Natural and climatic conditions of the Far Eastern Federal District. Climatic conditions of the Far East What climate prevails in the Far East

General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

Geographically, the Far East is the farthest point of the country from the capital. The Far East includes:

• Chukotka,
• Yakutia (Sakha),
• Kamchatka Krai,
• Khabarovsk region,
• Primorsky Krai,
• Magadan Region,
• Amurskaya Oblast,
• Sakhalin region,
• Jewish Autonomous Region.

The territory is located on the outskirts of the Asian continent and Russia.

The elongation of the territory determined the contrast of the climate from sharply continental in the north to monsoon in the southeast. The climatic differences between north and south are the result of the interaction of the Pacific Ocean and its seas with the land of northern Asia, as well as the complex mountainous terrain.

In winter, cold air currents rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High.

In the northeast, the continental air of Eastern Siberia enters into interaction with warm sea air. The result of this interaction are cyclones that carry an abundance of precipitation.

Remark 1

The snow that falls on Kamchatka and Sakhalin can reach a height of 6 m.

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The Far East in summer is characterized by monsoon rains, which are the result of the interaction of maritime air masses with continental ones. The monsoon climate covers Primorsky Krai and the Amur Region, so the Amur River overflows not in spring, but in summer.

The temperate monsoon climate is characterized by dry, frosty, sunny winters, and only on the coast can there be sharp gusty winds and fogs. The average temperature in January is -22…-24 degrees.

In South Primorye and Sakhalin -10 ... -16 degrees. Little snow falls.

A warm, humid monsoon begins to blow from the ocean in the month of June and warm but rainy and windy weather sets in.

The first half of summer is cloudy, with rain and high humidity. The second half of summer is very favorable and the average temperatures are +17, +22 degrees almost until October.

In the interior regions of precipitation is 500-550 mm, on Sakhalin and the Pacific coast - 700-750 mm. In mountainous areas, their number increases to 800-900 mm.

Tsunamis, avalanches, mudflows, storms and typhoons are possible on Sakhalin and Primorye.

The coast of the Arctic Ocean is located in the arctic climate zone. The territory receives a small amount of solar radiation, so winter temperatures are -32 degrees, and summer 0, +4 degrees. Precipitation here is 100-300 mm.

To the south, the arctic climate is replaced by a subarctic climate, within which part of the Verkhoyansk and Chersky ranges, as well as the Koryak and Kolyma highlands are located.

Temperatures here are abnormally low -48 degrees in winter, and +12 degrees in summer. Precipitation for the year falls 200-400 mm. Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the cold poles of the Northern Hemisphere, are located within the subarctic.

The sharply continental climate of the temperate zone covers the southwestern part of the Far East - these are the Central Siberian Plateau and the Aldan Highlands. Winter temperatures in this area drop to -32 ... -48 degrees, and summer temperatures are quite high +12, +20 degrees. Precipitation for the year falls 300-500 mm.

Climate of Chukotka

Chukotka is located within the subarctic climate zone. Its coast is located in the area of ​​maritime climate, and the hinterland lies in the area of ​​continental climate.

Chukotka is characterized by complex atmospheric circulation, which is different in the warm and cold seasons.

Chukotka is located in the zone of influence of 2 oceans. A significant part of it is located outside the Arctic Circle, where the climate is much harsher than in neighboring Alaska.

Winter in the east is long and windy, while in the west it is very cold. The summer period is short and cool. The weather here is very changeable, for example, during the day the atmospheric pressure drops are 50 Mbar, and the winter temperature drops are -30 degrees. Permafrost is everywhere.

Average temperatures during the year are negative and decrease from south to north from -4 to -12 degrees. The duration of the severe winter period is 9 months.

The severity is facilitated by the proximity of the cold pole - Oymyakon and the Arctic Ocean.

The daily temperature of the coldest winter month, January, varies from -15 to -39 degrees. The absolute minimum is -61 degrees. In winter, the Northern Lights are often observed.

The length of daylight begins to increase from the end of January, and in February the Sun is high above the horizon.

The beginning of the calendar spring is March, but in Chukotka not only March, but also April and May are truly winter. The snow begins to melt at the end of May, and the air temperature rises to -6, -8 degrees.

The real Chukchi spring comes at the beginning of June, along with powerful fronts of breezes, precipitation and fogs.

The summer period is cold, rainy and short, starting from mid-June.

Summer is characterized by frequent weather changes associated with the interaction of circulation factors - low pressure is established over the peninsula, anticyclones over the Pacific Ocean and cyclones over the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

July, as expected, is the warmest summer month, with a daily temperature of +13 degrees, and on the coast only +7 degrees.

In the western part of the coast of the Chukchi Sea, daytime temperatures do not rise above +5 degrees. There are exceptions - hot weather with a temperature of +30 degrees can come in the interior.

In August, nature begins to prepare for winter, daytime temperatures range from +8 to +16 degrees, the sun heats less, the tundra turns yellow.

The duration of autumn is about a month and winter comes in the second half of September. Precipitation here is about 500-700 mm and most of it is on the coast.

The climate of Primorsky Krai

Primorye is within the temperate monsoon climate. On the one hand, it is greatly influenced by the Pacific Ocean, and on the other hand, by the continental regions of Eurasia.

In the north of Primorye, winter begins in early November, and in mid-November it comes to the south of Primorye and lasts from 130 to 160 days. Only in the northern part of the region and in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, its duration increases to 180 days.

Winter weather is dry, clear and frosty with frequent thaws. These days the daily temperature can rise to +7…+12 degrees.

With the exception of the southern coast, in November, the temperature throughout Primorye ranges from -4 to -13 degrees, winds begin to blow, the speed of which reaches 15 m / s, and a snow cover forms.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural border between the eastern and western regions, so the southern and eastern coasts are warmer in winter.

The daily average January temperature on the coast is -14 degrees, and on the mainland -12 ... -23 degrees. The absolute minimum here was registered in the Krasnoarmeisky district and amounted to -54 degrees. Precipitation falls in the second half of winter, but they are few.

The air temperature in March is -4…-9 degrees, on the coast -1…-3 degrees. Snow melts in the first half of April, when the daytime temperature on the continent is +7, and on the coast +12 degrees.

During June, summer comes to the entire territory of Primorye. In the continental part of Primorye, the first half of summer is hot and dry, while on the coast it is wet and cool.

The second half of summer is hot with heavy rainfall. The July temperature of +25 degrees and the absolute maximum of +41 was registered in the Border Region.

On the coast and eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, the June daily temperature is +15 degrees. As you move away from the coast, the temperature rises to +20 degrees.

July and August are monsoon seasons and it can rain for 2-3 days without interruption.

Autumn in the north of the region begins in early September and comes to the south by the middle of the month. Autumn weather is warm and dry. Daytime temperature in the continental part is +16 degrees, on the coast +11 degrees.

At the end of November, when the air temperature drops to 0 degrees, winter comes.

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on the eastern outskirts of Asia, which is subject to the direct influence of the Pacific Ocean and the seas related to it. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact inland is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4,500 km. In addition to the mainland, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc, and the Karaginsky and Commander Islands located next to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the vast extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (to 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoonal climate with cold winters and wet summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, predominantly mountainous terrain has a great influence on the climate.

In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the outskirts of the Aleutian Low, the cold continental air of Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can sometimes reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur, and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, the maritime and monsoon climate, the boundaries of geographical zones on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59°N. sh., i.e., much to the south than anywhere else on the mainland of Eurasia; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further are a characteristic feature of the entire margin of the mainland in the middle latitudes, while the steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the mainland, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest, as well as bald landscapes.

In connection with the history of development and the position in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse areas, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.

Introduction

2. Climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

3. Climate of the Okhotsk coast

4. The climate of the northern region

5. Climate of Kamchatka

6. The climate of Sakhalin Island

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical state of the atmosphere and the processes taking place in it are expressed using certain quantities, the so-called meteorological elements and atmospheric phenomena. The most important for human life and economic activity are the following: air pressure, air temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, wind, fog, snowstorms, ice, thunderstorms, dust storms. These elements are often referred to as weather elements. They are closely interconnected with each other and always act together, manifesting themselves in very complex and variable combinations. The state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, determined by the physical processes that take place in it when interacting with the underlying surface, is called weather.

Observations over the weather over a long period allow us to determine the climate of the area. Climate is a natural sequence of atmospheric processes that is created in a given area as a result of the interaction of solar radiation, atmospheric circulation and physical phenomena occurring on the underlying surface, and which determines the weather regime characteristic of this area.

In addition to these factors, human activity also has a certain influence on the climate, since it can change the physical properties of the underlying surface, as well as the atmosphere and its properties.

The terms "weather" and "climate" are often confused. There is a big difference between these concepts. Weather is the physical state of the atmosphere over a given territory and for a given time, characterized by a certain combination of weather regimes, and the long-term weather regime is understood to mean not only prevailing, but generally possible weather conditions in a given area.

The science that studies the conditions of climate formation and the climatic regime of various countries and regions is called climatology. Climatology considers the relationship between individual climate-forming factors and their interaction with the underlying surface. It is engaged in the study of regularities in the distribution of various meteorological phenomena and types of climate on the surface of the globe, as well as the resolution of issues related to climate change under human influence.

In our work, we consider the climate of the Far East and its features.

1. General characteristics of the climate of the Far East

The Far East region captures the Amur basin and a strip stretching along the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This area also includes Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The entire Far Eastern region, with the exception of its northern tundra regions, is a forest zone and belongs to the monsoon climate of temperate latitudes. The subzone of mixed forests occupies only the southern Amur region and Primorye, having the northern boundary line Albazino - Blagoveshchensk, up to 50 ° N. sh.

In the Far Eastern region, the maritime climate, as it were, meets the continental climate, and the gradual transition from one to the other is disturbed by the alternation of lowland and mountainous spaces. Due to high pressure over the mainland in winter and low pressure in summer, monsoonal circulation dominates.

During the summer period, when the monsoon blows, the baric relief over this territory is of such a nature that it can be considered as a low-pressure trough running along the sea coast at some varying distance, with cyclones passing through it. Consequently, the main circulation is monsoonal as a consequence of thermal differences between the mainland and the ocean, as well as cyclonic activity.

O. G. Sarochan believes that the monsoon, as a complex phenomenon, consists of primary and secondary monsoons, which are most simply found in the example of the general summer monsoon.

Primary monsoon, a smaller monsoon occurring between the land (coastal area) and the nearby sea, is due to local baric systems that occur in late spring and early summer (maximums in the seas of temperate latitudes and minimum in the coastal region, due mainly to thermal causes), air the currents of the primary monsoons come from the nearby sea to the land and have a southern component; however, they do not give precipitation, being dry and cold, which is determined by the region of their formation.

The secondary monsoon is a macroscale phenomenon. It is due to the interaction of the greatest of the continents - Asia and the greatest of the oceans - the Pacific, manifesting itself as a member of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Associated with high-order baric systems such as the Pacific High and the Asian depression (in summer).

