Examples of essays on social studies exam sociology. Material for preparing for the exam (GIA) in social studies (Grade 11) on the topic: an example of an essay in social studies. Political science essay

An essay is a literary genre of small volume and free composition. This written form was introduced into the USE as a means of assessing and evaluating students. In a prose essay, the examinee should express his own thoughts and impressions on the formulated problem. In order to understand how to write an essay on social science, you need to properly organize your educational activities and train on this task systematically.

In the process of preparation, one should learn to analyze the content of the text; check the style, consistency and consistency of the material presented; work with the final version and make important corrections to it. The study proceeds in five blocks (man and society; sociology, economics, politics and law), each of which will be reflected in the control and measuring material.

How to write an essay on social studies - features of preparing for the Unified State Examination 2018

Every year, the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) introduces innovations in the demonstration version of the Unified State Examination in social science. In 2018, the requirements and the assessment system for a social science essay (tasks 29) changed slightly.

Consider the amendments on specific examples:

The form remained the same - a mini-essay.
The term “problem”, which the author of the statement highlights, has been replaced by the word “idea”. This does not seem to make any fundamental difference. We will also talk about the considerations that arise when understanding the quote of the thinker.
The requirement to highlight several ideas, if they are embedded in the author's statement, is more unambiguously formulated. In the 2017 demo, this was described by the expression "if necessary ...".
Two examples from a variety of sources are still being evaluated.
A more rigorous claim is made for a detailed argument and its explicit connection with the idea of a designated quotation.

It follows from this that the volume of an essay claiming a high score will undergo an increase (examples will need to be expanded in more detail, several ideas need to be highlighted). The composition begins to gradually move away from the genre of light and transparent composition, when it is not necessary to thoroughly reveal the example, it is enough to voice the idea.

Plus, the criteria for evaluating the material written by the examinee have changed. A provision appeared on the correctness of the use of concepts, theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions.

For example, if a student writes that the reproductive function of the family is the upbringing of children, that stratification is the movement of an individual in a social structure, then he will receive 0 points on this basis, since his theoretical arguments are incorrect.

In all other respects, the KIMs of 2017 and 2018 are similar.

Structure and content of the essay

The form of a mini-essay provides scope for creative thought, subjectivity and artistic depiction.

However, in the practice of assessing task No. 29, a special rigor, accuracy and balance have formed, which follows from the structure and content of the written material.

The final version of the essay for a high score should include the following components:

Quote. One of the five proposed statements by the author, according to which the examinee preferred to express his position. To do this, it is necessary to identify with which sections of the course of social science the problematics considered by the thinker is connected and to evaluate one's own knowledge on it.
Quotes and statements of thinkers can be used in the work
The problem (topic) raised by the thinker, its relevance. It is a subjective author's position. The student must identify the problem and express their personal written response to the question posed.
List of Philosophy Topics
Suggested list of topics in economics and sociology
The meaning of the author's statement represents his subjective opinion on the designated problem. The examinee can support the proposed idea completely or partially or completely refute it. In any case, this point should be explicitly reflected in the prose essay, since a clearly defined evaluation criterion is established for it. Material written by a student without a correctly understood meaning will be evaluated at 0 points.
The meaning of the statement is the subjective opinion of the author on the designated topic
own point of view. This is the personal opinion of the examinee regarding the issue raised. The stated judgment must meet the signs of logic and certainty. It flows through the entire text and cannot have contradictory statements.
Your own point of view should be logical and definite
theoretical reasoning. Social science knowledge (concepts, terms, contradictions, directions of scientific thought, interconnections, as well as opinions of scientists, thinkers). They must correspond to the topic of the block on which the student is writing an essay.
Theoretical argumentation must necessarily correspond to the topic of the essay
factual reasoning. Two options are allowed here: the use of examples from history, literature and events in society; appeal to empirical experience.
With factual argumentation, you can use examples from history or refer to empirical experience.
The conclusion is the logical conclusion of the reasoning. It should not coincide verbatim with the judgment given for justification. With correct spelling, one or two sentences should highlight the main ideas of the arguments and come to the final conclusion, which the student adhered to throughout the essay.
The essay should have a logical conclusion

Thus, to write an essay on social science for a high score, you should read all the quotes in task No. 29 and determine their problems. In each statement, you will need to find the answer to the question "What did the author want to say?" and choose the most appropriate topic.

You can evaluate your strength mentally by answering the questions:

What basic social science theoretical provisions does the proposed statement correspond to?
What do I need to know to unlock it?

After that, make sure that you own the fundamental concepts of the block to which the statement refers and understand its meaning.

Make a proposed writing plan, but keep in mind the time limit for the exam.

Subject to all the above conditions and regular training on task No. 29, the examinee is guaranteed to cope with the essay.

How to issue

It must be borne in mind that an essay is a small essay, distinguished by semantic unity.

Additional benefits in assessing assignment No. 29 by the experts will be the inclusion in it:

basic information about the author of the statement (for example, "outstanding German economist", "famous Russian thinker of the Golden Age", "famous existentialist philosopher", "founder of the rational trend in philosophy", etc.);
indications of alternative ways of solving the stated issue;
descriptions of different points of view on the problem or different approaches to its solution.

These grounds are not directly noted in the assessment criteria, but they will demonstrate the erudition of the examinee and his deep preparation.

It is also worth remembering that your work will be evaluated by an expert. A plus would be to write the text in the USE form in neat handwriting, systematized and without careless blots.

cliché phrases

Cliche phrases are understood as standard patterns of word usage, typical schemes of phrases and syntactic constructions. With the help of these speech formulas, the process of writing an essay on social studies undergoes a significant simplification.

For the first part of a prose essay, when formulating an understanding of the statement, its problems and relevance, the following phrases are perfect:

“In his saying, the author meant that ...”;
“The thinker tried to convey to us the idea that ...”;
“The meaning of the proposed statement is that ...”;
“The urgency of the problem raised is manifested in the fact that…”;
"This issue is relevant in the conditions of ...".

