
In fact, the arc familiar to the human eye is only a part of a multi-colored circle. In its entirety, this natural phenomenon can only be seen from the aircraft, and even then only with a sufficient degree of observation.
The first studies of the shape of the rainbow were carried out in the 17th century by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. For this, the scientist used a glass ball filled with water, which made it possible to imagine how the sun's ray is reflected in a raindrop, refracted and thereby becoming visible.
To remember the sequence of colors in the rainbow (or spectrum), there are special simple phrases - in them the first letters correspond to the first letters of the color names:
- How once Zhakk - Z vonar Head C broke the Lantern.
- Every hunter Wishes to know Where is the Pheasant.
Memorize them - and you can easily draw a rainbow at any time!
The first to explain the nature of the rainbow was Aristotle . He determined that "a rainbow is an optical phenomenon, not a material object."
An elementary explanation of the phenomenon of the rainbow was given as early as 1611 by A. de Dominy in his work "De Radiis Visus et Lucis", then developed by Descartes ("Les météores", 1637) and fully developed by Newton in his "Optics" (1750) .
The rainbow from one drop is weak, and in nature it cannot be seen separately, since there are many drops in the curtain of rain. The rainbow that we see in the sky is formed by myriads of drops. Each drop creates a series of nested colored funnels (or cones). But from a single drop, only one colored ray enters the rainbow. The observer's eye is a common point at which colored rays from many drops intersect. For example, all the red rays that come out of different drops, but at the same angle and hit the observer's eye, form a red arc of the rainbow. All orange and other colored rays also form arcs. Therefore, the rainbow is round.
3. RAINBOW IN MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION
People have long thought about the nature of this most beautiful natural phenomenon. Humanity has associated the rainbow with many beliefs and legends. In ancient Greek mythology, for example, a rainbow is the road between heaven and earth, along which the messenger between the world of the gods and the world of people, Irida, walked. In China, it was believed that the rainbow is a heavenly dragon, the union of Heaven and Earth. In Slavic myths and legends, a rainbow was considered a magical heavenly bridge thrown from heaven to earth, a road along which angels descend from heaven to draw water from rivers. They pour this water into the clouds and from there it falls as life-giving rain.
Superstitious people believed that the rainbow is a bad sign. They believed that the souls of the dead pass into the other world along the rainbow, and if a rainbow appeared, this means someone's imminent death.
The rainbow also appears in many folk omens related to weather forecasting. For example, a high and steep rainbow portends good weather, while a low and flat one portends bad weather.
Of course, since ancient times, people have tried to explain the rainbow. In Africa, for example, it was believed that a rainbow is a huge snake that periodically crawls out of oblivion to perform its dark deeds. However, intelligible explanations regarding this optical miracle could only be given towards the end of the seventeenth century. Then the famous Rene Descartes lived little by little. It was he who was the first to be able to simulate the refraction of rays in a water drop. In his research, Descartes used a glass ball filled with water. However, until the end, he could not explain the secret of the rainbow. But Newton, who replaced this very ball with a prism, managed to decompose a beam of light into a spectrum.
SUMMARY:
- IN Scandinavian mythologyrainbow is a bridgeBifrost connecting Midgard(human world) and Asgard (world of the gods).
- In ancient Indianmythology- onion Indra god of thunder and lightning.
- IN ancient Greek mythology- road irides , messengers between the worlds of gods and people.
- By SlavicIt is believed that a rainbow, like a snake, drinks water from lakes, rivers and seas, which then rains.
- Irish leprechaunhides a pot of gold in the place where the rainbow touched the ground.
- By Chuvash According to popular beliefs, if you pass through a rainbow, you can change gender.
- IN biblerainbow came afterglobal flood as a symbol of the forgiveness of mankind, and is a symbol of the union (in Hebrew - Brit) of God and mankind (in the person of Noah) that the flood will never happen again. (Hebrew chapter)
4.HISTORY OF RAINBOW RESEARCH
Persian astronomerQutb al-Din al-Shirazi(1236-1311), and possibly his studentKamal al-din al-Farisi (1260-1320), apparently, was the first who gave a fairly accurate explanation of the phenomenon.
The general physical picture of the rainbow has been described in1611Mark Antony de Dominis in De radiis visus et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride. On the basis of experimental observations, he came to the conclusion that a rainbow is obtained as a result of reflection from the inner surface of a rain drop and double refraction - at the entrance to the drop and at the exit from it.
Rene Descartesgave a fuller explanation of the rainbow inyear in his work "Meteors" in the chapter "On the Rainbow".
Although the multicolor spectrum of the rainbow is continuous,traditions it has 7 colors. It is believed that the first chose the number 7Isaac Newton, for which the numberhad a specialsymbolic value (according to Pythagorean, theological or numerological considerations). Moreover, initially he distinguished only five colors - red, yellow, green, blue and violet, which he wrote about in his Optics. But later, trying to create a correspondence between the number of colors of the spectrum and the number of fundamental tones of the musical scale, Newton added to the five listed two more colors of the spectrum.
5. RAINBOW PHYSICS
5.1. Where does the rainbow come from? Observation conditions
Rainbows can only be seen before or after rain. And only if, simultaneously with the rain, the sun breaks through the clouds, when the sun illuminates the veil of falling rain and the observer is between the sun and the rain. What is happening? The rays of the sun pass through the raindrops. And each such droplet works like a prism. That is, it decomposes the white light of the Sun into its components - the rays of red, orange, yellow, green, deep, blue and violet. Moreover, droplets deflect light of different colors in different ways, as a result of which white light decomposes into a multi-colored band, which is called spectrum.
You can only see a rainbow if you are directly between the sun (it should be behind you) and the rain (it should be in front of you). Otherwise, you won't see the rainbow!
Sometimes, very rarely, a rainbow is observed under the same conditions and when a rain cloud is illuminated by the moon. The same phenomenon of a rainbow is sometimes noticed when the sun illuminates water dust that is carried in the air near a fountain or waterfall. When the sun is covered with light clouds, the first rainbow sometimes seems completely uncolored and appears as a whitish arc, lighter than the background of the sky; such a rainbow is called white.
Observations of the phenomenon of the rainbow have shown that its arcs represent regular parts of circles, the center of which always lies on a line passing through the head of the observer and the sun; since in this way the center of the rainbow lies below the horizon with a high sun, the observer sees only a small part of the arc; at sunset and sunrise, when the sun is on the horizon, the rainbow appears as a half-arc of a circle. From the top of very high mountains, from a balloon, you can see the rainbow in the form of most of the arc of a circle, since under these conditions the center of the rainbow is located above the visible horizon.
CONCLUSION: A rainbow appears only when suitable conditions are created for this. Sunlight should shine at your back, and raindrops should fall somewhere ahead. (Because rainbows require bright sunlight to form, this means that the downpour has already moved on or even passed by, and you are facing it.)
