Word order after dass. Word order in a German complex sentence. Offers with "dass"
Offer (Satz)
Word order of a complex sentence
The place of the conjugated part of the predicate in main and subordinate clauses is fundamentally different. The order of words in the main clause in both compound and complex sentences, with the exception of some nuances, coincides with the word order of a simple sentence.
Compound sentence
As in Russian, a compound sentence in German consists of two equal sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction. The word order in all sentences coincides with the word order of the simple sentence. Coordinating conjunctions such as und, aber, denn, oder, sondern do not take up space in the sentence and do not affect the word order of the sentence they introduce.
After these conjunctions, as in any simple sentence, inversion can be observed
However, there are coordinating conjunctions that affect the order of words in the sentence they lead, since they occupy a place in the sentence, i.e. are its full member. Such unions include: darum, trotzdem, folglich, Dann, anderseits, sonst and some others. Since they are an equal member of the sentence, in the sentence they introduce they can occupy not only the very first position, but also the position following the conjugated part of the predicate.
You can link a whole series of statements into a complex sentence. And if they are connected by the conjunction und and the subject of these sentences is the same, it may not be repeated. But if the subject in the statement is not in first place, which happens with inversion, then its use is necessary
Here the subject in the second sentence can be omitted
Here the subject in the second sentence is necessary
in general, all the rules for the word order of a simple sentence are equally valid for each part of a complex sentence with any conjunctions, but it is only necessary to remember about the conjunctions that are full members of the sentence they introduce.
Complex sentence
Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses dependent on it. Subordinate clauses form a single whole with the main one and, as a rule, are not used separately from it.
From a grammatical point of view, subordinate clauses are complete, i.e. they always contain a subject and a predicate. Even if the subject in a subordinate clause coincides with the subject of the main clause, it cannot be omitted.
The subordinate clause is attached to the main clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions, which give the sentence a certain meaning.
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Subordinate clauses with conjunctions dass (to), ob (whether), weil (because), da (since)
First of all, you need to indicate the conjunctions that form additional subordinate clauses and subordinate clauses of reason:
And now the fun begins. In the main clause everything is as usual, but in the subordinate clause the word order changes in a special way. The subject comes immediately after the conjunction, and the modified part of the predicate takes last place:
It looks even more original if a complex tense form, a construction with a modal verb, etc. appears in the sentence:
If we compare this with the direct word order: “Er fährt. ", "Sie ist. ", "Sie will. ”, then you can see a frame construction, where the frame is formed by the subject (at the beginning of the subordinate clause) and the “predicate converse” (at the end).
The negation in a subordinate clause comes before the predicate or before the unchangeable part of the predicate - in a word, not in last place, because the last place is always “reserved” for the changeable part of the predicate:
Separable prefixes and components of verbs in subordinate clauses are not separated:
The reflexive pronoun sich is used in a subordinate clause after subject, if the subject is expressed by a pronoun:
- Ich habe gehört, dass Sie sich mit diesen problemen beschäftigen. — I heard that you are working on these problems.
- Ich weiß, dass sich unser Freund mit diesen Problemen beschäftigt. — I know our friend is dealing with these issues.
- Er fährt mit dem Bus. — Womit fährt er? —Er fährt damit. — He travels by bus. -What is he driving? – On it (= on the bus).
- Ich interessiere mich für Fremdsprachen. – Wofür interessieren Sie sich? - Ich interessiere mich dafür. — I am interested in foreign languages. -What are you interested in? - I'm interested in this.
- Sie warten auf den Zug. — Worauf warten sie? — Sie warten darauf. — They are waiting for the train. -What are they waiting for? - They are waiting for him (= the train).
- Er fragt, wovon ich das weiß. — He asks how I know this.
- Man hat mich gefragt, womit ich mich beschäftige. — They asked me what I do.
- verb wissen :
Ich weiß, dass er kommt.– II know, WhatHewill come. - indirect speech :
Erhatgesagt,dasseraufWeltreiseGeht.- He said that he was going on a trip around the world. - thought or opinion :
Ichhoffe,dasswirdasneutralAutokaufenwerden.– I hope that we will buy a new car.