In the following paragraph, a number of standard clichés are used to substantiate one's own position regarding the statement:

"I fully agree with the author of the quote that...";
“It is impossible not to agree with the thinker of the indicated statement...”;
“The agent was absolutely right in asserting that...”;
“In my opinion, (the writer, philosopher, economist) extremely accurately reflected in his statement the picture of modern reality by the fact that ...”;
“Let me disagree with the author’s opinion that ...”
"In part, I share the thinker's point of view about ..., but with ... I can not agree."

In theoretical argumentation, expressions are used:

“Let's analyze the idea proposed by the author from the point of view of (economic, legal, sociological) theory…”;
“Let's turn to the theoretical understanding of the statement ...”;
“In (sociological, political, philosophical) science, this statement has its grounds ...”;
“The proposed quotation has a deep social science justification ...”;
“To substantiate this statement from a theoretical standpoint…”;
“In the social studies course (law, political science, etc.)…”;

In terms of selecting facts, examples from public life and empirical social experience, the following phrases are used:

“Let's give a justification from public life, confirming my idea ...”;
“Based on personal experience, (according to the stories of my parents, classmates ...) circumstances indicate the opposite ...”;
“The position that sympathizes with me is confirmed by examples from life ...”;
“Let's turn to similar situations in (history, literature, cinema)…”;
“Confirmation of the quote of the thinker we meet at every step…”;

In conclusion, the following speech clichés are used:

“Based on the foregoing, it should be concluded that…”;
“Summing up a general line, I would like to note that…”;
“Finishing the work, it can be argued that ...”;
"Thus …";

Some experts are of the opinion that the abuse of such hackneyed phrases should be avoided. Although when writing an essay, they help to formulate thoughts and clearly delimit the text. It will be better if you do not take a large number of ready-made clichés, but change them, keeping the meaning.

Criteria for evaluating an essay in social studies

In general, for a mini-essay, one could get 6 primary points, which are evaluated according to the following criteria:

Revealing the meaning of the statement. In this case, one or more ideas contained in the author's statement must be correctly highlighted. For this, the examinee is entitled to 1 primary point. For non-disclosure, you will receive 0 not only for this criterion, but for the entire essay.
Theoretical content of the mini-essay. It is estimated at 2 points maximum if a connected chain of theoretical reasoning and constructions can be traced. Separate positions that are not connected in a single picture, but related to the topic, are evaluated only by 1 point. Off topic 0 points.
The correctness of the use of concepts, theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions. This criterion gives the student 1 point for the absence of errors in theoretical constructions and terms. Not scored if there are theoretical inaccuracies.
The quality of the facts and examples given. Two examples should be clearly related to the selected provisions and theses, as well as deployed. Then the examinee will receive the maximum score for this criterion - 2. With one painted example, only 1 point. Complete absence of examples - 0 points.

In the Unified State Exam in Social Studies, an essay is the most valuable task in terms of points. This creative essay should be given increased attention and practiced frequently over it.

Reading additional literature on law, philosophy, sociology, economics and political science will greatly help you choose the right argument and most fully reveal the proposed problem. Understanding the evaluation criteria will help indicate the required points in the essay and get the maximum score.

The social value of an individual is largely determined by what needs prevail in her. Ya. L. Kolomensky

With his quote, Kolomensky emphasizes the influence of needs on the self-development of the individual and giving it a socially significant character.

The formation of personality as an individual with socially significant features is influenced by many factors, including needs. What is it?

In sociology, needs are commonly understood as a perceived need for something by a person. In the first phases of the development of human society, the needs were simple and boiled down to maintaining one's body and security. As the social organization became more complex, they expanded, modified and adjusted. They acted as a motive for human activity.

In sociology, it is customary to subdivide needs into biological, social, and ideal or spiritual. There are many classifications of needs. They can be subdivided according to the spheres of society's life (material, social, spiritual), according to the subject (individual, collective, group), according to the degree of significance for the individual and society - imaginary or genuine. They reflect the very attitude of the individual and the totality of values that correct these needs.

The most famous is the pyramid of needs according to A. Maslow. The American sociologist based it on physiological and existential (safety, comfort) needs. A higher level assigned to the social, connected with the existential, providing the individual with the possibility of favorable psychological contact and communication in a social group. This is followed by prestigious ones that allow you to achieve success in life, make a career, and improve your social status. And, finally, the need for self-actualization, when an individual seeks to maximize his own "I", to achieve happiness in spiritual self-improvement, to understand the meaning of life.

Social norms and values impose a special imprint on a person who seeks to satisfy needs. In the human community, even biological needs are socially colored. We cannot behave like animals: we prefer to eat healthy food, live in clean conditions, dress in clothes for the season and depending on the nature of the activity, and relieve ourselves in specially designated places.

Kolomensky's thought leads us to the understanding that needs are adjusted by social norms and supported by social institutions. As far as a person has managed to assimilate these norms and obey the requirements of a social institution, so much is she in demand. Social benefit, therefore, is expressed in the ability of an individual to adapt his needs (caused by dissatisfaction) to the rules of life of the social group to which he belongs.

Take, for example, our football team, which, to the surprise of many, successfully performed at the 2018 World Cup. The need to prove to the fans of the country that Russian football is not dead forced the team and the coaching staff to work tirelessly before and during the match. As a result, for the first time in Russian football history, the team managed to reach the ¼ finals and thus win the support and universal love of the country's fans. Surprisingly, even those who are not interested in football followed the match. This means that the social and prestigious needs of the team coincided with the needs of the entire football community, which is proud that the Russian team did not show itself as an outsider at the championship.

But not always the needs of the individual coincide with the needs of society, its values and norms. Then severe sanctions are applied to violators.

Suffice it to recall the greed, money-grubbing and desire for omnipotence of the old woman from "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by A.S. Pushkin. The desire to live at the expense of others, to satisfy their base needs, pushing others around, for the heroine of the tale ended in failure. Not knowing the measure, she literally ended up with nothing.