A study of summer conditions shows that the main air currents, which represent the secondary monsoon, are formed in the southern regions, mainly in the zone of increased near-tropical pressure ring.

A.I. Voeikov points out that the monsoon penetrates to the west to the Nerchinsk plant, and to the north - to the lower reaches of the Amur and the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The monsoon associated with the low pressure zone gives little rainfall, but in the event of a long rainy period, the rivers overflow. Sometimes the maximum precipitation occurs in September due to typhoons. At Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, the precipitation is significantly moving inland due to the absence of elevations. Here their maximum is late, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk warms up late. Typhoon precipitation, in contrast to monsoons, is more dangerous, but covers only the Ussuri region.

Table 1

Characteristics of climatic elements

Point name Station height (in m) Air temperature Relative air humidity Average annual cloudiness (in %)Precipitation (in mm) Number of days with precipitation Humidification coefficient of the coldest month of the warmest month ,9---43124717-1.09Blagoveshchensk134-2421-0.17056485233465490.82Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky10-18170.4---54618078-1.68Klyuchevskoye30-1815-1.677--45915ol-1-1.2-1-1.2-1.4 525209511313.10

In general, the monsoonal climate of the Far East region is characterized by cold dry and sunny winters, cool and humid summers, stable circulation, frequent fogs and the passage of typhoons. The average annual temperature ranges from -10° in the north to +6° in the south, annual precipitation ranges from 200 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south (up to 1000 mm in Kamchatka), relative humidity is above 65% all year round (Table 1). one).

The Far East region receives less heat than it should due to its geographical location. The reasons for this must be sought, firstly, in the relatively cold eastern seas, which take away a lot of heat in summer; secondly, in the influence of the vast Asian continent with its severe winters; - 70%). In winter, heavier cold air rushes towards the ocean (the baric gradient is high), freezing its coastline, creating an exceptionally dry and clear atmosphere along the path of the air currents. In summer, temperate sea air flows deep into the mainland, forming clouds, fogs and lowering insolation. Mountains and ranges receive a lot of precipitation. Warm continental temperate air is observed, as a rule, in transitional seasons and, being characterized by relatively high temperatures, forms powerful inversions with radiation fogs and poor visibility. In summer, although temperate sea air prevails (summer monsoon), but as soon as it crosses the coastal mountain ranges, transforming, it greatly changes its properties, leaving a significant part of the moisture on the mountain slopes. During periods of monsoon change (spring and autumn), continental tropical air flows, sometimes occupying the Amur basin; the weather with this air is warm and dry, without precipitation. The southern regions are characterized by the passage of typhoons, more frequent in summer and autumn, extremely rare from February to April.

table 2

Average number of typhoons (1893 - 1919)

IIIIIIIVVVIVIIIIIXXXIXII1,20,60,70,51,31,33,53,54,23,62,01,3

The region of typhoon precipitation occupies the southern coast of both the Yellow Sea and the Sea of ​​Japan, reaching the line Nikolaevsk-on-Amur - Ussuriysk. In terms of their magnitude, these precipitations in July, August and September are significant: sometimes 70 - 90% of the total monthly amount falls in 5 - 6 days. In May and June, precipitation from typhoons is low, especially in Primorye, compared with the areas of Port Arthur and Dalny, where the influence of cyclones on the climate is more pronounced. The climate of these areas with non-freezing ports is milder and warmer. Tropical air can be observed here at any time of the year.

The winter regime is generally established in October, the summer regime - in May, in the north - in September and June, respectively. A characteristic of the Far Eastern monsoons is the delay of the summer regime and its early termination as the distance from the coast goes inland. In winter, the wind from the northwest and north prevails, in summer - from the southeast or from the east. The monsoon circulation is well expressed not only in the distribution of wind directions and precipitation, but also in the annual course of relative humidity with two maxima (summer and winter) and two minima (spring and autumn). In summer there are more cloudy and less clear days, in winter - on the contrary.

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region

The climate of the Amur-Primorsky region has the most pronounced monsoonal character. In Voroshilov, in summer, the winds of the southern quarter are 53%, in winter only 8%, the winds of the northern quarter are 6% in summer, and 20% in winter.

In Vladivostok, from June to September, 386 mm of precipitation falls, that is, 65% of the annual amount, while in winter it is only 28 mm (5%). Relative humidity is maximum in summer (88%), minimum in autumn (65%). The duration of sunshine in June is minimal (34% of the possible), in December it is maximum (75%). The sunniest season in Primorye is winter, when the sun is on average up to 70%, and in the mainland up to 90-95% of the possible (Khabarovsk). The daily temperature amplitudes in summer are less than in winter (February - 7.3 °, July - 4.5 °), due to the large cloudiness in summer. The snow cover is thin and stable only in the northern part.

For every 100 m of elevation in the Sikhote-Alin, the annual precipitation increases by almost 20%. The watersheds of the southern part of the region, already 350 - 450 m high, are covered with clouds and fogs on clear days. The coast, with the greatest amount of precipitation, has fewer days with precipitation - 70, while on the ridge - 100, and on the western slope - 130 - 140 days.

Such a distribution of days with precipitation over the year is explained by the fact that the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are steeper, less wooded, air masses leave almost all precipitation here, and the whole process proceeds intensively; and the remaining moisture on the western slope is cooled by a cold current and falls in the form of small but frequent rains. The amount of precipitation in winter is higher on the uplands, so the snow cover is thicker than in the neighboring plains.

The climate of the Okhotsk coast

The climate of the Okhotsk coast is peculiar. The high latitudes and the cooling influence of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with its ice for 10-11 months a year make the local climate very cold. For example, the average January temperature in Okhotsk is 25.2° (in Leningrad, which lies almost at the same latitude, -7.6°).

The monsoonal climate of the Okhotsk coast is characterized by high continentality in winter, cool maritime summers, and frequent fogs. Coniferous forests grow here.

In summer, south and southeast winds dominate, in winter - northwest and north; the lowest wind speed falls in summer, the highest in winter and spring. From October to March, steady, often stormy northwest winds blow. A sharp change in annual temperatures (from -3 to -6°), summer (from +12 to +18°) and winter (from -20 to -24°) ​​along the coast and watersheds indicates sharp microclimatic differences associated with relief and influence seas. July temperature in Okhotsk is +12.5°C, in Ayan +17.0°C. The high temperature of Ayan, due to the good protection of the city from sea influences, was also noticed by A.I. Voeikov.

In general, the differences in the thermal regime of the Okhotsk coast are highly dependent on the degree of protrusion of the coast into the sea, the direction of the coastline, the proximity of mountains, etc. Autumn cooling sets in early: frosts are noted from mid-October, snow falls, rivers and lakes freeze. Snow has been falling in the mountains since September. Cold, snowy, cloudless winter lasts from November to March. Spring begins in April, although frosts continue into May. Summers are also cool (due to sea ice melting), cloudy with high relative humidity. The best time of the year is autumn: even, relatively high temperatures, frequent calms. Autumn lasts only 1 1/2 - 2 months.

The climate of the northern region

The climate of the northern region (from Shelikhov Bay to the Chukchi Peninsula) is characterized by less stable monsoon circulation and severe winters. With distance from the coast, these features are more pronounced. In the coastal strip, northeast winds prevail, inside the region - northerly winds blowing with great constancy. The average wind speed decreases in the direction inland. The temperature drops, its annual amplitudes increase. On the coast, winters are milder, summers are cooler. For example, the average December temperature in the Magadan region is 5.5 - 6.0° higher, and the average June temperature is the same value lower than in Markov on Anadyr. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 200 mm, excluding the southeastern part of the region (250 mm). In years with intense cyclonic activity in the area of ​​the Aleutian Low, there is more precipitation on the coast than in the interior of the region; in the years of the least development of the Icelandic trough, there is more precipitation in the mainland part of the region than in the coastal part. It should be borne in mind that the removal of moisture from the Aleutian depression occurs mainly towards the Pacific Ocean, which is why the mountain ranges of the Far East do not serve as a big obstacle to the distribution of precipitation. In the warm half of the year (from May to September), due to moist east winds on the coast, the weather is mostly cloudy and windy: often fogs cover the sun; inside the region on such days it is often sunny, dry weather with relative calm. Due to the greater amount of heat and precipitation received by the highlands remote from the sea, the latter are often covered with forests of alder, willow, aspen, birch, while the coast has only a low-growing shrub, turning in some places into a real tundra. However, such a summer landscape does not take place for long: a short northern summer is replaced by an even shorter cloudy, rainy and windy autumn, followed by a snowy winter. Snow blizzards (blizzard) here are a common companion of winter. The mainland wind carries masses of snow, so nothing can be seen at 10 - 12 m. Blizzards continue sometimes 11/2 - 2 weeks. Where the wind meets even a small hill, its speed is lost, a mass of loose snow is packed, and near the rocky steep banks on the leeward side, a mass of snow often accumulates, the so-called "slaughter". In open places, the snow, tightly beaten by the wind, freely bears the weight of a person, representing an ideal path. The southern snowstorm prevailing in the north of the Chukchi Peninsula, with strong winds blowing from the south, is often accompanied by icing. This, in all likelihood, is due to the supercooling of moist air brought north to the region of the lowest temperatures of the Chukotka Peninsula.

The height of the snow cover is on average 50 - 60 cm, reaching 100 cm in the faces. On the mountains, the snow stays for a very long time - until the end of July and even until the beginning of August, and in shady places sometimes it does not have time to melt at all before new snow.

Climate of Kamchatka

The moderately cold monsoonal climate of Kamchatka is characterized by rainy summers and autumns, snowy winters with snowstorms, but clear and quiet springs. The climate here is much more severe than one would expect, judging by the position of Kamchatka between 60 and 50°N. sh. Cold sea currents, mountainous terrain, strong winds cause low temperatures throughout the summer. At the same time, a sharp difference in climatic conditions between the coasts and the interior, protected by mountains from the influence of the seas, is striking. Inside the peninsula, the climate is much more continental than on the shores. The western coast of Kamchatka in winter, when the Sea of ​​Okhotsk freezes, is like a continuation of the Asian continent, and in summer it warms up slightly, being cooled by melting ice. The climate here is drier and colder, there is less rainfall, but more fog, cloudiness is high, there is little snow, snowstorms are rare compared to the southeast of the peninsula. On the contrary, the eastern coast, under the influence of the non-freezing ocean, keeps the temperature above 0° for quite a long time. This part of Kamchatka is more affected by the Aleutian Low. In summer, the temperature here is higher than on the west coast. It is interesting that a Beric maximum is formed inside the peninsula in winter, and a minimum in summer, as a result of which local monsoon circulation is observed, on which the general monsoon is superimposed, in connection with which the latter weakens and variable winds often occur. A distinct monsoon type of circulation extends into the interior of the peninsula for 50 km, rarely for 100 km, being especially clearly reflected in the annual variation of relative humidity at all coastal stations, where two maxima (winter and summer) and two minima (spring and autumn) are noted.