Ich bin der Meinung, dass das nicht richtig ist. – IThink, WhatThiswrong. - verbs and expressions denoting feelings or assessment speaker:
Ichbinfroh,dassichdichbaldwiedersehe.– I’m glad / glad that I’ll see you soon. - verbs with prepositions :
Icherinneremichdaran,dassduheuteGeburtstaghast.– I remember that today is your birthday. - impersonal expressions (constructions with es):
EsstimmtdassichkeineZeithabe.- It's true that I don't have time. - welcher Tisch?
what table? - Welcher Rock?
what skirt? - welche lamp?
what lamp? - welche Jack?
what jacket? - welches Bett?
what bed? - welches Kleid?
what dress? - welche Stühle?
what chairs? - what shoes?
- welches Tisches?
- Welches Rockes?
- welches Bettes?
- welches Kleides?
- welcher Stühle?
- welcher Schuhe?
- welchem Tisch?
- Welchem Rock?
- welcher lamp?
- welcher Jack?
- welchem Bett?
- welchem Kleid?
- welchen Stühlen?
- welchen Schuhen?
- welchen Tisch?
- welchen Rock?
- welche lamp?
- welche Jack?
- welches Bett?
- welches Kleid?
- welche Stühle?
- welche Schuhe?
- Ich lerne fleißig Deutsch. Ich will in Deutschland studieren.
I'm studying German hard. I want to study in Germany. - Ich lerne fleißig Deutsch, um in Germany zu studieren.
I am studying German hard so that I can study in Germany. - Zwei Škoda-Automechaniker fahren in ein einsames, österreichisches Alpendorf, um Ski zu fahren.
Two Škoda auto mechanics travel to a secluded Austrian Alpine village to go skiing. - Laura sieht sich oft Filme an. Sie will mit den Freunden darüber reden.
Laura often watches films. She wants to talk about it with her friends. - Laura sieht sich oft Filme an, um will mit den Freunden darüber zu reden.
Laura often watches films to talk about it with friends. - Ich lerne fleißig Deutsch. Mein Chef soll zufrieden sein.
I'm studying German. My boss should be pleased. - Ich lerne fleißig Deutsch, damit mein Chef zufrieden ist.
I'm learning German to make my boss happy.
But if the subject of the subordinate clause is expressed by a noun, then sich usually stands before subject:
Additional subordinate clauses can be introduced not only by the conjunction dass, but also by a question word:
Ich habe nicht gehört, was er gesagt hat. — I didn't hear what he said.
Ich weiß nicht, wann er commmt. — I don't know when he will come.
Können Sie erklären, warum Sie sich immer verspäten? — Can you explain why you are always late?
- Wissen Sie, Herr Doktor, was ich heute Morgen geschossen habe? — Do you know, Mister Doctor, what I shot this morning?
- Ja, das weiß ich. Ich habe ihn heute Mittag behandelt. — Yes, I know. I examined him during the day.
Play a role in such proposals and pronominal adverbs. They are formed by joining wo(r)- or da(r)- to the corresponding preposition:
Pronominal adverbs can introduce additional subordinate clauses:
Union da — because usually introduces a subordinate clause if it comes before the main clause. That is, in this case, our entire argument begins with the conjunction da. The variable parts of the predicate in the main and subordinate clauses tend to each other and are located at the junction:
Da er ein junger Wissenschaftler ist, hat er ein Forschungsstipendium bekommen. — Since he is a young scientist, he received a research fellowship.
Da er dieses Stipendium bekommen hat, fährt er nach Deutschland. — Since he received this scholarship, he goes to Germany.
Dass-Satz – Subordinate clause with dass
Subordinate clause with conjunction dass (What) Most often it comes before or after the following verbs and expressions:
In a subordinate clause with dass the verb always comes in last place, and the subordinate clause itself is separated by a comma from the main one. Please note that in many impersonal expressions, if the subordinate clause comes before the main one, then the pronoun es falls out :
Dass du immer keine Zeit hast, finde ich nothing richtig. – I don’t find it right that you always have no time.
