Presentation on the topic: Labor resources and employment. The problem of employment of the population Head teacher presentation labor resources and employment of the population
slide 1
slide 2
slide 3
slide 4
slide 5
slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
slide 11
slide 12
The presentation on the topic "Workforce of the World" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 12 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
slide 2
slide 3
Economically active population
People who are actually involved in material production or non-productive sphere.
slide 4
The share of the economically active population varies by country. In the developed countries of the West, about 70% of all labor resources are economically active. This situation is primarily related to unemployment. It sometimes reaches 10 percent or more of the labor force. The share of the economically active population in developing countries is even smaller - 45-55%. This is due to the general economic backwardness, the lack of jobs, the difficulty of involving women in production with the predominance of large families, large masses of young people entering working age. True, unemployment in developing countries does not preclude widespread exploitation of cheap child labor.
slide 5
UNEMPLOYMENT
First, a person is an economic resource of a special type. If it is not in demand by the economy now, it cannot be reserved and "put in the refrigerator" until better times. Secondly, even if a person does not work, he cannot stop consuming and he still needs to feed his family. Therefore, society is forced to look for means to save the unemployed from starvation or turning into bandits. Thirdly, rising unemployment reduces the demand for goods in the domestic market. People who do not receive a salary are forced to be content with only the bare minimum of means of subsistence. As a result, the sale of goods on the domestic market of the country becomes more difficult ("the market shrinks"). Fourthly, unemployment exacerbates the political situation in the country. The reason for this is the growing bitterness of people who have lost the opportunity to adequately support their families and spend day after day in exhausting job searches. Fifth, an increase in unemployment can lead to an increase in the number of crimes that people commit in order to obtain the necessary benefits. Unemployment is a global phenomenon: according to the UN, 800 million people are unemployed.
slide 6
This is the ratio between the able-bodied part of the population, on the one hand, and the unemployed (children and the elderly), on the other. On average, 100 able-bodied people in the world provide 70 children and pensioners with their earnings. In developing countries - often 100 to 100. Japan - 100 to 41. In Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries, the demographic burden is approximately equal to the world average.
Slide 7
Slide 8
Developing countries
1st place - agriculture (agrarian countries). 2nd place - the service sector (in Latin America, it even came out on top). 3rd place - industry and construction.
1 of 32
Presentation on the topic: Labor resources and employment of the population
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
1. The economic nature of labor resources. Labor resources are a form of expression of human resources, which are one of the types of resources of the economy along with material ones. The peculiarity of human resources lies in the fact that they are both resources for the development of the economy, and people, consumers of material goods and services. However, depending on the social, psychological qualities of people, gender, age, education, health, marital status, their material and moral needs are different. The concept of "labor resources" is a market category, has a wide informative content and makes it possible to use it as an effective tool for state regulation of the labor market. Labor resources are the part of the able-bodied population that has the physical and mental abilities and knowledge necessary to carry out useful activities.
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
1. The economic nature of labor resources. The entire population, depending on age, is divided into (before 01/01/2012): Persons younger than working age (children under 16 years old inclusive); Persons of working age (in Ukraine: women - from 16 to 54 years old, men - from 16 to 59 years old inclusive); Persons older than working age, upon reaching which an old-age pension is established (in Ukraine: women - from 55, men - from 60).
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
1. The economic nature of labor resources. The Ukrainian Rada has approved raising the retirement age for women to 60 The Ukrainian Parliament adopted a pension reform in general, which provides for a gradual increase in the retirement age for women from 55 to 60 years. The law came into force on January 1, 2012. In particular, the pension reform provides for a gradual increase in the retirement age for women from 55 to 60 years. Thus, over the next ten years, the retirement age for women will increase by six months every year. In addition, the retirement age for male civil servants is being raised from 60 to 62 years. The adoption of this reform is necessary to continue Ukraine's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund.
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
1. The economic nature of labor resources. Depending on the ability to work, able-bodied and disabled persons are distinguished. Disabled persons of working age are disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups, and able-bodied persons of disabled age are teenagers and working old-age pensioners. The labor force includes: the population of working age, except for non-working disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups and non-working persons who receive a pension on preferential terms (women who have given birth to five or more children and are raising them up to eight years old, as well as persons who retired earlier due to harsh and harmful working conditions); working persons of retirement age; employed persons under the age of 16. According to Ukrainian legislation, students of general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions can be hired in their free time for part-time work if they reach the age of 15 with the consent of one of the parents or the person who replaces them, provided doing light work.
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
1. The economic nature of labor resources. The entire population is divided into economically active and economically inactive. The economically active population is the part of the population that offers its ability to work for the production of goods and the provision of a variety of services. Quantitatively, this group of the population consists of the employed and the unemployed, who currently do not have a job, but wish to get one. The economically active population includes persons aged 15-70 years. They perform work for wages for hire on a full or part-time basis, work individually (independently) or for individual employers, at their own (family) enterprise. The economically inactive population is that part of the population that is not part of the labor force. These include: pupils, students, cadets who study at a day hospital in educational institutions; persons who receive a retirement pension or on preferential terms; persons who receive a disability pension; persons engaged in housekeeping, looking after children, sick relatives; persons who cannot find work have stopped looking for it, having exhausted all possibilities, but they are able and willing to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The use of labor resources in the labor process provides for their reproduction, which is interconnected with the reproduction of the social product. The process of reproduction of labor resources is divided into separate phases, namely: the phase of formation, the phase of distribution and redistribution, the phase of use. The formation phase is characterized by: - natural reproduction, that is, the birth of people, and their achievement of working age; - the renewal of the ability to work in existing workers. To do this, they need food, clothing, housing, as well as the entire infrastructure of modern human existence (transport, communications, etc.); - obtaining by people of education, specialty and certain labor qualifications. The phase of distribution and redistribution of labor resources is characterized by their distribution by type of work, type of activity, as well as by organizations, enterprises, districts, regions of the country. The distribution of labor resources is also carried out in accordance with gender, age, level of education and health. The use phase is the use of the economically active population in enterprises, organizations and the economy as a whole. At this stage, the main problem is to ensure employment of the population and the efficient use of workers. The demographic factors in the formation of the labor resources of the region are the intensity of population reproduction, which depends on the birth rate, since the higher this level, the faster the labor resources grow, as well as on migration processes, that is, depending on the ratio of the number of entering and leaving, labor increases or decreases. resources. The influence of demographic factors on the use of labor resources is manifested, first of all, through the age structure of the population, which varies in different regions and, in this regard, there is a different distribution of people of working age into working and non-working parts.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The formation and use of labor resources in the regions are influenced by such important socio-economic factors as the peculiarities of the structure of production, as well as the economic situation (growth, stabilization or decline in production). These factors determine the number of employed, adolescents and pensioners, the number of unemployed, the distribution of workers by industry, profession, and professional training of the workforce. All phases are organically interconnected. There are extensive and intensive types of labor force reproduction. Extensive reproduction means an increase in the number of labor resources in certain regions and in the country as a whole without changing their qualitative characteristics. Intensive reproduction of labor resources is associated with a change in their quality. This is the growth of the educational level of workers, their qualifications, physical and mental abilities, etc. Extensive and intensive types of reproduction of labor resources mutually complement each other.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The main source of replenishment of labor resources is young people who enter the working age. The number of this category depends on the mode of its reproduction (extended reproduction - the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths per 1000 people of the population; simple reproduction - the absence of population growth, that is, the number of births is equal to the number of deaths per 1000 people of the population; narrowed reproduction - not only there is no natural increase, but its absolute decrease occurs - depopulation), which is associated with a decrease in the level of marriage and birth rate in the country, as well as the magnitude of infant mortality. The current demographic situation is characterized by a tendency to reduce the population of Ukraine, its economically active part.