In the middle of winter, during the period of massive ice formation (usually in February), the barometer drops noticeably off the coast (which must be associated with the release of a large amount of latent heat of ice formation), and then the winter monsoon is characterized by higher wind speeds and more storms. The summer monsoon is less developed than in winter, since the northwest and west winds predominate in the year. The predominance of southeast and south winds (summer monsoon) is June and July (in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the speed of the winter monsoon is 8.1 m/s, the summer monsoon is 4.2 m/s). The lowest average annual temperatures (-2.5°) are observed in the middle part of the peninsula (Milkovo). From this line, the temperature rises in all directions (except the north) to -1.0°, at coastal stations - up to 2.2° (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky), and on the Kuril Islands - up to 3 - 4°. The annual 0° isotherm runs along the 56th parallel.

Inside the peninsula, in the valley of the river. Kamchatka, summers are warm, and winters are colder and less snowy than on the shores. The southeastern coast of Kamchatka has warmer winters and a more humid climate, frosts are not lower than -30 °, thaws occur in all months, and snowstorms are observed in winter.

The climate of Central Kamchatka is characterized by the greatest dryness, little snow, and an insignificant number of fogs. Autumn frosts come later, spring is earlier, the sky is clearer. In Tolbachik, for example, horses spend the whole winter grazing. It is no coincidence that even with a short, usually three-hour drive from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Paratunka, one gets the impression of a transition to a completely different climate. In terms of the severity of winters, the western coast differs slightly from the interior of the peninsula. The growing season lasts 134 days in Klyuchevskoy, 127 days in Bolsheretsk, 107 days in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and 96 days in the north of the peninsula (Tigil). Kamchatka, narrow western Kamchatka foothill region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky region, coast of the Kronotsky Bay.

Annual precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest (from 1000 to 300 mm). Their minimum is in the region of the central valley (Klyuchevskoye - about 400 mm). The southeast receives the most rainfall, as moist winds blow from the sea in both summer and winter. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, even winter precipitation prevails.

In warm winters, the height of the snow cover in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky reaches 130 - 200 cm. In snowy winters, the height of the cover reaches 3 m. Such were the winters of 1936/37 and 1946/47. exceeds 10 cm, and then for a short time.

Blizzards are observed in the northern part of Kamchatka. The origin of blizzards is twofold: some blizzards are caused by strong winds from the sea during cyclones and occur with a sharp drop in pressure, accompanied by heavy precipitation and an increase in temperature; others are not accompanied by snowfall, are observed in clear skies, caused by a cooling monsoon or wind from a high pressure area in the center of the peninsula.

The best time of the year in Kamchatka is March and April, when the sun shines brightly, the soil and air heat up quickly, winds/weak, clear weather prevails.

Due to the action of volcanoes, Kamchatka is less covered with glaciers than one would expect in its climate. During volcanic eruptions, the snow melts, and only part of it remains, forming firn glaciers. The snow line here occupies a low position (about 1600 m, i.e. lower than in the Alps).

Characteristic features of the monsoon climate of Sakhalin Island are: continentality, low temperatures (cool summers, cold winters), high cloudiness, and frequent fogs.

These features are associated mainly with thermal differences in the surrounding seas and with the configuration of the island. Despite its insular position, Sakhalin has a pronounced continentality of both the warm and cold seasons, which is associated with the predominance of cold sea winds in summer and continental winds in winter. Being in the region of the East Asian monsoon, in winter Sakhalin forms its own monsoon blowing from the middle of the island in all directions, regardless of the general direction of the winter East Asian monsoon. The Sakhalin monsoon, which usually stabilizes by January, is a consequence of the establishment of low temperatures inside the island compared to the outskirts. Of course, this monsoon has a small vertical power and at the top, already at an altitude of 500 - 800 m, it is replaced by general winds of a western or northwestern direction.

The summer monsoon is more pronounced in terms of the stability of the winds. But along with this, summer is the quietest time of the year. In winter and autumn, storms occur more often when cyclones come from the Aleutian Islands. At the same time, a large barometric gradient arises in the Sakhalin region. Typhoons reach Sakhalin only to a small extent.

The climate of Sakhalin is abnormally severe for its latitudes corresponding to the latitudes of Tula and Odessa. Winter on Sakhalin is colder than on the shores of the White Sea. The winter cold is brought by the northwest monsoon and intra-island winds, and the summer coolness depends mainly on the cold Sakhalin Current, which flows from the north along the eastern coast of the island and brings ice to the shores until August.

Of decisive importance for the nature of the vegetation on Sakhalin are not so much the cold winters as the low temperatures of other seasons and the scarcity of sunlight in summer due to heavy cloud cover. Cloudiness on Sakhalin on average for the year is the same as on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, but its distribution over the seasons is different due to the monsoon climate. Winter on Sakhalin is frosty, with sharp thaws, there are snowstorms. Snow cover of 50 - 60 cm completely provides sled communication everywhere. Snow lies at least 200 days a year. The best winter weather is inside the island.

In spring, the monsoons change, the temperature rises, precipitation falls more often, in April snow melts everywhere. On South Sakhalin, summer lasts 2 - 21/2 months and is characterized by calm and humid weather (relative humidity - 85 - 90%). Sunshine is rare, fogs, thick clouds and light rains are frequent, thunderstorms are intensifying. The average air temperature is +10, +12°, but at night it can be +4°. In autumn, the speed of the winds increases rapidly, westerly winds appear, frosts, humidity drops, and snow falls in October. climate far east monsoon

The mountain ranges that run through the middle of the island divide it into three climatic regions: the west coast, the central part and the east coast. The east coast has a harsher climate than the west coast. The most favorable climatic conditions are observed in the middle lowlands, protected by ridges from the monsoons.

On the west coast, sunshine is less in winter and more in summer, as in summer the winds pass over the island and deposit some of their moisture on it, leaving the west coast relatively dry. In the cold season, the winds pass over the non-freezing sea between the mainland and the island and come to it saturated with moisture and thereby increase the cloudiness, and hence the small amount of sunshine. On the east coast in spring and summer there are dense fogs that do not contribute to the heating of the earth's surface by the sun's rays. Fogs are less frequent on the western coast. In the central region, the climate acquires bright features of continentality: the heat in July reaches +32°, winter frosts - up to -48°. There are days when the temperature is -33° before dawn, and the snow melts at noon. Precipitation for the year falls 550 - 750 mm. Here, calm weather is more common, fogs are less common; when there is fog over the coasts, rarefied gray clouds rush through the mountains.

Snow cover is established on the coasts at the end of November, in the center - from the second decade of November, reaching its maximum thickness in February and March (50 - 70 cm). Snow melts quickly in the first days of May on the coast and by the second decade of May in the central region. Permafrost is widespread in the northern half of the peninsula.

Conclusion

Thus, we considered the climate of the Far East. As a result, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The largest area in Russia is occupied by the climate zone of temperate latitudes. It captures the flat part of the European territory of Russia, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East with Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

Monsoon air circulation is created in the Far East. In winter, this region is captured by the monsoon, which brings cold masses of continental air from North-Eastern Siberia. In summer, the summer monsoon dominates the Far East, bringing moist masses of sea air from the south and southeast. Pacific tropical air can also penetrate into Primorye in summer.

The Far Eastern region of the monsoon climate is characterized by the predominance of AW in winter and HC in summer. During most of the year, this area is under the influence of anticyclonic processes. Summer is humid with a maritime climate, the rest of the year (especially winter), on the contrary, is dry. Cyclonomic activity is typical for the seas of the Far Eastern region, especially in winter.

The climate of Sakhalin is cool, inside the island the climate is more continental. In its interior regions, winters are colder than on the shores, and summers are warmer. Permafrost is widespread on the island.

On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the winter monsoon is very weak due to the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and partly the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. This influence is especially noticeable at the southeastern tip of the peninsula. The climate inside the peninsula is more continental than on the coasts.

The climate of the Kuril Islands, especially the northern ones, is severe. Spring is cold, with frequent and strong winds. Summers are short, cool, cloudy, rainy, with thick fogs.

Literature

Kobysheva N.V., Kostin S.I., Strunnikov E.A. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.

Borisov A.A. Climates of the USSR. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.

Pogosyan Kh.P. General circulation of the atmosphere. - - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984.

Kostin S.I., Pokrovskaya T.V. Climatology. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.

Climate

general characteristics

Russia is a country with a relatively cold climate. Its territory is located in four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, temperate and subtropical. The Arctic and Subarctic belts include the seas Arctic Ocean, arctic islands and the northern continental margin of the country. Most of the territory is in the temperate zone, a small area Black Sea coast of the Caucasus And the south coast of Crimea- in the subtropical. The climate is formed under the influence of arctic, temperate (polar) and tropical air. The huge length of Russia from north to south causes large differences in the values ​​of the arrival and consumption of solar radiation. Depending on the geographic latitude, the amount of solar radiation that comes to the earth's surface per year varies from 2400 MJ / m 2 in the north (in some places less, for example, on the islands of the Arctic Ocean) to 4800 MJ / m 2 in Caspian lowland and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. In the cold season, in most of the country, diffuse radiation slightly exceeds the direct radiation or is approximately equal to it. In the warm season, direct radiation predominates everywhere (with the exception of the Arctic, where, due to large but loose clouds, diffuse radiation predominates in summer as well). The annual radiation balance is positive throughout the entire territory, varying from 2100 MJ/m 2 in the south of the country to values ​​close to zero in the center of the Arctic (400 MJ/m 2 on the northern continental margin)). Significant changes in the latitudinal distribution of solar radiation are associated with cloudiness. The largest deviations of the total radiation are observed in the west and northwest of the European territory, where the role of cloudiness is high throughout the year, and in the Far East in summer, when cloudiness increases due to the influence of sea air masses. Its maximum values ​​are observed in May - June at the highest altitudes of the Sun, a long day and little cloudiness. The lowest values ​​occur during the winter months, when the sun is at its lowest, the day length is short, and cloud cover is significant.

