The concept and types of international organizations. International organizations and their activities How many international organizations are there in the world

International organizations - one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states. They arise on the basis of an agreement between the participants. The activity of international organizations is regulated by the charter, their effectiveness depends on the degree of coordination between states. The main goals and objectives of all international organizations are the creation of a constructive multilateral base for international cooperation, the establishment of global and regional zones of peaceful coexistence. Today in the world there is a huge number of various blocs and unions of countries that can be combined into three groups: political, economic and mixed.

The main purpose of the activity political blocs - cooperation of the participating countries in the political and military spheres, participation in the creation of a collective defense system, cooperation in maintaining peace and security in their territories and in general in the world, coordination of efforts to solve military-political and legal problems.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO - military-political union of 18 countries, created on 05/04/1949 as part of the USA, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland; in 1952 Greece and Turkey joined it, in 1955 - Germany, in 1981 - Spain. In 1966, France withdrew from the military structure, in 1983 - Spain, and in 1999 the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary entered.

Target: ensuring the freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; common action and comprehensive cooperation to strengthen the security of participating States; ensuring a fair order in Europe based on common values, democracy and human rights. Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium).

Interparliamentary Union. An international governmental organization that brings together national parliamentary groups. Created in 1889 Target - unification of parliamentarians of all countries to strengthen peace and cooperation between states. Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland).

Organization of African Unity - OAU. Created on 05/26/1963 at the conference of heads of state and government of African countries in Addis Ababa. Compound (52 African countries. Target: promoting unity and solidarity among African countries, intensifying and coordinating efforts to improve living standards; protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence; elimination of all forms of colonialism; coordination of cooperation in the fields of politics, defense and security, economy, education, health and culture. Headquarters - Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

ANZUS. The five-sided block of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore. Target - promotion of collective defense in the Pacific region. Permanent headquarters no.

Organization of American States - OAS. A military-political union created in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the Charter of the OAS. Compound (35 countries. Target: maintaining peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful settlement of conflicts between participating States; organizing common actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; promotion of economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of the participating countries. Headquarters - Washington (USA).

The strengthening of integration processes in the global economy has strengthened the status economic unions and groupings countries that aim to promote the economic development of the participating countries, improve the living standards of their population and protect the economic interests of these states on the world stage.

Amazon pact- the trade and economic bloc, created on the basis of the Agreement on Cooperation in the Amazon, gained strength in 1980. Compound (8 countries. Target: accelerated general development and rational use of the natural resources of the Amazon basin, protection of it from foreign exploitation, cooperation in the creation of infrastructure. Headquarters - Lima (Peru).

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD - was formed in 1961 as the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed with the aim of making the best use of American economic and financial assistance to the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with the European countries - recipients of this assistance. Compound (25 countries). Target : contribution to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic growth, increasing employment and living standards, maintaining the financial stability of the participating states; promotion of economic and social welfare by coordinating the policies of the participating States; harmonization of OECD assistance to developing countries. Headquarters - Paris, France).

Arab Maghreb Union - UAM - established in 1989 compound included 5 countries: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia. Target : assistance to the successful solution of issues of economic development, ensuring the high competitiveness of the goods of the countries of the region in the markets of the world. Headquarters - Rabat (Morocco).

Association of Caribbean States - ACS - founded by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994. In compound included 24 countries. Target : promoting the economic integration of Caribbean countries. Headquarters - Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago).

Andean Pact - AP- trade and economic union, formed in 1969 by Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela. In 1976, Chile withdrew. Panama has been an associate member since 1969. Target : liberalization of regional trade and introduction of uniform external tariffs; creation of a common market; coordination of economic policy regarding foreign capital; development of industry, agriculture and infrastructure through common programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources; balancing the economic influence of Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Headquarters - Lima (Peru).

Visegrad Four formed in 1991 by Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Target - elimination of restrictions and customs borders in trade between members of the Quartet. Permanent headquarters no.

European Free Trade Association - EFTA - established in 1960 compound included 9 countries. Target - independent economic policy; duty-free trade among the participating countries while maintaining their own tariffs in relation to other countries. Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland).

Latin American Integration Association - LAAI - formed on the basis of the Treaty of Montevideo II, signed by the participating countries, which came into force in 1981. compound included 11 countries. Target - Creation of a single Latin American market. Within the boundaries of LAAI, subregional groups remain: the Treaty of the La Plata Basin (1969), the Cartagena Agreement (1969), the Agreement on Cooperation between the Countries of the Amazon Zone (1978). Headquarters - Montevideo (Uruguay).

La Plata Group - trade and economic union formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and General Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969. compound included 5 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. Target: general economic development, use and protection of the resources of the La Plata basin. In 1986, a long-term economic cooperation program was signed between Argentina and Brazil - the "act of integration", to which Uruguay joined, and in 1991 - Paraguay. Headquarters - Buenos Aires, Argentina).

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - OPEC - organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The charter was adopted in 1965, and over time it experienced multiple changes. Compound (12 countries): Venezuela, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, UAE, Gabon. Target : coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member states; determination of the most effective means of protecting their interests; search for means to ensure price stability in the world oil markets; environmental protection. Controls up to 50% of world oil trade. Headquarters - Vienna, Austria).

North American Free Trade Association - NAFTA - the agreement on the creation was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington, came into force on January 1, 1994. Compound : USA, Canada, Mexico. Target: creation of a free trade zone in North America for 15 years; measures are envisaged to liberalize the movement of goods, services, capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. In the future - the unification of all American states (similar to the EU in Europe). Permanent headquarters no.

The Black Sea Region for Economic Cooperation - CHRES - was established in 1990-1992 AT compound included 11 countries: Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Turkey, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Armenia. Target: creation of a regime of free movement of goods, services and capital in order to expand industrial cooperation and common entrepreneurship; expansion of economic ties in the Azov-Black Sea region and nearby territories. Provides for common projects in the field of transport, television, energy, ecology, science and technology, agriculture, food industry, the creation of a free economic zone. Possible location headquarters Chief Executive Committee - Istanbul (Turkey).