5.2. Why is the rainbow shaped like an arc.
Why is the rainbow semicircular? People have been asking this question for a long time. In some African myths, a rainbow is a snake that encircles the Earth in a ring. But now we know that a rainbow is an optical phenomenon - the result of the refraction of light rays in water droplets during rain. But why do we see the rainbow in the form of an arc, and not, for example, in the form of a vertical colored stripe?
Here the law of optical refraction comes into force, in which the beam, passing through a raindrop located in a certain position in space, undergoes 42-fold refraction and becomes visible to the human eye precisely in the form of a circle. Here is just a part of this circle you are accustomed to observe.
The shape of a rainbow is determined by the shape of the water droplets in which sunlight is refracted. And water droplets are more or less spherical (round). Passing through the drop and being refracted in it, a beam of white sunlight is transformed into a series of colored funnels inserted one into the other, facing the observer. The outer funnel is red, orange is inserted into it, yellow, then comes green, etc., ending with the inner violet. Thus, each individual drop forms a whole rainbow.
Of course, the rainbow from one drop is weak, and in nature it is impossible to see it separately, since there are many drops in the curtain of rain. The rainbow that we see in the sky is formed by myriads of drops. Each drop creates a series of nested colored funnels (or cones). But from a single drop, only one colored ray enters the rainbow. The observer's eye is a common point at which colored rays from many drops intersect. For example, all the red rays that come out of different drops, but at the same angle and hit the observer's eye, form a red arc of the rainbow. All orange and other colored rays also form arcs. Therefore, the rainbow is round.
The rainbow is a huge curved spectrum. To an observer on the ground, a rainbow usually looks like an arc - part of a circle, and the higher the observer is, the fuller the rainbow. From a mountain or an airplane, you can also see the full circle!
It is interesting to note that two people standing side by side and observing a rainbow see it each in their own way! All this is due to the fact that at every single moment of viewing, a rainbow is constantly formed in new drops of water. That is, one drop falls, and another appears instead. Also, the appearance and color of the rainbow depends on the size of the water droplets. The larger the raindrops, the brighter the rainbow will be. The most intense color in the rainbow is red. If the drops are small, then the rainbow will be wider with a pronounced orange color on the edge. I must say that we perceive the longest wavelength of light as red, and the shortest - as violet. This applies not only to cases of observing the rainbow, but in general to everything and everyone. That is, you can now intelligently comment on the state, size and color of the rainbow, as well as all other objects visible to the human eye.
Two people standing side by side see each their own rainbow! Because at every moment the rainbow is formed by the refraction of the sun's rays in new and new drops. Raindrops are falling. The place of the fallen drop is occupied by another and manages to send its colored rays to the rainbow, followed by the next one, and so on.
The type of rainbow also depends on the shape of the drops. When falling in the air, large drops are flattened and lose their sphericity. The stronger the flattening of the droplets, the smaller the radius of the rainbow they form.
In fact, a rainbow is not a semicircle, but a circle. It’s just that we don’t see it in full, because the center of the rainbow circle lies on the same line as our eyes. For example, from an airplane you can see a full, round rainbow, although this is extremely rare, because on airplanes they usually look at beautiful neighbors, or eat hamburgers while playing AngryBirds. So why is the rainbow shaped like a semicircle? All this is because the raindrops that form a rainbow are clumps of water with a rounded surface. The light coming out of this very drop reflects its surface. That's the whole secret.
CONCLUSION: The type of rainbow also depends on the shape of the drops. When falling in the air, large drops are flattened and lose their sphericity. The stronger the flattening of the drops, the smaller the radius of the rainbow they form. The arc of the rainbow is just a segment of the circle of light, in the center of the viewing sector of which is the observer, that is, you. And the higher you stand, the more complete the rainbow will be
The type of rainbow - the width of the arcs, the presence, location and brightness of individual color tones, the position of additional arcs - is very dependent on the size of the raindrops. The larger the raindrops, the narrower and brighter the rainbow is. Characteristic of large drops is the presence of saturated red color in the main rainbow. Numerous additional arcs also have bright colors and directly, without gaps, adjoin the main rainbows. The smaller the droplets, the wider and faded the rainbow with an orange or yellow edge. Additional arcs are further apart both from each other and from the main rainbows. Thus, by the appearance of the rainbow, one can approximately estimate the size of the raindrops that formed this rainbow.
5.3 Rainbow coloration and secondary rainbow
The color of the rainbow ring is caused by the refraction of sunlight in spherical raindrops, their reflection from the surface of the drops, as well as diffraction (from Latin diffractus - broken) and interference (from Latin inter - mutually and ferio - hit) reflected rays of different wavelengths.
Sometimes you can see another, less bright rainbow around the first one. This is a secondary rainbow in which the light is reflected twice in the drop. In the secondary rainbow, the “inverted” order of colors is purple on the outside, and red on the inside:
The inner, most often visible arc is colored red from the outer edge, purple from the inner; between them in the usual order of the solar spectrum are the colors: (red), orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The second, less frequently observed arc lies above the first, is usually more weakly colored, and the order of the colors in it is reversed. The part of the firmament inside the first arc usually appears very bright, the part of the firmament above the second arc appears less bright, while the annular space between the arcs appears dark. Sometimes, in addition to these two main elements of the rainbow, additional arcs are observed, representing faint colored fuzzy bands bordering the upper part of the inner edge of the first rainbow and less often the upper part of the outer edge of the second rainbow.
Sometimes you can see another, less bright rainbow around the first one. This is a secondary rainbow in which the light is reflected twice in the drop. In the secondary rainbow, the "inverted" order of colors - outside ispurpleand red inside. The angular radius of the secondary rainbow is 50-53°. The sky between two rainbows usually has a noticeably darker hue.
In the mountains and other places where the air is very clean, you can observe the third rainbow (angular radius of the order of 60 °).
Blurring and blurring of the colors of the rainbow is explained by the fact that the source of illumination is not a point, but the whole surface - the sun, and that separate sharper rainbows formed by individual points of the sun are superimposed on each other. If the sun shines through a veil of thin clouds, then the luminous source is a cloud surrounding the sun for 2-3 ° and individual colored bands are so superimposed on each other that the eye no longer distinguishes colors, but sees only a colorless light arc - white rainbow.
Since raindrops increase as they approach the earth, additional rainbows can be clearly visible only when light is refracted and reflected in high layers of the rain veil, that is, at a low sun height and only at the upper parts of the first and second rainbows. A complete theory of the white rainbow was given by Pertner in 1897. The question has often been raised as to whether different observers see the same rainbow and whether a rainbow seen in the quiet mirror of a large water reservoir represents a reflection of a directly observed rainbow.