The subordinate clause with the conjunction dass can be replaced design Infinitive + zu(only if the subject in both parts of the complex sentence is the same) or an excuse(in cases where the verb in the subordinate clause can be replaced with a noun):
Ich hoffe, dass ich dich bald wiedersehe. - Ich hoffe, dich bald wiederzusehen. – Ich hoffe auf ein baldiges Wiedersehen.
Sentences with the conjunction dass - what. Nominative case
The sentence has a subject in the form of the word es:
Es tut mir Leid, dass wir heute in den Zoo nicht gehen können. – (It is) I’m sorry that we can’t go to the zoo today.
Es ärgert meine Katze, dass ich sie zu oft streichle. – It makes my cat angry that I pet her too often.
It is not the word es that comes first. In this case, es is dropped from the sentence.
Mir gefällt, dass er so komische Witze erzählt. – I like that he tells such funny jokes.
A sentence that should answer the question Yes / No, always comes before the subordinate clause (before the comma).
Stimmt es, dass Deutschland reich an Schlösser ist? – Is it true that Germany is rich in castles?
Freut es Sie, dass Sie eine Radtour nach Koblenz mit Ihren Kindern machen können? – Are you happy that you can go on a bike tour to Koblenz with your children?
If a sentence begins with a subordinate clause, es is dropped in the main clause.
Dass er nach 10 Jahren der Einsamkeit wieder geheiratet hat, freut seine Familie. “The fact that he got married again after ten years of loneliness makes his family happy.”
Constructions that begin with es
(the constructions are translated almost word for word so that the structure of the sentence is clearly visible):
Es ist (nicht) angenehm, dass der Winter so kalt ist. – It’s nice (unpleasant) that winter is so cold.
Es ärgert mich (nicht), dass jemand mich jeden Abend anruft und schweigt. – It makes me angry (not angry) that someone calls me every evening and is silent.
Ist es (nicht) erlaubt, dass man hier Fotos macht? – Is it allowed (not allowed) for photographs to be taken here?
Es freut mich (nicht), dass ich dich wieder sehe. - It makes me happy (not happy) that I see you again.
Es gefällt mir (nicht), dass er mit Jakob befreundet ist. – I like (dislike) that he is friends with Jacob.
Es ist mir egal, dass dass alle schon nach Hause wollen. – It doesn’t matter to me that everyone wants to go home.
Es ist (nicht) falsch, dass Tina dich darüber fragt. – It’s not true (it’s true) that Tina is asking you about this.
Es ist (nicht) gut für dich, dass du jetzt einen guten Jobst hast. – It’s good (not good) for you that you have a good job now.
Es tut mir (nicht) Leid, dass ich deine Vase gebrochen habe. - I'm sorry (not sorry) that I broke your vase.
Es ist (nicht) möglich, dass wir so viel Geld ausgeben müssen. – It is possible (impossible) that we have to spend so much money.
Ist es (nicht) nötig , dass ich dieses Formular ausfülle? – Is it necessary for me to fill out this form?
Es ist (nicht) richtig, dass ihr weiter studieren wollt. – It’s right (wrong) that you want to continue studying.
Es ist nicht schade, dass er uns verlässt. “It’s not a pity that he’s leaving us.”
Es ist nicht schlecht, dass die Touristen mehr Zeit in dieser Stadt bleiben können. – It’s not bad that tourists can stay in this city for more time.
Es ist nicht schön, dass sich das Kind so schrecklich benimmt. “It’s not nice that a child behaves so badly.”
Es stimmt nicht, dass Amsterdam die Hauptstad Norwegens ist. – It is not true that Amsterdam is the capital of Norway. (This does not correspond to the fact that Amsterdam is the capital of Norway.)
Es ist unangenehm, dass du mir gelogen hast. - It’s unpleasant that you lied to me.
Es ist unmöglich, dass sie schon zu Hause sind. – It’s impossible that they are already at home.
Es ist mir nicht verständlich, dass Thomas schon mal wieder eine neue Freundin hat. “I don’t understand that Thomas has a new girlfriend again.”
Ist es (nicht) wahr, dass sie 18 Jahre alt ist. – It’s true (not true) that she is 18 years old.