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The population of Ukraine in November decreased by 10.74 thousand people The population of Ukraine as of December 1, 2011 amounted to 45 million 644 thousand 419 people. Based on these data, it should be noted that in November 2011 the country's population decreased by 10 thousand 744 people.
slide number 11
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The population of Ukraine as of November 1, 2011 amounted to 45 million 655 thousand 163 people. As a result of October, the population of Ukraine decreased by 10 thousand 118 people. As of December 1, 2011, among the regions, the largest population is in Donetsk (4 million 405 thousand 768) and Dnepropetrovsk (3 million 321 thousand 366) regions. The smallest - in the city of Sevastopol (381 thousand 107) and the Chernivtsi region (905 thousand 225). According to statistics, as of December 1, 31 million 384 thousand 743 people of the urban population and 14 million 259 thousand 676 people of the rural population lived in Ukraine. It should be noted that as of January 1, 2011, the population of Ukraine amounted to 45 million 778.5 thousand people. Thus, the overall decline in the population in January-November 2011 reached 134 thousand 115 people, which was 0.1% compared to the corresponding period in 2010. According to the expectations of the State Statistics Service, the population of Ukraine in 2011 will be 45 million 630, 2 thousand people. Compared to 2010, the population will decrease by 0.3%. The urban population will be 31 million 373.9 thousand people, the rural population - 14 million 256.3 thousand people. The average population in 2011 will be 45 million 704.4 thousand people.
slide number 12
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. According to the UN forecast, while maintaining the dynamics of population decline until 2030, the number of Ukrainians will decrease to 39 million. As noted in the UN demographic report, Ukraine has the world's lowest natural population growth. The Government of Ukraine plans to conduct a population census in 2012. According to the UN rules, a population census is carried out every 10 years. The first all-Ukrainian census was conducted in 2001, so the next one was planned for 2011. However, due to lack of funds, it was postponed, at first for an indefinite period, and only recently the government approved a new date for the 2012 census on October 31, according to a UN report , the 7 billionth inhabitant of the planet was born on Earth. Only 12 years have passed since reaching the milestone of 6 billion people (the bar of 6 billion was reached in 1999). Every year, the population of our planet increases by 80 million people, which roughly corresponds to the population of Germany. According to the UN report, the poorest countries in Africa and Asia account for the bulk of the growth, with such dynamics in the near future they will inevitably face the problem of lack of water, food and jobs for their citizens. According to a UN report, Europe's population will peak at 740 million by 2025 and then begin to decline.
slide number 13
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The formation of market relations is characterized by a natural shift of employment from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. Of great importance for the rational formation and distribution of labor resources is the development of a system of their balances. The system of balances of labor resources includes: a consolidated balance of jobs and labor resources (reporting and planned); balance of calculation of additional need for workers, professionals, specialists and technical employees and sources of their provision; balance calculation of the need for the training of skilled workers; balance calculation of attracting young people to study and its distribution upon completion of studies; balance calculations of the need for professionals, specialists; intersectoral balance of labor costs; work time balance. The system of balances and balance calculations is being developed for individual regions and for the state as a whole. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account: the conjuncture of the labor market, the dynamics and structure of jobs in the planning period; change in the demographic structure of the population, direction and scale of migration processes; the dynamics of the number and structure of employment of the population of working age; efficiency of use of labor resources; sources and scales of the formation of the professional qualification structure of employees; the rate of increase in labor productivity and the like.
slide number 14
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The balance of labor resources is a system of interrelated indicators that characterize the formation and distribution of labor resources. It consists of two parts: resource (labor resources) and distribution (distribution of labor resources). In modern conditions of the formation of market relations, there is a discrepancy between the availability of resources and the need for them. The efficiency of using labor resources as an economic resource largely depends on the composition of labor resources by gender, age, education, professionalism, health status, etc. Labor resources, which are considered taking into account these parameters, represent labor potential. Labor potential is a set of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, abilities and capabilities of the able-bodied population, which are realized within and under the influence of the existing system of relations. The natural basis of these characteristics of the labor potential is the population, which is assessed depending on the demographic reproduction, life potential and health of different categories and age groups, migration movements.
slide number 15
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The labor potential of an employee is his possible labor capacity, his resource opportunities in the labor sphere. In the process of practical activity, potential opportunities are not always used to the full extent. At the enterprise, labor potential is the total working capacity of its team, resource opportunities in the field of work of all employees of the enterprise, based on their age, physical capabilities, knowledge and professional qualifications. Thus, the labor potential expresses, on the one hand, the possibility of participation of an employee or all members of the enterprise team in socially useful activities as a specific production resource, and on the other hand, a characteristic of the qualities of workers that reflect the level of development of their abilities, suitability and readiness to perform work of a certain type and quality, attitude to work, opportunities and readiness to work with full dedication of forces and abilities.