CONCLUSION: A rainbow occurs when the sunlight experiencing refractionin droplets of water falling slowly intoair . These droplets deflect light differently different colors , resulting inWhitelight breaks down intorange . It seems to us that from space along concentriccircles (arcs ) emits a multi-colored glow. In this case, the source of bright light is always located behind the back of the observer. Later it was measured thatRed lightdeviates by 137degrees 30 minutes and purple at 139°20')
5.4. The cause of the rainbow is the refraction and dispersion of light
Quite simply: Simply put, the appearance of a rainbow can be derived in the following formula: light passing through raindrops is refracted. And it refracts because water has a higher density than air. White color, as you know, consists of seven primary colors. It is quite clear that all colors have different wavelengths. And this is where the whole secret lies. When a sunbeam passes through a drop of water, it refracts each wave differently.
And now in more detail.
5.4.1. EXPERIMENTS OF NEWTON
Newton, when improving optical instruments, noticed that the image was painted at the edges in an iridescent color. He was interested in this phenomenon. He began to explore it in more detail. Ordinary white light was passed through the prism, and a spectrum similar to the colors of the rainbow could be observed on the screen. At first, Newton thought that it was the prism that colored the white. As a result of numerous experiments, it was possible to find out that the prism does not color, but decomposes the white color into a spectrum.
CONCLUSION: rays of different colors come out of the prism at different angles.
5.4.2. "NEWTON" IN DROPS
When passing through raindrops, light is refracted (bent to the side) because water has a higher density than air. It is known that the white color consists of seven primary colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors have different wavelengths, and the drop refracts each wave to a different degree as the sun's ray passes through it. Thus, the waves are of different lengths and, therefore, the colors come out of the drop already in slightly different directions. What was at first a single beam of rays has now disintegrated into its natural colors, each traveling its own path.
Colored rays, hitting the inner wall of the drop and bending even more, can even go out through the same side as they entered. And as a result, you see how the rainbow scattered its colors across the sky in an arc.
Each drop reflects all colors. But from your fixed position on earth, you only perceive certain colors from certain drops. The droplets reflect red and orange colors most clearly, so they reach your eyes from the topmost droplets. Blues and violets are less reflective, so you see them from the droplets a little lower. Yellow and green reflect the drops that are in the middle. Put all the colors together and you have a rainbow.
5.4.3 RAINBOW FORMATION SCHEME
1) spherical a drop ,
2) internal reflection,
3) primary rainbow,
4) refraction ,
5) secondary rainbow,
6) an incoming beam of light,
7) the course of the rays during the formation of the primary rainbow,
8) the course of rays during the formation of a secondary rainbow,
9) observer, 10-12) region of rainbow formation.
Most often observedprimary rainbowwhere light undergoes one internal reflection. The path of the rays is shown in the figure at the top right. In the primordial rainbowRed colorlocated outside the arc, its cornerradius is 40-42°.
PHYSICAL EXPLANATION
Observations over the rainbow have shown that the angle formed by two lines mentally drawn from the observer's eyes to the center of the rainbow arc and to its circumference, or the angular radius of the rainbow, is an approximately constant value and equal to about 41 ° for the first rainbow, 52 ° for the second. An elementary explanation of the phenomenon of the rainbow was given as early as 1611 by A. de Dominy in his work "De Radiis Visus et Lucis", then developed by Descartes ("Les météores", 1637) and fully developed by Newton in his "Optics" (1750) . According to this explanation, the phenomenon of the rainbow occurs due to the refraction and total internal reflection (see Dioptric) of the sun's rays in raindrops. If a ray SA falls on a spherical liquid drop, then (Fig. 1), having undergone refraction in the direction AB, it can be reflected from the rear surface of the drop in the direction BC and exit, again refracted, in the direction CD.
The beam, which otherwise fell on the drop, can, however, at point C (Fig. 2) be reflected a second time along CD and exit, refracted, in the direction DE.
If not one ray, but a whole beam of parallel rays falls on the drop, then, as is proved in optics, all the rays that have undergone one internal reflection in the water drop will leave the drop in the form of a divergent cone of rays (Fig. 3), the axis of which is located along in the direction of the incident rays. In fact, the beam of rays emerging from the drop does not represent a regular cone, and even all the rays that make it up do not intersect at one point, only for simplicity in the following drawings these beams are taken as regular cones with a vertex in the center of the drop
The opening angle of the cone depends on the refractive index (see Dioptrics) of the liquid, and since the refractive index for rays of different colors (different wavelengths) that make up the white sunbeam is not the same, the opening angle of the cone will be different for rays of different colors, namely for purple will be less than red. As a result, the cone will be bordered by a colored rainbow edge, red from the outside, purple inside, and if the drop is water, then half of the corner hole of the cone SOR for red it will be about 42 °, for purple ( SOV ) 40.5°. A study of the distribution of light inside the cone shows that almost all the light is concentrated in this colored border of the cone and is extremely weak in its central parts; thus, we can only consider the bright colored shell of the cone, since all its internal rays are too weak to be perceived by sight.
A similar study of rays reflected twice in a drop of water will show us that they will emerge in the same conical iris. V"R" (Fig. 3), but red from the inner edge, purple from the outer, and for a water drop, half of the corner hole of the second cone will be equal to 50 ° for red ( SOR" ) and 54° for the purple edge ( SOV) .
Imagine now that the observer whose eye is at the point ABOUT (fig. 4), looking at a row of vertical raindrops A, B, C, D, E... , illuminated by parallel rays of the sun going in the direction SA, SB, SC etc.; let all these drops be located in a plane passing through the eye of the observer and the sun; each such drop will, according to the previous one, emit two conical light shells, the common axis of which will be the sunbeam falling on the drop.
Let the drop located so that one of the rays forming the inner shell of the first (inner) cone, when continued, will pass through the eye of the observer; then the observer will see IN purple dot. A little higher than a drop IN drop C will be located such that the beam coming from the outer surface of the shell of the first cone will enter the eye and give it the impression of a red dot in FROM ; drops intermediate between B and C will give the eye the impression of dots of blue, green, yellow and orange. In sum, the eye will see in this plane a vertical rainbow line with a violet end at the bottom and a red one at the top; if we go through Oh and the sun line SO, then the angle formed by it with the line OV , will be equal to the half-hole of the first cone for violet rays, i.e. 40.5 °, and the angle KOS will be equal to the half-opening of the first cone for red rays, i.e. 42 °. If you turn the corner KOV around OK then OV will describe a conical surface and each drop lying on the circle of intersection of this surface with a rain veil will give the impression of a bright purple point, and all the points together will give a purple arc of a circle centered at TO ; in the same way, red and intermediate arcs are formed, and in total the eye will receive the impression of a light rainbow arc, purple inside, red outside - first rainbow.
