Why do crossbills nest in winter? Crossbills not only feel great in harsh winter frosts, but even breed offspring in winter. The fact is that winter for crossbills is the most suitable time to feed offspring. After all, their chicks feed on the seeds of spruce, which

Consumption ecology. Manor: Everyone wants his house to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer.

Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. Therefore, such housing construction in Japan reaches 45-50%, in the USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden - 75-80%, in Germany, Finland and other countries of Western Europe - 50% and in the Scandinavian countries - 80%.

What is a frame building?

This is a structure that consists of a frame installed on the foundation - vertically installed wooden beams. The gaps between them are filled with insulation. From the outside and inside, these walls are sheathed with OSB, OSB, sandwich panels. The appearance of the building depends on the finish. For decorative sheathing, siding or clinker tiles, thermal panels, stones or timber are used.

For the manufacture of frames, coniferous wood and wooden beams are most often used. Metal frames are rarely used, as they increase the cost of construction by 55-75 percent.

It takes from one to three to four months to install the structure of one building, depending on the chosen technology. To do this, you must have drawings of frame houses, which experts consider the most time-consuming and painstaking process.

Appearing almost simultaneously in different countries, frame housing construction developed in its own ways. The most common are Canadian technologies, German technologies of half-timbered houses and prefabricated panel houses. They have the same building principle. And they differ in the materials used and their combinations, the level of industrialization of the manufacture of the house kit, the method of installation and fastening of some structural elements.

To keep the house warm

It is impossible to build a warm frame house without the use of good insulation, so special attention is paid to its choice.

Straw, hemp fire, cellulose and other eco-insulators are used to insulate the eco-house. After the frame cells are filled with insulation, a vapor barrier must be laid on the inside, and hydro and wind protection on the outside.

If it is not planned to live in the house all year round, then it is more profitable to install a solid fuel stove, increasing the thickness of the insulation to 25 cm during construction. After all, the air in a frame house heats up quickly due to the use of frame technologies and insulation.

Experts have calculated that the heat consumption per 1 square meter of a frame house is almost two times less than in brick houses.

When deciding to build a frame house, you must first select a project, calculate the amount of materials and their types, not only for the foundation and the main structure, but also for the roof, attic, basement, decorative finishes. Of course, you can build it yourself, but experts can do it faster and better. published

Line UMK E. V. Saplina. World around (1-4)

The world

Geography

Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? - this question is asked by both preschoolers and schoolchildren. It would seem, well, what is the difficulty: the tilt of the axis, the rotation of the earth, the Sun ... But when you try to explain to a child, you start to get confused yourself.

The answer to the question: the reason is the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis

Our planet Earth moves around the Sun, and the earth's axis itself is located at an angle to the plane of this movement.

Around the Sun, the Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit, close to circular, at a speed of about 107,000 km / h in the direction from west to east. The average distance to the Sun is 149,598 thousand km

But the main thing is that it is not the distance that changes, but the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the surface, That's why there are seasons.

The axis of the planet forms an angle of 66.56° with the orbital plane. Accordingly, the plane of the equator forms an angle of 23.44° with the plane of the ecliptic.

The tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. Source: wikipedia.org

3 geographic reasons for changing seasons

Seasonal changes in the length of daylight hours: in summer, the days are long and the nights are short; in winter, their ratio is reversed.

Seasonal changes in the height of the noon position of the Sun above the horizon. In summer in temperate latitudes at noon, the Sun is closer to the zenith than in winter, and, therefore, the same amount of solar radiation in summer is distributed over a smaller area of ​​​​the earth's surface.

Seasonal changes in the length of the path of passage of sunlight in the atmosphere affect the degree of their absorption. The Sun, which is low above the horizon, gives less heat and light than the Sun, which is located high, closer to the zenith, since the sun's rays in the first case overcome a more powerful layer of the atmosphere.