slide number 16
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. The following parameters of the labor potential of the enterprise team are distinguished: 1) parameters of the production components of the labor potential: the number of personnel; the amount of working time that can be worked out at a normal level of labor intensity; professional qualification structure; raising and updating the professional level; creative activity. 2) parameters that characterize the socio-demographic components of the labor potential: gender and age structure; the level of education; family structure; state of health, etc. . Qualitative characteristics include evaluation of: - the physical and psychological potential of employees (the ability and inclination of the employee to work, health status, physical development, etc.); - the volume of general and special knowledge, labor skills and abilities that determine the ability to work of a certain quality (educational, qualification levels, etc.); - qualities of team members as business entities (responsibility, involvement in the economic activities of the enterprise, etc.).
slide number 17
Description of the slide:
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources. Some qualitative characteristics can be assessed using quantitative indicators. For example, to assess the state of health, indicators of the frequency and severity of diseases per 100 employees are used, to assess the level of qualification - an indicator of the average category of workers, the level of professional training - an indicator of the proportion of people who have graduated from vocational schools, the number of months of professional training. The labor potential of an enterprise is a variable value. Its quantitative and qualitative characteristics change under the influence of both objective factors and managerial decisions.
slide number 18
Description of the slide:
slide number 19
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. The use of labor resources is characterized by the indicator of employment. Employment of the population is the activity of a part of the population aimed at creating a social product (national income). This is precisely its economic essence. Employment of the population is the most generalized characteristic of the economy. It reflects the achieved level of economic development, the contribution of human labor to the achievement of production. Employment combines production and consumption, and its structure determines the nature of their relationship. The social essence of employment reflects a person's need for self-expression, as well as for the satisfaction of material and spiritual needs through the income that a person receives for his work. The demographic essence of employment reflects the interdependence of employment with the sex and age characteristics of the population, its structure, and the like. The principles of employment in market conditions are: the right of citizens to dispose of their ability to productive and creative work. the responsibility of the state for creating conditions for the realization of the right of citizens to work, promoting the disclosure of the interests and needs of a person by providing freedom and voluntariness in choosing a sphere of socially useful activity.
slide number 20
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. In accordance with the International Classifier of Employment Status, six groups of the employed population are distinguished: employees; employers; persons who work at their own expense; members of production cooperatives; family members who help with work; workers who are not classified by status. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Employment of the Population", the employed population includes citizens of our country who legally reside in its territory, namely: 1. employed on a full or part-time basis (week) at enterprises, institutions, organizations regardless of the form of ownership, in international and foreign organizations in Ukraine and abroad; 2. citizens who independently provide themselves with work, including entrepreneurs, self-employed people, creative activities, members of cooperatives, farmers and members of their families who participate in production; 3. elected, appointed or approved to a paid position in public authorities, administration or public associations; 4. citizens who serve in the Armed Forces, border, internal, railway troops, national security and internal affairs agencies; 5. persons who undergo vocational training, retraining and advanced training with a break from work; students in daytime general education schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions; 6. engaged in raising children, looking after the sick, the disabled and elderly citizens; 7. working citizens of other states who are temporarily in Ukraine and perform functions not related to the activities of embassies and missions.
slide number 21
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. The unemployed population is able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a permanent or temporary job, do not seek work that is not registered with the state employment service and have income outside of work. The temporarily unemployed population is able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a suitable job, registered with the state employment service as those who are looking for work. It is legally established that a job is considered suitable that meets the education, profession (specialty), qualifications of the employee and is provided in the same area where he lives. The salary must correspond to the level that a person had at his previous job, taking into account its average level, which has developed in the industry of the corresponding region over the past three months. An important problem of economic science, the key task of the socio-economic policy of the state is the achievement of full and effective employment. In modern economic theory and practice, full employment is understood as such a state of the economy in which everyone who wants to work has a job with pay at the level of real wages that exists at a given time.
slide number 22
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Full employment can be achieved at any level of involvement in paid work, if the number of jobs meets the needs of the population. However, not every workplace can satisfy the need for it. This is evidenced by the presence of vacant (unoccupied) jobs along with the presence of the unemployed. Therefore, we should talk about economically viable jobs, that is, productive jobs that enable a person to realize his personal interest, achieve a high level of labor productivity and have a decent income that guarantees the normal reproduction of the worker and his family. Therefore, full employment means matching the demand for economically viable jobs with the supply of labor. Such a balance makes it possible to ensure high results on the scale of the entire economy, since they are based on scientific and technological achievements and high labor productivity.
slide number 23
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Realization of the interests of society as a whole and each person in particular will be facilitated by: Continuous improvement of jobs, Creation of new jobs that meet modern requirements, Removal of old jobs that do not meet economic feasibility from the production process. In this interpretation, full employment can be called productive. Consequently, the further development of the economy should come from the interests of both the economy itself and the person (humanization of the economy). In a socially oriented economy, full employment can be effective if it provides a decent income, health, and an increase in the educational and professional level of each member of society based on the growth of social labor productivity.
slide number 24
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. A quantitative assessment of effective employment can be characterized using a system of indicators: 1. The level of employment of the population in professional work. The coefficient of employment of the population by professional labor is determined by dividing those employed in professional labor by the total population. This indicator reflects the dependence of employment on demographic factors (birth rate, death rate and population growth). This coefficient is one of the characteristics of the well-being of society. 2. The level of employment of the able-bodied population in the public economy. This indicator is related to the dynamics of the working-age population, depending on changes in demographic and socio-economic factors. It is calculated similarly to the first indicator, that is, as the ratio of the number of people employed in professional work to the number of the entire working-age population (labor resources).
slide number 25
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. 3. The level of distribution of the labor resources of the society in the spheres of socially useful activity. Employment rates in studies, in the household and in other types of socially useful activities are determined similarly to the previous ones in order to establish the necessary proportions in the distribution of labor resources. 4. The level of the rational structure of the distribution of workers across industries and sectors of the economy. This indicator characterizes rational employment and has independent significance. Rational employment is the proportion of the distribution of labor potential by type of occupation, industry, sector of the economy. 5. The level of professional and qualification structure of employees. This indicator characterizes the correspondence of the professional and qualification structure of the working population to the structure of jobs.