Applying the same reasoning to the second outer light cone shell emitted by drops and formed by solar rays reflected twice in a drop, we obtain a wider second concentric rainbow with cfu angle, equal for the inner red edge - 50 °, and for the outer purple - 54 °. Due to the double reflection of light in the drops that give this second rainbow, it will be much less bright than the first. Drops D, lying between C and E, they do not emit light at all into the eye, and therefore the space between the two rainbows will appear dark; from the drops below B and above E, white rays will enter the eye, emanating from the central parts of the cones and therefore very weak; this explains why the space under the first and above the second rainbow seems to us dimly lit.
CONCLUSION: The elementary theory of the rainbow clearly indicates that different observers see rainbows formed by different raindrops, i.e., different rainbows, and that the apparent reflection of a rainbow is that rainbow that an observer placed under a reflecting surface at such a distance down from it would see on which he is above her. Observed in rare cases, especially at sea, intersecting eccentric rainbows are explained by the reflection of light from the water surface behind the observer and the appearance, thus, of two sources of light (the sun and its reflection), each giving its own rainbow.
6. UNUSUAL RAINBOWS
On a bright moonlit night, you can see a pale rainbow fromMoon. However, the humancircle .
A simple rainbow-arc is usually observed, but under certain circumstances you can see a double rainbow, and from an airplane - an inverted or even annular one.
rainbow in the forest rainbow from the plane
rainbow in the clouds rainbow over the sea
We are accustomed to seeing the rainbow as an arc. In fact, this arc is only part of a multi-colored circle. In its entirety, this natural phenomenon can only be observed at high altitude, for example, from an airplane.
There is a group of optical phenomena called halo. They are caused by the refraction of light rays by tiny ice crystals in cirrus clouds and mists. Most often, halos form around the Sun or Moon. Here is an example of such a phenomenon - a spherical rainbow around the Sun: 8. CONCLUSION
Research completed. Rainbow - the arc is "decomposed" into seven colors - the spectrum. All questions have been answered. I was very interested in doing this research. I learned a lot about this beautiful phenomenon. When I described the double rainbow, I really wanted to observe this phenomenon myself, and not see it in the pictures. And I'm lucky. Recently, after a rain, I was lucky to observe a double rainbow. This is an even more beautiful bewitching phenomenon. Before, I didn’t even suspect what was the reason for the appearance of a rainbow, why its colors are arranged in a certain order ... When I studied this phenomenon more similarly, it even seemed to me that I began to observe it more often, and most importantly, I began to UNDERSTAND this wonderful phenomenon .
9. USED LITERATURE
1.Internet materials have been widely used
2.physics for grade 11
3.physical encyclopedia
I chose this topic because - page number 1/1
Introduction
I chose this topic because:
Firstly, I considered it very interesting and entertaining, not only for myself, but also for others.
Secondly, I would like to discover new facts from the lives of my favorite writers.
Thirdly, to get the opportunity to look at the images from different angles, to understand what the author was thinking about when creating this image.
Fourthly, my desire is to feel the enormous tension of creative searches, which was created by St. Petersburg itself, which confronted the consciousness of Russian writers with issues of world development, forcing Russian artistic thought to work with unprecedented sharpness and depth.
Fifthly, St. Petersburg in my eyes is a fairy tale that exists in the real world. I have never been lucky enough to visit this beautiful city in my life - I have to visit the homeland of great poets, writers, critics, artists in the summer, which I look forward to.
I noticed the relevance of this topic in society. In our large current environment, there is a need for high feelings. The cultural capital of our country, as is known and generally recognized, is the city of St. Petersburg. But just a few years ago, I didn’t feel that this great city was so in demand among people, I didn’t see a response, a gleam in the eyes of my peers, discussing someone’s next visit to this city. Over time, I realized that some people, traveling to the "City of Petrov" do not realize all the greatness and genius of the city, the monumentality of buildings and the restrained cry of history. Therefore, having studied the images of St. Petersburg through the prism of the works of great writers, people themselves will be able to feel the atmosphere of that time, and understand how important it is to know.
St. Petersburg has a huge cultural history, which explains why this city during its cultural dawn inspired a wide variety of writers, artists, poets, philosophers and many other creative figures. And even today this amazing city does not lose ground and still remains the epicenter of the sights of our country and inspires people to create works of art. For example: someone was inspired by the pristine and incredibly beautiful nature, someone was the beauties of the city, perhaps some were inspired by people and the environment, and someone visited the Muse from the impression of fun unrestrained balls ... You can continue very for a long time. After all, inspiration was in everything, but for each it is different. But for one of the greatest poets of the 18th century - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - Petersburg was the city of his friends and associates, a symbol of the greatness of Russia. It is these criteria of Pushkin's perception of Petersburg that explain such different images of the city in the writer's work. A writer no less brilliant than Pushkin - Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - considered Petersburg to be the temple of the human soul. In this magnificent city, he wrote, as I see it, his best works. In St. Petersburg, he met Pushkin and became famous for his first masterpieces. In this city, the two greatest pinnacles of Russian literature flourished and amazed society, without which, to this day, humanity would not have been so developed in the field of feelings and perceptions of beauty.
In my work, I would like to consider a topic that is relevant in my opinion: Images of St. Petersburg in the work of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. The purpose of my work: to consider in detail the images of St. Petersburg from the side of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol, based on some works and the personal attitude of the writers, and comparing them, note the similarities and differences. To analyze how the metamorphoses of St. Petersburg develop in the works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. See the relationship of the authors to the city and people. Try to discover new aspects of this topic, based on rare facts. Completely immerse yourself in the meaning of this or that image and understand why the author presents the city in this light.
Pushkin's Metamorphoses of Petersburg.
A.S. Pushkin has a huge number of poems and works in the form of prose about St. Petersburg. But in my work, I would like to consider, in my opinion, impeccable works. Such are the novel "Eugene Onegin", the stories "The Stationmaster" and "The Queen of Spades" and the poem "The Bronze Horseman".
Petersburg in the novel "Eugene Onegin"
Consider the images of St. Petersburg in the novel "Eugene Onegin". Here we see how the rich Russian geography is depicted - from the faces of the provinces to the secular townspeople - vivid pictures drawn by Pushkin's precise and easy word. Here and St. Petersburg, and the village, and the noble estate. And above all the descriptions on the highest level stands the unforgettable image of St. Petersburg - sung by many poets and prose writers. In Pushkin's works, this is not just a city - "Peter's creation" - reproduced as the place where his characters live, but a separate hero endowed with character, face, habits, smells and sounds. It turns out that the city in the eyes of the author becomes the direct hero of the novel, which can influence the turn of events.
In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" different aspects of human culture, soul, character, lifestyle of that time are displayed. A time when lovers wrote letters to each other and were afraid to look into their eyes, when only people of high rank received a good education, when life was a vacation for the secular part of society.
And already at the end of the first chapter, the image of Petersburg appears before the reader in the pictures of everyday life: its restless Petersburg comes to life under the drumming of the military, peddlers hurry, “chimney smoke rises like a pillar of blue ...”, the baker “neat German” opens his shop. Pushkin involuntarily admires St. Petersburg, for each phenomenon he finds beautiful words, like an artist - paints. For example: "... the night sky above the Neva is transparent and bright", "We silently reveled in the breath of the supportive night." The Neva, the restless St. Petersburg river, "chained in granite", and loving words have been found for it.