BENELUX - economic union created on the basis of the customs union. The agreement on the establishment was signed in 1958 for a period of 50 years, began to operate in 1960. Compound : Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg. Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium).

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC - established at the initiative of Australia in 1989 in the amount of 12 countries. In 2001, there were 21 countries. AT compound included: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Russia, Vietnam, Peru. Target : creation of APEC; easing mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; expansion of cooperation in the field of trade, environmental protection, etc. Until 2010, it is planned to create an APEC Free Trade Zone. Permanent headquarters no.

To mixed blocks belong to integration groupings of countries whose goal is cooperation in several areas. The direction of cooperation is determined by the goals of creating the organization.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations - ASEAN - political and economic union established in 1967 in Bangkok. AT composition 9 countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar. In 2005, the President of Russia V.V. Putin attended the regular summit. Target: promotion of regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres with the aim of strengthening peace in the region; accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through common action on the principle of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport, communications in order to improve the living standards of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc. Headquarters - Jakarta (Indonesia).

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - SAARC - political and economic union established in 1985 in Dhaka. Compound (7 countries): India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives. Target : Accelerating the economic, social and cultural development of the participating countries, establishing peace and stability in the region. In 1987, an agreement on the establishment of a regional food fund and a convention to combat terrorism were signed in Delhi. Headquarters - Kathmandu (Nepal).

Caribbean Community - CARICOM - political and economic organization for cooperation in the areas of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policy, creation of common facilities. Created in 1973 on the basis of the Chaguaramas Treaty (Trinidad and Tobago). AT compound included 13 countries. Target : political and economic cooperation; foreign policy coordination; economic convergence of the common customs regime; policy coordination in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the fields of education and health. Headquarters - Georgetown (Guyana).

League of Arab States - Arab League - established in 1945 in Cairo on the basis of the Arab League pact. Compound (21 countries). Target: strengthening ties between participating States in various fields (economy, finance, transport, culture, health care); coordination of actions of the participating states to protect national security, ensure independence and sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force to settle disputes. Relations are based on the principles of respect for the existing regimes in other countries and the rejection of attempts to change them. Headquarters - Cairo (Egypt).

Organization "Islamic Conference" - OIC - established in 1971 at a conference of heads of state and government of Muslim countries in Rabbat (Morocco). Compound (50 countries. Target : promoting the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to secure independence and national rights; support for the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in economic, social, cultural, scientific and other spheres of life. Headquarters - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia).

Commonwealth of Nations - a voluntary association of independent states, symbolized by the British monarch, recognized head of the Commonwealth. Created in 1947 Compound (51 countries). Target : regular consultations of countries on issues of economy, finance, science, education, military sphere; promoting the well-being of peoples. At meetings of the heads of state and government of the Commonwealth member states, the international situation, issues of regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, as well as special programs of the Commonwealth are discussed. Headquarters - London, Great Britain).

Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS - political and economic union established by agreement of December 8, 1991 Compound (12 countries): Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine. The seat of the Executive Secretariat is Minsk (Belarus). CIS budget is formed from equal contributions from participating States. Target: formation of conditions for the stable development of countries in the interests of raising the living standards of the population; gradual creation of a common economic space based on market relations; creation of equal opportunities and guarantees for all economic entities; general implementation of economic projects; solution of economic problems; political, military, economic and cultural cooperation of the participating countries. Headquarters - Minsk, Belarus) .

United Nations - UN - established on October 24, 1945, in 2002 it had 190 members. Observers UN: Vatican, Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc. Officially not part of the UN one country is the Vatican. Target : support and strengthening of international security; development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination; international cooperation in solving world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature; promoting respect for human rights; transformation of the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals. Headquarters - New York, USA).

Main subsections The UN is as follows: General Assembly (GA) - the main body of the UN, which unites all its members (on the principle of "one state - one vote"). Security Council (SC) - a single body of the UN, which can make decisions binding on the members of the UN. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOR) - is responsible for economic and social cooperation and solves tasks related to the implementation of the GA recommendations (studies, reports, etc.). Coordinates the activities of the UN specialized agencies. Guardian Council - composed from the permanent members of the Security Council and resolves issues of US trusteeship over some of the islands of Micronesia.

International Court - the principal judicial and legal organ of the United Nations. Created in 1945, location - The Hague (Netherlands). The court decides disputes only between states. UN Secretariat - composed of the Secretary-General (elected for 5 years) and staff appointed by him, who are responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the UN. High Commissioner for Human Rights appointed by the Secretary General and responsible for the activities of the United Nations in the field of human rights. UN official languages - English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

To specialized divisions of the UN relate: IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency ( headquarters - Vienna); WMO - World Metrology Organization (Geneva); WHO - World Health Organization (Geneva) ; WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization (protects copyright in any area - Geneva ); UPU - Universal Postal Union ( Berne ); IMO - International Maritime Organization (marine safety and ocean protection - London ); ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization ( Montreal ); ILO - The International Labour Organization ( Geneva ); IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IMF ; ITU - International Telecommunication Union (radio, telephone, telegraph - Geneva) ; IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development - Rome ; UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization - Paris;FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Rome.

An international organization is understood as an association of member states of this commonwealth that have concluded an agreement between themselves that complies with all norms of international law for the purpose of economic, political, cultural, military and other types of cooperation between its members.

Main features

A mandatory attribute of this phenomenon in the life of society is the presence of:

Features possessed by such commonwealths

The question often arises as to what characteristics international organizations should have. List of the main features of such communities:

Participation in the association of three or more states.

Compliance of the provisions on the creation of an alliance with international law.

Respect for the sovereignty of each member and non-interference in its internal affairs.

The principle of an international treaty is the basis of unification.

Purposeful cooperation in specific areas.

A clear structure with special organs, each of which performs certain functions.

