Why is summer much warmer than winter? Why is it cold in winter? Causes of cold weather in winter
Consumption ecology. Manor: Everyone wants his house to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer.
Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. Therefore, such housing construction in Japan reaches 45-50%, in the USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden - 75-80%, in Germany, Finland and other countries of Western Europe - 50% and in the Scandinavian countries - 80%.
What is a frame building?
This is a structure that consists of a frame installed on the foundation - vertically installed wooden beams. The gaps between them are filled with insulation. From the outside and inside, these walls are sheathed with OSB, OSB, sandwich panels. The appearance of the building depends on the finish. For decorative sheathing, siding or clinker tiles, thermal panels, stones or timber are used.
For the manufacture of frames, coniferous wood and wooden beams are most often used. Metal frames are rarely used, as they increase the cost of construction by 55-75 percent.
It takes from one to three to four months to install the structure of one building, depending on the chosen technology. To do this, you must have drawings of frame houses, which experts consider the most time-consuming and painstaking process.
Appearing almost simultaneously in different countries, frame housing construction developed in its own ways. The most common are Canadian technologies, German technologies of half-timbered houses and prefabricated panel houses. They have the same building principle. And they differ in the materials used and their combinations, the level of industrialization of the manufacture of the house kit, the method of installation and fastening of some structural elements.
To keep the house warm
It is impossible to build a warm frame house without the use of good insulation, so special attention is paid to its choice.
Straw, hemp fire, cellulose and other eco-insulators are used to insulate the eco-house. After the frame cells are filled with insulation, a vapor barrier must be laid on the inside, and hydro and wind protection on the outside.
If it is not planned to live in the house all year round, then it is more profitable to install a solid fuel stove, increasing the thickness of the insulation to 25 cm during construction. After all, the air in a frame house heats up quickly due to the use of frame technologies and insulation.
Experts have calculated that the heat consumption per 1 square meter of a frame house is almost two times less than in brick houses.
When deciding to build a frame house, you must first select a project, calculate the amount of materials and their types, not only for the foundation and the main structure, but also for the roof, attic, basement, decorative finishes. Of course, you can build it yourself, but experts can do it faster and better. published
If you are interested in this question, and you are looking for an answer to this question, then after reading this article, you will definitely find the answer.
Why is it so cold in winter?
The temperature in winter does not directly depend on the distance of the planet from the Sun, but on the angle of the Earth. The tilt axis of our planet passes through 2 poles: South and North. While the angle of inclination moves the Northern Hemisphere away from the Sun, the day becomes shorter, the sun's rays fall less on the earth's surface and warm it worse. As a result of such phenomena, winter comes.
Why is it so hot in summer?
In summer, everything happens the other way around - the North Pole is at a very close distance to the Sun, due to this, it receives the maximum amount of sunlight, the day becomes longer, the air temperature rises. As a result of such phenomena, summer comes.
Why is summer much warmer than winter? In summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicularly, due to this, solar energy is more concentrated and warms the soil faster than usual, so it is very hot in summer. In winter, these same rays fall on the earth's surface not perpendicularly, they glide without warming up either the soil or the water. The air does not heat up, it remains cold. In summer, the flow of solar energy is much greater than in winter, then it weakens and becomes smaller.
Line UMK E. V. Saplina. World around (1-4)
The world
Geography
Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?
"Why is it hot in summer?" - this children's question is very relevant, given the time of year. In winter, it will be replaced by another - “Why is it cold in winter?”, Accompanied by an attempt to warm frozen hands through mittens. In our new rubric "Why" we will regularly answer in clear and simple language the most interesting questions of preschoolers and schoolchildren.Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? - this question is asked by both preschoolers and schoolchildren. It would seem, well, what is the difficulty: the tilt of the axis, the rotation of the earth, the Sun ... But when you try to explain to a child, you start to get confused yourself.
The answer to the question: the reason is the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis
Our planet Earth moves around the Sun, and the earth's axis itself is located at an angle to the plane of this movement.
