Why is summer much warmer than winter? Frame house - warm in winter, cool in summer The topic is why it is cold in winter and hot in summer

Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer? and got the best answer

Answer from Oblom[guru]
due to the fact that the earth is round and rotate on an axis around the sun, in short, read the textbook

Answer from cornflower[guru]
It is warm in summer, because everyone goes around lightly dressed, some in only thongs, this heats up the air, and in winter, on the contrary, they put on fur coats and there is nowhere for the air to get warm, so it becomes cold ...

Answer from *** [guru]
The thing is that there are 4 seasons and their change is due to the rotation of the planet Earth around the Sun. This happens in 365 (366) days, but at the same time, the Earth also manages to make a revolution around its axis every 24 hours. This is how the days change.
If the Earth's axis (an imaginary line from the North Pole to the South Pole) were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But the Earth's axis is tilted.
The fact is that various forces act on the Earth. Firstly, this is the attraction of the Sun, secondly, the attraction of the Moon, and thirdly, the rotation of the Earth itself. As a result, the Earth revolves around the Sun in an oblique position. This position is maintained all year round, so the Earth's axis is always directed to one point - to the North Star.
This means that part of the year the North Pole is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. Because of this inclination, the direct rays of the Sun sometimes illuminate the area of the Earth's surface north of the equator, sometimes on the equator, sometimes south of the equator. This is a different effect of direct sunlight on parts of the earth's surface and causes the change of seasons in different parts of the globe.
That is, winter comes in the Southern Hemisphere if direct sunlight hits the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. During winter, the sun illuminates both hemispheres, but some of the rays are scattered, so they are not able to warm the hemisphere to the same extent. This is what causes the cold in winter.
Isn't it strange: when winter reigns in the northern hemisphere, the Earth is closer to the Sun by 4,500,000 km than when it is summer there.
The fact is that in this case, the weather is determined not by the distance from our planet to the Sun, but by the tilt of the earth's axis in relation to the plane of the earth's orbit. The angle of this inclination is 23.5 degrees.
The earth revolves around the sun in such a way that its axis is always directed towards the North Star. Therefore, for one half of the year, the North Pole of the earth leans towards the Sun, and for the rest it deviates from it. In the first case, summer reigns in the Northern Hemisphere, in the second - winter. In the South, of course, the opposite is true.
The weather in a particular region of the earth depends on the angle at which the sun's rays fall on a given area of the earth's surface. In winter, the low sun illuminates the earth with gliding rays, and in summer they fall vertically. Glancing rays heat the Earth's surface less for two reasons. First, because the same amount of heat is distributed over a larger area in winter than in summer. Secondly, in this case, the rays pass through a thicker layer of air in the earth's atmosphere, which leads to large losses of their thermal energy.
The climate is determined not only by the amount of heat entering a particular part of the Earth's surface from the Sun, but also by other factors. For example, in the expanses of the seas and in the areas adjacent to them, temperature changes with the change of seasons are not so great. On the contrary, in the depths of the continents, the difference between the temperature in winter and summer is much more significant. This is due to the fact that the earth cools and heats up much faster than water. Another factor that affects the weather is the difference in altitude above sea level. As altitude increases, the density of air decreases, and hence its ability to retain heat. As a result, the climate in the mountainous regions is much colder than in the plains.

The change of seasons is a common occurrence for us. On cold winter days, we freeze from severe frosts, and with the onset of the summer period, we suffer from unbearable heat. At the same time, few of us think about the causes of such processes.

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? What affects the change of seasons? And why winter and summer in different parts of our planet come at different times?

Why is it cold in winter?

Everyone knows that the Earth revolves around the Sun and around its own axis. At the same time, in the process of its movement, it either approaches the Sun, or moves away from it to the maximum distance. While at perihelion (at the minimum distance), it is 147.1 million km away from the star, and when approaching (at aphelion), it is 152.1 million km away.

Many people believe that when the Earth is at its furthest distance from the Sun, winter comes. In fact, everything is not so simple, since another factor affects the onset of cold weather - the axis of the planet's tilt.