The problem raised by Kolomensky, which reflects the commensurability of one's own needs with the demands of society and its values, will always be relevant, since a person cannot live outside the social environment and ignore social norms. In turn, the development of the needs of the individuals themselves contributes to the development of society as a whole and the development of new norms and values. So, this process is mutual.

Use the list of possible topics when preparing and writing an essay ().

Topics are divided into blocks:

Philosophy
Social Psychology
Economy
Sociology
Political science

Philosophy Essay Topics

"Man is unthinkable outside of society." L. Tolstoy
"Man is of value to society only insofar as he serves it." A. France
"Only he comprehends the truth, who carefully studies nature, people and himself." N.N. Pirogov
"History by itself can neither compel a person nor draw him into a dirty business." P. Sartre
“History is the truth that becomes a lie. A myth is a lie that becomes the truth." J. Cocteau
"A world in which evil would prevail over good would not exist or would disappear." E. Renan
“To see and feel is to be, to think is to live.” W. Shakespeare
“Our views are like our clocks: they all show different times, but everyone believes only his own.” A. Pop
"World history is the sum of all that could have been avoided." B. Russell
"Life has exactly the value we want it to have." I. Berdyaev
"Society does not necessarily conform to political boundaries." S. Turner
“We should strive to learn facts, not opinions, and, on the contrary, find a place for these facts in the system of our opinions.” G. Lichtenberg
"Knowledge and life are inseparable." L. Feuchtwanger
"The fullness of knowledge always means some misunderstanding of the depth of our ignorance." R. Milliken
“To acquire knowledge is still not enough for a person; one must be able to give it away in growth.” I. Goethe
“To know is to fully understand the whole of nature.” F. Nietzsche
"There are two kinds of knowledge: one by means of the senses, the other by thought." Democritus
"He who has not studied the man in himself will never reach a deep knowledge of people." N.G. Chernyshevsky
"Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other." Seneca
“In an immoral society, all inventions that increase the power of man over nature are not only not good, but an undeniable and obvious evil.” L. Tolstoy
"There is no progress without struggle." F. Douglas
"Man out of society or god or beast." Aristotle
“Man is not a thing, but a living being, which can be understood only in the long process of its development. At any moment of his life, he is not yet what he can become, and what he may yet become. Aristotle
“If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any “how”. F. Nietzsche
"A child at the moment of birth is not a man, but only a candidate for man." A. Pieron
"Man is a fundamental novelty in nature." ON THE. Berdyaev
"Man is the only animal for whom his own existence is a problem: he must solve it, and there is no escape from it." E. Fromm
"The pains of creativity and the joys of creativity are a single whole." I. Shevelev
"Man is nature's unexpected, beautiful, painful attempt to realize itself." V. Shukshin
“The most important task of civilization is to teach man to think.” T. Edison
“Man is meant to live in society; he is not fully human and contradicts his essence if he lives as a hermit. I. Fichte
"No vessel can hold more than its volume, except for the vessel of knowledge - it is constantly expanding." Arabic proverb
“Information without human understanding is like an answer without a question – it has no meaning.” A. Maslow
“Everything that a person touches acquires something human.” S. Marshak
“In order to know something, you must already know something.” S. Lem
“Those doubts that theory does not resolve, practice will resolve you.” L. Feuerbach
"How many, however, there are things that I don't need." Socrates
“The end can only be achieved when the means itself is already permeated through and through by the own nature of the end.” F. Lassalle
“If there is no goal, you do nothing, and you do nothing great if the goal is insignificant.” D. Diderot
"The beast never comes to such a terrible fall as a man comes to." ON THE. Berdyaev
"Man can do without many things, but not without man." L. Berne
“In man, the duties of the king are carried out by reason.” E. Rotterdam

Social Psychology Essay Topics

“We are shaped by the things we do.” Aristotle
"Everyone wants to be the exception to the rule, and there is no exception to this rule." M. Forbes
"Man does what he is and becomes what he does." R. Musil
“The process of socialization is entering the social environment, adapting to it, mastering certain roles and functions, which, following its predecessors, is repeated by each individual throughout the entire history of its formation and development.” B.D. Parygin
“When explaining any mental phenomena, a person acts as a united set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted.” S.L. Rubinstein
“Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life.” V.G. Belinsky
"Man is inconceivable without contact with the people around him." A.M. Yakovlev
“Man is a being who rushes towards the future and realizes that he is projecting himself into the future.” J.P. Sartre
“Man will become, first of all, what he is designed to be.” J.P. Sartre
“Man simply exists, and he is not only what he imagines himself to be, but what he wants to become.” J.P. Sartre
"Human essence is present only in communication, in the unity of man with man." L. Feuerbach
"Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness." K.K. Platonov
"The family is the primary womb of human culture." I. Ilyin
"People exist for each other." M. Aurelius
“Truth is forgotten in disputes. The smartest one stops the argument. L. Tolstoy
“Look at my children. My former freshness is alive in them. They are the justification for my old age.” W. Shakespeare
“In married life, the united couple should form, as it were, a single moral personality.” I. Kant
“The personality of a person is in no sense pre-existent in relation to his activity, like his consciousness, it is generated by it.” A.N. Leontiev
“One and the same person, entering different teams, changing target settings, can change - sometimes within very significant limits.” Yu.M. Lotman
“Good people become more by exercise than by nature.” Democritus “We must always try to look not for what separates us from other people, but for what we have with
them in common." D. Reskin
“To decipher man means, in essence, to try to find out how the world was formed and how it
must continue to form” P. Teilhard de Chardin
"A role is not a person, but ... an image behind which it is hidden." A.N. Leontiev
"He who, turning to the old, is able to discover the new, is worthy of being a teacher." Confucius
“Independence and freethinking are the essence of creativity.” F. Mitterrand
"The mere absence of vice does not imply the presence of virtue." A. Machado
“We need to stand on our own feet and look the world straight in the face…see the world for what it is and not be afraid of it.” B. Russell
"People are born only with pure nature, and only then do their fathers make them Jews, Christians or fire worshipers." Saadi
“There is no unconditional opposition between tradition and reason… Preservation of the old is the free attitude of man.” H.G. Gadamer
"Becoming part of an organized crowd, a person descends several steps down the ladder of civilization." G. Lebon
“Learn to rule yourself” A.S. Pushkin
"The great secret of any behavior is social behavior ... Not in the least degree would I dare to say anything about how a person will behave in a group." F. Bartlett
"The pinnacle of ourselves, the crown of our originality, is not our individuality, but our personality." P. Teilhard de Chardin
"Without society, man would be pathetic, lacking the urge to improve." W. Godwin
“Nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him.” V.G. Belinsky
"Family interests almost always ruin the interests of the public." F. Bacon
“All marriages are successful. Difficulties begin when life begins together. F. Sagan
"All kinds of arts serve the greatest of the arts - the art of living on Earth." B. Brecht
“The great goal of education is not knowledge, but action” G. Spencer
“Morality is not a list of actions and not a collection of rules that can be used like pharmaceutical or culinary recipes” D. Dewey