The textbook for grade 2 continues the new integrated course "The World Around". The main goal of the textbook is to give initial information about the Earth and the Cosmos: from the mythological ideas of ancient people to modern scientific ideas. The EMC includes an electronic application posted on the website of the Drofa publishing house, as well as a workbook for independent work of students and a methodological guide containing thematic planning and comments on all topics of the course.

The equator does not move away from the Sun, there is no winter and summer there?

Competition

Romanenko Igor

In this work, the student, in collaboration with the teacher and parents, made attempts to theoretically study the issue on the topic, conducted an experiment at home, provided a description of the experimental work and drew conclusions, thereby confirming and refuting the hypotheses put forward.

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MBOU Mariinsky Gymnasium

Research work

on the topic "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"

I've done the work

3rd grade student B

MBOU "Mariinsky Gymnasium"

Ulyanovsk

Romanenko Igor.

Supervisor

Semenova I.A.,

primary school teacher.

Ulyanovsk 2016-2017 academic year

2. Research methods.

3. Hypotheses.

4.1. Studying the theory on the problem "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"

5. Conclusions.

6. Literature

7. Applications.

1. Subject and objectives of the study.

We all know very well that the Sun behaves differently at different times of the year. In summer it rises early, goes high in the sky and sets late. In winter, on the contrary, the Sun appears over the horizon late and, having made a low and short path through the sky, sets early. In summer the day is long, the night is short; In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. In spring and autumn, day and night do not differ much in duration from each other. How to explain all this? After all, we know that the change of day and night, that is, the sunrise and sunset, occurs because the Earth rotates around its axis. Why does it not spin the same way all year round? Or maybe the length of the day and night depends on some other reason? And how does the sun behave in different seasons? Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?

I am very interested in this topic, and in my work I will try to answer all the questions posed.

2. Research methods.

1. I tried to answer the question myself - "Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer."
2. I talked to my parents.
3. I read the children's encyclopedia "My first encyclopedia",« All about planets and constellations”, “Great children's encyclopedia”.
4. Together with my parents, I found information on the issue of interest on sites on the Internet.
5. I conducted experiments, the movement of the Earth around the Sun.
6. I observed the changes in nature at different times of the year.

3. Hypotheses:

At the beginning of my research, in order to try to answer the main question “Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?”, I put forward several basic assumptions:

Hypothesis 1 . In summer, the whole world rejoices, flowers bloom, vegetables and fruits grow, berries and mushrooms ripen. In autumn, nature prepares for sleep. And when nature falls asleep, Winter covers it with a blanket - snow. And the snow is cold, so it's getting cold.

Hypothesis 2 . It is warmer in summer because the Earth is closer to the Sun at this time.

Hypothesis 3 . In summer, the sun rises higher above the horizon. Accordingly, more direct rays enter the Earth's atmosphere and warm it up longer. Therefore, it is warm in summer. And in winter, on the contrary, the Sun is lower above the horizon, it heats weaker. Therefore, it is cold at this time of the year.

4. Theoretical and practical part

4.1 Studying the theory on the problem "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"

We all live on the planet Earth - this is our house. In mythology, her Greek name was Gaia. The earth was the mother of mountains, valleys, streams and all other formations of the earth. She was married to Uranus. On Earth, there is a change of time of day and seasons. The Earth is the largest of all the terrestrial planets. Currently, almost 7.5 billion people live on our planet. About 30% of the Earth's surface is covered by land, while 70% is covered by oceans.

But she is not alone in space. Our planet Earth is part of the solar system.

The solar system is the sun and a collection of planets that are in the same orbit with the sun and depend on it. There are 9 planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and our Earth is the third in a row. Among these planets, only ours has life. It is located at the most favorable distance from the sun. If it were a little closer to it, we would burn out, a little further, we would freeze in glaciers. Some planets have satellites that revolve around them and with them around the sun. For example, the satellite of our planet is the Moon.

The sun is by far the largest object in the solar system. 98% of all matter in the solar system is inside the sun. This means that all the planets, moons, asteroids, minor planets, comets, gas and dust would all combine to make up only 2% of all matter in the solar system. The sun is so big that the earth can easily fit inside sun a million times. The sun has a gravitational force, that is, attraction. Therefore, the planets always revolve around it at the same distance and do not fly away into the open space of space.