The places about which the poet found so many beautiful words are well known to him. Each of the favorite places is associated for the author with something pleasant. Undoubtedly, St. Petersburg evokes pleasant sensations and emotions in the author, which strongly prevail over sorrowful ones. And yet here, in cold Petersburg, the poet dreams of another sea - warm, free, "Where I suffered, where I loved, Where I buried my heart." “I am wandering over the sea, waiting for the weather, Manyu sails the ships ...” - the author writes about himself from the banks of the Neva. Singing the hymn to the bright, noisy, beautiful Petersburg, Pushkin recalls other places. The plot begins and ends in St. Petersburg, he is assigned a pivotal role in the composition. St. Petersburg is a city predominantly associated with the protagonist of the novel, Onegin.
The first chapter recreates the life and customs of the St. Petersburg nobility. The prevailing motives are novelty, fashion, modernity: “Here is my Onegin at large, cut in the latest fashion.” In the hero’s office: “amber on the pipes of the Constantinople, porcelain and bronze on the table, perfume in faceted crystal.” The St. Petersburg nobility is characterized by vanity, tinsel: "it's no wonder to be in time everywhere." Every day of the protagonist: Eugene Onegin begins and ends the same way: “He used to be still in bed: They carry notes to him, What? Invitations? In fact, the Three Houses are calling for the evening ... ”In this society, honor and public opinion are above all, which creates a special type of behavior. “And here is the public opinion! Spring of honor, our idol! And this is what the world revolves on!
The second time we see Petersburg is in the eighth chapter of the novel. Here, satire and sarcasm in relation to secular society sound sharper, the psychological difference between Onegin and the “empty” world is more significant. Tatyana is now a prominent figure in aristocratic society. Everything worthy and beautiful that is in secular society is concentrated in Tatyana. Placing the heroes of his novel against the backdrop of St. Petersburg and the Russian countryside, Pushkin, creating a kind of encyclopedia of Russian life, could not help but bring his heroine to Moscow, and there is a pattern in this. Pushkin could not ignore such a precious significance for the whole of Russian life as Moscow.
In the novel, Alexander Sergeevich tells about his best feelings about St. Petersburg. "Eugene Onegin" was written by the author in the period from May 9, 1823 to October 5, 1831, which falls on the period of the highest flowering of Pushkin's work as a poet. I believe that the novel is the best embodiment of St. Petersburg at all times.
Petersburg in the story "The Stationmaster"
The Stationmaster is part of the Belkin Tales series. The events of the protagonist take place in St. Petersburg. Petersburg is presented in the story in social and moral contrast - on the outskirts, in the Izmailovsky regiment, the poor and offended Vyrin lived, in the center, in an expensive hotel, the rich officer Minsky lived.
When Vyrin opened the bundle and saw the money - payment for Dunya, Vyrin threw it to the ground in bitterness and anger and stamped it with his heel. After walking a few steps, he stopped and decided to return for the money, but they were gone. “A well-dressed young man, seeing him, ran to the cab, sat down hurriedly and shouted: “Let's go!”. It is no coincidence that the action was moved to the streets of the central part of St. Petersburg - now in it, the city, the forces emanating from the offenders living in the center of the capital and defining its face were focused. The reputation of Minsky, a respectable, rich, noble nobleman, turned out to be false.
In this story, Petersburg appears to the reader in the form of a kind of evil and cold city, where everyone thinks only about money, where everyone is a stranger to each other. Cruel city. He is cruel to the main character. Lonely people live there, who have forgotten what warmth and love are. The social life and customs of Pushkin's Petersburg can be regarded as historical evidence of that era.
The image of St. Petersburg in the poem "The Bronze Horseman"
The poem "The Bronze Horseman" is a living figurative organism that does not tolerate unambiguous interpretations. The poem opens with an "Introduction", in which the image of the city occupies a dominant place, it is written in an official style. In its style, it differs sharply from the style of all other parts of the poem. Therefore, it is often perceived as an independent work. It differs from the narrative parts of the poem, first of all, by its solemnly jubilant tone. "Introduction" is often called a hymn to the great city. All other images of St. Petersburg - be it Gogol's, Nekrasov's or Dostoevsky's - are often compared with the St. Petersburg of the "Introduction" to Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman".
The whole interest lies in the fact that a city was created that is necessary for Russia, a city for people, a city that gives back the good laid in it by its builders. The poet in the work with unprecedented strength and courage shows the historically natural contradictions of life in all their nakedness. In the poem, in a generalized figurative form, two forces are opposed - the state, personified in Peter I (and then in the symbolic image of a revived monument, the Bronze Horseman), and a person in his personal, private interests and experiences. Therefore, the author often intrudes into the description of St. Petersburg with an expression of his love for him:
“I love you, Petra creation.
I love your strict slender look,
Neva, sovereign current,
Its coastal granite ... "
In the future, the description opens up more and more new sides of the city to the reader. A glorious city appears before us: the new capital of mighty Russia, which the poet loves. And he captivates the reader with his commitment to the places of St. Petersburg dear to him. The poet sees "the sleeping masses of deserted streets", hears "the hiss of foamy glasses", but there are no people on the streets, just as there are no their faces against the background of glasses. In the first part, the appearance of St. Petersburg changes, it is no longer a magnificent "young city", but a "gloomy St. Petersburg". The city turns into a fortress besieged by the Neva. The trouble comes as if from within, the city itself takes itself by storm; everything that was unworthy of the image comes out, hidden behind the description of splendor:
"Trays under a wet veil,
Fragments of huts, logs, roofs,
thrifty commodity,
Relics of pale poverty,
Storm-blown bridges
Coffins from a blurry cemetery"
Speaking about the flood, Pushkin very vividly described the raging Neva:
"Siege! attack! evil waves,
Like thieves climbing through the windows. Cherny
With a running start, glass is smashed astern.
Trays under a wet veil,
Fragments of huts, logs, roofs,
thrifty commodity,
Relics of pale poverty,
Storm-blown bridges
A coffin from a blurry cemetery
Float through the streets!
Sees God's wrath and awaits execution.
Alas! everything perishes: shelter and food!”
And only after such a dead calm, the city comes to life: "is crowded in heaps" on the banks of the Neva, which is correlated with human fuss "like a sick person in his restless bed", then it rushes "to the sea against the storm", "send ... like a petitioner at the door".
The entire first part is a picture of a national disaster, and it is at this moment that the figure of the “idol on a bronze horse” appears for the first time, which is imperturbable, unlike the living king, powerless to resist the elements.