Economics Essay Topics

“Without development there is no entrepreneurial profit, without the latter there is no development.” J. Schumpeter
"Wherever there is commerce, there are mild manners." C. Montesquieu
"Economic competition is not war, but rivalry in the interests of each other." E. Kannan
“To make a lot of money is courage, to keep their wisdom, and to spend it skillfully is an art.” B.Auerbach
"Competitiveness is born not in the world market, but within the country." M. Porter
"Socialism is an equal distribution of squalor, while capitalism is an unequal distribution of bliss." W. Churchill
"Business is the art of getting money out of another person's pocket without resorting to violence." M. Amsterdam
“Wealth is not in the possession of treasures, but in the ability to use them.” Napoleon I
"All commerce is an attempt to foresee the future." S. Butler
"The surest profit is that which is the result of thrift." Publius Cyrus
"Whoever wants the least, has the least need." Publius Cyrus
"Moderation is the wealth of the poor, greed is the poverty of the rich." Publius Cyrus
"Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources." L. Peter
"There are no free breakfasts." B. Crane
“The whole advantage of having money lies in the ability to use it.” B. Franklin
“Markets, like parachutes, only work when they are open.” G. Schmidt
“A recession is when your neighbor loses his job, a crisis is when you lose your job.” G. Truman
"The market price of each commodity is governed by the ratio between the quantity currently offered on the market and the demand of those who are willing to pay its natural price for this commodity." A. Smith
"The indispensable condition for the operation of economic laws is free competition." A. Smith
“Taxes are the price we pay to live in a civilized society.” OU. Holmes
"Each person should be given an equal right to pursue his own benefit, and the whole society benefits from this." A. Smith
“The effectiveness of a particular economic system should be judged by comparing it with alternative options ...” A. Smith
"Friendship based on business is preferable to business based on friendship." J. Rockefeller
"Even the most generous person tries to pay cheaper for what is bought daily." B. Show
“Economy is the ability to make the best use of life.” B. Show
“Capital is the portion of wealth that we sacrifice to increase our wealth.” A. Marshall
"Money is the measure of all things traded." A.N. Radishchev
"The first rule of business is to treat others as they would like to treat you." Ch. Dickens
“Wealth is an extra luxury, it is a theft committed from others.” R. Rolland
"Happiness is not in money, but in how to increase it." American proverb
"Money either dominates its owner or serves him." Horace
“What must not be forgotten is the simple truth: everything that the government gives, it first took away.” D. Coleman
"Property is theft." P.Zh. Proudhon
"Poverty is slavery, but excessive wealth is also slavery." J. Jaures
"True poor is only one who wants more than he can have." A. Jussier
"In the ordinary and daily state of affairs, the demand for any goods precedes their supply." D. Ricardo
"It is not the art of acquiring that should be learned, but the art of spending." I. Stobey
"Savings make up the richest income." I. Stobey
"Taxes are money levied on a part of society for the benefit of the whole." I. Sherr
"Competition provides the best qualities of products and develops the worst qualities of people." D. Sarnoff
"Without competitors, even a very rich country can quickly decline." E. Grove
"The pursuit of profit is the only way people can satisfy the needs of those they don't know at all." F. Hayek
"Three things make a nation great and prosperous: fertile soil, active industry, and ease of movement of people and goods." F. Bacon
“Not to lay a hand on amateur performance, but to develop it, creating favorable conditions for its use - this is the true task of the state in the national economy.” S.Yu. Witte