The Romans called the Sun - Sol, which in English means the Sun. In ancient Greece, the sun was called Helios. That is why our system of planets is called the solar system.

But why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?

The path along which the globe moves in outer space has the shape of an elongated circle - an ellipse. The sun is not at the center of this ellipse, but at one of its foci. Therefore, throughout the year, the distance from the Sun to the Earth periodically changes: from 147.1 million km (at the beginning of January) to 152.1 million km (at the beginning of July). The transition from the warm season (spring, summer) to the cold season (autumn, winter) does not occur at all because the Earth either approaches the Sun or moves away from it. And yet many people think so today! Take a look at the numbers above: the Earth is farther from the Sun in June than it is in January!

The fact is that the Earth and other planets of the solar system, in addition to revolving around the Sun, rotate around an imaginary axis (a line passing through the North and South Poles).

If the Earth's axis were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But this axis is tilted with respect to the Sun (by 23°27"). As a result, the Earth rotates around the Sun in an inclined position. This position is maintained all year round, and the Earth's axis is always directed to one point - to the North Star.

Therefore, at different times of the year, the Earth exposes its surface to the sun's rays in different ways. When the sun's rays fall vertically, directly, the Sun is hotter. If the rays of the Sun fall on the earth's surface at an angle, then they heat the earth's surface less.

The sun always stands directly on the equator and in the tropics, so the inhabitants of these places do not know the cold. There is not as sharp as ours, the seasons change, and it never snows.

At the same time, part of the year, each of the two poles is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. When the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, in countries north of the equator - summer and long days, to the south - winter and short days. When the direct rays of the Sun fall on the Southern Hemisphere, summer comes here, and winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

The longest and shortest days of the year are called the winter and summer solstices. The summer solstice occurs on June 20, 21 or 22, and the winter solstice on December 21 or 22. And all over the world in every year there are two days when the day is equal to the night. This happens in spring and autumn, exactly between the solstice days. In autumn, this happens around September 23 - this is the autumn equinox, in the spring around March 21 - the vernal equinox.

And now we will discuss on the topic: "How does the change of day and night occur."

Imagine. The summer morning has come. The sun appeared. But it is still low in the sky and warms very weakly. When the Sun rises higher, the Earth will begin to warm up, and it will even be possible to run barefoot. And in the evening the sun goes down. And the Earth starts to cool again.

This is also the case in winter. In the afternoon, when the Sun rises higher, the snow begins to melt. Raindrops fall from the rooftops. They will only be silent in the evening, when the sun is low.

All this happens due to the rotation of the Earth around its own axis and the angle of its inclination in relation to its orbit around the Sun.

It turns out: the low Sun almost does not heat. And the higher it rises, the hotter its rays become.

4.2. Conducting observations about changes in nature at different times of the year.

I watched nature, how it changes during the year, what happens to plants, how the Sun behaves, what time it comes out and sets. During my walks, I tried to notice the slightest changes in nature.

At the beginning of summer, the Sun rises high above the sky and begins to bake more strongly, the day becomes long, and the evening is long and warm. Nature blooms, ripens, gardens are full of greenery, meadows are covered with a wide train of green grass. Heavy cumulus clouds soar slowly in the sky, like huge ships. In summer, we can take long walks outside, play ball and ride a bike, swim in ponds, sunbathe. In the grass you can notice a lot of different insects, on flowers - butterflies. This is my favorite time of the year.

Warm and hot days smoothly turn into the month of August, which is milder than July, because the daylight hours are noticeably reduced, and at night it becomes cooler, a foggy haze appears. From the beginning of the month, the water in lakes and ponds cools down, ending the swimming season. The average temperature in the first half of August is +17 +19° C. August itself is the calmest month of the year. Thunderstorms are rare, hot dry days are somewhat rarer. Often the weather is even, warm, and in some places the first yellowed leaves appear on the trees, the harbingers of autumn.