Classification

There are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental. They differ from each other in that the former are based on the association of states or authorized bodies, and the latter (they are also called public) - on the union of entities from different countries that do not have the goal of political cooperation.

In addition, the international organizations listed below may also be:

Universal (participants from all over the world are involved) and regional (only for states of a certain area).

General (the areas of cooperation are extensive) and special, dedicated to only one aspect of relations (health, education, labor issues, etc.).

c) mixed unions.

So, as we see, there is a fairly developed system for classifying such institutions, which is associated with their prevalence and great influence on global political, economic and cultural processes.

International organizations of the world. List of most influential institutions

To date, there are a huge number of such associations that are active throughout the planet. These are both global organizations with a large number of participants like the UN, and less numerous ones: the Union for the Mediterranean, the South American Community of Nations and others. All of them have completely different areas of activity, ranging from culture to law enforcement, but the most popular are political and political. The list and their tasks are usually numerous. The following are the names and characteristics of the most influential institutions.

UN and its subsidiaries

One of the most developed and well-known among all commonwealths is It was founded back in 1945 to resolve post-war issues that were then on the agenda. Its fields of activity are: preservation of peace; upholding human rights; c As of mid-2015, 193 states from different regions of the planet are members of this organization.

Due to the fact that the needs of the world community increased over time and were not limited to purely humanitarian issues both immediately after the creation of the UN and throughout the second half of the 20th century, other more specialized international organizations appeared as its constituent parts. Their list is not limited to all known UNESCO, IAEA and IMF. There are also such divisions as the Postal Union and many others. There are 14 of them in total.

International non-governmental organizations: list, areas of activity, relevance

Among these, the most powerful in terms of the scale of distribution and its activity is, for example, the non-profit charitable organization Wikimedia Foundation, or the International Rescue Committee, which deals with refugee issues. In general, there are more than 100 such unions, and their areas of activity are extremely diverse. Science, education, combating racial or gender discrimination, healthcare, certain industries and much more - all this is done by specialized international non-governmental organizations. The Top 5 list also includes communities such as Partners in Health, Oxfam and BRAC.

Participation of our country in the life of the world community

The Russian Federation is a member of about twenty unions of various types (UN, CIS, BRICS, CSTO, etc.). In the country's foreign policy, priority is cooperation and entry into various international organizations. The list in Russia of those institutions with which the state would like to work is constantly growing. In three commonwealths, she is an observer (IOM, OAS and OIC), maintains an active dialogue with them and participates in the discussion of important issues. Particularly promising is the entry into international economic organizations. The list of them is long (OECD, WTO, UNCTAD, etc.).

The law of international organizations regulates the legal issues of the creation and activities of interstate organizations.

There are various definitions of international organizations. No international act establishes the concept of an international organization.

As a rule, the definition is given through the disclosure of the characteristics of an international organization.

In the theory of international law, the following characteristic features are distinguished:

This is an association of states (or other subjects of international law), created on the basis of an international treaty to fulfill certain goals;

An international organization must have a system of permanent bodies;

It must have international legal personality;

An international organization must have a will of its own;

Must be established in accordance with the norms of international law, as well as its goals and objectives must comply with the principles of international law.

The basis for the creation of any international organization is the founding act, which has the legal nature of an international treaty. But at the same time, such contracts have certain peculiarities. Thus, according to constitutional theory, the statutes of modern international organizations, primarily the Charter of the United Nations, are constitutions or, in the main, constitutions and only partially international treaties, and therefore the provisions of the law of treaties are inapplicable or almost inapplicable to them. The main idea of this theory, which focuses on American and English

The most common constitutional practice is that the statutes of international organizations, as constitutions, are “flexible” documents, from the provisions of which practice can deviate, and this departure will not be a violation, but a change in these statutes.

The application of the law of international treaties to the charters of international organizations reveals a whole series of significant deviations, in particular:

Joining an organization versus joining a treaty;

Reservations to the articles of association in cases where the articles of association do not contain a provision on reservations;

Suspension of membership in an international organization,

exclusion from the organization

Exit from it;

Change of statutes; interpretation of the statutes.

In the theory of international law, the opinion is expressed that the charters of international organizations are international treaties of a special kind, sui generis treaties. The statute of an international organization, unlike a conventional multilateral international treaty, creates a permanent international entity that operates on its basis. It defines not only the rights and obligations of the states parties to the treaty, but also the goals and objectives of the organization, the functions and competence of the organs of the organization, the relationship between the organization and the member states, etc. In other words, the statute of an international organization is a more complex phenomenon than usual multilateral agreement.

As a rule, the constituent act of the organization establishes:

The goals of the interstate association,

Functions and powers,

membership terms,

organizational structure of the organization,

The competence of its main bodies and the basic conditions for the exercise of this competence, in particular the procedure for adopting acts within their powers (recommendations, decisions, declarations, etc.).

On the basis of the constituent act, the competent bodies adopt the rules of procedure and other rules of the organization, form subsidiary bodies. All this ensures the organizational and legal unity of the interstate association, turning it into an international organization.

One of the main features of an international organization is the possession of international legal personality. The scope of rights and obligations, in which the quality of international legal personality is manifested, is different for different organizations. It depends on the goals and objectives of organizations and is determined by a number of political, economic, social and other factors of international life.

The legal personality of international organizations differs from the legal personality of states:

a) by source (origin) of legal personality;

b) by the nature and content (volume) of legal personality;

c) according to the method of termination of legal personality.

The international legal personality of international organizations also follows from their very essence, from those basic features that characterize any international organization. If initially the competence of the organization was understood narrowly - functionally, then at present, along with such an understanding, other approaches have been established.

The concept of "immanent competence". It is assumed that the founding states of the organization enter into an agreement not only on the nature of its goal, but also on the means to achieve this goal. The concept of immanent competence, which proposes to be guided exclusively or mainly by the goals proclaimed in the charter of an international organization, fundamentally contradicts the legal nature of modern general international organizations as interstate entities of peaceful coexistence.