Political Science Essay Topics

"Politics disguises lies into truth and truth into lies." P. Buast
"Good politics is no different from healthy morality." G.B. de Mably
"Politics is about business decisions, not long-winded speeches about decisions." F. Burlatsky
“Politics is essentially power: the ability to achieve a desired result, by whatever means.” E Heywood
“Politics is the art of adapting to circumstances and taking advantage of what is disgusting.” O. Bismarck
"There is no human soul that can withstand the temptations of power." Plato
"Power is dangerous when the conscience is at odds in it." W. Shakespeare
"The whole secret of politics is to know the time to lie, and to know the time to remain silent." Marquise de Pompadour
"Morality without politics is useless; politics without morality is inglorious." A.P. Sumarokov
"The most fatal mistake that has ever been made in the world is the separation of political science from moral science." P. Shelley
"High places make great people greater, and low places lower." J. La Bruyère
"International politics, like any other, is a struggle for power." G. Morgenthau
"Political culture is just a manifestation of how people perceive politics and how they interpret what they see." S. Verba
“The difference between a statesman and a politician is that a politician is oriented towards the next elections, and a statesman is oriented towards the next generations.” W. Churchill
"The rulers become clever vote-pickers." K.P. Pobedonostsev
“State power is the will of some (those in power) based on independent strength to subjugate the will of others (subjects). G.F. Shershenevich
"The state is the territory of power." A. Kruglov
"States are acquired either by one's own or by someone else's weapons, or by the grace of fate, or by valor." N. Machiavelli
"The more developed the state, the more it is removed from society." V.B. Shepherds
"The task of the state is only to eliminate evil and the state is not obliged to promote the well-being of citizens." W. Humboldt
“Next to the activities of the state, it is necessary to provide an opportunity and a wide range of personal freedom. The goal of social life consists in the harmonious agreement of both elements, and not in the sacrifice of one in favor of the other. B. Chicherin
"Justice is a public good." Aristotle
“The well-being of the state is ensured not by the money that it annually releases to officials, but by the money that it annually leaves in the pockets of citizens” I. Eötvös
"There are no single and the same ideas of individual freedom, the legal system, the constitutional state, the same for all peoples." B. Kistyakovsky
"The greatness and sanctity of the state consists, first of all, in the steady implementation of justice." A. Steel
“Any government degrades if it is entrusted only to the rulers of the people. Only the people themselves are the reliable custodian of power and the people.” T. Jefferson
"Total obedience to the law of kindness will eliminate the need for government and state." O. Frontingham
“Lack of money, but of people and talents, makes the state weak.” Voltaire
“In a democracy, a person not only enjoys the greatest possible power, but also bears the greatest possible responsibility.” N. Cousins
"Democracy does not mean that people actually govern, but only that they have the opportunity to elect rulers." J. Schumpeter
"We choose democracy not because it is replete with virtues, but to avoid tyranny." K. Popper
"The principle of democracy decays not only when the spirit of equality is lost, but also when the spirit of equality is carried to the extreme and everyone wants to be equal to those whom he has elected as his rulers." Sh.-L. Montesquieu
“The democratic system is far from always and not everywhere in place. It has its necessary foundations or "prerequisites": if they are not there, then democracy does not give anything but long-term decay and death. I. Ilyin
“A participant in a democratic system needs personal character and devotion to the motherland, traits that ensure certainty of outlook, incorruptibility, responsibility and civil courage in him.” I. Ilyin
"When a tyrant rules, the people are silent, and the laws do not work." Saadi
“If people hoped to find better conditions for themselves in a tyrannical state of a firm hand, they rushed there headlong” F. Guicciardini
“A tyrant is a robber who is not afraid of either judgment or punishment. This is a judge without trial and law. Y. Krizhanich
"Totalitarianism is a political system that has infinitely expanded its intervention in the lives of citizens." I. Ilyin
“At the head of it (totalitarianism) march the most ruthless, those who have nothing to lose, to whom war is their mother, and civil war is their fatherland.” C. Hayden
“The best should rule in all states and under all regimes. Any regime is bad if the worst govern under it. I. Ilyin
"There is a minimum level of education and awareness without which every vote becomes its own caricature." I. Ilyin
"Citizen's freedom is the basis of the rule of law." Robert von Mol Jurisprudence
“All power presupposes a minimum of law, all law presupposes a minimum of power.” B.P. Vysheslavtsev
"The more developed, more mature and deeper the legal consciousness, the more perfect the law." I.A. Ilyin
"The freedom of one person ends where the freedom of another begins." M. Bakunin
"The right of man must be considered sacred, no matter what sacrifices it may cost the ruling power." I. Kant
"Legality is one of the greatest achievements of the liberal era, which served not only as a shield of freedom, but as a well-functioning legal mechanism for its implementation." F. Hayek
"Punishment cannot be eternal, but guilt endures forever." A saying from Roman law "In sound theory, as well as in practice, freedom only becomes a right when it is recognized by law." B. Chicherin
"A people with a developed sense of justice should be interested in and cherish their court as the guardian and body of their law and order." B. Kistyakovsky
"The strong power of the coming Russia will not be extra-legal and not super-legal, but formalized by law and serving by law, with the help of law - the national legal order." I. Ilyin
"Society is forced to constantly make efforts to orient its entire legal and political system towards the observance of human rights." J. Maritain
“The law is the right of property based on power; where there is no power, there the law dies.” N. Chamfort
"The law reveals its beneficial effect only to those who obey it." Democritus
"Any atrocity has its own morality that justifies it." W. Schwebel
“I consider it obligatory for everyone to unquestioningly and unswervingly obey the laws.” Socrates
"What is a right and what is an offense, this should be determined by the law." Latin legal saying
"Intention must be subject to laws, not laws to intentions." Latin legal saying
"The presumption is valid until proven otherwise." Latin legal saying
"When the law gives a right, it also gives a remedy for it." Latin legal saying
“In the old days they said that the law lives with freedom like a cat and a dog. Every law is bondage." N.M. Karamzin
“Laws are good, but they still need to be well implemented in order for people to be happy.” N.M. Karamzin
"The law exists in vain for those who have neither the courage nor the means to defend it." T. Macaulay
“The law is not a web through which large flies break through and small flies get stuck.” O. Balzac
“Laws should have the same meaning for everyone.” C. Montesquieu
“Laws are needed not only to frighten citizens, but also to help them.” Voltaire
"The law should be like death, which spares no one." C. Montesquieu
"The cruelty of laws hinders their observance." C. Montesquieu
“Not to be subject to any law means to be deprived of the most saving protection, for the laws must protect us not only from others, but also from ourselves.” G. Heine
"Bad laws are the worst kind of tyranny." E. Burke
"To leave a crime unpunished is to become its accomplice." P. Crebillon
“Law is not a concept of logic, but of force.” R. Yering
“Submission to the law is required by right, and not begged for as a favor.” T. Roosevelt
“It is impossible for a person, as a spiritual being, to live on earth without law” I. Ilyin
"Look into the causes of all licentiousness and you will see that it stems from impunity." C. Montesquieu
"He who defends his right defends the right in general." R. Yering
"He who spares the guilty punishes the innocent." Axiom of law
"The legislator must think like a philosopher and speak like a peasant." G. Jellinek
"The purpose of punishment is not revenge, but correction." A.N. Radishchev
“Terrible lawlessness can be committed under the guise of right over right itself.” R. Yering
"For citizens, the right is the permission to do whatever is not forbidden." L. Tolstoy
"Citizens enjoy the greater freedom, the more cases the laws leave to their discretion." T. Hobbes
“Everything that does not restrict the freedom of other people is allowed, and therefore not prescribed.” G. Hegel
"I see the imminent destruction of that state, where the law has no force and is under someone's authority." Plato
"The foundations of every state and the foundation of any country rest on fairness and justice." As-Samarakandi
"The true equality of citizens consists in their being equally subject to the laws." J. D'Alembert
"We must be slaves to the laws in order to be free." Cicero
“Other crimes are so loud and grandiose that we justify them and even glorify them: for example, we call robbing the treasury dexterity, and we call the unjust seizure of foreign lands conquest.” F. La Rochefoucauld
"Ignorance of the law is not an excuse. But knowledge often liberates. S. Lets
"The reform of morals must begin with the reform of the laws." K. Helvetius
"Unjust laws do not create law." Cicero
"The true equality of citizens is that they are all equally subject to the laws." J. D'Alembert