Es wundert mich nicht, dass Felix sehr ausgebildet ist. – It doesn’t surprise me that Felix is very educated.
Was or dass rule
Question words begin with the letter “w”.
Sequence of additions in a sentence
If a sentence contains two objects as a noun, then the object in the dative case comes before the object in the accusative case.
An object as a personal pronoun always comes before an object as a noun.
If there are two objects in a sentence as a personal pronoun, then the object in the accusative case comes before the object in the dative case.
Negation "nicht"
Negation “nicht” is used to negate an entire sentence or part of a sentence.
Negation of the entire sentence: “nicht” at the end of the sentence, but before the second verb.
Negation of a part of a sentence: “nicht” before the negating part of a sentence.
The question is “which one?”
The question “welche?” (which?) is used when choosing a specific person or thing among others.
The question “welche?” stands before a noun instead of an article.
The question “welche?” inflected like the definite article.
Causal clauses with the conjunction “weil”
The conjunction “weil” (“because”) denotes a reason. The conjunction is followed by a subordinate clause (subject + other parts of the sentence + predicate at the end). If a sentence begins with “weil”, then the main clause begins with a predicate.
Offers with "dass"
Explanatory sentences with “what”
Additional subordinate clauses with the conjunction “dass”. The conjunction is followed by a subordinate clause (subject + other parts of the sentence + predicate at the end).
Some subordinate clauses replace clause members. Therefore, they are called explanatory, defining, adverbial, connecting.
If, as in this case, the subordinate clause stands in place of the object, then it is called explanatory. Thus, the subordinate clause has the function of the object of the main clause in the accusative case.
Such sentences answer the same questions as objects.
Subjective sentences with "what"
If the subordinate clause is in the place of the subject, it is called a subject clause. A subject clause provides information about the subject of the sentence and answers the question “who/whom” and “what/what”.
Indirect interrogative sentences
Questions can occur in complex sentences as subordinate clauses.
In an additional sentence from an additional question (with a question word at the beginning), the predicate comes at the end.
Subordinate clauses from the decisive question begin with the conjunctive “ob”; the predicate comes at the end of the sentence.
Conditional clauses with “wenn”
The conjunction “wenn” (if) denotes a condition. After the conjunction comes a subordinate clause (subject + other parts of the sentence + predicate at the end).
(Unreal) conditional clauses are often in the conjunctive.
Concessive clauses with “obwohl” and “trotzdem”
Concessive clauses (Konzessivsätze) answer the question “In spite of what counterarguments?”
Concessive subordinate clauses can begin with the conjunction “obwohl” (although). The conjunction is followed by a subordinate clause (subject + other parts of the sentence + predicate at the end).
Concessive subordinate clauses can begin with the conjunction “trotzdem” (despite). The conjunction is followed by an inversion (predicate + subject + other parts of the sentence).
Subordinate clauses of consequence with “deshalb”
The conjunction “deshalb” (therefore) denotes consequences. The conjunction requires inversion (predicate + subject + other parts of the sentence).
Subordinate clauses of purpose (Finalsätze) with “um…zu” and “damit”
Subordinate clauses of purpose answer the question “Wozu?” (For what?) and “Zu welchem Zweck?” (For what purpose?).
If both parts of the sentence talk about the same subject, then the subordinate clause of the goal is connected to the main clause with the conjunction “um”, followed by all other members of the sentence, and the infinitive with “zu” appears at the end of the sentence.
In a sentence with “um…zu” the modal verb “wollen” is not used.
If both parts of the sentence have different subjects, then the subordinate clause of the goal (Finalsatz) is connected to the main clause with the conjunction “damit”. After the conjunction there follows a subordinate clause (subject + other members of the sentence + predicate at the end).
ich (= I) ≠ mein Chef (= My boss)
Complex conjunctions “or. or"
Relative clauses
Relative clauses describe the noun of the main clause in detail. At the beginning of a relative clause there is a relative pronoun (Relativpronomen). They have the same forms as the definite article (except for the dative plural). The relative pronoun is followed by a subordinate clause (subject + other parts + predicate at the end).