The axis of rotation of the globe deviates from the plane of its orbit around the Sun by 23.5 degrees. It passes through the south and north poles, the latter always pointing towards the North Star. Thus, during rotation around the Sun, the northern hemisphere of the planet leans towards the star for one half of the year, and deviates from it for the other half of the year.

At a time when the angle of inclination removes the northern hemisphere from the Sun, the day is shortened, the sun's rays do not warm the earth's surface so well, resulting in winter.

Why is it hot in summer?

In summer, everything happens exactly the opposite. When the northern hemisphere is closest to the sun, it gets a lot more sunlight, the day lengthens, the air temperature warms up, and as a result it gets hot.

In addition, during the summer period, they fall to the Earth almost perpendicularly, so the energy on the earth's surface becomes concentrated and heats the soil much faster. In winter, on the contrary, the rays pass in passing, as a result of which the soil and water in the oceans do not have time to warm up quickly, remaining cold.

In other words, in summer the density of solar energy falling on the earth's surface is higher, in winter it is lower, and temperature indicators depend on this. Moreover, in summer there is a longer daylight hours, the Sun shines above the horizon much longer, therefore it has much more time to warm up the soil and water surfaces.

How do the seasons change in different zones of the Earth?

When summer comes to the northern hemisphere, winter comes to the southern hemisphere, because at that time it is farther from the Sun. Similarly, it happens in the second half of the year: when the southern hemisphere approaches our star, it becomes hot on it, and in the northern hemisphere, respectively, cold.

At the same time, different climatic conditions are observed in different belts of the planet, since they are located at unequal distances from the equator. The closer the regions to the equator, the hotter the climate, and vice versa - the more distant regions from the equator experience colder temperatures.

The location of certain regions in relation to sea level can also affect the weather. With increasing altitude, it decreases, and the Earth gives off less heat, so it is always colder in mountainous areas even in the summer season.

Why is there no winter and summer at the equator?

Why does the degree of heat and cold depend on the location to the equator? The fact is that this imaginary line crossing the center of the Earth, regardless of the axis of inclination of the planet, is always closest to the Sun.

For this reason, the regions located on the equator constantly experience a large influx of solar radiation, and the air temperature on their territory remains unchanged within +24…+28 °C.

In addition, the sun's rays fall on the equator at a right angle, due to which this part of the land receives more light and heat than the rest.

Romanenko Igor

In this work, the student, in collaboration with the teacher and parents, made attempts to theoretically study the issue on the topic, conducted an experiment at home, provided a description of the experimental work and drew conclusions, thereby confirming and refuting the hypotheses put forward.

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MBOU Mariinsky Gymnasium

Research work

on the topic "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"

I've done the work

3rd grade student B

MBOU "Mariinsky Gymnasium"

Ulyanovsk

Romanenko Igor.

Supervisor

Semenova I.A.,

primary school teacher.

Ulyanovsk 2016-2017 academic year

2. Research methods.

3. Hypotheses.

4.1. Studying the theory on the problem "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"

5. Conclusions.

6. Literature

7. Applications.

1. Subject and objectives of the study.

We all know very well that the Sun behaves differently at different times of the year. In summer it rises early, goes high in the sky and sets late. In winter, on the contrary, the Sun appears over the horizon late and, having made a low and short path through the sky, sets early. In summer the day is long, the night is short; In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. In spring and autumn, day and night do not differ much in duration from each other. How to explain all this? After all, we know that the change of day and night, that is, the sunrise and sunset, occurs because the Earth rotates around its axis. Why does it not spin the same way all year round? Or maybe the length of the day and night depends on some other reason? And how does the sun behave in different seasons? Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?

I am very interested in this topic, and in my work I will try to answer all the questions posed.

2. Research methods.

I tried to answer the question myself - "Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer."
I talked to my parents.
I read the children's encyclopedia "My first encyclopedia",« All about planets and constellations”, “Great children's encyclopedia”.
Together with my parents, I found information on the issue of interest on sites on the Internet.
I conducted experiments, the movement of the Earth around the Sun.
I observed the changes in nature at different times of the year.