Essay Topics in Sociology

“Children give their debt to their parents to their children.” I.N. Shevelev
"The family is the crystal of society." V. Hugo
"The family is more sacred than the state." Pius XI
"A woman, like a caryatid, props up the family hearth." I.N. Shevelev
"The roots of nationalism are in the division of the population into indigenous and non-indigenous." I.N. Shevelev
"Each nation - great or small - has its own unique crystal, which must be able to highlight." I.N. Shevelev
"Nationalism is not love for one's own nation, but hatred for another." I.N. Shevelev
"The lack of a sense of national dignity is as disgusting as the other extreme - nationalism." I.N. Shevelev
"The greatness of a people is not at all measured by its number, just as the greatness of a man is not measured by his height." V. Hugo
"I'm too proud of my country to be a nationalist." J. Wolfrom
"A nation does not need cruelty to be steadfast." F. Roosevelt
"No nation can achieve prosperity until it realizes that plowing a field is as worthy an occupation as writing a poem." B. Washington
"Every nationality is the wealth of a single and fraternally united humanity, and not an obstacle in its path." ON THE. Berdyaev
“Nations are the wealth of mankind, these are its generalized personalities; the smallest of them carries its own special colors. A. Solzhenitsyn
"Of all the threads that bind a person to his homeland, the strongest is his native language." I.N. Shevelev
“A nation is a collection of people, different in character, tastes and views, but interconnected by strong, deep and comprehensive spiritual ties.” D. Gibran
“A nation is a community of people who, through a common destiny, acquire a single character.” O. Bauer
"There is not a single real sign for the definition of an ethnos applicable to all known cases." L.N. Gumilyov
"Love all other nations as your own." V. Solovyov
"Classes will disappear as inevitably as they inevitably arose in the past." F. Engels
“Inequality lies in nature itself; it is an inevitable consequence of freedom.” J.Renan
"Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other." I. Sherr
“The equality of man in society has in mind only rights, but it concerns states no more than growth, strength, mind, activity, labor.” P. Vergniaud
“The higher the position of a person, the more strict should be the framework that restrains the self-will of his character.” G. Freitag
"Very rich people are not like you and me." F.S. Fitzgerald
"The same social role is experienced, evaluated and implemented differently by different people." I.S. Kon
"Take the place and position that befits you, and everyone will recognize it." R. Emerson
"Having obeyed the law of the crowd, we return to the stone age." S. Parkinson
"Society is a balance beam that cannot raise some without lowering others." J. Vanier
"Accurate knowledge of society is among our most recent acquisitions." E. Giddens
“Society is not a simple group of individuals, but a system…”. E.E. Durkheim
“Marginality is the result of conflict with social norms.” A. Farzhd
“A mass is a multitude of people without any special merit.” J. Ortega y Gaset
"Freedom is the right to inequality." ON THE. Berdyaev
“It is not good to be too free. It is not good not to know the need for anything.” B. Pascal
"It is easy to preach morality, it is difficult to justify it." A. Schopenhauer
"The process of socialization in simple and complex societies proceeds differently." I. Robertson
“We make rules for others, exceptions for ourselves.” Sh. Lemel
“Great authority must be used carefully, like all heavy ones: otherwise you can accidentally crush someone.” E. Servus
“Youth is the time for acquiring wisdom.” J.-J. Rousseau
"A person ... acquires a sense of justice very early, but very late or does not acquire the concept of justice at all." I. Kant
"Who knows how to deal with conflicts by recognizing them, takes control of the rhythm of history." R. Dahrendorf
“It is much more important to instill in people morals and customs than to give them laws and courts.” O. Mirabeau

In this article, you will learn how to write an essay on social studies. Examples are attached.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that in order to learn how to write an essay on social studies, it takes quite a long time. It is impossible to write an essay without preliminary preparation, which would be rated by experts for a high score. Sustainable skills, good results appear after 2-3 months of work (about 15-20 written essays). It is systematic studies, purposefulness that bring high performance. You need to hone your skills in practice with the direct help and careful supervision of a teacher.

Video - how to write an essay on social studies

If you have not yet encountered writing an essay, watch the video.

Unlike an essay on literature or the Russian language, where the minimum amount of work is clearly stipulated and general reflection (“philosophizing” without specification is allowed), in an essay on social science the volume is not limited, but its structure and content are fundamentally different. An essay on social science is actually the answer to the question: “Do I agree with this statement and why?”. That is why a strict argumentation, scientific character and concretization must be present in an essay on social science. At the same time, it should be noted that very paradoxical, unusual statements are often used as the topic of an essay, requiring figurative thinking, a non-standard approach to revealing the problem. This inevitably leaves its mark on the style of the essay, requires maximum concentration of effort and attention.

I would also like to add that the exam essays are evaluated by specific people. In order for an expert who checks from 50 to 80 works a day to mark some essay as worthy of attention, this essay must not only meet all the requirements below, but also be distinguished by a certain originality, originality and originality - this is implied by the essay genre itself. Therefore, it is necessary not only to present scientific and factual material on the topic, but also to pleasantly surprise with the originality and flexibility of one's thinking.