Word order is one of the many obstacles that students will have to overcome. We hope this article will help you tame word order in German.
1. Learn which conjunctions change word order and which ones do not
Different types of conjunctions have different effects on the word order in a sentence. The natural (direct) word order is subject, predicate, object.
Der Student liest den Text vor.
Conjunctive conjunctions do not affect word order: und, denn, sondern, aber And oder.
Die Eltern gehen ins Kino und
Sie gehen unbeschwert ins Kino, denn die Oma sorgt für die Kinder.
Subordinating conjunctions ( während, bis, als, wenn, da, weil, ob, obwohl And dass) are confusing: they drop the predicate at the end of the sentence.
Ich schätze dich, weil du ein treuer Freund bist. (Cf. Du bist ein treuer Freund.)
2. Learn when to save a verb until the very end.
There are many situations in German where the verb must definitely come at the end of a sentence. This is one of the reasons why German is considered such a strange and difficult language.
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are a very common type of “auxiliary” verb, and in German you see them all the time: können, müssen, sollen, dürfen, etc. When you use a modal verb, the second verb is always in the infinitive form. at the end of the sentence. In German, the infinitive is usually easy to spot: almost every verb ends in “-en” in its initial form (there are a few verbs like sammeln – to gather and segeln – to sail, they are slightly different!) At first it doesn’t seem natural to you to put the infinitive at the end! Just imagine yourself picking it up, juggling it and placing it in the right place.
Darf ich dein Telefon benutzen?
NEVER! Darf ich benutzen dein Telefon?
Subordinate clauses
In German, in every subordinate clause (Nebensatz) the verb is placed at the end:
Ich sah, dass er seinem Sohn Geld gab.
If there are two verbs in the subordinate clause, then the first of them goes to the end (to use the exact linguistic term, then this is the conjugated part of the predicate, but I won’t be offended if you ignore this). The conjugated part of the predicate is “hat” in “hat…geschenkt”, or “ist” in “ist… geworden”, or “wird” in “wird…vorbeikommen”.
Sie sagte, dass ihr Klaus diese Blumen Geschenkt hat.
3. Learn how to invert word order
In a declarative and main sentence, the conjugated part of the predicate always stands in second place.
Wir haben heute verschlafen.
Therefore, if, for example, you are planning to bring a circumstance forward in order to emphasize it, do not forget to leave the verb where it should be:
Heute haben wir verschlafen.
4. Learn how to put circumstances in the right order
The basic rule for German sentences is: subject, predicate, indirect object (dative case), direct object.
Er gibt einem Studenten das Buch.
The situation is much more complicated. If there are several of them, then they are arranged in the following order: time (when?), reason (why?), mode of action (how?), place (where?).
Er geht heute wegen der Klausur voller Furcht zur Universität.
- Time: heute (today)
- Reason: wegen der Klausur (due to written exam)
- Mode of action: voller Furcht (with great fear)
- Place: zur Universität (to the university)
Try to analyze long German sentences that you come across in newspapers or German videos on YouTube in order to get used to real examples of the correct use of adverbs.
Of course, these are not all the features of German word order, but now you have a general idea. If you would like to delve deeper into this topic, then contact online for help.
In this lesson we will continue to get acquainted with subordinate clauses in the German language, namely those that use the following conjunctions:
dass- What
ob— whether
weil- because
da- because
Formation of subordinate clauses
As you remember, the modified part of the predicate occupies the final position in the subordinate clause, that is, it is placed at the very end. For example: Ich wusste nicht, dass du zu Hause warst. I didn't know you were at home. The same thing happens with complex tense forms: Ich wusste nicht, dass du meinen Brief nicht bekommen hast.“I didn’t know that you didn’t receive my letter.”
On the spot dass Question words can also be used.
- Ich habe nicht gehört, was sie gesagt hat. - I didn't hear what she said.
- Er sagt nicht, wenn er kommt.“He doesn’t say when he’ll come.”
It is also possible to use adverbs such as wovon and womit:
- Ich weiß nicht, wovon Sie sprechen.- I don’t know what you’re talking about.
- Er fragt, womit er dir helfen kann.— He asks how he can help you.