slide number 26
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Distinguish between primary and secondary employment. Primary employment characterizes employment at the main place of work. If, in addition to the main job or study, there is still additional employment, it is called secondary employment. Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of labor resources by areas of labor use, professions, specialties. When determining the types of employment, the following are taken into account: the nature of the activity; social belonging; industry affiliation; territorial affiliation; level of urbanization; professional qualification level; gender; age level; type of property. Employment by the nature of activity is: - work in organizations of different forms of ownership and management; - work abroad and at joint ventures; - Military service; - study in daytime educational institutions; - housekeeping; - individual labor activity; - raising children in the family; - looking after the sick, the disabled and the elderly; - other types of activity established by the legislation.
slide number 27
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Employment by social class: workers; professionals, specialists, technical employees; leaders; farmers; entrepreneurs. Employment by industry: in the sphere of material production; in the non-manufacturing sector; in certain large sectors (industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, etc.). Employment by territorial affiliation: in certain regions; in economic regions. Employment by level of urbanization: in urban areas; in the countryside. Employment by type of ownership: state; private; collective; mixed. Employment for personal use of working time: full; incomplete; obvious incomplete; hidden incomplete; partial.
slide number 28
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Full employment is an activity during a full working day (week, season, year), which provides income in the normal size for a given region. Underemployment characterizes the employment of a particular person or for part-time work or with incomplete pay or insufficient efficiency. Underemployment can be overt or covert. Explicit underemployment is predetermined by social reasons, in particular, the need to get an education, a profession, improve qualifications, and the like. Hidden underemployment reflects the imbalance between the labor force and other factors of production. It is associated, in particular, with a decrease in production volumes, the reconstruction of an enterprise and is manifested in low incomes of the population, incomplete use of professional competence or low labor productivity.
slide number 29
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Part-time work is voluntary part-time work. In addition to these types of employment, there are also so-called non-traditional, which include: seasonal, temporary employment, part-time employment. Today in Ukraine, these types of employment cover a large part of the population. Part-time employment is part-time work due to the inability to provide the employee with work for the full working time or at the request of the employee in accordance with his social needs, as well as in connection with the modernization or reconstruction of production. Temporary employment is work on temporary contracts. Temporary employees are employees who are hired under contracts for a fixed period.
slide number 30
Description of the slide:
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems. Seasonal employment is employment that is associated with the specifics of production. Work is provided for a certain period on a full-time basis and is formalized by an appropriate contract. Under the conditions of the transitional economy in Ukraine, an unregulated form of employment is quite common, which functions both as a primary and as a secondary employment of citizens. Unregulated employment is the activity of the able-bodied population of working age, which is excluded from the sphere of social and labor norms and relations and is not taken into account by state statistics. The expansion of unregulated employment is accompanied by a further depreciation of the labor force, a decrease in motivation to work, primarily in the public sector, and an increase in inflation and prices. Income from such activities is not taxed, so the state incurs certain losses.
slide number 31
Description of the slide:
slide number 32
Description of the slide:
Plan: 1. Population as a subject of demographic, economic and social processes and phenomena 2. Labor resources of society Reproduction of the population and labor resources 3. Demographic and social mobility of labor resources 4. Methods for forecasting and planning the need for labor resources 5. Labor potential of society: concept , structure and indicators 6. Human capital of society
The population is naturally a historically formed and continuously renewed in the process of production and reproduction of life, a set of people living in a certain territory - in a village, city, district, region, country.
The average annual population is determined in the middle of the year as the arithmetic average of the population at the beginning and end of the year, or by adding half of its growth to the initial population. The positive difference between the number of births and the number of deaths is called natural population growth.
The economically active population is the part of the population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services. This group of the population, in accordance with the methodology of the ILO, includes persons aged 15-70, both employed and unemployed, who wish to get a job.
The level of economic activity of the population is calculated by the formula: Uean=EAN/N× 100% where UUEANEAN — — the level of economic activity of the population, %; EAN - the number of economically active population, people; H is the total population in the country, pers.
This category of the population includes: pupils, students, cadets studying in full-time departments in educational institutions; persons who receive a pension for old age or on preferential terms or for disability; persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives; persons who have stopped looking for a job, having exhausted the possibilities to find one that satisfies them; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.
Labor resources - this is the part of the working-age population that has the physical and mental abilities, as well as the knowledge necessary to carry out useful activities.
for persons younger than working age (from birth to 16 years old inclusive); for persons of working (working) age (women - from 16 to 54 years old, men - from 16 to 59 years old inclusive); for persons older than working age, i.e. persons who have reached retirement age (women - from 55 years old, men - from 60 years old).
population of working age, except for non-working disabled people of groups 1 and 2, non-working persons receiving a pension on preferential terms (women who have given birth to 5 or more children, raising them up to 8 years; persons who retired earlier than the established period due to severe and harmful working conditions, by length of service); working persons of retirement age; employed persons under the age of 16.
birth rate - the ratio of the number of births to the average annual population per 1000 people. ; birth rate for a certain period; absolute increase in labor resources - the ratio of labor resources by age (by age groups); the structure of labor resources by gender (it is important for the formation of an effective employment structure by industry, profession, territory); structure of labor resources by level of education and training
KK pp \u003d H \u003d H rodod / H / H srav x 1000 and K ss \u003d H \u003d H umum / H / H srav x x 1000, where Cree K ss are the birth and death rates, respectively; Chrod - the number of births per year; Chum - the number of deaths per year; Cav is the average annual population.
Types of population movement natural migratory and social
The natural movement of the population is the result of the processes of birth and death of people. Depending on which processes prevail, there is a natural increase or a natural decrease in the population.
associated with a change in his work activity. Thus, under the influence of certain factors (age, state of health, the situation in the labor market, etc.), the economically active population passes into the group of the economically inactive, or vice versa.
extensive, which is characterized by an increase in the number of labor resources in a region or country as a whole without changing their qualitative characteristics; intensive, which is characterized by a change in the quality of labor resources: an increase in the qualifications, physical and mental abilities of labor resources
natural reproduction of the population, i.e., the birth of people and their achievement of working age; the accumulation of physical and spiritual data by people, including health; mastering a specialty, profession, by obtaining general and special education and undergoing qualification training and retraining; restoration of the ability to work among employed workers (for this they need food, clothing, housing, as well as all the components of the infrastructure of modern human existence).