Algorithm for writing an essay during the exam

First of all, during the exam it is necessary to correctly allocate time. Practice shows that to write an essay, it is necessary to allocate at least 1-1.5 hours out of 3.5 hours allotted for the exam in social studies. It is best to start writing an essay after all the other tasks of KIM have been solved, because. this type of work requires maximum concentration of the graduate's efforts.
Carefully read all the proposed topics to choose from.
Choose those topics that are understandable, i.e. - the student must clearly understand what this statement is about, what the author wanted to say with this phrase. In order to remove doubts about whether he understands the topic correctly, the graduate must reformulate the phrase in his own words, defining the main idea. The student can do this orally or on a draft.
From the selected understandable statements, it is necessary to choose one topic - the one that the student knows best. It should be noted that often examinees choose topics that are easy, in their opinion, but which turn out to be difficult when revealing the topic due to the limited scientific and factual material on this issue (in other words, everything is said in the phrase itself, nothing can be added). In such cases, the essay is reduced to a simple statement of the meaning of the statement in different versions and is assessed by experts because of the poor evidence base low. Therefore, you need to choose the topic of the essay so that the student, when writing it, can fully show the completeness of his knowledge and the depth of his thoughts (i.e., the topic should be winning).
When choosing an essay topic, it is necessary to pay attention to which social science this statement is related to. Practice shows that a number of phrases can refer to several sciences at once. For example, I. Goethe's statement “Man is determined not only by natural qualities, but also by acquired ones” can belong to philosophy, social psychology, and sociology. Accordingly, the content of the essay should differ depending on this, i.e. must be in accordance with the specified basic science.
The essay does not need to be completely written on a draft. Firstly, because of the limited time, and secondly, because at the time of writing an essay, some thoughts come, and at the time of rewriting, others, and it is much more difficult to remake a finished text than to create a new one. On the draft, the graduate makes only a plan of his essay, approximate brief outlines of the meaning of the phrase, his argumentation, points of view of scientists, concepts and theoretical provisions that he is going to cite in his work, as well as the approximate order of their arrangement one after another, taking into account the semantic logic of the essay.
Without fail, the student must express his personal attitude to the chosen topic in a clearly expressed formulation (“I agree”, “I disagree”, “I do not completely agree”, “I agree, but partially” or similar in meaning and meaning of the phrase) . The presence of a personal relationship is one of the criteria on the basis of which the essay is evaluated by experts.
Without fail, the graduate must state his understanding of the meaning of the statement. Those. the high school student explains in his own words what the author wanted to say with this phrase. It is more expedient to do this at the very beginning of the essay. And if we combine the requirements of this paragraph with the provisions of the previous one, then this is how, for example, the beginning of an essay on philosophy will look like “Before talking about the good of satisfying needs, you need to decide what needs are good”: “I fully agree with the statement of the great Russian writer of the second halfXIX- earlyXXcenturies L.N. Tolstoy, in which he speaks of real and imaginary needs.
You need to be very careful when choosing arguments to support your point of view. Arguments must be convincing and substantiated. As arguments, data from relevant sciences, historical facts, and facts from public life are used. Arguments of a personal nature (examples from personal life) are rated the lowest, so their use as an evidence base is undesirable. It should be remembered that any personal example can be easily “turned” into an example from public life, from social practice, if you write about it in a third person (for example, not “The saleswoman in the store got nasty to me, thereby violating my consumer rights”, a “Let's assume that the saleswoman was rude to citizen S.. Thus, she violated his rights as a consumer.” The number of arguments in an essay is not limited, but 3-5 arguments are the most optimal for revealing the topic. It should also be remembered that examples from history are most relevant in political science, partly in legal and sociological topics, as well as in philosophical topics related to the theory of social progress. Examples from social practice (public life) - in sociological, economic, legal topics. The data of the relevant sciences must be necessarily used when choosing any of the topics.
The use of terms, concepts, definitions in the essay must be competent, appropriate, in relation to the chosen topic and science. The essay should not be overloaded with terminology, especially if these concepts are not related to the chosen problem. Unfortunately, some graduates try to insert as many terms as possible into their work, violating the principle of expediency and reasonable sufficiency. Thus, they show that they have not learned how to correctly use scientific terminology. The term should be mentioned to the place, such a mention should indicate its correct understanding.
It is very welcome if the graduate in his essay indicates the points of view of other researchers on the issues under consideration, gives a link to various interpretations of the problem and various ways to solve it (if possible). Indication of other points of view can be direct (for example: "Lenin thought so: ..., and Trotsky - otherwise: ..., and Stalin - did not agree with both of them: ... "), but can be indirect, non-specified, non-personalized: "A number of researchers think this way: ..., others - differently: ..., and some - offer a completely different: ... ".
It is very welcome if the essay indicates who the author of this statement was. The indication should be short but precise (see the example in paragraph 8). If it is appropriate to mention the views of the author of the phrase when arguing one's position on this issue, this must be done.
Arguments must be presented in strict sequence, the internal logic of the presentation in the essay must be clearly traced. The student should not jump from one to another and again return to the first without explanation and internal connection, docking of individual provisions of his work.
It is necessary to complete the essay with a conclusion, which briefly summarizes the reflections and reasoning: "Thus, on the basis of all of the above, it can be argued that the author was right in his statement."

Essay examples on the topic:

Philosophy "Revolution is a barbaric way of progress" (J. Jaurès)

For the highest score

I fully agree with the statement of the famous French socialist, historian and politician of the first half of the 20th century, Jean Jaurès, in which he speaks about the peculiarities of the revolutionary path of social progress, about the distinctive features of the revolution. Indeed, revolution is one of the ways of progress, moving forward towards better and more complex forms of social organization. But since a revolution is a radical breakdown of the entire existing system, a transformation of all or most aspects of social life that takes place in a short period of time, this form of progress is always accompanied by a large number of victims and violence.

If we recall the revolutionary year of 1917 in Russia, we will see that both revolutions led to the most severe confrontation in society and the country, which resulted in a terrible Civil War, accompanied by unprecedented bitterness, millions of dead and injured, unprecedented devastation in the national economy until then.