Union da, as a rule, is used if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause. Don’t forget that the main clause uses reverse word order - inversion:
Da sie kein Geld hat, geht sie nicht zum Konzert. — Since she has no money, she will not go to the concert.
The same idea can be expressed using weil, but in this case the subordinate clause can also stand after main sentence, and before him:
Sie geht nicht zum Konzert, weil sie kein Geld hat.— She won’t go to the concert because she doesn’t have money. — Weil sie kein Geld hat, geht sie nocht zum Konzert.
Regarding ob, then this conjunction with in the German sentence is translated as “li”:
Ich weiß nicht, ob er kommt. - I don't know if he will come.
Er möchte wissen, ob sie nach Berlin fahren.“He would like to know if they will go to Berlin.”
In general, everything is not so difficult, the main thing is to remember the translation of conjunctions and the capricious “da”, which only appears on first place.
Lesson assignments
Exercise 1. Make two sentences into one using da or weil.
- Ich habe keine Zeit. Ich gehe ins Kino nicht.
- 2. Sie ist nicht gekommen. Sie ist krank.
- 3. Ich konnte dir nicht antworten. Ich war sehr beschäftigt.
- 4. Es regnet. Wir bleiben zu Hause.
- 5. Ich darf nicht heute Alkohol trinken. Ich fahre mit dem Auto.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentence.
- Meine Schwester sagte, (that she is going to the cinema).
- Ich weiß nicht, (will he come tomorrow).
- Der Lehrer fragt, (what I am interested in).
- Ich kann nicht sagen, (is this correct).
- Ich weiß, (that you understand everything).
- Ich muss viel arbeiten, (since I want to buy a new house).
Answer 1.
- Da (weil) ich keine Zeit habe, gehe ich ins Kino nicht. (Ich gehe ins Kino nicht, weil ich keine Zeit habe.)
- Da (weil) sie krank ist, ist sie nicht gekommen. (Sie ist nicht gekommen, weil sie krank ist.)
- Da (weil) ich sehr beschäftigt war, konnte ich dich nicht antworten. (Ich konnte dich nicht antworten, weil ich sehr beschäftigt war.)
- Da (weil) es regnet, bleiben wir zu Hause. (Wir bleiben zu Hause, weil es regnet.)
- Da (weil) ich mit dem Auto fahre, darf ich nicht heute Alkohol trinken. (Ich darf nicht heute Alkohol trinken, weil ich mit dem Auto fahre.)
Answer 2.
- …dass sie ins Kino geht.
- …ob er heute kommt.
- …wofür ich mich interessiere.
- …ob es richtig ist.
- …dass du alles verstehst.
- …weil ich ein neues Haus kaufen will.
So let's talk about German alliances! Let's take and analyze the German conjunctions that help us express the reason. German unions reasons weil, da, denn (all are translated like this: because/since/since).
What is their difference?
Grammatical difference between weil and da
Differences between weil And da grammatically none. Weil can be very easily replaced by a conjunction yes, especially when we start a sentence with this conjunction, i.e. We put the subordinate clause at the beginning.
Subordinate clause with weil and da under construction the same, let's see this with examples>
- Eva ist abends total kaputt, weil (=da) sie im Büro viel telefonieren musste . (Eva is very tired in the evenings because/since she had to make a lot of calls in the office)
- Ich gehe in die Sprachschule, weil (=da) ich Deutsch lerne. ( I go to a language school because I study German.)
As you can see, after the unions weil or da the verb goes to the end of the sentence.
You can also swap parts of a sentence by putting the subordinate clause at the beginning>>
- Weil (=Da) Eva im Büro viel telefonieren musste, ist sie abends total kaputt. (Because/since Eva had to make a lot of calls in the office, she is very tired in the evenings)
- Weil (=Da) ich Deutsch lerne, gehe ich in die Sprachschule. (Because/since I study German, I go to a language school.)
And a couple more examples with the conjunction weil:
- Lily möchte Fotomodell werden, weil sie dann viel Geld verdient. (Lily would like to become a fashion model because then she can earn a lot of money.)