The poem glorifies: "great thoughts" of Peter, his creation - "the city of Petrov, "the midnight countries of beauty and wonder", the new capital of the Russian state, built at the mouth of the Neva, "under the sea", "on the mossy, marshy shores", the economy " here, on their new waves, all the flags will visit us" and in order to establish a cultural connection with Europe, "here we are destined to cut a window to Europe with nature."
Petersburg appears as a stronghold of Russian autocracy, as a center of autocracy. The capital of Russia, created by the people, has turned into a hostile force for itself and for the individual. Pushkin, as it were, emphasizes that a city that did not arise gradually, did not grow out of the countryside, like the vast majority of other cities, but was forcibly built on this site in spite of the smooth flow of history, if it stands, then its inhabitants will have to pay for the fact that the founder practically went against the laws of nature. In the center of the city there is a monument to its founder, and Petersburg itself is a huge monument to the personality of Peter; and the contradictions of the city reflect those of its founder. Pushkin vividly describes the daily concerns of citizens of different classes.
“... And St. Petersburg is restless
Already forced by the drum.
The merchant gets up, the peddler goes,
A cabman is pulling to the stock exchange,
Austinka is in a hurry with a jug,
Beneath it, the morning snow crunches.
I woke up in the morning with a pleasant noise.
The shutters are open; pipe smoke
A column rises blue,
And a baker, a neat German,
In a paper cap, more than once
I have already opened my vasisdas.”
Petersburg here is a deeply symbolic monument to the fruitfulness of the unity of millions of people. All the images here are multi-valued, symbolic. The poet explains history and modernity through a capacious and symbolic image of St. Petersburg.
I believe that The Bronze Horseman is the most mysterious work of A.S. Pushkin. The work has a historical foundation. And the images of St. Petersburg come precisely from history. The theme of the reign of Peter is touched upon in the Work. The author talks about the city, presenting it in images. There is also an incredibly beautiful symbolism here. The totality of all the qualities of the work gives the first impression of a fairy tale, but if you think about the meaning and know the history, then the work can be considered a historical poem.
Petersburg and The Queen of Spades
The Queen of Spades was written in the Boldin autumn of 1833. Based on a mystical story. Pushkin poeticizes and glorifies not only St. Petersburg - the city, but also life and class relations in the city itself. The descriptions of the streets and parts of the city are so accurate that following them, one can find those places or houses where, by the will of the author, his characters turn out to be. Squares, gardens, boulevards and streets were imprinted in the works of Pushkin. Under the layers of restructuring that befell the Golitsina mansion, one can guess the "house of the old architecture" in one of the main streets of St. Petersburg.
There are a lot of crazy people in the capital. It is difficult to call the life of the old countess who has lost her mind and Lizaveta Ivanovna, who is tormented by her, a normal life. Young nobles - officers also play cards all night long or dance until the morning ... The life of the capital's aristocracy is empty and meaningless. In The Queen of Spades, a new image of St. Petersburg was created for the first time in literature. The capital of the empire is a city of absurd life, a city of fantastic events, incidents, dehumanizing people, disfiguring their feelings, desires, thoughts, their lives. The blind and wild power of the city over man is explained by Pushkin.
The plot may seem exaggeratedly tragic, but in fact Pushkin did not exaggerate at all. There is a well-known example of a sensational story in St. Petersburg in 1802, when Prince A.N. Golitsin, the famous spendthrift and gambler, lost his wife, Princess Maria Grigorievna, to the Moscow gentleman L.K. Razumovsky. If the same plots appear in literature and in life, it means that some mechanism has been introduced that limits the variety of possible actions. Pushkin himself was a card player, so he saw from the inside the psychology of the game, its whirlpool, calculation, excitement. Petersburg gave Pushkin a lot of life stories about chance.
The idea of the illusory existence of the city of madness, falsehood and violent hostility to man receives its final form in the last reflections of the hero: he is tormented by one completely meaningless question: “Here they all rush and rush about, but who knows, maybe it’s all someone’s dream , and not a single person here is real, true, not a single deed is real? Someone will suddenly wake up, who is dreaming of all this, and everything will suddenly disappear.
The ambiguity of figurative symbols made it possible to understand the special nature of the fantasy of this city, the reasons for the hostility of the capital of the empire to man, the meaning of madness, absurdity, the illusory life of people in this offending city, city, falsehood and lies. But symbolic images are inherent not only in the sphere of life of the ancient nobility, the aristocracy is worth two, - Paris and St. Petersburg. The basis of the poetics of the story is precisely symbolic images.
In the story "Queen of Spades", in my opinion, fake Petersburg is described, the theme of human lies and excitement is touched upon. Pushkin tells about the spiritually low mentality of people of high ranks. Each hero has a symbol of one or another image of St. Petersburg. The writer is annoyed by such people, and in order to give his thoughts a “zest”, he uses various images of people and symbols. It takes a genius to veil everything in such a form.
Conclusion throughout the chapter: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin raised Petersburg very highly. He considered this city his homeland, although he was born in Moscow. He loved his city with all his broad soul, which is confirmed by his poems. But at the same time, he quite realistically assesses the inhabitants, society, culture and knows history. He describes his reflections on the history of Petrograd in the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Absolutely all bright and warm feelings, the writer lays out in the novel "Eugene Onegin". The antithesis for the novel is the story "The Stationmaster". And of course, any, even the most fabulous city is not without sins, this is described in the story "Queen of Spades". At different times, Pushkin describes Petersburg in different ways, his thoughts change as his life in it changes.
Petersburg Gogol
Gogol spent a significant part of his life in St. Petersburg. This could not but be reflected in his works. In very many of them there is an image of St. Petersburg. Gogol even wrote a whole cycle of St. Petersburg stories. Actually, I want to start with him. I will add to the work: the stories "Nevsky Prospekt", "The Nose", "The Overcoat", "The Night Before Christmas" (from the cycle: "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" and the play "The Government Inspector".
Images of Petersburg stories
Unlike Pushkin, who had known the new Russian capital since his teenage years, Gogol first saw Petersburg as an adult. The author shares with us his first impressions of the northern capital: “... Petersburg seemed to me not at all the way I thought, I imagined it more beautiful, more magnificent ...” The writer describes the areas where he once happened to live.
"Nevsky Avenue"
The theme of Nevsky Prospekt opens the first of the "Petersburg Tales"; pages devoted to the main street of the city play the role of a prologue to the cycle as a whole. The author pronounces an ironic hymn to Nevsky Prospekt, where “it smells of one festivities”, where “greed, self-interest and need are expressed in walking and flying in karsts and on droshky” and a quick “phantasmagoria takes place during one day only”. Nevsky Prospekt is just a beautiful reason for a strange, fantastic, half-mad city, the essence of which is revealed in the plots and characters of Petersburg Tales. In the everyday life of St. Petersburg, Gogol notes fantastic, absurd and comical features, and in the souls of the townspeople - a combination of the ugly, touching and funny.