The production direction is aimed at linking the ratio between the number of available jobs that require a certain professional and qualification specialization and the actual number of employees of the corresponding profile. The reproduction direction assumes the achievement of a balance between the increase in the number of jobs and the additional labor force of the corresponding professional and qualification profile, again involved in production. The personal direction provides the able-bodied population with jobs that meet the growing needs of workers.
The professional qualification structure of workers is their primary cooperation in professions and qualifications, within which there is a direct connection between the means of production and the labor force. At the same time, the decisive role of technology in the formation of the vocational and qualification composition of workers presupposes the active influence of qualifications on the development of the material elements of production.
Professional orientation includes. professional advice; professional education; professional selection; professional training.
A profession is a kind of labor activity of a person who owns certain general and special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and work experience;
A specialty is a type of activity within a particular profession, the implementation of which requires certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired through special training.
Qualification is the degree of general and professional special training of an employee who has the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities to perform a certain type of work.
Demographic policy, as part of the country's overall socio-economic policy, should be aimed at achieving, in the long term, expanded reproduction of the population, taking into account regional features of development.
Gross migration is the sum of the numbers of arrivals and departures. The overall migration rate is defined as the ratio of the number of all migrants to the average annual population: KK tot. . migratory =H=H migration. /H avg. x 1000 (%)
Forecasting and planning the need for labor resources is an important part of economic activity both at the state level as a whole and at the regional level. 5. Methods for forecasting and planning the needs for labor resources.
dynamics of the working-age population; changes in the ratio of urban and rural population; the structure of employment and its territorial shifts; change in the professional-qualification structure of labor resources.
method of shifting by age; predictive assessment method; peer review method; analogy method; normative method.
Planning of labor resources is designed to solve the problems of recruiting the labor force of enterprises, determining the scale of training of skilled workers, specialists, and influencing the movement of labor resources from rural to urban areas and back.
The main tool for planning labor resources is the system of balances, which is used for the rational formation and distribution of labor resources.
The balance of labor resources is a system of interrelated indicators that characterize the formation and distribution of labor resources and consists of two parts: resource (labor resources) and distribution (distribution of labor resources).
change in the demographic structure of the population; dynamics and structure of jobs; dynamics of the number and structure of employment of the population of working age; efficiency of use of labor resources; labor productivity growth rates, etc.
The labor potential of society is a generalizing indicator of the process of formation and development of a person in labor activity. The concept of the labor potential of society is based on the concepts of the labor potential of an employee and the labor potential of an enterprise. 6. Labor potential of society: concept, structure and indicators
psychophysical potential - the abilities and inclinations of a person, his state of health, performance, endurance, type of nervous system, etc.; qualification potential - the volume, depth and versatility of general and special knowledge, labor skills and abilities that determine the ability of an employee to work of a certain content and complexity; personal potential - the level of civic consciousness and social maturity, the degree of assimilation by the employee of the norms of attitude to work, value orientations, interests, needs in the world of work.
The labor potential of an enterprise is the limiting value of the possible participation of employees in production, taking into account their psychophysiological characteristics, the level of professional knowledge, accumulated experience in the presence of the necessary organizational and technical conditions.
Fp=Fk-Tnp or or Fp=H Dm Tsm, where Fp. Fp - the total potential fund of the working time of the enterprise, h; FFkk - - calendar fund of working time; TT npnp - - total reserve-forming absences and breaks; H-H - the number of employees, people; Dm-Dm - the number of days of work in the period; TT sms - - duration of the working day, shifts, h.
Human capital is a form of expression of the productive forces of man, adequate to industrial and post-industrial society, included in the system of a socially oriented mixed market economy as the leading factor in social reproduction.
employers' costs for basic and additional wages; budget expenditures on social programs, target complex programs; individual expenses of citizens for the maintenance and promotion of health, education, living conditions, upbringing and education of children, cultural events, etc.;
slide 2
1. The economic nature of labor resources.
Labor resources are a form of expression of human resources, which are one of the types of resources of the economy along with material ones. The peculiarity of human resources lies in the fact that they are both resources for the development of the economy, and people, consumers of material goods and services. However, depending on the social, psychological qualities of people, gender, age, education, health, marital status, their material and moral needs are different. The concept of "labor resources" is a market category, has a wide informative content and makes it possible to use it as an effective tool for state regulation of the labor market. Labor resources are the part of the able-bodied population that has the physical and mental abilities and knowledge necessary to carry out useful activities.
slide 3
The entire population, depending on age, is divided into (before 01/01/2012): Persons younger than working age (children under 16 years old inclusive); Persons of working age (in Ukraine: women - from 16 to 54 years old, men - from 16 to 59 years old inclusive); Persons older than working age, upon reaching which an old-age pension is established (in Ukraine: women - from 55, men - from 60).
slide 4
The Ukrainian Rada has approved raising the retirement age for women to 60 The Ukrainian Parliament adopted a pension reform in general, which provides for a gradual increase in the retirement age for women from 55 to 60 years. The law came into force on January 1, 2012. In particular, the pension reform provides for a gradual increase in the retirement age for women from 55 to 60 years. Thus, over the next ten years, the retirement age for women will increase by six months every year. In addition, the retirement age for male civil servants is being raised from 60 to 62 years. The adoption of this reform is necessary to continue Ukraine's cooperation with the International Monetary Fund.
slide 5
Depending on the ability to work, able-bodied and disabled persons are distinguished. Disabled persons of working age are disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups, and able-bodied persons of disabled age are teenagers and working old-age pensioners. The labor force includes: the population of working age, except for non-working disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups and non-working persons who receive a pension on preferential terms (women who have given birth to five or more children and are raising them up to eight years old, as well as persons who retired earlier due to harsh and harmful working conditions); working persons of retirement age; employed persons under the age of 16. According to Ukrainian legislation, students of general education schools, vocational and secondary specialized educational institutions can be hired in their free time for part-time work if they reach the age of 15 with the consent of one of the parents or the person who replaces them, provided doing light work.
slide 6
The entire population is divided into economically active and economically inactive. The economically active population is the part of the population that offers its ability to work for the production of goods and the provision of a variety of services. Quantitatively, this group of the population consists of the employed and the unemployed, who currently do not have a job, but wish to get one. The economically active population includes persons aged 15-70 years. They perform work for wages for hire on a full or part-time basis, work individually (independently) or for individual employers, at their own (family) enterprise. The economically inactive population is that part of the population that is not part of the labor force. These include: pupils, students, cadets who study at a day hospital in educational institutions; persons who receive a retirement pension or on preferential terms; persons who receive a disability pension; persons engaged in housekeeping, looking after children, sick relatives; persons who cannot find work have stopped looking for it, having exhausted all possibilities, but they are able and willing to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.