3. Hypotheses:

At the beginning of my research, in order to try to answer the main question “Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?”, I put forward several basic assumptions:

Hypothesis 1 . In summer, the whole world rejoices, flowers bloom, vegetables and fruits grow, berries and mushrooms ripen. In autumn, nature prepares for sleep. And when nature falls asleep, Winter covers it with a blanket - snow. And the snow is cold, so it's getting cold.

Hypothesis 2 . It is warmer in summer because the Earth is closer to the Sun at this time.

Hypothesis 3 . In summer, the sun rises higher above the horizon. Accordingly, more direct rays enter the Earth's atmosphere and warm it up longer. Therefore, it is warm in summer. And in winter, on the contrary, the Sun is lower above the horizon, it heats weaker. Therefore, it is cold at this time of the year.

4. Theoretical and practical part

4.1 Studying the theory on the problem "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"

We all live on the planet Earth - this is our house. In mythology, her Greek name was Gaia. The earth was the mother of mountains, valleys, streams and all other formations of the earth. She was married to Uranus. On Earth, there is a change of time of day and seasons. The Earth is the largest of all the terrestrial planets. Currently, almost 7.5 billion people live on our planet. About 30% of the Earth's surface is covered by land, while 70% is covered by oceans.

But she is not alone in space. Our planet Earth is part of the solar system.

The solar system is the sun and a collection of planets that are in the same orbit with the sun and depend on it. There are 9 planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and our Earth is the third in a row. Among these planets, only ours has life. It is located at the most favorable distance from the sun. If it were a little closer to it, we would burn out, a little further, we would freeze in glaciers. Some planets have satellites that revolve around them and with them around the sun. For example, the satellite of our planet is the Moon.

The sun is by far the largest object in the solar system. 98% of all matter in the solar system is inside the sun. This means that all the planets, moons, asteroids, minor planets, comets, gas and dust would all combine to make up only 2% of all matter in the solar system. The sun is so big that the earth can easily fit inside sun a million times. The sun has a gravitational force, that is, attraction. Therefore, the planets always revolve around it at the same distance and do not fly away into the open space of space.

The Romans called the Sun - Sol, which in English means the Sun. In ancient Greece, the sun was called Helios. That is why our system of planets is called the solar system.

But why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?

The path along which the globe moves in outer space has the shape of an elongated circle - an ellipse. The sun is not at the center of this ellipse, but at one of its foci. Therefore, throughout the year, the distance from the Sun to the Earth periodically changes: from 147.1 million km (at the beginning of January) to 152.1 million km (at the beginning of July). The transition from the warm season (spring, summer) to the cold season (autumn, winter) does not occur at all because the Earth either approaches the Sun or moves away from it. And yet many people think so today! Take a look at the numbers above: the Earth is farther from the Sun in June than it is in January!

The fact is that the Earth and other planets of the solar system, in addition to revolving around the Sun, rotate around an imaginary axis (a line passing through the North and South Poles).

If the Earth's axis were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But this axis is tilted with respect to the Sun (by 23°27"). As a result, the Earth rotates around the Sun in an inclined position. This position is maintained all year round, and the Earth's axis is always directed to one point - to the North Star.

Therefore, at different times of the year, the Earth exposes its surface to the sun's rays in different ways. When the sun's rays fall vertically, directly, the Sun is hotter. If the rays of the Sun fall on the earth's surface at an angle, then they heat the earth's surface less.

The sun always stands directly on the equator and in the tropics, so the inhabitants of these places do not know the cold. There is not as sharp as ours, the seasons change, and it never snows.