Almost everywhere the climate is continental. The degree of continentality increases markedly in the direction from west to east (in Western Siberia from north to south) as influence weakens Atlantic Ocean. In most of the country, continental air of temperate latitudes is formed, which is the predominant air mass throughout the year. In the Arctic zone, arctic air masses constantly dominate; in the subarctic zone, air from temperate latitudes prevails in winter, and arctic air in summer. cyclonic activity (cf. Cyclone) develops on the arctic front (delimits the arctic air and the air of temperate latitudes) and the polar front (separates the air masses of temperate latitudes and tropical). Most of the territory is characterized by the predominance of latitudinal transfer of air masses - from west to east, but in winter with a noticeable southern component, and in summer - from the north. Cyclones bring the main precipitation. In winter, the continental air is significantly cooled, this is facilitated by small amounts of solar radiation and snow cover, which occupies most of the territory. It cools especially strongly in Eastern Siberia, where a vast area of ​​high atmospheric pressure is established in winter - the Siberian anticyclone ( Asian anticyclone) with clear and dry weather. In summer, the air here is very warm due to the long duration of sunshine and slight cloudiness. The climate of Eastern Siberia is sharply continental. In the summer period in the European territory, the air warms up especially strongly in the steppe zone (the Volga region and the Caspian lowland). Here, favorable conditions are created for its transformation into a dry subtropical one; frequent dry winds and sometimes dust storms are associated with this. The European part of Russia is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean throughout the year, so the climate here is temperate continental - the annual air temperature range does not exceed 30–35 °C. In summer, sea air comes already partially transformed into continental air. In winter, it penetrates further to the east, since large clouds and the absence of a stable snow cover on the shores of the Baltic Sea slow down its cooling and transformation. As we move eastward, the annual air temperature amplitudes increase: in Western Siberia - up to 40–45 °C, in Eastern Siberia - up to 65 °C (the highest in the Northern Hemisphere), the amount of precipitation decreases. On the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the annual amplitude again decreases to 30–35 °C, in the region of Vladivostok, to 28–30 °C, and the amount of precipitation increases. The climate of the Far East is formed under the influence of monsoon circulation. The winter monsoon comes from the north and northwest and creates dry, cold weather. The summer monsoon brings humid Pacific sea air from the south and southeast. Intrusions of cold Arctic air masses are frequent on the territory of Russia, especially in the eastern regions of the European part of Russia and in Western Siberia, where they can penetrate far to the south. In winter, they are associated with strong temperature drops. In late spring and early autumn, such intrusions cause frosts. In summer, the Arctic air warms up quite quickly, dries up and transforms into dry continental air of temperate latitudes, which can cause droughts in the Volga region. In winter, almost the entire territory is under the influence of high atmospheric pressure. Reduced pressure is created only in the north-west of the European territory and in Kamchatka, where the frequency of passage of cyclones is high. At this time of the year, almost throughout the European territory, western and southwestern winds prevail, in Western Siberia - southwestern and southern, in Eastern Siberia - weak northeastern (in the northern part), southern and southwestern (in the southern part ). In summer, the air pressure is generally reduced; northwest winds prevail in the European territory and in Western Siberia, and north and northeast winds prevail in Eastern Siberia. On the coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Amur region, on the Sakhalin and Kamchatka, monsoonal winds are sharply expressed (in cold weather, the predominant direction is from land to sea, in warm weather, from sea to land). The strongest winds (up to 10–15 m/s) are observed in inland areas during transitional seasons, and on the coasts in winter. In summer they are weaker (2–5 m/s). As you move away from the coast, the wind speed decreases.

Air temperature. The coldest month of the year in the continental part of Russia is January, on the shores of the seas - February. The lowest air temperatures are observed in Eastern Siberia, in the region of Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk, the average monthly temperature in January is -50 °C, the minimum is -68 °C. From this cold pole of Eurasia, the temperature rises most sharply towards the shores of the seas. The average January temperature on the shores of the Bering and Okhotsk seas increases to -22°C, in the south of Kamchatka - up to -10°C, in the Vladivostok region - up to -14°C. In the southern part of Siberia, the average January temperature is from -14 to -16 °C. On the European territory, the coldest region is the northeast (Pechora basin), here the average January temperature is from -18 to -20 ° C, in the center and northwest from -10 to -12 ° C, in the south of the Volga region from -4 down to -6 °C. From February (on the coasts of the seas from March), the air temperature rises and grows until July - August. July is the warmest month throughout. The coolest this month is on the coasts of the Arctic seas. In the center of the European part, in Western and Eastern Siberia, the average July temperature is 15–20 °C, up to 25 °C in the lower reaches of the Volga, and 12–16 °C in the Far East. The duration of the frost-free period varies from 45–60 days in the tundra to 270 days in the Sochi region. Great damage to agriculture is caused by spring and autumn frosts, due to which almost the entire territory of Russia belongs to the zone of risky farming. The earliest end of frosts is observed in spring on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - in late February - early March, and on Yamal And Taimyr they end only at the end of June - beginning of July. The latest frosts in autumn - on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - in late November - early December.

Relative humidity is distributed according to the air temperature, its values ​​increase with decreasing temperature. The highest humidity values ​​are observed in the tundra (70%) and the forest zone (50–60%), the lowest values ​​are observed in the steppe zone (40–50%; in the southeast of the European territory, in dry steppes, up to 30–40%).

Cloudy. The greatest cloudiness, except for Eastern Siberia and the Amur region, occurs in November - February, the smallest is observed in July - August, but on the coasts of the Arctic seas, in Eastern Siberia, and especially in the Far East, it is also high in summer.

Precipitation. The greatest amount of precipitation falls on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (over 1600 mm per year). In the European territory, annual precipitation varies from 650–800 mm in the forest zone to 200–250 mm in the lower reaches of the Volga. There is little precipitation in the tundra (300–400 mm per year) and the steppe zone (350–400 mm). In Western Siberia, up to 500 mm falls annually, in the Baikal region - 350-400 mm, in the Far East - 700-800 mm. Precipitation falling on the surface of the Earth is not fully used by soil and plants, part of it drains or evaporates, therefore, moistening of the territory is a more objective characteristic. The tundra, the forest zone and a small subtropical region in the Sochi region are excessively moistened. The forest-steppes are a zone of unstable moisture, steppes and semi-deserts (mainly the lower reaches of the Volga and the region North Caucasus) - insufficient moisture. In the warm season, precipitation sometimes falls in the form of hail, which is observed almost everywhere, but is especially intense in the North Caucasus. In cold weather, snow falls on most of the territory. In the north, the amount of precipitation in the form of snow is 40–50% of the annual amount, in the south - 15–20%. In most regions, snow forms a stable snow cover. The greatest height of snow cover is observed on the western slopes Northern Urals and in its western foothills (up to 90–100 cm), in the northern regions of Western Siberia (80–90 cm), on the western slope Altai and at the junction Eastern Sayan And Western Sayan(up to 200 cm), in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (80–110 cm and more). In the North Caucasus region, the snow depth is 10–20 cm. There is also little snow in the steppe part. Transbaikalia. On average, in the central regions, snow occurs at St. 4 months a year, in the north and northeast of the European territory - St. 7 months, in Siberia, in the Far North - approx. 9 months. Unstable snow cover (20–30 days a year) is observed in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the North Caucasus. Blizzards are most frequent in the European territory in January and February. The main climatic characteristics are shown on the maps.

climatic regions

Arctic

This area is characterized by long periods of polar day and polar night. Throughout the year, arctic air masses predominate, except for the coast of the Barents Sea and the southwestern part of the Kara Sea, where arctic air enters only in summer. It has low temperatures and low moisture content. Characterized by large annual fluctuations in air temperature and its small daily changes. Annual precipitation is low. Climatic conditions change from west to east, with differences in air temperature occurring mainly in winter. In summer, the melting of large masses of ice and predominantly cloudy weather (recurrence of over 80% cloudiness) smooth out temperature differences, since high air humidity and clouds increase the proportion of thermal radiation reaching the Earth.

Region of the Barents and Kara Seas winter is the warmest in the Russian Arctic due to the frequent passage of cyclones that carry warm Atlantic air to the east and northeast, and the influence of the warm waters of the North Cape Current. The average temperature in January and February in the southwest of the Barents Sea is -6 °C (almost the same in Belgorod), on the western coasts of Novaya Zemlya it is not colder than in the Middle Volga (from -12 to -14 °C). In the western part of the Kara Sea, the average temperature in January and February is -20 °C, in the eastern part - up to -30 °C. Strong winds, snowstorms, high relative air humidity (70–80%), and frequent storms (sometimes lasting up to 10 days) are typical. Near New Earth there are up to 50–60 days with winds exceeding 15–20 m/s. The wind reaches its greatest strength (up to 40 m/s, some gusts - more than 60 m/s) during the bora, which is typical for the coasts of Novaya Zemlya. The weather in this area is very changeable. Franz Josef Earth sometimes there are thaws, during which it can rain. March is often the coldest: cyclonic activity weakens, greater concentration of ice contributes to the stability of anticyclonic weather (sunny, but cold). The region of the Barents Sea and Novaya Zemlya receive the largest amount of precipitation in the Russian Arctic (approx. 30 mm per month); the snow cover is small, lies unevenly due to strong winds. The average air temperature of the spring months is negative, its steady transition to positive values ​​occurs only in June. Summer is cool: the average temperature in July is from 8 °C in the southwestern part of the Barents Sea to 0 °C in Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. Average monthly rainfall approx. 30 mm. The wind speed drops sharply. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​in the 2nd half. September, but there may be thaws in October and November.

The region of the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. In winter, cyclonic activity weakens. The weather becomes more stable and less cloudy. Average January and February temperatures are close to -30°C (minimum temperatures are below -50°C). Temperature inversions are typical (the thickness of the cooled layer is up to 1 km), and a haze of snow can form in the inversion layer. The thermal characteristics of the winds are well pronounced in the coastal regions – southern winds are on average 5–10 °C colder than northern ones. The average wind speed is low, but during snowstorms it can exceed 20 m/s. A small amount of precipitation (about 10 mm per month) and the absence of thaws lead to the formation of a snow cover 30–50 cm high, which is unevenly distributed due to uneven terrain. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs in early July. In summer, snow cover is mostly absent. In this area, with the exception of the northern part of Taimyr, the average daily air temperature is above 10 °C for one month. The maximum temperature on the coast is 25 °C, on the islands 20 °C, but the average temperatures of the summer months are relatively low due to the predominance of northern winds (in July on the coast 5–7 °C, on the islands 2–3 °C). In connection with the intensification of cyclonic activity, the amount of precipitation increases (more than 50% of the annual amount falls during the summer period). Mixed precipitation is often observed - rain with snow. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​occurs in mid-August.

The region of the Chukchi Sea. In winter, north and northeast winds prevail, bringing cold arctic air. The average January temperature (approx. –25 °C) is higher than in the area of ​​the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea, but lower than in the western sector, despite the fact that the Chukchi Sea is located south of the Barents Sea. The frequency of storms is increasing, cloudiness and precipitation are increasing (more than 10 mm per month). The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​in early July. In summer, the oceanic features of the climate intensify. South-easterly winds from the Bering Sea prevail, the air temperature in July (0–2 °C) is lower than in the area of ​​the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea, despite the fact that the Chukchi Sea is located to the south. On some days, warm continental air penetrates here, raising the temperature to 20 ° C. The amount of precipitation increases to 50 mm per month. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​occurs 2–3 weeks earlier than in the area of ​​the Barents and Kara Seas.

european part of Russia

The main part of the territory is located in the subarctic and temperate zones, only small parts of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea are in the subtropical. An important feature of the climate is the strongly pronounced influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Within the European part, the sea temperate (humid Atlantic) air is transformed into dry continental air, and therefore there is a more rapid climate change from west to east than in the Asian part.