Slide 7
2. Phases of reproduction and the system of balances of labor resources.
The use of labor resources in the labor process provides for their reproduction, which is interconnected with the reproduction of the social product. The process of reproduction of labor resources is divided into separate phases, namely: the phase of formation, the phase of distribution and redistribution, the phase of use. The formation phase is characterized by: - natural reproduction, that is, the birth of people, and their achievement of working age; - the renewal of the ability to work in existing workers. To do this, they need food, clothing, housing, as well as the entire infrastructure of modern human existence (transport, communications, etc.); - obtaining by people of education, specialty and certain labor qualifications. The phase of distribution and redistribution of labor resources is characterized by their distribution by type of work, type of activity, as well as by organizations, enterprises, districts, regions of the country. The distribution of labor resources is also carried out in accordance with gender, age, level of education and health. The use phase is the use of the economically active population in enterprises, organizations and the economy as a whole. At this stage, the main problem is to ensure employment of the population and the efficient use of workers. The demographic factors in the formation of the labor resources of the region are the intensity of population reproduction, which depends on the birth rate, since the higher this level, the faster the labor resources grow, as well as on migration processes, that is, depending on the ratio of the number of entering and leaving, labor increases or decreases. resources. The influence of demographic factors on the use of labor resources is manifested, first of all, through the age structure of the population, which varies in different regions and, in this regard, there is a different distribution of people of working age into working and non-working parts.
Slide 8
The formation and use of labor resources in the regions are influenced by such important socio-economic factors as the peculiarities of the structure of production, as well as the economic situation (growth, stabilization or decline in production). These factors determine the number of employed, adolescents and pensioners, the number of unemployed, the distribution of workers by industry, profession, and professional training of the workforce. All phases are organically interconnected. There are extensive and intensive types of labor force reproduction. Extensive reproduction means an increase in the number of labor resources in certain regions and in the country as a whole without changing their qualitative characteristics. Intensive reproduction of labor resources is associated with a change in their quality. This is the growth of the educational level of workers, their qualifications, physical and mental abilities, etc. Extensive and intensive types of reproduction of labor resources mutually complement each other.
Slide 9
The main source of replenishment of labor resources is young people who enter the working age. The number of this category depends on the mode of its reproduction (extended reproduction - the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths per 1000 people of the population; simple reproduction - the absence of population growth, that is, the number of births is equal to the number of deaths per 1000 people of the population; narrowed reproduction - not only there is no natural increase, but its absolute decrease occurs - depopulation), which is associated with a decrease in the level of marriage and birth rate in the country, as well as the magnitude of infant mortality. The current demographic situation is characterized by a tendency to reduce the population of Ukraine, its economically active part.
Slide 10
The population of Ukraine in November decreased by 10.74 thousand people The population of Ukraine as of December 1, 2011 amounted to 45 million 644 thousand 419 people. Based on these data, it should be noted that in November 2011 the country's population decreased by 10 thousand 744 people.
slide 11
The population of Ukraine as of November 1, 2011 amounted to 45 million 655 thousand 163 people. As a result of October, the population of Ukraine decreased by 10 thousand 118 people. As of December 1, 2011, among the regions, the largest population is in Donetsk (4 million 405 thousand 768) and Dnepropetrovsk (3 million 321 thousand 366) regions. The smallest - in the city of Sevastopol (381 thousand 107) and the Chernivtsi region (905 thousand 225). According to statistics, as of December 1, 31 million 384 thousand 743 people of the urban population and 14 million 259 thousand 676 people of the rural population lived in Ukraine. It should be noted that as of January 1, 2011, the population of Ukraine amounted to 45 million 778.5 thousand people. Thus, the overall decline in the population in January-November 2011 reached 134 thousand 115 people, which was 0.1% compared to the corresponding period in 2010. According to the expectations of the State Statistics Service, the population of Ukraine in 2011 will be 45 million 630, 2 thousand people. Compared to 2010, the population will decrease by 0.3%. The urban population will be 31 million 373.9 thousand people, the rural population - 14 million 256.3 thousand people. The average population in 2011 will be 45 million 704.4 thousand people.
slide 12
According to the UN forecast, while maintaining the dynamics of population decline until 2030, the number of Ukrainians will decrease to 39 million. As noted in the UN demographic report, Ukraine has the world's lowest natural population growth. The Government of Ukraine plans to conduct a population census in 2012. According to the UN rules, a population census is carried out every 10 years. The first all-Ukrainian census was conducted in 2001, so the next one was planned for 2011. However, due to lack of funds, it was postponed, at first for an indefinite period, and only recently the government approved a new date for the 2012 census on October 31, according to a UN report , the 7 billionth inhabitant of the planet was born on Earth. Only 12 years have passed since reaching the milestone of 6 billion people (the bar of 6 billion was reached in 1999). Every year, the population of our planet increases by 80 million people, which roughly corresponds to the population of Germany. According to the UN report, the poorest countries in Africa and Asia account for the bulk of the growth, with such dynamics in the near future they will inevitably face the problem of lack of water, food and jobs for their citizens. According to a UN report, Europe's population will peak at 740 million by 2025 and then begin to decline.
slide 13
The formation of market relations is characterized by a natural shift of employment from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. Of great importance for the rational formation and distribution of labor resources is the development of a system of their balances. The system of balances of labor resources includes: a consolidated balance of jobs and labor resources (reporting and planned); balance of calculation of additional need for workers, professionals, specialists and technical employees and sources of their provision; balance calculation of the need for the training of skilled workers; balance calculation of attracting young people to study and its distribution upon completion of studies; balance calculations of the need for professionals, specialists; intersectoral balance of labor costs; work time balance. The system of balances and balance calculations is being developed for individual regions and for the state as a whole. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account: the conjuncture of the labor market, the dynamics and structure of jobs in the planning period; change in the demographic structure of the population, direction and scale of migration processes; the dynamics of the number and structure of employment of the population of working age; efficiency of use of labor resources; sources and scales of the formation of the professional qualification structure of employees; the rate of increase in labor productivity and the like.