The concept of "implied competence". Under international law, an organization must be presumed to have powers which, although not expressly provided for by the statute, are logically conferred on it as essential to the performance of its duties.

Broadly formulating the concept of "implied competence", it is argued that there is a rule of international law according to which it should be understood that the member states of an international organization provide such competence as is necessary for the implementation of the goals and functions of the organization. That is, "implied competence" implies such powers as can reasonably be inferred from the purposes and functions of the organization in question.

In general, we can talk about the following components of the international legal personality of organizations:

1. Participation in international relations in accordance with the functions, competence and goals established by their constituent acts.

2. Participation in international rule-making. The types, directions and scope of the rule-making powers of any international organization are fixed in the agreement on its creation or in other documents supplementing it. The most typical forms of fastening:

a) direct mention of specific types and forms of rule-making activity in the founding act (charters of the UN, FAO, etc.);

b) such a statement of functions and powers, the interpretation of which allows us to speak about the presence of rule-making competence (such an interpretation is present in the resolutions of the main bodies of the organization);

c) an indication of the types and forms of lawmaking in agreements concluded by the Member States between themselves and the organization, which can be considered as an addition to the constituent act;

d) a general statement of multilateral treaties of a universal type of one or another rule-making ability of an organization (for example, the Vienna Convention of 1986).

International organizations take an active part in the international rule-making process. They have contractual power. The bodies exercising the contractual legal capacity of an international organization are the plenary body; general meeting and executive body; general secretary. As a rule, the body authorized to conclude agreements is determined on the basis of the constituent act and documents supplementing it. In addition, an international organization can assist in the implementation of rule-making by states.

An international organization has a certain set of privileges and immunities necessary for the performance of the tasks assigned to them. They are enshrined in the founding acts and special agreements on immunities (the UN Charter, the UNESCO Charter, the 1946 UN Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN, the 1947 General Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies, the agreement of international organizations with the states in which they are located central institutions - the UN has concluded such agreements with the United States, Switzerland, the Netherlands). Organizations and their officials have privileges and immunities. The scope of the privileges and immunities granted by the organization is such that it indisputably testifies to its independent existence, including from sovereign subjects.

Judicial bodies can function within the framework of international organizations (international court, special courts for resolving a specific dispute, etc.). Some organizations may seek advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice. In addition, organizations offer such means as conciliation and mediation, consultation and good offices, arbitration.

International organizations can apply international legal sanctions to states, for example:

Suspension of rights and privileges arising from membership in the organization (deprivation of the right to vote in the bodies, the right to representation in the bodies, the right to receive assistance and services);

Exclusion from the organization;

Denial of membership;

Exclusion from international communication on certain issues of cooperation.

In addition, some organizations may apply sanctions such as:

Coercive measures, up to the use of armed forces (UN);

- "corrective measures", including submissions to states on the suspension of the operation of nuclear facilities (IAEA).

There are different types of international organizations. The following classification of international organizations can be given:

1. According to the criterion of membership: interstate (intergovernmental), non-governmental and mixed (International Council of Scientific Unions).

2. Permanent and temporary (conferences, meetings, congresses, etc.). At present, the vast majority of conferences are held either by one or another international organization directly or under its auspices.

3. By terms of reference (objects of activity): organizations of a general nature, whose competence includes a wide range of issues of political, economic, social cooperation (UN), organizations with special competence limited to a relatively narrow range of issues or even one issue of cooperation (specialized agencies UN).

4. According to the geographical scope of activities (by the circle of participants), world (universal) organizations are distinguished, which cover all or the vast majority of states and regional organizations whose members are states belonging to a certain geographical area.

5. According to the peculiarities of registration of membership: open and closed.

Legal nature of international organizations

The basis for the functioning of international organizations is the sovereign will of the states that establish them. Such an expression of will is embodied in an international treaty concluded by these states, which becomes both a regulator of the rights and obligations of states, and a constituent act of the organization.

Usually, international treaties that form international organizations are called charters. Such acts clearly formulate the idea of their constituent nature, and they serve as a legal basis for international organizations, proclaiming the goals and principles of the organization, a criterion for the legitimacy of their decisions and actions.

Constituent acts fix the provisions on the legal personality of the organization, including such aspects as the functional purpose of legal personality, forms and methods of its implementation.

In addition, the constituent acts of the organization characterize its status, that is, the implementation of the functions of a subject of law as a legal entity.

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INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPS

INTRODUCTION

International relations have long occupied a significant place in the life of any state, society and individual.

The origin of nations, the formation of interstate borders, the formation and change of political regimes, the formation of various social institutions, the enrichment of cultures are closely related to international relations.

The beginning of the 21st century testifies to a significant expansion of cooperation between states in all spheres of the political, economic, social and cultural life of society. Moreover, the role of international organizations and civil society in solving global problems has significantly increased.

All of us are included in the most complex information environment, and even more so in a variety of cooperation on a local, local, regional, international, transnational, supranational, global scale.

The purpose of this work is to study the foundations in the field of modern international law and political science.

In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set in the control work:

1. To study the process of institutionalization of international political relations.

2. Consider the main international organizations.

3. Describe the general democratic principles of international relations.

To achieve the set goal and objectives, the scientific and methodological literature on political science and international law of domestic and foreign authors was studied.

1. INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL RELATIONS

From ancient times to the present, international relations have occupied an important place in the political life of society. Today, the world order depends on the relationship and interaction of about 200 states at different stages of historical, economic, political and cultural development. In relations between them, various interrelations are established, problems and contradictions arise. They constitute a special sphere of politics - international relations.

International relations are a set of integration ties between states, parties, individuals, creating an environment for the implementation of international politics. The main subjects of international relations of the state.

Types of international relations:

Political (diplomatic, organizational, etc.);

Military-strategic (blocs, alliances);

Economic (financial, trade, cooperative);

Scientific and technical;

Cultural (artist tours, exhibitions, etc.);

Social (assistance to refugees, natural disasters, etc.);

Ideological (agreements, sabotage, psychological warfare);

International legal (regulate all types of international relations).