The appearance of the city is not only a background that sets off the events taking place in it, it is revealed in its social quality, shown in sharp and irreconcilable contrasts. Conveying these contrasts, Gogol paints Petersburg either in pathetic-romantic tones, or in its everyday “physiology”, in its cruel everyday life, a humble and miserable life, which is the lot of the poor. Nevsky Prospekt is a mirror of the capital, reflecting its contrasts. Behind the brilliant splendor of Nevsky Prospekt, the other side of life, its ugly and painful sides, is even stronger and more tragic.
Nevsky Prospekt is an "exhibition", a place for showing all this arrogant, vulgar, hypocritical, which distinguishes the owners of rank and wealth. After twenty o'clock, those who are distinguished by the "nobility of their occupations and habits" appear on Nevsky Prospekt. For example: one shows a smart frock coat with the best beaver, the other shows a beautiful Greek nose, the third wears excellent sideburns, the fourth a pair of pretty eyes and an amazing hat, the fifth a ring with a talisman on a smart little finger, the sixth a leg in a charming shoe, the seventh tie, exciting surprise, the eighth - a mustache, plunging into amazement. “The best works of a man” are only his external signs - his clothes and features of his appearance: a dandy frock coat, a Greek nose, excellent sideburns, a mustache, a tie that plunges one into surprise. Behind all this there is no man, his inner content - or rather, the man here is exhausted by these external, ostentatious features. The brilliance and splendor of Nevsky Prospekt is only an appearance, only a lie and falsehood. Behind his ceremonial appearance lies the tragic fate of a modest worker. For Gogol, the "illusion" and falsity of Nevsky Prospekt express the very reality of social relations, the discrepancy between external splendor and internal emptiness and inhumanity. That is why images are so frequent in the story that emphasize this illusiveness, the elusiveness of Nevsky Prospekt: evening lighting, artificial light of lamps give everything "some kind of tempting, wonderful light."
"Nose"
"Overcoat"
Petersburg is depicted somewhat differently in the story "The Overcoat". This is a city where "little people" disappear without a trace. At the same time, there are streets in it, where it is bright at night, as during the day, with generals living on them, and streets where slops are poured directly from the windows, the shoes live here. Gogol depicted the transition from one street to another through their lighting and overcoats of officials: if on the poor streets the lighting is “skinny” and a collar on a marten overcoat is rare, then the closer to rich areas, the brighter the light of lanterns becomes and the more often beaver collars come across. The Overcoat describes the free time of petty officials and other poor people. So, some went to the theater or to the street, others to the evening, and still others to some other official to play cards and drink tea. Yards and "all kinds" of people sat in the evenings in small shops, spending time chatting and gossip. Gogol talks about all this in opposition to Akaky Akakievich, for whom all the entertainment consisted in copying papers. Rich people also go to the theater, walk the streets, play cards, only they buy tickets more expensive, dress better and, playing cards, drink not only tea, but also champagne.
In The Overcoat, the image of St. Petersburg is created by describing dirty streets, damp courtyards, shabby apartments, fetid staircases “permeated through and through by that“ alcoholic smell that eats the eyes, ”gray nondescript houses, from the windows of which slops pour out.
The elements in Gogol also play an important role in revealing the image of St. Petersburg: winter lasts almost all year round, a constant wind blows, chilling, fantastic, incessant cold binds everything. In Gogol, the subjective sensation turns into an objective reality, time seems to stop, and the cold begins to be perceived as an enduring state of St. Petersburg. Something similar happens with the wind, which, "according to Petersburg custom", blows at once "from all directions." This philosophy of universal indifference, indifference to people, the power of money and ranks that reign in St. Petersburg, turn people into "small" and inconspicuous, doom them to a gray life and death. Petersburg makes people morally crippled, and then kills them. For Gogol, Petersburg is a city of crimes, violence, darkness, a city of hell, where human life means nothing at all. This city is like a nightmare.
"The Night Before Christmas" (from the cycle: "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka")
One of the first works by Gogol, in which there is an image of St. Petersburg, is the story "The Night Before Christmas", included in the cycle "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka". Let's analyze the image: Petersburg is described in the spirit of a folk tale. Petersburg appears before us as a beautiful, fabulous city, where the majestic and powerful Empress lives. It seems that the image of St. Petersburg is based on the faith of the people in a kind, just tsar. But still, in the image of St. Petersburg there are some signs of something unnatural. In "Night ..." Petersburg is not yet a city of hell, but a fantastic city alien to Vakula. Vakula, having flown in on the line, having seen both sorcerers, and sorceresses, and evil spirits along the way, once in Petersburg, is very surprised. For him, St. Petersburg is a city where all wishes can come true. Everything is unusual and new for him: “... knock, thunder, shine; four-storied walls pile up on both sides, the sound of a horse's hooves, the sound of a wheel ... houses grew ... bridges trembled; carriages flew, cabbies shouted. There are motifs of disorderly movement, chaos. It is characteristic that the devil feels quite natural in Petersburg. Gogol shows the city through sounds and light. In this fairy-tale world, it seems to Vakula that even houses come to life and look at him from all sides. Perhaps Gogol himself experienced similar impressions when he first arrived in St. Petersburg. About the unusually bright light that came from the lanterns, Vakula says: “My God, what a light! We don't get that much light during the day." The palace here is simply fabulous. All the things in it are amazing: the staircase, the painting, and even the locks. The people in the palace are also fabulous: all in satin dresses or golden uniforms. Vakula sees one gleam and nothing else. In The Night Before Christmas, Petersburg is bright, dazzling, deafening and incredible in every way.
"Inspector"
Petersburg looks completely different in the comedy The Inspector General. Here it is much more real. It does not have that fabulousness that is present in The Night Before Christmas, it is almost a real city in which rank and money decide everything. In The Inspector General we meet two stories about Petersburg - Osip and Khlestakov. In the first case, this is a story about normal Petersburg, which is seen by a servant of a petty official. He does not describe any incredible luxury, but talks about the real entertainments available to him and his master: theaters, dancing dogs and cab rides. Well, what he likes most of all is that all people talk very politely: “Habbery, damn it, treatment!” Khlestakov draws a completely different Petersburg for us. This is no longer Petersburg with merchants and dancing dogs, but Petersburg with servility and unimaginable luxury. This is Petersburg of the dreams of a petty official who wants to become a general and live in grand style. If at first he simply assigns himself a higher rank, then at the end of his story he is already practically a field marshal, and his exaggerations reach truly incredible proportions: soup that arrived on a steamer from Paris, a seven-hundred-ruble watermelon. In general, Petersburg in Khlestakov's dreams is a city where he has a lot of money and a high rank, so he lives in luxury and everyone fears and reveres him. The hero is so lied that he himself no longer realizes where the truth is, and where his endless lie is. He is no longer in this world, but somewhere in the bowels of his dreams and lies. Trying to be like secular trendsetters in everything, provincials lose their true face, so their behavior looks unnatural and somewhat ridiculous. Gogol ridicules this vicious feature not only of the provinces, but also of both capitals, since both the image of St. Petersburg and Moscow were equal in everything to the standard of Western European life and, thereby, also lost their national roots.