Slide 14
The balance of labor resources is a system of interrelated indicators that characterize the formation and distribution of labor resources. It consists of two parts: resource (labor resources) and distribution (distribution of labor resources). In modern conditions of the formation of market relations, there is a discrepancy between the availability of resources and the need for them. The efficiency of using labor resources as an economic resource largely depends on the composition of labor resources by gender, age, education, professionalism, health status, etc. Labor resources, which are considered taking into account these parameters, represent labor potential. Labor potential is a set of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, abilities and capabilities of the able-bodied population, which are realized within and under the influence of the existing system of relations. The natural basis of these characteristics of the labor potential is the population, which is assessed depending on the demographic reproduction, life potential and health of different categories and age groups, migration movements.
slide 15
The labor potential of an employee is his possible labor capacity, his resource opportunities in the labor sphere. In the process of practical activity, potential opportunities are not always used to the full extent. At the enterprise, labor potential is the total working capacity of its team, resource opportunities in the field of work of all employees of the enterprise, based on their age, physical capabilities, knowledge and professional qualifications. Thus, the labor potential expresses, on the one hand, the possibility of participation of an employee or all members of the enterprise team in socially useful activities as a specific production resource, and on the other hand, a characteristic of the qualities of workers that reflect the level of development of their abilities, suitability and readiness to perform work of a certain type and quality, attitude to work, opportunities and readiness to work with full dedication of forces and abilities.
slide 16
The following parameters of the labor potential of the enterprise team are distinguished: 1) parameters of the production components of the labor potential: the number of personnel; the amount of working time that can be worked out at a normal level of labor intensity; professional qualification structure; raising and updating the professional level; creative activity. 2) parameters that characterize the socio-demographic components of the labor potential: gender and age structure; the level of education; family structure; state of health, etc. . Qualitative characteristics include evaluation of: - the physical and psychological potential of employees (the ability and inclination of the employee to work, health status, physical development, etc.); - the volume of general and special knowledge, labor skills and abilities that determine the ability to work of a certain quality (educational, qualification levels, etc.); - qualities of team members as business entities (responsibility, involvement in the economic activities of the enterprise, etc.).
Slide 17
Some qualitative characteristics can be assessed using quantitative indicators. For example, to assess the state of health, indicators of the frequency and severity of diseases per 100 employees are used, to assess the level of qualification - an indicator of the average category of workers, the level of professional training - an indicator of the proportion of people who have graduated from vocational schools, the number of months of professional training. The labor potential of an enterprise is a variable value. Its quantitative and qualitative characteristics change under the influence of both objective factors and managerial decisions.
Slide 18
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems.
Slide 19
The use of labor resources is characterized by the indicator of employment. Employment of the population is the activity of a part of the population aimed at creating a social product (national income). This is precisely its economic essence. Employment of the population is the most generalized characteristic of the economy. It reflects the achieved level of economic development, the contribution of human labor to the achievement of production. Employment combines production and consumption, and its structure determines the nature of their relationship. The social essence of employment reflects a person's need for self-expression, as well as for the satisfaction of material and spiritual needs through the income that a person receives for his work. The demographic essence of employment reflects the interdependence of employment with the sex and age characteristics of the population, its structure, and the like. The principles of employment in market conditions are: the right of citizens to dispose of their ability to productive and creative work. the responsibility of the state for creating conditions for the realization of the right of citizens to work, promoting the disclosure of the interests and needs of a person by providing freedom and voluntariness in choosing a sphere of socially useful activity.
Slide 20
In accordance with the International Classifier of Employment Status, six groups of the employed population are distinguished: employees; employers; persons who work at their own expense; members of production cooperatives; family members who help with work; workers who are not classified by status. According to the Law of Ukraine "On Employment of the Population", the employed population includes citizens of our country who legally reside in its territory, namely: 1. employed on a full or part-time basis (week) at enterprises, institutions, organizations regardless of the form of ownership, in international and foreign organizations in Ukraine and abroad; 2. citizens who independently provide themselves with work, including entrepreneurs, self-employed people, creative activities, members of cooperatives, farmers and members of their families who participate in production; 3. elected, appointed or approved to a paid position in public authorities, administration or public associations; 4. citizens who serve in the Armed Forces, border, internal, railway troops, national security and internal affairs agencies; 5. persons who undergo vocational training, retraining and advanced training with a break from work; students in daytime general education schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions; 6. engaged in raising children, looking after the sick, the disabled and elderly citizens; 7. working citizens of other states who are temporarily in Ukraine and perform functions not related to the activities of embassies and missions.
slide 21
The unemployed population is able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a permanent or temporary job, do not seek work that is not registered with the state employment service and have income outside of work. The temporarily unemployed population is able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a suitable job, registered with the state employment service as those who are looking for work. It is legally established that a job is considered suitable that meets the education, profession (specialty), qualifications of the employee and is provided in the same area where he lives. The salary must correspond to the level that a person had at his previous job, taking into account its average level, which has developed in the industry of the corresponding region over the past three months. An important problem of economic science, the key task of the socio-economic policy of the state is the achievement of full and effective employment. In modern economic theory and practice, full employment is understood as such a state of the economy in which everyone who wants to work has a job with pay at the level of real wages that exists at a given time.
slide 22
Full employment can be achieved at any level of involvement in paid work, if the number of jobs meets the needs of the population. However, not every workplace can satisfy the need for it. This is evidenced by the presence of vacant (unoccupied) jobs along with the presence of the unemployed. Therefore, we should talk about economically viable jobs, that is, productive jobs that enable a person to realize his personal interest, achieve a high level of labor productivity and have a decent income that guarantees the normal reproduction of the worker and his family. Therefore, full employment means matching the demand for economically viable jobs with the supply of labor. Such a balance makes it possible to ensure high results on the scale of the entire economy, since they are based on scientific and technological achievements and high labor productivity.