Thus, all types of international relations can exist in various forms.

Levels of international relations:

Vertically - scale levels:

Global - these are relations between systems of states, major powers;

Regional (sub-regional) - these are relations between the states of a certain region;

Situational - these are relationships that develop in connection with a particular situation. As this situation is resolved, these relationships also break up.

Horizontally:

Group (coalition, intercoalition - this is the relationship of groups of states, international organizations);

Bilateral.

The first stage of international relations began from time immemorial and was characterized by the disunity of peoples and states. The guiding idea then was the belief in the dominance of physical force in order to ensure peace and tranquility, perhaps only by military power. Under these conditions, the famous saying was born: "Si Vis pacem - para belluv!" (if you want peace, prepare for war).

The second stage of international relations began after the end of the 30-year war in Europe. The Westphalian peace treaty of 1648 fixed as a value the right to sovereignty, which was recognized even for the small kingdoms of fragmented Germany.

The third stage, which came after the defeat of revolutionary France. The Vienna Congress of the Victors approved the principle of "legitimism", i.e. legality, but from the point of view of the interests of the monarchs of European countries. The national interests of monarchical authoritarian regimes became the main "guiding idea" of international relations, which eventually migrated to all the bourgeois countries of Europe. Powerful alliances are formed: the "Holy Alliance", the "Entente", the "Triple Alliance", the "Anti-Comintern Pact", etc. Wars arise between the alliances, including two world wars.

Modern political scientists also distinguish the fourth stage of international relations, which began to gradually take shape after 1945. It is also called the modern stage of international relations, in which the “guiding idea” is called upon to dominate in the form of international law, world legislation.

The modern institutionalization of international life is manifested through two forms of legal relations: through universal organizations and on the basis of the norms and principles of international law.

Institutionalization is the transformation of any political phenomenon into an ordered process with a certain structure of relations, a hierarchy of power, rules of conduct, and so on. This is the formation of political institutions, organizations, institutions. The United Nations is a global organization with nearly two hundred member states. Officially, the UN has existed since October 24, 1945. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.

As for our country, at the present stage the Republic of Belarus is pursuing a multi-vector foreign policy, in favor of strengthening the Commonwealth of Independent States, which is due to the commonality of common interests. Relations with countries that are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States have revealed both the complexity of the integration process and its potential. Approaches to the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus are based on the mutual consideration of the interests of society and citizens, public consent, a socially oriented economy, the rule of law, the suppression of nationalism and extremism, and find their logical continuation in the country's foreign policy: not confrontation with neighboring states and territorial redistribution, but peacefulness, multi-vector cooperation.

2. MAIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL)

The idea of creating international organizations appeared in ancient Greece. In the 4th century BC the first interstate associations began to appear (for example, the Delphic-Thermopylian amphiktyony), which, no doubt, brought the Greek states closer.

The first international organizations appeared in the 19th century as a form of multilateral diplomacy. Since the creation in 1815 of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, international organizations have become fairly autonomous entities, endowed with their own powers. In the second half of the 19th century, the first universal international organizations appeared - the Universal Telegraph Union (1865) and the Universal Postal Union (1874). At present, there are more than 4,000 international organizations in the world, more than 300 of which are of an intergovernmental nature.

International organizations have been created and are being created to solve a wide variety of problems - from solving the lack of fresh water on Earth to the deployment of a peacekeeping contingent on the territory of individual countries, for example, the former Yugoslavia, Libya.

In the modern world, there are two main types of international organizations: interstate (intergovernmental) and non-governmental organizations. (Appendix A)

The main feature of non-governmental international organizations is that they are not created on the basis of an international treaty and unite individuals and / or legal entities (for example, the Association of International Law, the League of Red Cross Societies, the World Federation of Scientists, etc.)

An international intergovernmental organization is an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals, having permanent bodies and acting in the common interests of the member states while respecting their sovereignty.

The French specialist Ch. Zorgbib identifies three main features that define international organizations: first, the political will to cooperate, recorded in the founding documents; secondly, the presence of a permanent apparatus that ensures continuity in the development of the organization; thirdly, the autonomy of competencies and decisions.

Among non-state participants in international relations, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (INGOs), transnational corporations (TNCs) and other social forces and movements operating on the world stage are distinguished.

IGOs of a directly political nature arise after the First World War (League of Nations, International Labor Organization), as well as during and especially after the Second World War, when the United Nations was formed in San Francisco in 1945, designed to serve as a guarantor of collective security and cooperation of the member countries in the political, economic, social and cultural fields.

There are various typologies of IGOs. And although, according to many scholars, none of them can be considered flawless, they still help to systematize knowledge about this relatively new influential international author. The most common is the classification of IGOs according to the "geopolitical" criterion and in accordance with the scope and direction of their activities. In the first case, such types of intergovernmental organizations are distinguished as universal (for example, the UN or the League of Nations); interregional (for example, the Organization of the Islamic Conference); regional (for example, the Latin American economic system); sub-regional (for example, Benelux). In accordance with the second criterion, there are general purpose (UN); economic (EFTA); military-political (NATO); financial (IMF, World Bank); scientific ("Eureka"); technical (International Telecommunications Union); or even more narrowly specialized IGOs (International Bureau of Weights and Measures). At the same time, these criteria are rather conditional.

Unlike intergovernmental organizations, INGOs are, as a rule, non-territorial entities, because their members are not sovereign states. They meet three criteria: the international nature of the composition and objectives; the private nature of the foundation; voluntary nature of the activity.

INGOs differ in their size, structure, focus of activities and their tasks. However, all of them have those common features that distinguish them both from states and from intergovernmental organizations. Unlike the former, they cannot be presented as authors acting, in the words of G. Morgenthau, in the name of "interest expressed in terms of power." The main “weapon” of INGOs in the field of international politics is the mobilization of international public opinion, and the method of achieving goals is to put pressure on intergovernmental organizations (primarily the UN) and directly on certain states. This is how, for example, Greenpeace, Amnesty International, the International Federation for Human Rights or the World Organization against Torture act. Therefore, INGOs of this kind are often referred to as "international pressure groups".