- Weil/Da Lily viel Geld verdienen will, möchte sie Fotomodell werden. (Since Lily wants to earn a lot of money, she would like to become a fashion model.)
- Weil Rosaline Kopfschmerzen hat, nimmt sie eine Tablette. — Because Rosalina has a headache, she takes a pill.
- Rosaline nimmt eine Tablette, weil sie Kopfschmerzen hat . Rosalina takes a pill because she has a headache.
- Herr Henning konnte nicht arbeiten, weil er Fieber hatte. — Mr Henning could not work because he had a fever.
P.s.. Weil most often used in oral conversation, and here is the union da preferred in writing.
The semantic difference between weil and da
Well, in terms of meaning, there is a slight difference and I will tell you about it. German Confederation Da
draws attention to the fact that your interlocutor already knows the reason. But using union
weil, T You point out a reason that your interlocutor did not yet know about. And therefore, we cannot answer the question "why" with the help of a conjunction da!
- Warum möchte Lily Fotomodell werden? — Weil(da)sie dann schöne Kleider Tragen Kann. (Why would Lily want to become a fashion model? - Because then she could wear beautiful dresses.)
- Warum gehst du nicht zum Basketball? – Weil(da) ich keine Zeit habe. (Why don't you go to basketball? Because I don't have time.)
- Warum konnte Herr Henning nicht arbeiten? — Weil(da)er Fieber hatte. (Why couldn't Mr. Henning work? Because he had a fever.)
!!! It’s also important not to confuse conjunction da (since/since) with identical spelling with the word da (here/here), which is a minor member of the sentence:
- Ich bin da! - I'm here!
Conjunctions denn and weil
Now let's deal with the union denn (=since)! Union weil can also be replaced by a conjunction denn, but only on condition that the subordinate clause comes after the main one (in short, it is used in the second part of the sentence).
And here with the word denn the word order is completely different from weil and da! In this case with denn the verb does not come to the end. On the contrary, the word order remains straight, i.e. after denn first the subject, then the verb and the rest of the sentence.
Let's look at examples:
- Ich gehe nicht zum Basketball, denn ich habe keine Zeit. – I won’t go to basketball because I don’t have time.
- Wir gehen heute spazieren, denn es ist sonnig.— We’re going for a walk today, because it’s sunny outside.
- Ich gehe heute nicht zur Arbeit, denn ich bin krank. — I’m not going to work today because I’m sick.
- Hanna ist glücklich, denn sie hat Urlaub. Hannah is happy because she has a vacation.
- Marcus hat keine Zeit, denn er muss arbeiten. — Marcus doesn’t have time because he has to work.
- Du musst die Rechnung nicht bezahlen, denn der Kaufvertrag ist ungültig. — You do not have to pay the bill, since the purchase/sale agreement is invalid.
The original, neutral (without additional shades of meaning) word order in an affirmative (not interrogative or imperative) German sentence - direct, as in Russian: first it is indicated who is doing - the subject, and then what is doing - the predicate:
Ich suche eine Wohnung. - I(subject, doer) looking for(predicate, action) apartment.
However, if you ask about something, then the word order in German, unlike Russian, should change to back(subject and predicate, doer and action change places):
Suchen Sie eine Wohnung? -Are you looking for an apartment?(Verbatim: Are you looking for an apartment?)
Was suchst du? - What are you looking for?(Verbatim: What are you looking for?)
You can also ask the question like this:
Sie suchen eine Wohnung. Stimmt das? Nicht (wahr)? Oder? - You are looking for an apartment. Is that so? Isn't it true? Or (how)?
That is, first a statement, then a question. Then the word order, of course, does not change. Sometimes, in colloquial language, the additional question may be omitted:
Sie suchen eine Wohnung?(Implies: What's wrong?)
In this case, the questioner expects a positive answer.
The subject and predicate (doer and action) are the main members of the sentence, its backbone. If you want to put something else at the beginning of the sentence, some other, minor, member of the sentence, then the word order will also be reversed. Compare:
Ich gehe heute ins Kino. - I'm going to the cinema today.
Heute gehe ich ins Kino. - Today I'm going to the cinema.