slide 23
Realization of the interests of society as a whole and each person in particular will be facilitated by: Continuous improvement of jobs, Creation of new jobs that meet modern requirements, Removal of old jobs that do not meet economic feasibility from the production process. In this interpretation, full employment can be called productive. Consequently, the further development of the economy should come from the interests of both the economy itself and the person (humanization of the economy). In a socially oriented economy, full employment can be effective if it provides a decent income, health, and an increase in the educational and professional level of each member of society based on the growth of social labor productivity.
slide 24
A quantitative assessment of effective employment can be characterized using a system of indicators: 1. The level of employment of the population in professional work. The coefficient of employment of the population by professional labor is determined by dividing those employed in professional labor by the total population. This indicator reflects the dependence of employment on demographic factors (birth rate, death rate and population growth). This coefficient is one of the characteristics of the well-being of society. 2. The level of employment of the able-bodied population in the public economy. This indicator is related to the dynamics of the working-age population, depending on changes in demographic and socio-economic factors. It is calculated similarly to the first indicator, that is, as the ratio of the number of people employed in professional work to the number of the entire working-age population (labor resources).
Slide 25
3. The level of distribution of the labor resources of the society in the spheres of socially useful activity. Employment rates in studies, in the household and in other types of socially useful activities are determined similarly to the previous ones in order to establish the necessary proportions in the distribution of labor resources. 4. The level of the rational structure of the distribution of workers across industries and sectors of the economy. This indicator characterizes rational employment and has independent significance. Rational employment is the proportion of the distribution of labor potential by type of occupation, industry, sector of the economy. 5. The level of professional and qualification structure of employees. This indicator characterizes the correspondence of the professional and qualification structure of the working population to the structure of jobs.
slide 26
Distinguish between primary and secondary employment. Primary employment characterizes employment at the main place of work. If, in addition to the main job or study, there is still additional employment, it is called secondary employment. Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of labor resources by areas of labor use, professions, specialties. When determining the types of employment, the following are taken into account: the nature of the activity; social belonging; industry affiliation; territorial affiliation; level of urbanization; professional qualification level; gender; age level; type of property. Employment by the nature of activity is: - work in organizations of different forms of ownership and management; - work abroad and at joint ventures; - Military service; - study in daytime educational institutions; - housekeeping; - individual labor activity; - raising children in the family; - looking after the sick, the disabled and the elderly; - other types of activity established by the legislation.
Slide 27
Employment by social class: workers; professionals, specialists, technical employees; leaders; farmers; entrepreneurs. Employment by industry: in the sphere of material production; in the non-manufacturing sector; in certain large sectors (industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, etc.). Employment by territorial affiliation: in certain regions; in economic regions. Employment by level of urbanization: in urban areas; in the countryside. Employment by type of ownership: state; private; collective; mixed. Employment for personal use of working time: full; incomplete; obvious incomplete; hidden incomplete; partial.
Slide 28
Full employment is an activity during a full working day (week, season, year), which provides income in the normal size for a given region. Underemployment characterizes the employment of a particular person or for part-time work or with incomplete pay or insufficient efficiency. Underemployment can be overt or covert. Explicit underemployment is predetermined by social reasons, in particular, the need to get an education, a profession, improve qualifications, and the like. Hidden underemployment reflects the imbalance between the labor force and other factors of production. It is associated, in particular, with a decrease in production volumes, the reconstruction of an enterprise and is manifested in low incomes of the population, incomplete use of professional competence or low labor productivity.
Slide 29
Part-time work is voluntary part-time work. In addition to these types of employment, there are also so-called non-traditional, which include: seasonal, temporary employment, part-time employment. Today in Ukraine, these types of employment cover a large part of the population. Part-time employment is part-time work due to the inability to provide the employee with work for the full working time or at the request of the employee in accordance with his social needs, as well as in connection with the modernization or reconstruction of production. Temporary employment is work on temporary contracts. Temporary employees are employees who are hired under contracts for a fixed period.
slide 30
Seasonal employment is employment that is associated with the specifics of production. Work is provided for a certain period on a full-time basis and is formalized by an appropriate contract. Under the conditions of the transitional economy in Ukraine, an unregulated form of employment is quite common, which functions both as a primary and as a secondary employment of citizens. Unregulated employment is the activity of the able-bodied population of working age, which is excluded from the sphere of social and labor norms and relations and is not taken into account by state statistics. The expansion of unregulated employment is accompanied by a further depreciation of the labor force, a decrease in motivation to work, primarily in the public sector, and an increase in inflation and prices. Income from such activities is not taxed, so the state incurs certain losses.
Slide 31
3. The social essence of employment. Unemployment problems
slide 32
View all slides
World Workforce - USA. The number and dynamics of the world population. The problem of employment. Demographic problems of developed countries. World labor market. The concept of demographic transition and its stages. Labor resources of the world economy. The concept of labor resources. Demographic problems of developing countries. The average annual rate of open unemployment.
"Labor resources of Russia" - The population follows production. Forecast balance of labor resources. The relationship between the needs of the economy and the state task. Application (use) of forecasting methodology. balance calculations. The forecast is quantitative. Additional need. Forecast of the balance of labor resources in Russia. Balance calculation of youth involvement.
"Problems of the labor market" - Mobility of labor resources. Low wages. Relationships in the labor market. features of the labor market. An effective tool for economic development. The system of socio-economic and legal relations. Product. The totality of social and labor relations. Owners. The labor market in Russia. The emergence of the labor market.
"Demand and supply for labor" - The supply of labor. Comparison of regions. Labor force situation. Labor competition. Demand and supply for labor. Labor resources. Satisfied demand. Work searches. The structure of the labor market by profession. Work saves a person from three main evils. Classification of markets. Market volume.
"Employment of the population" - Self-employed. Employment of the population is associated with material functions. Performing work under service contracts. The level of demographic load. Qualitative assessment of the labor potential of the country. Low-paid work. qualification structure. Human Development Index.
"Modern labor market" - Diploma of higher professional education. Issues of legal regulation of labor relations. Labor law. Imbalance of volumes and training profiles. Problem solving options. The problem of labor market interaction. The results of the study of the level of competitiveness of graduates. Examples of personnel policy.
There are 11 presentations in total in the topic