Today, international organizations are of great importance, both for ensuring and for realizing the interests of states. They create favorable conditions for future generations. The functions of organizations are actively developing every day and cover more and more extensive spectrums of the life of the world community.

3. UNITED NATIONS

The formation of the United Nations marked the beginning of modern international law. It differs significantly from the previous one. First of all, modern international law is largely developed under the influence of the UN Charter. If the main source of previous international legal systems were customs, then in the modern period the role of international treaties has increased.

The United Nations (UN) is a universal international organization created to maintain peace and international security and develop cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 at the San Francisco Conference and entered into force on October 24, 1945.

The UN Charter is the only international document whose provisions are binding on all states. On the basis of the UN Charter, an extensive system of multilateral treaties and agreements concluded within the UN has emerged.

The founding document of the UN (UN Charter) is a universal international treaty and establishes the foundations of the modern international legal order.

To achieve these goals, the UN acts in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of UN members; conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the UN Charter; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; renunciation of the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence, or in any manner inconsistent with the UN Charter; non-interference in the internal affairs of states; rendering assistance to the UN in all actions taken under the Charter, ensuring by the Organization such a situation that states that are not members of the UN act in accordance with the principles set forth in the Charter (Article 2), etc.

The United Nations pursues the Goals:

1. Maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to settle or resolve international disputes or situations by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law that could lead to disruption of the peace.

2. Develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, as well as take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace.

3. To carry out international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.

4. To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in the pursuit of these common goals.

The original members of the UN are the states that, having taken part in the San Francisco conference on the creation of the UN or having previously signed the Declaration of the United Nations of January 1, 1942, signed and ratified the UN Charter.

Now any peace-loving state can become a member of the UN, which will accept the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the UN, is able and willing to fulfill these obligations. Admission to the UN membership is made by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. There are six main organs of the UN: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly consists of all UN member states. The delegation of each UN member state consists of no more than five representatives and five substitutes.

The General Assembly is competent, within the framework of the UN Charter, to discuss any issues within the Charter, with the exception of those under consideration by the UN Security Council, to make recommendations to the members of the UN or the Security Council on any such issues.

The General Assembly, in particular:

Examines the principles of cooperation in the field of ensuring international peace and security;

Elects non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council;

Together with the Security Council elects the members of the International Court of Justice;

Coordinates international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres;

Exercises other powers provided for by the UN Charter.

The Security Council is one of the main organs of the UN and plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security. The Security Council is empowered to investigate any dispute or situation which may give rise to international friction or give rise to a dispute, to determine whether the continuation of that dispute or situation could threaten international peace and security. At any stage of such a dispute or situation, the Board may recommend an appropriate procedure or methods for settlement. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) consists of UN members elected by the General Assembly.

ECOSOC is authorized to undertake research and draw up reports on international issues in the field of economy, social sphere, culture, education, health and other issues.

The UN Trusteeship Council consists of: the states administering trust territories; permanent members of the UN not administering trust territories; such number of other members of the UN, elected by the General Assembly, as is necessary to ensure equality between members of the UN administering and not administering trust territories. Today the Council consists of representatives of all the permanent members of the Security Council. Each member of the Council has one vote.

The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. The International Court of Justice operates on the basis of the UN Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is an integral part of the Charter. Non-member states of the UN may also participate in the Statute of the International Court of Justice under conditions determined in each individual case by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

The UN Secretariat is responsible for ensuring the normal functioning of other principal and subsidiary bodies of the UN, servicing their activities, implementing their decisions, and implementing the programs and policies of the UN. The UN Secretariat ensures the work of the UN bodies, publishes and distributes UN materials, stores archives, registers and publishes international treaties of the UN member states.

The secretariat is headed by the UN Secretary-General, who is the chief administrative officer of the UN. The Secretary General is appointed for a term of five years by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

In accordance with Art. 57 and Art. 63 of the UN Charter, various institutions created by intergovernmental agreements in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health care and others are connected with the UN. The specialized agencies are permanent international organizations operating on the basis of founding documents and agreements with the UN.

The UN Specialized Agencies are intergovernmental organizations of a universal nature that cooperate in special areas and are associated with the UN. Specialized institutions can be divided into the following groups: social organizations (ILO, WHO), cultural and humanitarian organizations (UNESCO, WIPO), economic organizations (UNIDO), financial organizations (IBRD, IMF, IDA, IFC), organizations in the field of agriculture economy (FAO, IFAD), organizations in the field of transport and communications (ICAO, IMO, UPU, ITU), organization in the field of meteorology (WMO).

All of these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. It is through the common and increasingly coordinated efforts of these organizations that their multifaceted program of action is carried out to preserve peace and prosperity on Earth through the development of international cooperation and the provision of collective security.

international law political democratic

4. GENERAL DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The principles of international law are universal in nature and are the criteria for the legitimacy of all other international norms. Actions or agreements that violate the provisions of the basic general democratic principles are recognized as invalid and entail international legal responsibility. All principles of international law are of paramount importance and must be strictly applied when interpreting each of them taking into account the others. The principles are interrelated: violation of one provision entails non-observance of others. Thus, for example, a violation of the principle of the territorial integrity of a state is at the same time a violation of the principles of the sovereign equality of states, non-interference in internal affairs, non-use of force and threat of force, etc. Since the basic principles of international law are international legal norms, they exist in the form of certain sources of international law. Initially, these principles acted in the form of international legal customs, however, with the adoption of the UN Charter, the basic principles acquire a contractual legal form.

The principles of international law are generally accepted norms of international law of the most general nature. Basically, they are imperative in nature and contain obligations "erga omnes", i.e. obligations towards each and every member of the interstate community. They unite the norms of international law at various levels, extending their effect on certain participants in interstate relations, into a single legal system.