Northwestern part(Kola Peninsula, Karelia). In winter, active cyclonic activity is observed on the Arctic front, southern and southwestern winds predominate, with which relatively warm air enters. Frequent thaws with temperatures up to 2 °C. In the western part Murmansk coast and in the south of Karelia, the average January temperature is from –8 to –10 °C, with arctic air intrusions it drops to –30 °C. Average monthly rainfall approx. 30 mm. Snow cover lasts approx. 5 months and reaches 60–70 cm; characterized by abundant frost and ice. IN Khibiny avalanches are frequent. The number of days with cloudy weather up to 70%. There are strong (up to 20 m/s) storm winds on the coast. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​in the north occurs at the end of May, in the south - at the beginning of May. The snow cover melts in the north of the Kola Peninsula in early June, in Karelia in the first half of May. Late frosts are detrimental to agriculture. In summer, on the Murmansk coast, a polar day is observed for almost 2 months, in Karelia - white nights. Cyclonic activity is not weakening, so the cloudiness is increasing. Summer is relatively cool, especially on the shores of the seas and large lakes. In the interior, the average temperature in July is 14–16 °C; on the Murmansk coast, approx. 10°C. The average monthly precipitation increases to 70 mm. The number of days with precipitation up to 18 per month. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​occurs in mid-October, but the first frosts appear in August. Snow cover is established on the Kola Peninsula in mid-October, in Karelia - at the end of October.

northeastern part(Arkhangelsk region, Komi Republic) differs from the north-west in a more continental climate, this is manifested in a lower air temperature in winter and in its rapid increase from north to south in summer. In this area, the winter is the coldest in the European part. Average January temperatures range from -10°C in the west to -20°C in the east (minimum -50°C). The average monthly rainfall in the north is approx. 15 mm, in the interior regions 20–25 mm, in the foothills of the Urals 30 mm. The height of the snow cover in the interior is up to 70 cm, in some places it reaches 100 cm by the end of winter - this is one of the snowiest regions of Russia. The duration of snow occurrence in the north-eastern part is more than 7 months. The wind speed in winter is significant, especially in the tundra (up to 7–10 m/s). The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​in the north in the 2nd half of May, in the central regions at the end of April. The snow cover melts in June. Frosts are not uncommon at the end of May and in the first half of summer, due to the intrusion of arctic air from the Kara Sea, which is still covered with ice in June. The incoming cold air quickly warms up over the mainland: the average July temperature is 13–14 °C, and in the southern regions of the Komi Republic up to 16–18 °C. In some years (with the intrusion of warm continental air), the maximum temperature can reach 30–35 °C. Long periods of hot weather increase the risk of forest fires. Average monthly rainfall approx. 70 mm (in the tundra approx. 50 mm). Precipitation is mainly frontal - long, but weak. The relative humidity of the air is quite high (up to 65–70% during the day). Excessive moisture is a characteristic feature of the climate of this region. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​occurs almost a month earlier than on the Kola Peninsula. Snow cover sets in early October.

Central regions(Moscow, Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tula, Yaroslavl) are characterized by moderately cold winters and moderately warm summers. Compared to the north of the European part, the warm period here is 1–2 months longer. In winter, the average January temperature is from -9 to -11 °C. Southern cyclones (from the Black Sea) can penetrate into this region, strong thaws are associated with them - sometimes the average daily temperature can rise up to 5 °C. As a result of intense cyclonic activity, cloudy weather prevails on the Arctic and Polar fronts (recurrence up to 80%). In the rear of the cyclones, cold arctic air penetrates into this area and causes a decrease in temperature. During the formation of winter anticyclones, the air temperature can drop to –40 °C. Average monthly rainfall approx. 40 mm, but they do not form a powerful snow cover due to frequent thaws. The height of the snow cover in the Moscow region is approx. 50 cm, duration approx. 4 months. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​at the end of March. The snow cover descends into the 1st floor. April. In summer, the Atlantic air coming with the western winds warms up intensively. The average July temperature is 17–19 °C (maximum 35 °C), relative air humidity during the day is close to 50–60%. On average, only approx. 20 days with an average daily temperature above 20 °C. The number of cloudy days is approx. fifty%. The average monthly precipitation is significant (from 90 to 100 mm) and they are more intense than in winter. In some years, stable anticyclones form, causing long periods of hot and dry weather, which contributes to the occurrence of forest and peat fires. Autumn is warmer than spring. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​in the Moscow region at the end of October. Snow cover is established in the 2nd floor. November, although it remains unstable until mid-December. Cloudiness increases rapidly in October, and in November the number of cloudy days is 80%.

East End(Middle Volga region, Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Middle Cis-Urals) differs from the central regions by a greater continental climate. Winter is much colder. The average January temperature in the lower reaches of the Kama River is -15 °C, in the upper reaches -17 °C. In the middle and upper reaches of the Kama, the minimum temperature can reach -50 °C. The number of days with an average daily temperature below -10 °C is increasing (Nizhny Novgorod - about 60, Perm - about 90). The average monthly rainfall is 30–40 mm. The snow cover is higher (70–90 cm), the duration of snow occurrence in the Middle Cis-Urals increases to 6 months. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs in late May - early June. The snow cover melts almost 1/2 month later than in the central regions. Summers are quite warm, sometimes hot. The average July temperature in Tatarstan is 20 °C, in the southern regions of the Middle Volga region 22 °C (maximum 40 °C). The number of days with an average daily temperature above 20 ° C increases to 40, in the south - up to 50. Significant cooling can rarely be observed - up to 3 ° C at night. There is more precipitation than in winter: in the rainiest month (July), 60 mm falls in the Middle Volga region, and 80 mm in the foothills of the Urals. In the Middle Volga region, Tatarstan and Bashkiria, precipitation is much less (15–30 mm) and the probability of droughts is high. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​in early October. A stable snow cover is established in early November.

South part(Northern Caucasus, Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimean peninsula). northern slopes Greater Caucasus are windward with respect to the atmospheric fronts of the Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones. The western part of the region is characterized by milder winters than the eastern part. The duration of the period with negative air temperature is 90–95 days in the east, 60–65 days in the west, and up to 130 days in the mountains. The climate of the North Caucasus is temperate continental. Winter here is cold due to the predominance of continental Eastern European air, there may be short-term intrusions of Atlantic and Arctic air, causing temperatures to drop to -30 °C. Fog, frost and ice are frequent. Ice phenomena are especially significant in the area of ​​Mineralnye Vody. The average January temperature in the central part of the foothill zone is from -4 to -6 °C. Absolute minima can reach -32°C (Essentuki), -35, -36°C (Nalchik). In the eastern part of the foothill zone (Dagestan), the average January temperature is from -4 to 0 °C, the absolute minimum is -26 °C (Makhachkala). Cyclonic activity in cold weather weakens, therefore there is little precipitation (20–30 mm per month) and the depth of snow cover is insignificant (10–20 cm). On the flat part, snow cover appears in the 2nd decade of December, but during the winter it repeatedly disappears during thaws. In some years, stable snow cover may not be established. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs in early April. Summers are hot and dry, especially in Dagestan, where the average July temperature is 20–25 °C, with an absolute maximum of 42 °C. The dry air of the Caspian deserts often comes here, so there is little precipitation (the average monthly amount is 15–20 mm). The number of cloudy days in July on the plains is up to 25%, in the mountains up to 50%. In most of the territory, there are 6–8 days per month with a thunderstorm. On the plains, there is little precipitation (15–20 mm per month), in the mountains, with height, their amount increases to 40–50 mm. Precipitation is mainly showery in nature and is often accompanied by squally winds; the formation of mudflows and floods on mountain rivers is possible. In May - June Kuban-Azov lowland happens 1-2 days with hail, on the western slopes Stavropol Upland- up to 3, on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus at an altitude of 2000 m - up to 12 days. The frequency of droughts in the steppe regions is approx. thirty%. Severe droughts are observed in 10% of years in the west and in 15% in the east. In the eastern part, the frequency of dry winds, turning into dust storms, increases. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​​​on the flat part - in late November - early December, in the mountains earlier.

Special climatic conditions are created on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Novorossiysk to Sochi, they are close to the Mediterranean. Winter. The average January temperature is 2–5 °C, however, in the Novorossiysk region, with the intrusion of northern air masses, it can drop to –25 °C. During the cold period, 50–55% of the annual precipitation falls (about 300 mm per month). Summers are warm and dry, with an average July temperature of 23–24 °C. Frost-free period in the Sochi region approx. 270 days. Such climatic conditions are created here thanks to the warm, deep, non-freezing Black Sea and the mountains that protect the coast from the north. With powerful intrusions of cold air, a bora occurs in the Novorossiysk region (wind speed reaches 40–60 m/s).

On the Crimean peninsula in the flat part, the climate is temperate continental, on the southern coast - subtropical with Mediterranean features. On the plains of Crimea, there is an unhindered influx of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, as well as arctic air from the north and tropical air from the south. The southern coast is protected from the invasion of cold air masses from the north Crimean mountains and is under the influence of the Black Sea. Winters are short and mild; moderately cold in the mountains. The average January temperature in the flat part is from -2 to 0 o C (the absolute minimum is -36.8 o C, Nizhnegorsky settlement); in the northern foothills -1.5–(–2) o C, on the yailas of the Main Ridge -4–(–5) o C, on the South Coast 2–4 °C. In the upper parts of the slopes of the mountains, a snow cover up to 1 m or more is formed, in the flat part and foothills it occurs only in snowy winters and lasts approx. 1 month. Summer is long and hot; the mountains are moderately hot. The average July temperature on the plains is 23°C (absolute maximum 40.7°C, Klepinino village), in the northern foothills 22°C, on the yayla of the Main Ridge 15–21°C (at night the temperature may drop to 0°C), in the Southern coast 23.5–24 °С. The duration of the frost-free period in the plains is 170–225 days, in the foothills of the Crimean Mountains 150–240 days, on the Main Ridge 150–180 days, and on the South Coast 230–260 days. The Crimean peninsula as a whole is characterized by insufficient moisture, the average annual precipitation is 350–450 mm per year; in the western part of the foothills of the Crimean Mountains and on the southern coast - from 500 to 600 mm; on the yayla of the western chain of the Main Ridge it increases to 1000–1500 mm. The maximum precipitation on the plains and in the foothills occurs in June - July, on the southern coast and the yayla of the western chain - in January - February. Droughts are frequent (the longest - in 1947).

southeastern part(Lower Volga region, Caspian lowland) is characterized by the greatest continental climate in the European territory. During the year, air masses from Asia can enter these areas, which reduce the temperature in winter and the air humidity in summer. Winter . The average January temperature in Saratov (-13 °C) is the same as in Arkhangelsk, in Astrakhan (-6 °C) - as in St. Petersburg. The softening influence of the Caspian Sea has almost no effect, since its northern shallow part often freezes. Thaws are rare; in January on the coast of the Caspian Sea - up to 5 days. The air temperature can drop to -40 °C, on the coast of the Caspian Sea to -30 °C. In the western part of the Caspian lowland (the Black Earth and the Nogai steppe), winters are much milder due to winds from the central part of the sea, which is free of ice. The snow cover is generally more stable than in the south of the European part, except for the western part of the Caspian lowland. Average monthly rainfall approx. 25 mm. The height of the snow cover in the northern regions reaches 50 cm. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs in the 2nd floor. Martha. The snow cover melts in early April. Spring dry winds penetrate, as a rule, from the south of Kazakhstan, the air temperature in April can rise to 30 °C. Sharp cold snaps are sometimes observed; in the northern part of the Caspian lowland, night frosts are possible in mid-May. Summer is hot and dry. The weakening of cyclonic activity contributes to the transformation of temperate air into continental subtropical. The average temperature in July throughout the territory is 23–25 °C (maximum 40 °C). The average monthly rainfall in the north is 30 mm, in the south 15 mm. The frequency of droughts is more than 30%. Dry winds are frequent in the southeastern regions. In autumn, the air temperature drops rapidly. The first night frosts appear in the northern regions in early September, in the south - in early October. In October, there are several days with a negative average daily temperature. Average November temperatures are negative, except for the southern part of the Caspian lowland. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​occurs at the end of October. Snow cover is established in the north in mid-November, in the south - in mid-December.