Due to the elliptical shape of the orbit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun varies. The closest point in orbit to the Sun is called perihelion - at this moment the star is about 147 million kilometers away. The farthest is called "aphelion" - 152 million km. A 3% difference in distance results in about a 7% difference in the amount of solar energy that the Earth receives at the time of being in these places of the orbit.Around the Sun, the Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit, close to circular, at a speed of about 107,000 km / h in the direction from west to east. The average distance to the Sun is 149,598 thousand km
But the main thing is that it is not the distance that changes, but the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the surface, That's why there are seasons.
If not for this tilt, then the day and night in any place on the Earth would be the same in duration, and during the day the Sun would rise to the same height throughout the year.The axis of the planet forms an angle of 66.56° with the orbital plane. Accordingly, the plane of the equator forms an angle of 23.44° with the plane of the ecliptic.
The tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. Source: wikipedia.org
3 geographic reasons for changing seasons
Seasonal changes in the length of daylight hours: in summer, the days are long and the nights are short; in winter, their ratio is reversed.
Seasonal changes in the height of the midday position of the Sun above the horizon. In summer in temperate latitudes at noon, the Sun is closer to the zenith than in winter, and, therefore, the same amount of solar radiation in summer is distributed over a smaller area of the earth's surface.
Seasonal changes in the length of the path of passage of sunlight in the atmosphere affect the degree of their absorption. The Sun, which is low above the horizon, gives less heat and light than the Sun, which is located high, closer to the zenith, since the sun's rays in the first case overcome a more powerful layer of the atmosphere.
The textbook for grade 2 continues the new integrated course "The World Around". The main purpose of the textbook is to give basic information about the Earth and the Cosmos: from the mythological ideas of ancient people to modern scientific ideas. The EMC includes an electronic application posted on the website of the Drofa publishing house, as well as a workbook for independent work of students and a methodological guide containing thematic planning and comments on all topics of the course.
The equator does not move away from the Sun, there is no winter and summer there?
Yes. There are no seasons at the equator, because it is always at the same - and close - distance from the Sun. During the calendar year, the sun's rays at the equator fall on the earth vertically (at a right angle), well warming the surface and the air above it. In fact, it's always summer there. And the closer to the equator, the longer the summer and the shorter the winter.Competition
This time we will not ask you to calculate something, as it was in the material “Why is the sea salty?”. Send us your “why questions” on social networks: this may be a question that worried you as a child, or maybe a question that a child or student recently asked. Among all the participants, we will choose the 3 most interesting questions and award their authors with book prizes!(short correct answer: because the earth's axis is tilted, and therefore much more light falls on one of the hemispheres than on the other, and they smoothly change places after half a year)
Once I was asked this question at an interview (for a programmer).
Despite the fact that I studied at the Physics Department of Moscow State University, I did not know the answer.
So he said: "mmm ... I don't know." They were still surprised, like, no one had ever answered like that before me.
It seems that they didn’t take me there, or didn’t write me later, xs, it was a long time ago.
I came home, began to google, study, and discovered the answer to this seemingly simple, but in fact - just a wonderful and ingenious question in its simplicity.
It turned out that they can be fun to test people: to observe how a person will behave when you ask him this question, and in public, so that others hear, but do not have the opportunity to interfere.
It has long been known that logic does not work for a person: everyone only adjusts and shuffles the facts so that at the end he concocts those answers, decisions and conclusions that best suit him, and will not cause him cognitive dissonance that he is not he is right, that he is bad, that he is weak, that he made a mistake, that he was deceived, that he was mistaken, and so on.