At the same time, part of the year, each of the two poles is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. When the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, in countries north of the equator - summer and long days, to the south - winter and short days. When the direct rays of the Sun fall on the Southern Hemisphere, summer comes here, and winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

The longest and shortest days of the year are called the winter and summer solstices. The summer solstice occurs on June 20, 21 or 22, and the winter solstice on December 21 or 22. And all over the world in every year there are two days when the day is equal to the night. This happens in spring and autumn, exactly between the solstice days. In autumn, this happens around September 23 - this is the autumn equinox, in the spring around March 21 - the vernal equinox.

And now we will discuss on the topic: "How does the change of day and night occur."

Imagine. The summer morning has come. The sun appeared. But it is still low in the sky and warms very weakly. When the Sun rises higher, the Earth will begin to warm up, and it will even be possible to run barefoot. And in the evening the sun goes down. And the Earth starts to cool again.

This is also the case in winter. In the afternoon, when the Sun rises higher, the snow begins to melt. Raindrops fall from the rooftops. They will only be silent in the evening, when the sun is low.

All this happens due to the rotation of the Earth around its own axis and the angle of its inclination in relation to its orbit around the Sun.

It turns out: the low Sun almost does not heat. And the higher it rises, the hotter its rays become.

4.2. Conducting observations about changes in nature at different times of the year.

I watched nature, how it changes during the year, what happens to plants, how the Sun behaves, what time it comes out and sets. During my walks, I tried to notice the slightest changes in nature.

At the beginning of summer, the Sun rises high above the sky and begins to bake more strongly, the day becomes long, and the evening is long and warm. Nature blooms, ripens, gardens are full of greenery, meadows are covered with a wide train of green grass. Heavy cumulus clouds soar slowly in the sky, like huge ships. In summer, we can take long walks outside, play ball and ride a bike, swim in ponds, sunbathe. In the grass you can notice a lot of different insects, on flowers - butterflies. This is my favorite time of the year.

Warm and hot days smoothly turn into the month of August, which is milder than July, because the daylight hours are noticeably reduced, and at night it becomes cooler, a foggy haze appears. From the beginning of the month, the water in lakes and ponds cools down, ending the swimming season. The average temperature in the first half of August is +17 +19° C. August itself is the calmest month of the year. Thunderstorms are rare, hot dry days are somewhat rarer. Often the weather is even, warm, and in some places the first yellowed leaves appear on the trees, the harbingers of autumn.

The beginning of autumn is September. This is the time of the Indian summer, when it is dry and warm, and nature is gradually preparing for the cold. The most mushroom time and the time when you can watch how the first birds are preparing to fly to warmer climes. If you look into the sky, you can see how the birds are more and more crowded and huddle in flocks. And in the forest it becomes quieter, the leaves turn yellow more noticeably, and leaf fall will soon begin.

It's getting cooler, and you can already fasten your jacket with all the buttons and don't forget to take an umbrella with you. After all, the autumn weather is capricious, and the rain is not as warm as in summer.

In autumn, nature slows down its development and prepares for winter; bushes and trees shed their leaves; birds fly away to warm lands, and those animals that remain dress in warm fur coats; the weather is getting colder and towards the end of autumn the first snow falls.

But on one of the days of November, you can look out the window in the morning and see how everything is white and white. There is snow everywhere. And it may still, most likely, melt, but winter is not far away.

Winter is coming! The forest wears fluffy white fur coats. Water in rivers and lakes freezes and turns into ice. But now you can skate. If the snow is wet, you can make a snowman or build a fortress out of snow and play snowballs, and if it’s dry, then you can ride a sled down the mountain with a whirlwind.

In winter, nature sleeps, covered with a white blanket of snow and ice; winter birds are found on the bare branches of trees; animals leave footprints in the snow; sometimes there are blizzards and frosts; the days are short and the nights are long and cold. Only from mid-February the Sun will begin to warm, when its falling rays begin to imperceptibly warm the cheeks from the icy frost.

With the arrival of spring, nature awakens. The sun is shining brightly, the snow is melting, birds from warm lands will soon return to the forest, filling the forest with singing. Birds are about to sing, flowers are blooming, and the forest is dressed in green foliage.