In the second half of the 20th century, with the adoption of the UN Charter of 1945, the principles of international law were for the most part codified, that is, fixed in written form.

International law develops on the principles common for all countries - the basic principles. The UN Charter articulates seven principles of international law:

1. non-use of force or threat of force;

2. peaceful resolution of international disputes;

3. non-interference in internal affairs;

4. cooperation of states;

5. equality and self-determination of peoples;

6. sovereign equality of states;

7. conscientious fulfillment of international obligations.

8. inviolability of state borders;

9. territorial integrity of states;

10. universal respect for human rights.

The principle of non-use of force or threat of force follows from the wording of the UN Charter, which expressed the common intention and solemn obligation of the world community to save future generations from the scourge of war, to adopt a practice in accordance with which armed forces are used only in the common interest.

The principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes implies that each state resolves its international disputes with other states by peaceful means in such a way as not to endanger international peace and security.

The principle of non-intervention in internal affairs means that no state or group of states has the right to interfere directly or indirectly for any reason in the internal and external affairs of another state.

The principle of cooperation obliges states to cooperate with each other, regardless of the characteristics of their political, economic and social systems, in various areas of international relations in order to maintain international peace and security and promote international economic stability and progress, and the general well-being of peoples.

The principle of equality and self-determination of peoples implies unconditional respect for the right of every people to freely choose the ways and forms of its development.

The principle of sovereign equality of states follows from the provision of the UN Charter that the organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members. Based on this, all states enjoy sovereign equality. They have the same rights and obligations and are equal members of the international community.

The principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations, unlike other principles, contains the source of the legal force of international law. The content of this principle is that each state must fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the UN Charter, arising from the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as from valid international treaties.

The principle of inviolability of state frontiers means that each state is obliged to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate the international frontiers of another state or as a means of settling international disputes, including territorial disputes and issues relating to state borders.

The principle of the territorial integrity of states assumes that the territory is the main historical value and the highest material asset of any state. Within its limits are concentrated all the material resources of people's lives, the organization of their social life.

The principle of universal respect for human rights obliges each state to promote, through joint and independent action, universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the UN Charter.

The general democratic principles of international relations express the fundamental ideas, goals, and core provisions of international law. They are manifested in the stability of international legal practice, contribute to the maintenance of an internally consistent and effective system of international law.

CONCLUSION

Politics is one of the most important spheres of human life. The selection and study of the political world from the totality of social institutions and relations is a difficult, but very urgent task. In the Republic of Belarus, political science has gained significant positions and has become an organic part of modern scientific knowledge.

The process of creation and development of international organizations considered in this paper showed a mutually intersecting system of these organizations, which has its own logic of development and at the same time reflects the inconsistency and interdependence of international relations.

However, the existence of a broad system of international organizations reflects the complexity, inconsistency and interconnectedness of international relations. The presence of a huge number of international organizations, of course, gives rise to certain difficulties.

To eliminate possible difficulties, it is necessary to fully use the potential of the UN with their systemic vision of world dynamics, reflecting the desire of ordinary people and those in power for strategic stability and countering all manifestations of violence that prevent Humanity from living in harmony.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Glebov I.N. International law: textbook / Publisher: Drofa,

2. 2006. - 368 p.

3. Kurkin B.A. International Law: Textbook. - M.: MGIU, 2008. - 192 p.

4. International law: textbook / otv. ed. Vylegzhanin A.N. - M.: Higher education, Yurayt-Izdat, 2009. - 1012 p.

5. International law. Special part: Textbook for universities / Ed. ed. prof. Valeev R.M. and prof. Kurdyukov G.I. - M.: Statute, 2010. - 624 p.

6. Political science. Workshop: textbook. allowance for students of institutions providing higher education. education / Denisyuk N.P. [and etc.]; under total ed. Reshetnikova S.V. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2008. - 256 p.

7. Theory of International Relations: Textbook in 2 volumes / Under the general editorship of. Kolobova O.A. T.1. Evolution of conceptual approaches. - Nizhny Novgorod: FMO UNN, 2004. - 393 p.

8. Charter of the United Nations.

9. Tsygankov P.A. Theory of international relations: Proc. allowance. - M.: Gardariki, 2003. - 590 p.

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APPENDIX

Some international organizations

Universal:

The League of nations(1919-1939). A significant, if not decisive, contribution to its founding was made by American President Woodrow Wilson.

United Nations (UN). Created on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco, where representatives of 50 states gathered.

Other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs):

GATT(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).

WTO(World Trade organisation).

International Monetary Fund (IMF). Intergovernmental organization established in 1945

The World Bank. An international lending institution that aims to improve living standards in underdeveloped countries through financial assistance from rich countries.

Regional IGOs:

Arab League. Organization established in 1945. The goals are to protect common interests and form a single line of Arab states in the international arena.

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

A military-political organization created on the initiative of the United States on April 4, 1949. The main goal is to counter the military threat from the USSR.

Organization of American States (OAS). Created in 1948 by the States.

Organization of Warsaw Pact Countries (OVD)(1955--1991). A military-political organization created at the suggestion of the USSR in response to the Paris Agreements of October 23, 1954.

OAU (Organization of African Unity). It was formed on May 26, 1963 in Addis Ababa and unites all countries of the African continent.

OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe). This is a regional organization, which currently includes the main countries of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the United States and Canada.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Created on the basis of the Paris Convention establishing the OECD, which had the goal of developing economically poor countries and stimulating international trade, and entered into force on September 30, 1961.

Council of Europe.

Created in 1949. Founding countries: Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, France, Sweden. The main goal of the organization is to promote the development and practical implementation of the ideals of democracy and political pluralism.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

It was created on December 8, 1991. With the exception of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, the CIS includes all new independent states - the former republics of the USSR.

OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Created at the Baghdad Conference in 1960. The main goals of the organization: coordination and unification of the oil policy of the member countries.