The beginning of autumn is September. This is the time of the Indian summer, when it is dry and warm, and nature is gradually preparing for the cold. The most mushroom time and the time when you can watch how the first birds are preparing to fly to warmer climes. If you look into the sky, you can see how the birds are more and more crowded and huddle in flocks. And in the forest it becomes quieter, the leaves turn yellow more noticeably, and leaf fall will soon begin.

It's getting cooler, and you can already fasten your jacket with all the buttons and don't forget to take an umbrella with you. After all, the autumn weather is capricious, and the rain is not as warm as in summer.

In autumn, nature slows down its development and prepares for winter; bushes and trees shed their leaves; birds fly away to warm lands, and those animals that remain dress in warm fur coats; the weather is getting colder and towards the end of autumn the first snow falls.

But on one of the days of November, you can look out the window in the morning and see how everything is white and white. There is snow everywhere. And it may still, most likely, melt, but winter is not far away.

Winter is coming! The forest wears fluffy white fur coats. Water in rivers and lakes freezes and turns into ice. But now you can skate. If the snow is wet, you can make a snowman or build a fortress out of snow and play snowballs, and if it’s dry, then you can ride a sled down the mountain with a whirlwind.

In winter, nature sleeps, covered with a white blanket of snow and ice; winter birds are found on the bare branches of trees; animals leave footprints in the snow; sometimes there are blizzards and frosts; the days are short and the nights are long and cold. Only from mid-February the Sun will begin to warm, when its falling rays begin to imperceptibly warm the cheeks from the icy frost.

With the arrival of spring, nature awakens. The sun is shining brightly, the snow is melting, birds from warm lands will soon return to the forest, filling the forest with singing. Birds are about to sing, flowers are blooming, and the forest is dressed in green foliage.

The snow begins to melt in the sun and turns into water. You can make a boat out of paper and run it along a cheerful stream in the yard.

Streams fill lakes with water. The birds are flying. If you get closer to the trees and look closely at the branches, you can find small fluffy lumps on them. These are buds - the first leaves will soon appear from them. Birds make nests, and insects appear in the forest, and the entire plant and animal world wakes up from hibernation.

4.3. Conducting an experiment on the influence of the Sun on the Earth.

I did a little experiment. To do this, I needed a table lamp, she played the role of the Sun and a globe, he played the role of the Earth.

To simplify the experiment, I left the globe (Earth) motionless, fixing it in one position, and rotated the lamp (Sun) clockwise, thereby simulating the Earth's orbit, choosing a landmark in advance.

Pictured #1 - summer, since the Earth's axis is tilted towards the Sun, and the rays fall on its surface at a right angle, strongly heating the surface.

Pictured #2 - winter, since the Earth's axis is tilted in the opposite direction from the Sun and the rays fall on it at an angle, so the heating of the surface is weak.

In the photo number 3 and 4 are spring and autumn, respectively. During these periods of time, the longitude of the day and night are the same - the days of the equinox.

And as can be seen from the experiment, the Sun during this period does not heat very much - like in summer, but not weakly - like in winter.

5 . Findings.

As a result of my work:

a) Hypothesis 1 “changes in nature occur due to the change of seasons” was confirmed based on my observations about changes in nature in different seasons.

b) Hypothesis 2 “The closer the Earth is to the Sun, the warmer” was not confirmed, because the change of seasons is affected not by distance, but by the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis with respect to the Sun.

c) Hypothesis 3 “The higher the Sun above the horizon, the hotter and vice versa” was confirmed, because during the experiment, I made sure that if the sun is higher above the horizon, it heats the Earth more. This is what happens in the summer. And in winter, accordingly, it warms weaker, as it rises above the horizon below.

6. Literature

1. Great children's encyclopedia.

2. My first encyclopedia. Scientific-pop. edition for children. Galnerstein L.Ya.

3. Everything about planets and constellations. Atlas-reference book.

nine . seasons-years.rf