Ins Kino gehe ich heute. - I'm going to the cinema today.
Please note: the verb in a declarative sentence is always in second position - like an anchor around which everything else floats. (But second position does not mean it is the second word in the sentence - see last example.)
If there are two verbs or a compound verb form in a sentence, then the conjugated (varying by person) element appears at the beginning (more precisely, in the second position), and the unvarying element goes to the end of the sentence. It looks like this verb frame, inside of which is everything else, the filling:
Ich will heute ins Kino gehen. - I want to go to the cinema today.
In diesem Club lernt er viele interessante Leute Kennen. - In this club he meets many interesting people. (kennen lernen)
Ich rufe Sie morgen an. - I'll call you tomorrow. (anrufen)
Sie hat den ganzen Tag nichts gemacht. “She didn’t do anything all day.”
In addition, there is also a special word order - for subordinate clauses. Compare:
Er kommt heute spät nach Hause. - He will come home late today.
Ich weiß, dass er heute spat nach Hause kommt. - I know that he is late home today will come.
Ich weiß nicht, ob er heute nach Hause kommt.- I don’t know if he will come home today.
Here are two sentences separated by a comma (each has its own subject and its own predicate, that is, its own backbone, its own basis). I know- the main sentence, the second sentence complements it, explains it - is its subordinate clause ( I know - what? ...) Subordinate clauses are characterized by a special word order. First comes the word that introduces the subordinate clause, which makes it a subordinate clause. In our examples these are words dass... - What... And ob..., corresponding to Russian ...whether.... Then immediately comes the subject (doer). Try to pronounce the introductory word and the figure together, without pausing, so as not to get confused in the order of the words. The predicate goes to the very end of the sentence. Everything else (the minor members of the sentence - the “filling”) is placed in the frame between the actor and the action. It turns out something like a sandwich. This is only in a subordinate clause! Usually, the subject and predicate cannot be separated by anything, they only revolve around each other (direct and reverse order). In German you cannot say: I Today I'm coming to the cinema, but you can only I'm coming at the cinema today or Today I'm coming to the cinema.
And finally, the subordinate clause can also appear at the beginning, before the main one:
About er heute nach Hause kommt, wei b ich nicht. - Whether he will come home today, I don’t know.
Warum er heute spät nach Hause kommt, wei b ich nicht. - Why he will come home late today, I don’t know.
Compare:
Das wei b ich nicht. - I don’t know that.
In the main sentence, the word order is reversed - for the reason that there is something in front, something secondary. This minor element can be either a single word or an entire subordinate clause.
Also pay attention to how question words turn into introductory words of subordinate clauses and how this changes the order of words after them:
"Warum" kommt er heute spät nach Hause?
Ich weiß nicht, "warum" er heute spat nach Hause kommt.
Wissen Sie, "warum" er heute spat nach Hause kommt?
If the subordinate clause has a compound verb form, then its most important, conjugated element will go to the end of the sentence:
Ich glaube, dass er heute spät nach Hause kommen will. - I think it’s too late for him to come home today. wants.
Ich glaube, dass sie den ganzen Tag nichts gemacht hat. - I guess she didn't do anything all day.
Ich habe geglaubt, dass du mich heute anrufst. - I thought you would call me today.
The exception to this rule is double Infinitive:
Er hat heute spät nach Hause kommen wollen. ⇒
Er sagt, dass er heute spät nach Hause hat"kommen wollen". - He says that he wanted to come home late today.
As you can see, here the conjugated part of the verb does not come at the end, but before two indefinite forms - before the double Infinitive. Likewise:
Der Geschäftsmann wird wohl sein Reiseziel nicht rechtzeitig erreichen können. ⇒
Der Geschäftsmann regt sich auf, weil er sein Reiseziel wohl nicht rechtzeitig wild"erreichen können". - The businessman is worried because he apparently will not be able to reach the goal of his trip on time (i.e., he will not be able to arrive on time).
Reverse word order is also possible in exclamatory sentences:
Bist du aber erwachsen! - Well, you’ve grown up!
Hat der vielleicht lange Haare! - Well, he has long hair!