And the persuasiveness of speech is perceived by others almost entirely on emotions, and not on facts: it doesn’t matter what nonsense the speaker will carry, if at the same time he looks adequate and “respectable”, preferably with a bunch of ranks like “Academician of Such and such an Academy” or " Honored Minister of So-and-So", and if he appears "confident in his words", and speaks in the style of "I brought you the truth, believe", if he speaks assertively and outshines his opponents with his charisma, neutralizing their counterarguments with all known rhetorical tricks and tricks such as allegory, hyperbolization, translation of the theme, transition to personalities, and the like - thousands of them.
So, you ask a person such a question: "Vasily, what do you think, why is there summer and winter?"
At first, a person is usually completely sure that he knows the answer to this question, and begins to answer: "Well, how?! What does it mean why?! Everyone knows this: of course, because the Earth's axis is tilted!".
In principle, this answer already contains all the salt - the words "everyone knows this."
The classical system of school training works here: Masha "knows" the answer to the question, Masha gets an A. In fact, the school is the same religious zombie institution, like some kind of parochial theological seminary in the Middle Ages.
A person simply does not perceive the question in such a way.
Instead of "Do you know why Something So-and-so?" he hears "But don't you know how they usually tell us why Something So-and-so?".
That is, for the real state of things, a person takes the virtual reality that society has imposed on him, and at the same time he firmly believes in it, and any doubt in it automatically (society has developed this reflex) considers heresy.
It looks very funny from the outside, for example, when a person’s head is full of misconceptions that he does not question, and firmly believes in them, and when you try to explain to him something that goes beyond, or something that challenges his beliefs, then a person, in especially neglected cases, immediately begins to demand "facts", and does not want to listen, let alone believe. No wonder they say that the best slave is the one who is completely sure that he is not a slave. And if at the same time a person comes across a low level of development (there are such people, just look at today's crazy fascist Ukraine), then he will even begin to attack you, put pressure on you, aggressively and zealously defending his own virtual reality from destruction. For an analogy, imagine a slave who is sure that he is free, and at the same time jealously defends his master-enslaver.
This, of course, is not the fault of man: people are so arranged, it is their nature, and there is nothing shameful in this. And no one is immune from this.
Returning to the question you asked, the real fun begins when you answer the interlocutor that he cannot build a normal logical chain from the mantra from the "tilted axis" to the answer to the question asked, and that he, therefore, does not know the answer to this question.
Based on the reaction, one can make judgments about the person himself: whether he will behave aggressively in response, whether he will go into a deaf defense, inaccessible to logic, etc. In especially difficult and rare cases, after revealing the correct answer by you, the person is so afraid of being wrong that he goes to self-deception, and assures both you and himself that he said so from the very beginning.
Fear of error is programmed into human nature as a protection necessary in the early stages of development of consciousness, but at the same time it is also one of the main factors hindering human development after passing through the initial stage of development.
Regarding the answer to the question...
By intuition, of course, one can assume (and take for granted the noodles that everyone hangs somewhere on their ears) that because one pole, due to the tilt of the Earth, is always farther from the Sun than the other, and therefore it is summer in one hemisphere and the other is winter.
And some people are sure that it is this removal that is the reason for winter and summer. In fact, such a small removal of one pole compared to the other is not capable of providing temperature differences (and if there is such a difference, then it is negligibly small).
The thing is that the hemisphere that is tilted outward receives the same light, only at more slippery angles to the surface, while the hemisphere that is tilted inward receives light at angles more steep to the surface of the Earth.
Therefore, per unit area of the earth's surface in the cold hemisphere, there is less incident sunlight than the same unit area of the earth's surface in the hot hemisphere: for example, the picture below clearly shows that the "blue" part of the world, which falls on the cold hemisphere, almost two times less than the "yellow" part of the world, which falls on the hot hemisphere - that is why (and for no other reason) it is hot in the hot hemisphere at this time of the year, and cold in the cold hemisphere at this time of the year.