Regional integration associations:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations-ASEAN.

APEC--Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

European Union (EU). Regional intergovernmental organization, the creation of which is associated with the Paris Treaty of 1951.

MERCOSUR -- Southern Common Market. The main goals of the organization: the free exchange of goods, services and factors of production.

North American Free Trade Association. Created on the basis of an agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico dated December 17, 1992. The goal is the liberalization of trade and economic exchanges between member countries.

Interregional IGOs:

British Commonwealth. An organization that unites 54 states - former colonies of Great Britain. The goal is to maintain priority economic, trade and cultural ties between the former metropolis and its colonies.

Organization of the Islamic Conference. Interregional international organization. Founded in 1969 at the first summit of leaders of Muslim states in Rabat. The main goals of the Organization are economic, political and cultural.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private and informal associations:

Doctors Without Borders. International organization for the provision of medical assistance to people affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters.

Davos Forum. Swiss non-governmental organization, best known for organizing the annual Davos meetings. Leading business executives, political leaders, prominent thinkers and journalists are invited to the meetings.

London club. An informal organization of creditor banks created to settle the debts of foreign borrowers to members of this club.

International Red Cross (ICC). Humanitarian organization operating all over the world.

Parisian club. An informal intergovernmental organization of developed creditor countries, initiated by France.

"Big Seven" / "Eight". An international club uniting Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, USA, France and Japan.

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Why do we need international organizations?

The modern world is at the stage of post-industrial development. Its distinguishing features are the globalization of the economy, the informatization of all spheres of life and the creation of interstate associations - international organizations. Why do countries unite in such unions and what role do they play in the life of society? We will discuss this in our article.

Purpose of existence of international organizations

Mankind has come to the realization that problems, whether it be a political or economic crisis, an AIDS or swine flu epidemic, global warming or energy shortages, should be solved together. Thus was born the idea of creating interstate associations, which were called "international organizations".

The first attempts to create interstate unions date back to antiquity. The first trade international organization, the Hanseatic Trade Union, appeared in the Middle Ages, and an attempt to create an interethnic political association that would help peacefully resolve acute conflicts occurred at the beginning of the 20th century, when the League of Nations was founded in 1919.

Distinctive features of international organizations:

1. The status of international is received only by associations in which 3 or more states are members. A smaller number of members gives the right to be called a union.

2. All international organizations are obliged to respect state sovereignty and have no right to interfere in the internal affairs of the member countries of the organization. In other words, they should not dictate to the governments of countries with whom and with what to trade, what constitution to adopt and with what states to cooperate.

3. International organizations are created in the likeness of enterprises: they have their own charter and governing bodies.

4. International organizations have a certain specialization. For example, the OSCE is engaged in resolving political conflicts, the World Health Organization is in charge of medicine, the International Monetary Fund is engaged in issuing loans and financial assistance.

International organizations are divided into two groups:

intergovernmental, created by the unification of several states. An example of such associations is the UN, NATO, IAEA, OPEC;

non-governmental, also called public, in the formation of which the state does not take part. These include Greenpeace, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Automobile Federation.

The goal of international organizations is to find the best ways to solve the problems that arise in their field of activity. With the joint efforts of several states, it is easier to cope with this task than for each country separately.

The most famous international organizations

Today there are about 50 large interstate associations in the world, each of which extends its influence to a certain area of society.

UN

The most famous and authoritative international alliance is the United Nations. It was established in 1945 with the aim of preventing the outbreak of the Third World War, protecting human rights and freedoms, conducting peacekeeping missions and providing humanitarian assistance.

Today, 192 countries are members of the UN, including Russia, Ukraine and the United States.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an international military organization founded in 1949 at the initiative of the United States with the aim of "defending Europe from Soviet influence." Then 12 countries received NATO membership, today their number has grown to 28. In addition to the United States, NATO includes Great Britain, France, Norway, Italy, Germany, Greece, Turkey and others.

Interpol

The International Criminal Police Organization, which declared its goal the fight against crime, was established in 1923, and today it has 190 states, ranking second in the world after the UN in terms of the number of member countries. The headquarters of Interpol is located in France, in Lyon. This association is unique because it has no other analogues.

WTO

The World Trade Organization was established in 1995 as a single interstate body that oversees the development and implementation of new trade relations, including the reduction of customs duties and the simplification of foreign trade rules. Now in its ranks there are 161 states, among them - almost all the countries of the post-Soviet space.

IMF

The International Monetary Fund, in fact, is not a separate organization, but one of the UN divisions responsible for providing loans to countries in need for economic development. Funds are allocated solely on the terms of the implementation by the recipient country of all the recommendations developed by the fund's specialists.

Practice shows that the conclusions of the IMF financiers do not always reflect the realities of life, an example of this is the crisis in Greece and the difficult economic situation in Ukraine.

UNESCO

Another division of the United Nations dealing with science, education and culture. The task of this association is to expand cooperation between countries in the field of culture and art, as well as to ensure freedoms and human rights. Representatives of UNESCO are fighting illiteracy, stimulating the development of science, solving issues of gender equality.

OSCE

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is considered the world's largest international organization responsible for security.

Its representatives are present in the zones of military conflicts as observers monitoring the observance by the parties of the terms of the signed agreements and agreements. The initiative to create this union, which today unites 57 countries, belonged to the USSR.

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries speaks for itself: it consists of 12 states that trade "liquid gold" and control 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. Today, OPEC dictates oil prices to the whole world, and no wonder, because the member countries of the organization account for almost half of the export of this energy resource.

WHO

Founded in 1948 in Switzerland, the World Health Organization is part of the United Nations. Among its most significant achievements is the complete destruction of the smallpox virus. WHO develops and implements uniform standards of medical care, provides assistance in the development and implementation of public health programs, and takes initiatives to promote a healthy lifestyle.

International organizations are a sign of the globalization of the world. Formally, they do not interfere in the internal life of states, but in fact they have effective levers of pressure on the countries that are part of these associations.

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