The snow begins to melt in the sun and turns into water. You can make a boat out of paper and run it along a cheerful stream in the yard.

Streams fill lakes with water. The birds are flying. If you get closer to the trees and look closely at the branches, you can find small fluffy lumps on them. These are buds - the first leaves will soon appear from them. Birds make nests, and insects appear in the forest, and the entire plant and animal world wakes up from hibernation.

4.3. Conducting an experiment on the influence of the Sun on the Earth.

I did a little experiment. To do this, I needed a table lamp, she played the role of the Sun and a globe, he played the role of the Earth.

To simplify the experiment, I left the globe (Earth) motionless, fixing it in one position, and rotated the lamp (Sun) clockwise, thereby simulating the Earth's orbit, choosing a landmark in advance.

Pictured #1 - summer, since the Earth's axis is tilted towards the Sun, and the rays fall on its surface at a right angle, strongly heating the surface.

Pictured #2 - winter, since the Earth's axis is tilted in the opposite direction from the Sun and the rays fall on it at an angle, so the heating of the surface is weak.

In the photo number 3 and 4 are spring and autumn, respectively. During these periods of time, the longitude of the day and night are the same - the days of the equinox.

And as can be seen from the experiment, the Sun during this period does not heat very much - like in summer, but not weakly - like in winter.

5 . Findings.

As a result of my work:

a) Hypothesis 1 “changes in nature occur due to the change of seasons” was confirmed based on my observations about changes in nature in different seasons.

b) Hypothesis 2 “The closer the Earth is to the Sun, the warmer” was not confirmed, because the change of seasons is affected not by distance, but by the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis with respect to the Sun.

c) Hypothesis 3 “The higher the Sun above the horizon, the hotter and vice versa” was confirmed, because during the experiment, I made sure that if the sun is higher above the horizon, it heats the Earth more. This is what happens in the summer. And in winter, accordingly, it warms weaker, as it rises above the horizon below.

6. Literature

1. Great children's encyclopedia.

2. My first encyclopedia. Scientific-pop. edition for children. Galnerstein L.Ya.

3. Everything about planets and constellations. Atlas-reference book.

nine . seasons-years.rf

Line UMK E. V. Saplina. World around (1-4)

The world

Geography

Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?

"Why is it hot in summer?" - this children's question is very relevant, given the time of year. In winter, it will be replaced by another - “Why is it cold in winter?”, Accompanied by an attempt to warm frozen hands through mittens. In our new rubric "Why" we will regularly answer in clear and simple language the most interesting questions of preschoolers and schoolchildren.

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? - this question is asked by both preschoolers and schoolchildren. It would seem, well, what is the difficulty: the tilt of the axis, the rotation of the earth, the Sun ... But when you try to explain to a child, you start to get confused yourself.

The answer to the question: the reason is the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis

Our planet Earth moves around the Sun, and the earth's axis itself is located at an angle to the plane of this movement.

Around the Sun, the Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit, close to circular, at a speed of about 107,000 km / h in the direction from west to east. The average distance to the Sun is 149,598 thousand km

Due to the elliptical shape of the orbit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun varies. The closest point in orbit to the Sun is called perihelion - at this moment the star is about 147 million kilometers away. The farthest is called "aphelion" - 152 million km. A 3% difference in distance results in about a 7% difference in the amount of solar energy that the Earth receives at the time of being in these places of the orbit.

But the main thing is that it is not the distance that changes, but the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the surface, That's why there are seasons.

The axis of the planet forms an angle of 66.56° with the orbital plane. Accordingly, the plane of the equator forms an angle of 23.44° with the plane of the ecliptic.

If not for this tilt, then the day and night in any place on the Earth would be the same in duration, and during the day the Sun would rise to the same height throughout the year.

The tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. Source: wikipedia.org

3 geographic reasons for changing seasons

Seasonal changes in the length of daylight hours: in summer, the days are long and the nights are short; in winter, their ratio is reversed.