Ural are not distinguished as an independent climatic region, since this mountain system is located in three climatic zones: Polar Ural- in the arctic and subarctic, Northern Urals, Middle Ural And Southern Urals- in moderate. The western slopes of the Urals are under the influence of processes developing over the European territory, the eastern slopes - over Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. In winter, cyclones of the Arctic front often pass in the Northern Urals. To the south, the role of cyclones coming from the Black and Caspian Seas increases. The average January temperature in the north of the Urals is from -18 to -20 °C, in the central part -16, -17 °C, in the south -15 °C. The absolute minimum temperature varies from -45°C in the south to -55°C on the eastern slopes of the Northern Urals. In the north, thaws are rare, and in the Southern Urals the air temperature can rise up to 8 °C. Average monthly precipitation is up to 30–40 mm. In the Northern and Middle Urals, the snow depth is 90–100 cm, in the Southern Urals it does not exceed 40 cm. The snow cover descends in the northern part in the 1st floor. May, in the south - in March. In summer, cyclones coming from the west and northwest predominate, and cloudiness increases. The average temperature in July varies from 10°C in the Northern Urals to 20°C in the Southern Urals. The absolute maximum temperature in the north is 35 °C, in the south 42 °C. Frequent returns of cold weather. The average monthly rainfall is 70–100 mm. In most of the Urals, only in July there are no frosts. Autumn, especially in the northern part, is cloudy and rainy. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​in the Northern Urals in mid-August, in the Middle Urals - in mid-September, in the Southern Urals - at the end of September. Snow cover is established in the northern part at the end of October, in the southern part - in the 1st decade of November.

West Siberian Plain, Altai, Sayans

West Siberian Plain located in the arctic, subarctic and temperate zones. In contrast to the European part, the strengthening of the continentality of the climate in Western Siberia occurs not from west to east, but from north to south. This is due to the greater influence of the Atlantic in the northern part of the plain. In winter, in contrast to the European part, cloudiness decreases, the number of cloudy days in January is 50–60%. In the north, the average January temperature drops from west to east from -20 to -30 °C, in the central part it ranges from -18 to -27 °C, in the south - from -18 to -20 °C (the same in Arkhangelsk region). The minimum air temperature in almost the entire territory can reach -55 °C. In the central regions, with intrusions of Atlantic air, there may be sharp warming to thaws. The main paths of Atlantic cyclones pass through the northern regions, bringing significant cloudiness and snowfalls; the height of the snow cover (up to 90 cm) is slightly greater than in the European part at the same latitude, due to the duration of the snow cover (about 9 months) and the absence of thaws. In the central part, the height of the snow cover is 60–70 cm, in the southern part it is 30–40 cm. The average monthly precipitation is from 50 to 70 mm. In the northern part of the taiga zone, the transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs at the end of May, in the south - at the end of April. The snow cover melts in May. The increase in air temperature in spring is often interrupted by sharp cooling, even in the southern regions at the end of May, frosts are not uncommon. In summer, cyclonic activity prevails over the entire territory. In the north, cyclones develop mainly on the Arctic front; they come to the central and southern regions from the lower reaches of the Volga, the Caspian and Black Seas. In the temperate zone, the average July temperature in the northern regions is 12–16 °C, in the central regions it is 15–18 °C, and in the southern regions it is 19–20 °C. The average monthly precipitation is 40–50 mm in the northern part, 50–60 mm in the central part, and 30–40 mm in the southern part. Very warm air from Central Asia, Mongolia and China can enter the southern steppe regions, bringing droughts. Dust storms often occur due to the large area of ​​plowed land and the low forest cover of the territory. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​in the tundra - in the 3rd decade of September, in the central regions - in mid-October. The snow cover soon sets in.

Mountain region of Altai and Sayan located southeast of Western Siberia, almost in the center of Asia. This area is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean only in the mountains. The climate is sharply continental. The distribution of temperature depends on the height of the terrain and the shape of the relief. In winter, cold air from Eastern Siberia dominates, which is characterized by temperature inversions. In this regard, the air temperature in the mid-mountain zone (height is about 1000 m) can be higher than in the adjacent plains. The average January temperature is from -16, -18 ° C in the foothills of Altai and Minusinsk basin down to –34 °C in the Tuva Basin. Due to cooling in the basins, the temperature can drop below -50 °C. On the windward western slopes of the ranges, there is a lot of precipitation - an average of 30-40 mm per month. In winter, large reserves of snow accumulate (up to 2 m). In closed basins with a small snow cover, the soil freezes to a depth of 150–200 cm. In summer, cyclonic activity intensifies, cyclones come mainly from the west and southwest. In the foothill zone of Altai and Sayan, the average July temperature is 16–18 °C, decreasing with altitude to 14–16 °C; night frosts are possible in closed valleys. Summer precipitation is 35–50% of the annual value and varies from 25 (Chuya steppe) to 100 mm per month on the western and northwestern slopes. In the west of Altai in July there are up to 20 days with rain. In the Tuva Basin, summer is warm, sometimes hot. The average temperature in July is approx. 20 °C (maximum 40 °C).

Eastern Siberia

The territory is located in the arctic, subarctic and temperate zones. Here the continental climate is most pronounced. Compared to other areas at the same latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, it has colder winters, warmer summers, and the least annual rainfall.

Baikal and the Baikal region. The climate of the water area Baikal and its coasts are less severe due to the softening influence of the lake. The position of Baikal within an area with a sharply continental climate creates large temperature contrasts between the lake and the adjacent territory. In winter, the water mass of Lake Baikal contributes to an increase in air temperature. In the northern part, the lake freezes at the end of December, in the south - at the beginning of January. The difference in air temperatures at the beginning of winter between Baikal and the adjacent territory is on average 10–15 °C. In the 2nd floor. In winter, the temperature on Lake Baikal can drop to -40 °C. With the invasion of cold air over the lake, fogs often arise, especially intense in the sources of the Angara, where the water does not freeze for a particularly long time. Strong winds are often observed on Baikal, especially in the 1st floor. winters, when the lake did not have time to be covered with ice. The region of Olkhon Island is characterized by squally northwestern Sarma winds (average speed 25–30 m/s, individual gusts over 50 m/s). There is little precipitation in the Baikal region and on Baikal (50–60 mm per month), with the exception of the northwestern slopes of the Khamar-Daban ridge, where large reserves of snow accumulate. In spring, the air temperature rises slowly due to the cooling effect of the lake, which is freed from ice only in mid-May. Spring on Baikal is much colder than autumn (the average temperature in May is almost 5 °C lower than in September). The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs in the first days of June. The snow cover melts in May. Summer in the Baikal region is warm, but cool in Baikal. The warmest month is August, when the waters of the lake warm up, but the average air temperature is low (12–14 °C). When warm continental air enters the cold surface of the lake, fogs form. The maximum amount of precipitation (no more than 25-30 mm) on Baikal falls in June, when the water temperature is still quite low. In summer, the influence of the lake on the territory of the Baikal region, with the exception of a narrow coastal strip, is small, in areas remote from the lake it is warmer than on the West Siberian Plain (for example, the average temperature in July in the upper reaches of the Lena is 18–19 ° C). The average monthly precipitation in the Baikal region is very variable (from 60 to 100 mm) due to the influence of the relief. Autumn on the lake is warm. The first frosts are observed at the end of September. The transition of the average daily air temperature to negative values ​​in the central part of Baikal occurs at the end of October, almost three weeks later than in the Baikal region. Snow cover sets in September.

Yakutia and Transbaikalia have the most continental climate. The annual amplitude of air temperature here reaches the highest values ​​on the globe: from 50 °C in the south to 60 °C at the latitude of the Arctic Circle and up to 65 °C in the northeast (in Verkhoyansk). There is very little precipitation (about 200 mm per year), but the aridity of the climate is mitigated by the short duration of the warm period, when evaporation is relatively large, the absence of thaws in winter and the presence of permafrost, which provides moisture to the topsoil in summer. Winter. From mid-October, the average daily air temperature rarely rises above -10 ° C, in the interior it is colder than on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The lowest temperature is in relief depressions (average January temperature is –50 °C). In Yakutia (near Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk) there is a cold pole of Eurasia (minimum air temperature is -68 °C). In conditions of calm anticyclonic weather, temperature inversions up to 3 km thick are constantly formed. In Transbaikalia, above which the central part of the Siberian anticyclone is located, the highest frequency of anticyclone weather is observed - small clouds, poor precipitation (10 mm per month); the depth of the snow cover is 10–15 cm. To the north, cyclonic activity somewhat intensifies, and the amount of precipitation increases (up to 25 mm per month). In the central part of Yakutia, the snow depth is up to 20 cm, but the duration of occurrence is more than 220 days. During severe frosts, “frosty” fogs often form, mainly near villages, where, as a result of fuel combustion, many condensation nuclei enter the air. The moisture content of the air is very low. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​in the south of Transbaikalia occurs at the end of April, in the middle reaches of the Lena - in mid-May, in the north-east of Yakutia - at the end of May. The snow cover melts in the south in April, in the north in May. In spring, due to the weakening of the Siberian anticyclone, dry cold and very strong (15–20 m/s) winds are typical for Transbaikalia. Summers are warm, hot days are often observed with an average daily temperature above 20 °C (in Central Yakutia - about 20 days). The maximum temperature in the south of Transbaikalia is approx. 40 °C, at the latitude of the Arctic Circle (near the cold pole of Eurasia) approx. 35°C. Large diurnal fluctuations in air temperature are characteristic (up to 25–30 °C during the day, often below 10 °C at night). Night frosts are possible in relief depressions. In summer, the main amount of precipitation falls, to the south it increases significantly (in Transbaikalia in July 80–90 mm), rains are predominantly torrential. In Yakutia, the average monthly rainfall is approx. 15 mm, they fall in the form of drizzling rain. Autumn comes early. In October, the Siberian anticyclone begins to form, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​occurs in the north in August, in the south - in early September. Snow cover sets in October. In the south of Transbaikalia in November it is 10 °C colder than at the same latitude in the Volga region.