If we remember the Great French Revolution, we will also see the rampant Jacobin terror, the guillotine "working" seven days a week and a series of incessant revolutionary wars.

If we remember the English bourgeois revolution, we will also see a civil war, repressions against dissidents.

And when we look at the history of the United States, we will see that both bourgeois revolutions that took place in this country took the form of war: first - the war for independence, and then - the Civil War.

The list of examples from history can go on and on, but wherever there is a revolution - in China, in Iran, in the Netherlands, etc. - everywhere it was accompanied by violence, i.e. barbarism from the standpoint of a civilized person.

And even if other thinkers exalted the revolution (as, for example, Karl Marx, who argued that revolutions are the locomotives of history), even if reactionaries and conservatives denied the role of revolutions in social progress, the point of view of J. Jaurès is closer to me: yes, revolution is a way of progress, a movement for the better, but carried out by barbaric methods, that is, with the use of cruelty, blood and violence. Violence cannot create happiness!

For a small score

In his quote, the author speaks of revolution and progress. Revolution is a way of transforming reality in a short time, and progress is a movement forward. Revolution is not progress. After all, progress is reform. It cannot be said that the revolution does not give positive results - for example, the Russian revolution allowed the workers and peasants to get rid of a difficult situation. But by definition, revolution is not progress, because progress is all good, and revolution is all bad. I do not agree with the author who classifies revolution as progress.

Essay plan

Introduction
1) A clear indication of the problem of utterance:
“The statement I have chosen concerns the problem….”
“The problem with this statement is….”
2) Explanation of the choice of topic (what is the significance or relevance of this topic)
“Everyone is concerned about…”
"THE RELEVANCE OF THIS TOPIC IS IN..."
3) Reveal the meaning of the statement from the point of view of social science, 1-2 sentences
4) Introduction of the author and his point of view
“The author argued (spoke, thought) from this point of view ...”
5) Your interpretation of this phrase, YOUR POINT OF VIEW (DO YOU AGREE OR NOT)
“I think…” “I agree with the author of the statement…”
6) Statement of one's position, transition to the main part of the essay

P.S. it will be a plus if in the introduction you give information about the author of the statement and insert a definition of the chosen field of the essay (philosophy, politics, economics, jurisprudence, etc.)

Argumentation:
1) Theoretical argumentation of the problem. At least 3 aspects of the theoretical disclosure of the topic should be presented.
For example: to reveal the concept itself, give examples, analyze features, functions, classifications, properties.
2) Practical argumentation or an example from public life

Indeed, not every applicant has literary talents and can fully demonstrate their creative abilities in a limited time in the right place - here and now! See our social studies essay example.

Recall that the USE exam in social science, according to, is given almost four hours. We take at least 0.5 hours to work with a clean copy of part 1, at least 1 hour to work with a draft, at least 1 hour to work with part 2. What remains? Only 1.5 hours for CREATIVITY. Therefore, having received a quote, you need to work accurately and clearly, fulfilling the CRITERIA of verification!

Only 1 hour to create!
Knowing the pattern and real examples is the key to success!Get ready today!

Those who know different approaches to essays win!

Criterion 1 (K1) - The meaning of the statement is revealed. The expert sees your understanding of the thought expressed by the author. If this criterion is not met, your essay is not checked!

Criterion 2 (K2) - The chosen topic is revealed based on the relevant concepts, theoretical provisions and conclusions. In your essay, you use

Criterion 3 (K3) - The quality of the argumentation of one's point of view. You have a point of view on the problem raised by the author, and justify it with the help of examples from your life, social facts, media information, knowledge from

We have already covered one of the essay writing templates in . Let's bring another one today. The more templates you have in stock, the greater your chances of successfully completing this USE task! Consider another example of an essay on social studies.

Here is the problematic statement being discussed today:

If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any “how” (F. Nietzsche)

We fulfill the criteria right away!

Criterion 1 (K1) - The meaning of the statement is revealed:

The great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in his statement expresses his attitude to the value of human life. He believes that the conditions of life are secondary, the main thing is the desire for the goal.

We show our INTELLIGENCE. This is one of those thinkers whose phrases are most often provided for discussion (along with Churchill, Aristotle, Voltaire, Franklin, Pushkin). It seems that you need to know some information about this figure.

The great German philosopher, composer of the 19th century, author of the works "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", "Human, Too Human", the theory of SUPERMAN.
One of the most controversial thinkers in history.

In the light of Nietzsche's living conditions, his influence on the philosophical and political thought of our time, as well as the historical events of the 19th century, this phrase seems to me very relevant.

We demonstrate our attention to history, the interest shown in the quote. Then, we go through the knowledge of the identity of the author:

Nietzsche entered the history of philosophy as the great Blind Man. All his life he suffered from a gradual loss of vision. He ended his life in terrible pain, completely blind. This did not prevent him from writing a number of outstanding philosophical works, for example, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

From the course of social science it is known that a person is a biosocial creature that has thinking and speech. Life is a form of activity of any being, manifested in man in activity. Human activity, unlike other animals, is purposeful, not instinctive. Therefore, asking the question of “why” a person should live, he means the purpose of his life.

We reveal the meaning of the quote using a historical example - the living conditions are terrible (pain, blindness), but the goal has been achieved! We show the knowledge of the basic social science terms necessary for reasoning on this quote - (go to criterion 2).

The key idea of Nietzsche's writings is the idea of the "superman". This is a political giant, a leader who challenges the base interests of the crowd. He puts high spiritual ideals before her, subjugates her, leads her after him. Many see the works of Nietzsche as a philosophical justification for the formation of totalitarian ideologies and states.XX century, fascism.

Frizzle Fraz 2

The longer the sentence, the better, according to some candidates. However, this is far from the truth. Long phrases do not yet prove the correctness of the author, and short sentences often have a greater effect. It is best when in an essay long phrases alternate with short ones. Try reading the essay aloud. If you feel like you are out of breath, break the paragraph into smaller paragraphs.

Vlad

Fabulous!!! Thank you, you are great!!!

Diana