Seasonal changes in the height of the noon position of the Sun above the horizon. In summer in temperate latitudes at noon, the Sun is closer to the zenith than in winter, and, therefore, the same amount of solar radiation in summer is distributed over a smaller area of the earth's surface.

Seasonal changes in the length of the path of passage of sunlight in the atmosphere affect the degree of their absorption. The Sun, which is low above the horizon, gives less heat and light than the Sun, which is located high, closer to the zenith, since the sun's rays in the first case overcome a more powerful layer of the atmosphere.

The textbook for grade 2 continues the new integrated course "The World Around". The main goal of the textbook is to give initial information about the Earth and the Cosmos: from the mythological ideas of ancient people to modern scientific ideas. The EMC includes an electronic application posted on the website of the Drofa publishing house, as well as a workbook for independent work of students and a methodological guide containing thematic planning and comments on all topics of the course.

The equator does not move away from the Sun, there is no winter and summer there?

Yes. There are no seasons at the equator, because it is always at the same - and close - distance from the Sun. During the calendar year, the sun's rays at the equator fall on the earth vertically (at a right angle), well warming up the surface and the air above it. In fact, it's always summer there. And the closer to the equator, the longer the summer and the shorter the winter.

Competition

This time we will not ask you to calculate something, as it was in the material “Why is the sea salty?”. Send us your “why questions” on social networks: this may be a question that worried you as a child, or maybe a question that a child or student recently asked. Among all the participants, we will choose the 3 most interesting questions and award their authors with book prizes!

Everyone knows from the school bench that our planet revolves both around the Sun and around its own axis - an imaginary line connecting the two poles - north and south. This arrangement of things affects the change of seasons and time of day.

If you ask the question why it is cold in winter, the most common answer would be: the Sun has moved away from the Earth at the maximum possible distance. There is some truth in this statement, but only partially, because other factors also influence the change of seasons.

Causes of cold weather in winter

Distance

In the process of rotation, our planet really approaches the star, then moves away. The maximum distance at which two celestial objects are located (in aphelion, speaking in scientific terms) is 152.1 million km, the minimum (according to scientific it will be “in perehelion”) is 147.1. The formation of this opinion was influenced by the fact that the Earth has a spherical shape and moves in an orbit in the form of an oval. When the surfaces of the planet and the star move away, the sun's rays cease to carry their heat and therefore the temperature drops. The northern hemisphere is in this position from December to February.

Related materials:

Is it true that there is less oxygen in the air in winter?

Short day

But the arrival of cold time is affected not only by the distance between the Sun and the Earth. The axis of our planet is tilted with respect to the orbit, the angle of which is 23.5 degrees. The North Pole is always directed to the star, called the Polaris, which causes 6 months of the Earth's tilt to the Sun and the same period of time - the deviation of the planet from the star. Thus, the angle of inclination removes the surface, making the day shorter. The sun's rays simply do not have enough time to warm the Earth.

Change in the atmosphere

In addition, the Sun rises less high in the sky. In the aggregate of two facts, a decrease in temperature occurs, which leads to a decrease in evaporation. The concentration of water vapor is the main criterion for retaining heat near the surface, and its decrease leads to the escape of heated air into space. Lowering the temperature causes better dissolution in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, which is capable of absorbing infrared radiation. When its proportion decreases, thermal radiation occurs faster.

Related materials:

How do fish winter?

Winter and summer in different parts of the world

Winter in the northern hemisphere, summer in the southern hemisphere. And vice versa. This is because the northern hemisphere of the Earth tilts towards the Sun for one half of the year, and deviates for the other. Therefore, some celebrate the New Year and Christmas holidays when it is cold, while others celebrate it during the hot season.

But there is also such a thing as geographical zones. And the climate is different depending on the distance separating it from the equator - a conditional line dividing the planet into the northern and southern hemispheres. The equator is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the Earth, so the angle of inclination is not decisive. The temperature in the regions passing along this conditional line is approximately the same throughout the year and equals 24-28 degrees with a “+” sign. More heat, light and solar radiation fall on this part of the land, because the rays fall at right angles.