Far East

The territory is located in the subarctic and temperate zones. Amur region, Primorye, Sakhalin - the only region of Russia with a typical monsoonal climate. Winter is characterized by low temperatures, and the proximity of the sea almost does not soften its severity. The average January temperature in Vladivostok (latitude of Sochi) is approx. -14 °C (3 °C lower than in Moscow). In the Amur Valley (latitude of Kharkiv) the average January temperature is –25 °C. The winter monsoon is exceptionally stable; in Primorye, the frequency of northwestern winds reaches 70–80%. Due to the anticyclonic nature of the circulation, the uneven snow cover has a low thickness: in the western regions up to 20 cm, on the western slopes Sikhote-Alin up to 50 cm, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan up to 35 cm. In some places there is so little snow that there is no spring flood on the rivers. The winds blow away the snow, and in severe frosts the soil freezes deeply. The southern part of Primorye is distinguished by the largest number of days with heavy snowfalls and snowstorms, which are caused by the arrival of southern and southwestern cyclones. In the north of the Amur region, the stability of the winter monsoon is weakening due to the intensification of cyclonic activity over the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The amount of precipitation increases (up to 50 mm per month), and in the lower reaches of the Amur, the snow depth reaches 70 cm. On Sakhalin, winter is less severe than on the mainland; in the northern part of the island, the average temperature of the winter months is close to rises to -8 °C. Due to intense cyclonic activity on Sakhalin, heavy and prolonged snowfalls are frequent in winter. The average monthly rainfall is 50 mm. The average snow depth varies from 80–90 cm in places protected from the wind to 30 cm on open coasts. Spring throughout the region is cool due to the cooling effect of the seas. The transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs a month later in comparison with the European part - in May. The snow cover melts in April. In the 2nd floor. In spring, the amount of precipitation increases and fogs become more frequent, especially in the south of Primorye and Sakhalin (mainly on the coasts). In summer, the summer monsoon dominates. The influx of sea air, cloudiness and a large amount of precipitation significantly reduce the air temperature. In the southern regions (latitude of the Crimea), the average July temperature is 16–18 °C. The amount of precipitation increases especially in the 2nd floor. summer. On average, 60–70% of the annual amount falls during the summer (about 100 mm per month). Heavy rains are frequent, causing floods. In the rivers of Primorye and Amur region, the highest water level is observed not in spring, but in summer. At the beginning of summer, fogs are frequent on the coasts. In July and August, when the sea warms up relatively, fogs are observed much less frequently. On some days, warm air from Mongolia and China can enter the southern part of Primorye, while the air temperature in Vladivostok during the day rises to 27 ° C. A characteristic feature of the climate of Primorye is the invasion of tropical cyclones (typhoons) with heavy precipitation (daily maximum 300 mm) and hurricane-force winds (maximum activity in August-September). In recent years, the frequency and intensity of typhoons have increased. Autumn in Primorye and the Amur region is the best time of the year. Cyclonic activity is weakening - winds subside, cloudiness and precipitation decrease, air humidity decreases, the temperature drops slowly, therefore it is warmer at the beginning of autumn than at the end of spring. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​on the coast occurs in early November. Snow cover sets in October.

Climate Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands It is formed mainly under the influence of circulation processes developing over the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the influence of the continental monsoon is insignificant, so it is milder than at the same latitudes in Eastern Siberia, but colder compared to the European territory. In the central part of Kamchatka (the latitude of Moscow), the average January temperature is approx. -18 °C (the same in the middle part of Western Siberia), in the southeast (latitude of Kursk) -10 °C. Such a low temperature is due to the influx of cold air from Chukotka and from the northern regions of the Bering Sea. On the Kuril Islands, located to the south and more distant from the mainland, winters are warmer. In the southern part, the average January temperature is -5 °C, in the northern part -10 °C. The increase in air temperature in winter in the region is associated with cyclones, which bring significant precipitation (up to 60 mm per month). The height of the snow cover in the southern part of Kamchatka reaches 110 cm (it sets in mid-October and sometimes occurs until the end of May). Spring is cold. In Kamchatka, the transition of the average daily temperature to positive values ​​occurs in the 1st half. May (as well as on the Kola Peninsula, located beyond the Arctic Circle), on Kuril Islands- at the end of May. A further increase in temperature is slowed down due to the influence of cold sea currents: in the eastern regions of Kamchatka, the average daily temperature reaches 5 ° C only in June (half a month later than in Arkhangelsk). The number of cloudy days in the region in spring exceeds 70%. Due to the predominance of sea winds and the presence of cold sea currents, summer on the coast of Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands is cool, cloudy and humid. On the coasts of Kamchatka, the average July temperature does not exceed 10–12 °C; on the eastern coast, which is under the influence of the open ocean, it is on average two degrees higher than on the western coast, which is washed by the colder waters of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The Pacific air coming from the south is cooled by the sea current passing along the east coast and the southern tip of the peninsula, so fogs are frequent here. In the interior regions of Kamchatka, summers are warmer, but the maximum temperature is 10 °C lower than in Yakutsk, which is located much further north. On the Kuril Islands, the average temperature in July in the northern part is 10 °C, in the south - 12–14 °C; characterized by frequent rains and strong winds. The average monthly rainfall in the region is 70 mm. In autumn, cyclonic activity intensifies, and precipitation increases. The transition of the average daily temperature to negative values ​​in the interior of Kamchatka occurs in mid-October, on the coast - at the end of October, on the Kuril Islands - at the end of September. Snow cover sets in October.

Climate change in the 20th century and early 21st century

Since the 1970s there is more and more evidence of climate warming, which is of particular importance for Russia, since almost all of its territory has an average annual temperature below 5 °C, and in most of Asia it is below 0 °C. Therefore, the creation of acceptable living conditions requires large expenditures of energy resources. Global warming in the 20th century and early 21st century is unprecedented in the last 1000 years. However, it has not been uniform over time. Three intervals are distinguished: warming in 1910–45, slight cooling in 1946–75, and the most intense warming, which began around 1976 and increased significantly at the beginning of the 21st century. 2014, 2015 and 2016 were consistently record warm (in the history of observations since 1880 this is a unique case). In 2016, global temperatures rose from the 20th century average. by 0.99 °C, and compared with the con. 19th century – by 1.1 °C. For the period 2001 - early. 2017 accounts for 16 of the 17 warmest years, with the only exception being the abnormally warm 1998.

Observational data in Russia also show that in the 20 - early. 21st century the climate was significantly different from the climate of the 19th century, and the rate of warming in the beginning. 21st century has increased significantly. If over the period 1901–2000 the average warming intensity for the territory of Russia was 0.9 °C/100 years, then over the recently completed forty years (1976–2015) it was already approx. 4.5 °C/100 years. The most significant increase in temperature has been observed in recent years in the European part of Russia, in Central and Eastern Siberia. In general, for Russia, warming over the past forty years was more noticeable in spring and autumn (0.59 and 0.48 °C/10 years, respectively), but the seasonal features of warming in different physical and geographical regions manifested themselves in different ways. In the winter season, warming in the territory of Western Siberia has practically not been observed in the last forty years, in the Asian part of Russia as a whole it was small (0.15 °C/10 years), in the European part it amounted to 0.49 °C/10 years. In the spring season in the Asian part, warming occurred at a rate of 0.65 °C/10 years, in the territory of Central and Eastern Siberia - over 0.7 °C/10 years, which exceeded the similar characteristics of the spring season for the European part of Russia.

During the same period (1976–2015) in Russia, there is a trend towards a decrease in annual precipitation in the territories of the extreme northeast of Siberia, the center of the European part, in certain areas of Transbaikalia and the Amur region. In the winter season, there is a significant decrease in the amount of precipitation in Eastern Siberia, in the summer season - on the coasts of the northern seas of the Asian territory and in the vast majority of the European territory of Russia. In the spring season, trends towards an increase in the amount of precipitation are observed in most of the territory of Russia.

A large group of researchers believe that climate warming is explained by an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused by human activities. Determining the causes of warming is still at a hypothetical stage, so it is more correct to talk about climate change.

Hydrometeorological Service

Hydrometeorological services for all sectors of the economy on a national scale are entrusted to the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), which includes the central office and territorial bodies - departments for federal districts, 24 territorial (interregional) departments for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring (UGMS). The UGMS includes their branches - centers for hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring, local observatories and observation stations, as well as the Weather Bureau. Roshydromet has 17 research organizations.

In the structure of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Roshydromet provides the activities of the World Meteorological Center (WMC) in Moscow and 2 regional specialized meteorological centers (in Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk). WMC in Moscow is one of the three World Meteorological Centers (along with Washington and Melbourne). Its functions are performed by four institutions of Roshydromet: the Main Center for Information Technology and Information Services for Aviation (Aviamettelecom), the Main Computing Center (MCC), the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation (Hydrometeorological Center of Russia), the All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center (VNIIGMI - WDC) . Regular operational hydrometeorological information is collected as a result of observations carried out by a network of stations (synoptic, aerological, actinometric, etc.) and posts, meteorological radars, artificial Earth satellites and weather ships. The total number of hydrometeorological stations and posts is approx. 4500. The results of observations after primary processing are transferred to the UGMS Weather Bureau, where they are analyzed, summarized and transmitted to users in the form of reports and maps through radio meteorological centers, and also sent to the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, where they are used for forecasts, and to VNIIGMI - WDC (accumulate and stored in archiving systems).

Comfort of natural conditions for the life of the population

The livelihoods of the population largely depend on natural conditions. According to the degree of adaptation to them, the population is divided into the most comfortable, comfortable, pre-comfortable, hypo-comfortable, uncomfortable and extreme territories.

The most comfortable areas. They are characterized by favorable conditions for the life of the population. They cover the south and southeast of the European part of Russia (partially the Rostov and Astrakhan regions, the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions, the coastal regions of the Republic of Crimea), where St. 9% of the total population of the Russian Federation. The adaptation of the newcomer population takes place without tension of the physiological systems of the body. In places, contamination of agricultural land with pesticides, pesticides, etc. is common. 2000, outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers became more frequent, among them West Nile fever and Crimea-Congo. Climatic and balneological resources (mainly on the Azov and Black Sea coasts) are used for recreation and treatment.

Comfortable areas. They are characterized by a slight natural pressure on the livelihoods of the population. They occupy the center of the European part of Russia (Moscow, Vladimir, Tula, Lipetsk, Leningrad, Voronezh, Tambov and other regions, as well as the southern part of Karelia), where about 48.3% of the population lives. The ecological reserve of the territory is very low. The conditions for urban development are favorable, but the long-term negative impacts of the city-forming industrial enterprises have led to environmental pollution, especially in cities: Novodvinsk , Stary Oskol , Lipetsk , Tula , Voronezh , Podolsk, Novomoskovsk , Dzerzhinsk , Cherepovets, the urban-type settlement of Nadvoitsy in Karelia (aluminum production has almost stopped; it is included in the list of single-industry towns with the most difficult socio-economic situation), and other settlements. The adaptation of the visiting population takes place without much stress on the physiological systems of the body. The causative agents of tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis and tularemia have been registered. There is a movement to the north of the areas of natural focal diseases, including tick-borne encephalitis.