If you are familiar with the concept of "solid angle" (the same geometric two-dimensional angle, only extended to the concept of three-dimensional space - it turns out such a kind of cone)
, then I will tell you this: the same unit of the earth's surface receives a smaller fraction of light (and, therefore, less heat) in the cold hemisphere, because there the solid angle from the sun to this unit of surface will be smaller; and vice versa, the same unit of the earth's surface area receives a greater share of light (and, therefore, more heat) in the hot hemisphere, because there the solid angle from the sun to this unit of surface will be larger.
If there are astronomers among you who need mathematical formulas, then you can find them on this page: in the "intensity" section, a formula is immediately given that relates the radiation intensity and the solid angle to the site. Here is a formula for you to make my speech pompous and official, and to increase the "persuasiveness" of my reasoning
Since the intensity of sunlight is the same at any point in space (this is, by definition, such a property of the radiation intensity of a star in astronomy), the energy transmitted by sunlight to the Earth's surface depends only on the solid angle from the Sun to a unit area of the Earth's surface: the larger the solid angle, the more energy it holds in itself.
To refute the misconception that there is winter and summer, because one hemisphere turns out to be slightly further than the other due to the tilt, you can come up with some clear and obvious rebuttals in the style of "paradoxes".
For example, what is the Earth's orbit around the Sun? Your interlocutor, of course, will answer that, of course, ellipsoidal. And draw an ellipse on paper, so elongated. Where is the Sun located inside this ellipse? Your interlocutor will probably say that in the center (an intuitive answer, this is how we were all drawn in children's books). Ask again if it is exactly there. If he is sure, then notice that, in fact, not in the center, but in one of the foci of the ellipse. If the ellipse is drawn very elongated, then the Sun will be strongly displaced to one side. OK, if the Earth's orbit is a drawn elongated ellipse, and the small difference in distances to each hemisphere due to the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation would affect the temperature so much, then why, when we pass those two points of the ellipse that are closest to the Sun, Doesn't all life on earth burn up?
In fact, technically, your interlocutor dropped the correct phrase: technically, this is approximately an ellipse. Although in fact I would say that you can hardly distinguish it from a circle, because the eccentricity of this ellipse is 0.0167, and its largest diameter is 149.60 million kilometers, and the smallest is 149.58 million kilometers, that is, the difference in diameters - only about 20 thousand kilometers, that is, a little more than one tenth of a percent.
The sun is at one of the foci of this kind of ellipse, and therefore slightly shifted to one side.
(in the picture below, the ellipse, apparently for drama, is unnaturally extended in width - do not forget that in fact the Earth's orbit is indistinguishable from a circle by eye)
If we now return to the question that you asked your interlocutor, about why everything did not burn out at the points of the ellipse that are closest to the Sun, then we can say that we now know that the orbit of the Earth is actually a circle, and these points are only 10,000 kilometers closer to the Sun than the rest, which is about the diameter of the Earth, and therefore not so dramatic. Ok, I have a couple more paradoxes up my sleeve...
Now you can dig into the difference in distances from the Sun to the Earth in summer and winter (see picture). Ask your interlocutor that if his theory is correct, then why in July, that is, when it is summer in our hemisphere, the Earth is further from the Sun, and in January, when we have winter, the Earth, on the contrary, is closer to the Sun?
Further, if you calculate: 152,100,000 km - 147,300,000 km = ~ 5,000,000 km. Five million kilometers - such is the difference in distances from the Earth to the Sun in summer and winter. If your interlocutor claims that the meager difference in distances given by the tilt of the Earth's axis somehow affects the temperature, then let's calculate it - it will certainly not be more than the diameter of the Earth, which is 12,742 km. Now compare a distance of ten thousand kilometers, which allegedly creates winter and summer, and a distance of five million kilometers, which, in this case, would freeze everything into permafrost or burn all life. Ten thousand kilometers and five million kilometers. Million Carl!
And one more, last, fact that I noticed from a series of refutations of this false theory, in which everyone sacredly believes: if only distance really played a role, then in this case one of the poles would completely melt every six months, and an oasis would form there.
Here is another link, from an encyclopedia for children.