The county town described in The Government Inspector is a collective image, it is the whole of Russia in miniature. In terms of the abundance of all sorts of abuses here, it cannot be called real, but at the same time it is typical. Gogol managed to display in a relatively small work all aspects of Russian life in the 30s of the 19th century, all its pressing problems. On the pages of comedy, the author brought all sections of the urban population. This is the bureaucracy, and the merchants, and the bourgeoisie, and urban landlords. The only thing missing here is the army and the clergy, who were not subordinate to the city authorities.
Raindrop - rainy note. Rain can be seen, heard, smelled.
Design and research work on the topic
"Collection and systematization of material
to the essay-description "Rain"
“Collection and systematization of material for the essay-description “Rain”- Purpose: collection and systematization of thematic information in preparation for writing an essay-description on the topic "Rain".
- Tasks:
- To study the interpretation of the word "rain" in explanatory dictionaries, the use of the image of rain in literary texts, statements of famous people, music, reproductions of paintings, proverbs and sayings, aphorisms.
- To study the interpretation of the term "rain" in the natural science literature.
- Collect interesting facts about rain.
- Systematize and summarize the collected material on the research topic.
- Create a set of handouts to help students write essays on a given topic.
- Explanatory dictionaries:
- D.N. Ushakov
- S.I. Ozhegova
- T.F. Efremova
- Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by S.A. Kuznetsov
- 1. Atmospheric precipitation falling from clouds in the form of water droplets.
- 2. A lot, a large number of things. falling, falling.
- 3. Shiny long threads of metal or paper to decorate the Christmas tree.
- rain, dozhzh, dozhzhik, dozhik m. water in drops or jets from the clouds. (Ancient dezhg; dezhgem, rain; dezhgevy, rain; degiti, rain).
- sytnichek- the smallest rain;
- drizzle, bus- the smallest rain, even finer than rush.
- downpour, torrential- the heaviest rain;
- slanting, underlay- oblique rain, in the direction of a strong wind;
- wet rains, autumn, prolonged bad weather- rubbish, hut, chicher, mold - snow with rain.
- hay- rain during mowing.
- rain in physics
- atmospheric precipitation falling from clouds in the form of liquid droplets with an average diameter of 0.5 to 6-7 mm.
- The droplets have the same shape, but their size can vary from half a millimeter to six millimeters in diameter. Drops that do not fall under these parameters are referred to as drizzle.
- rain in science
- liquid atm. precipitation falling from clouds.
- Diam. drops from 6-7 to 0.5 mm; with a smaller amount of precipitation called. drizzle.
- On the island of Kadan, near Mount Wamaleale, (Hawaii), rain is observed on average up to 335 days a year.
- The largest raindrops, then, should head to the Marshall Islands, where the size of the drop can reach one centimeter in diameter.
- In Weinburg, America, it has been raining on the same day, July 29, for over a hundred years.
- About duration, strength; about sound, temperature; about the size of water particles, their density - 111 words (among them mushroom, blind, spore - it is them that Konstantin Paustovsky describes in his story "What rains are" (From the story "Golden Rose")
- About the impression, psychological perception - 53 words (cheerless, merciless, fertile, gracious, talkative, cheerful, lethargic, long-awaited, kind, tiresome, desired, life-giving ...)
- About the time of rainfall - about 10 words (spring, autumn, summer ...)
- Word "disputed" means quick, speedy. Spore rain pours sheer, hard. It always approaches with an oncoming noise. The sparse rain on the river is especially good ... At the same time, there is a glass ringing all over the river.
- And small mushroom rain drowsily pouring from the low clouds. Puddles from this rain are always warm. He does not ring, but whispers something of his own, soporific, and is slightly noticeably fiddling in the bushes, as if touching one leaf or another with a soft paw.
- ABOUT blind rain walking in the sun, the people say: "The princess is crying." The sparkling solar drops of this rain look like large tears.
|
Spring rain |
Summer rain |
Autumn rain |
|
Loud, sunny, washes all nature and evokes a feeling of delight: And something came to the garden Drumming on fresh leaves. (A. Fet) Spring thunder struck at night, Terrible, fresh, indomitable. (S. Marshak) |
Fleeting, with the smell of honey, nature tired of the sun comes to life from it, life-giving, noisy: How fun and fast Over all the green leaves ... The rain is knocking. (S. Marshak) Summer rain, you fleeting .... (T. Zabelina) O mushroom rain, stretch down the crystal thread, All the bushes are waiting - let the branches live, let the flowers drink. (S.Kirsanov) |
Autumn rain is the saddest and saddest, often associated with tears ... however, mournful rain music is often heard ... Rain with a dreary string Autumn will cry outside the window That's how we mean tears Saying goodbye to past warmth T.Zabelina To the music of autumn rain I'm walking in the darkness... (K. Fofanov) |
- Rain in music
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Rain
- Frederic Chopin - Rain Waltz
- Ludwig van Beethoven - Melody of rain
- Boris Levy - Rain Music
- F. Chopin - Prelude No. 15. Rain drop
- Claude Debussy - Gardens in the rain
- Aphorisms about rain:
- “For example, I really like it when it rains on Sunday. Somehow you feel more comfortable.” (Erich Maria Remarque)
- “What is rain? This is the sky with a layer of water. (V. Mayakovsky)
- “Some enjoy the rain, others just get wet” (R. Miller)
- “Raindrops are the tears of angels that they pour from heaven to wash our sins away from us.” (Dan Brown)
- Rain in proverbs and sayings, in folk signs:
- After the rain, God will give the sun.
- After a thunderstorm, rain, after a bucket of bad weather.
- The rain will soak, and the red sun will dry.
- Russian chronicles compared the long summer rains with a natural disaster that brings grief no less than a drought. :
- “The winds are strong and the rains are great, and the sputum is exorbitant, but there have been rains all the days, and the warmth and sputum is great ... There was a great malnutrition of the grain fruit: the rye turned into a grass with bluegrass ...”.
- Rain in colloquial speech:
- Rainy. Razg. Reduce caress. rain; light light rain.
- After the rain on Thursday - no one knows when.
- Dozhdishko. Razg. Derogatory to the word rain.
- Since this morning, a sharp cold wind began to blow and a nasty rain drizzled.(Chekhov. Letter to M. Kiseleva)
- Dozhdin. Razg.
- 1. Heavy rain. Livanet in an hour or so, two large rainstorms, lightning flashes.(Lipatov. And this is all about him).
- Rain. Razg. Heavy rain. Well, the rain, gushing like a bucket!
- Having summarized the collected material on the topic of the study, we created a set of handouts to help students write essays on this topic.