Comfortable areas. They are characterized by moderate natural and significant anthropogenic pressure on the livelihoods of the population. They cover the eastern part of the East European Plain, the Cis-Urals (south of the Perm Territory, Bashkiria), the Middle and Southern Urals (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg and Kurgan Regions), the southern part of Western Siberia (the south of the Tyumen and Omsk Regions, partly Altai Territory), the south of the Amur Region (Amur Region) and the Far East (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Jewish Autonomous Region), where 24.1% of the population lives. City-forming industrial enterprises (mining among them) have led to significant environmental pollution and technogenic degradation of natural landscapes. Elevated concentrations of pollutants are recorded in the atmospheric air, in rivers and lakes, as well as in drinking water, among them are toxic metals: lead, copper, chromium, arsenic, etc. This led to changes in the health status of the population in the cities of Nizhnyaya Salda, Upper Ufaley , Krasnokamensk , Chusovoy and other cities. City Karabash(with a copper smelter) is recognized as an ecological disaster area due to severe environmental pollution and high levels of arsenic in the body of residents. After the accident at the Mayak enterprise in 1957 (Chelyabinsk region), an area of ​​approx. 700 km 2 (East Ural radioactive trace). As a result of the radioactive decay of fallout, by 2019 the area of ​​radioactive contamination of the territory has decreased.

In Western Siberia, the ecological reserve of the territory is somewhat lower than in the European part of Russia. The conditions for urban development are relatively favorable. The adaptation of the newcomer population is accompanied by a moderate stress on the physiological systems of the body with a tendency to rapid compensation. Natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis, borreliosis, rickettsiosis, leptospirosis, tularemia, alveococcosis, etc. are widespread. The development of animal husbandry is associated with a potential danger, mainly brucellosis.

Hypocomfortable areas. They are characterized by intense natural pressure on the livelihoods of the population. They stretched in a continuous strip from west to east, covering the northern part of the East European Plain, the Middle and Northern Urals, the central part of Western and Eastern Siberia, the mountains of Southern Siberia, and the northern part of the Far East. There are hypocomfortable boreal (with temperate forests) and hypocomfortable semiarid (with temperate steppes) territories.

Hypocomfortable boreal territories cover the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, the north of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions, the northern regions of the Kirov region, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk Territories, where 3.3% of the population lives. In the European part, a high ecological reserve remains, and in Siberia and the Far East - a very high one. Urban development, especially in the north, is greatly complicated due to harsh climatic conditions and permafrost. Emissions from pulp and paper mills containing sulfur-containing substances pollute the atmosphere, especially in the cities of Sokol, Segezha , Syktyvkar etc. The pathogens of alveococcosis, trichinosis, rabies, psittacosis, sometimes tick-borne encephalitis and borreliosis circulate in populations of wild animals. Climate change has led to a change in seasonal bird migration routes. For example, some species of birds migrate to the north at a very high rate, in particular the blackbird in the last decades of the 20th century. nests regularly (up to 63º N) in the south of the European taiga zone in the Arkhangelsk region and in the north of Karelia. In the north of the European taiga zone, in the western part of the East European Plain for the last quarter. 20th century 12 species of birds not previously found in these regions have been recorded. Similar processes are observed in the eastern part of the East European Plain. Changes in the seasonal migration routes of birds and the appearance of their "exotic" Asian species in the Arctic may lead to the emergence of tropical fever pathogens in ecosystems. In the 20th century there is a significant expansion to the north of many species of mammals: field mouse, baby mouse, common vole, hare, hedgehog, wild boar, etc. The danger of infection with diphyllobothriasis and opisthorchiasis is associated with the ichthyofauna. In the summer, midges are plentiful. Intensive production and transportation of oil is accompanied by spills of oil products (more than 100 breaks per month occur on some pipelines, the area of ​​pollution is 140 thousand km 2), which creates risks of pollution of drinking sources.

Hypocomfortable semiarid territories distributed mainly in the south of Siberia - in Buryatia and the southern regions of the Irkutsk region, where 8.2% of the population lives. The ecological reserve of the territories is small. The adaptation of the visiting population proceeds with a strong tension of all physiological systems of a person and gradual compensation. Strong fluctuations in daily and seasonal temperatures, strong winds, dust storms, increased insolation, water scarcity and its high salinity affect. Hay fever and nephrolithiasis are common. The danger of brucellosis, leptospirosis, teniarhynchosis is insignificant. Natural foci of alveococcosis, tick-borne rickettsiosis and rabies are associated with wild animals (foxes, wolves, arctic foxes, raccoons, etc.). In the basins of the Ob and Irtysh rivers, infection with opisthorchiasis is possible.

Discomfort areas. They are characterized by very intense natural pressure on the livelihoods of the population. Unsuitable for the formation of a permanent population of visitors. Weak population determines the high ecological reserve of these territories. Distinguish between uncomfortable humid (cold), uncomfortable arid (hot) areas and uncomfortable areas in the middle and high mountains.

Uncomfortable humid areas(in combination with extreme and hypocomfortable areas) cover the northern regions of the Arkhangelsk region, the Komi Republic, the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur region and the Jewish Autonomous Region, where approx. 3% of the population. The conditions for urban development are very difficult, but even here cities with industrial production have emerged that negatively affect the natural environment and the health of the population, for example, the Inta single-industry town with coal mines. The adaptation of the visiting population proceeds with a high stress on the physiological systems of the body and difficult compensation. For a limited time, only healthy people who have passed a special medical selection can live and work here. Among the most common types of pathology: meteopathies, cardiovascular diseases, cold polyneuritis, chronic nonspecific pneumonia, frostbite, injuries (due to low air temperature, etc.). In the summer, midges are plentiful. Numerous wild animals (arctic foxes, foxes, wolves, etc.) are the keepers and carriers of tularemia, leptospirosis, ornithosis, alveococcosis, and trichinosis. Most of the ichthyofauna of rivers and lakes is infected with diphyllobothriasis and opisthorchiasis.

Uncomfortable arid territories cover the southern part of the East European Plain (Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Republic of Kalmykia) and the Trans-Urals (the southeastern part of the Orenburg region), where 2.2% of the population lives. Among the unfavorable natural factors: high air temperature with sharp changes in daily and seasonal temperatures, high insolation, strong winds, dust storms, dry air, lack of fresh water of acceptable quality and its high mineralization. The most common types of pathology include: heat stroke, cardiovascular disease, pollinosis, eye and skin diseases. The occurrence of fluorosis and urolithiasis is associated with the biogeochemical features of the territory. Wild animals are a source of infection with plague, tick-borne spirochetosis, Q fever. Climate change affects the comfort of natural conditions for the life of the population, the expansion of the ranges of carriers of infectious diseases, as well as the emergence of new diseases, such as West Nile fever. Outbreaks of brucellosis and leptospirosis are recorded in farm animals. Climatic and balneological resources make it possible to use these territories for sanatorium treatment.

Uncomfortable areas of the middle and high mountains are characterized by a large mosaic of natural landscapes - next to extreme or uncomfortable areas there are hypocomfortable and even comfortable areas. The conditions for urban development are very difficult (the Republics of North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Altai, etc.), where approximately 0.1% of the population lives. The adaptation of the visiting population takes place under the influence of low atmospheric pressure, low oxygen content, a large amplitude of daily and seasonal temperatures, severe frosts, strong winds and increased solar radiation. In the mountains, there is a great danger of snow avalanches, catastrophic mudflows, landslides, rockfalls, rapid floods, and other natural disasters. Among the visiting population, the most common are mountain sickness, specific burns of exposed parts of the body, snow blindness, exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases, mountain injuries, respiratory diseases, etc. Wild animals are carriers of plague, tick-borne spirochetosis, tick-borne rickettsiosis, rabies, etc.

Extreme territories. They are characterized by extremely intense natural pressure on the livelihoods of the population. They cover the Arctic coast of the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Yakutia, the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk Territories, the Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, where 1.6% of the population lives. Weak population explains the very high ecological reserve of these territories. The conditions for urban development are extremely difficult. Cold discomfort causes a complex set of physiological reactions that create the effect of cold stress, which is also facilitated by strong gusty winds and high humidity. Among the factors negatively affecting the human body are magnetic storms (powerful and frequent), aurora, photoperiodicity (change of polar day and polar night). Cold discomfort is one of the risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma. The prevalence of respiratory diseases among children in the northern regions of the country is 1.5–2 times higher than the average for Russia. The effect of northern pneumonia is described. In some settlements, extreme climatic conditions are combined with a high level of environmental pollution (the so-called metallurgical cities on the Kola Peninsula, as well as Vorkuta, Norilsk, etc.). Climate warming and degradation of permafrost lead to disruption of water supply and sewerage systems, which provokes the risk of infectious diseases associated with microbial contamination of drinking water. Degradation and thawing of permafrost soils can lead to the release of infectious agents from cattle burial grounds to the surface of the earth. There are more than 500 animal burial grounds in the Russian Arctic, and it is possible that the outbreak of anthrax in Yamal in the summer of 2016 was caused precisely by these reasons. The indigenous population of the Far North has adapted to local natural conditions for many generations. However, the impact of climate change occurs against the background of high mortality in this population group and, accordingly, low life expectancy. The emerging difficulties of fishing and hunting, changes in the migration routes of wild deer and degradation of their food supply, a decrease in the number of marine animals lead to a reduction in traditional crafts, which will lead to disruption of traditional nutrition and an increase in injuries that cause a significant number of deaths among the indigenous peoples of the North. The adaptation of the visiting population proceeds with the maximum stress of the physiological systems of the body and is accompanied by meteopathies, cardiovascular diseases, shortness of breath, chronic pneumonia, cold polyneuritis, snow blindness, frostbite, biorhythm disorders, etc. Accommodation of visitors with chronic diseases, as well as children and the elderly is dangerous to health. Among infectious natural focal diseases, alveococcosis, trichinosis and rabies are common.

The Far East occupies more than one third of Russia and includes three territories - Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk, three regions - Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Due to its remoteness from the European part of Russia, it is often called the end of the world. Indeed, these places are very different from other regions of the country and have a special flavor, unique flora and fauna, a peculiar relief and a specific climate.

Climate of the Far East (Khabarovsk) by months:

The main feature of the Far Eastern climate is its diversity. The impressive extent of the territory causes its change from a sharply continental type in the central and Kolyma regions of the Magadan region to a monsoon type in the south. The average annual temperature in the Far East varies from -10°С in the north to +6°С in the southern territories.

Precipitation is also characterized by a large spread - from 200 mm. per year in the north and up to 1000 mm. on South. Far Eastern air is humid throughout the territory: relative humidity here is never less than 65%, in some areas its value exceeds 95%.

Spring

Spring in the southern part of the Far East begins in mid-April, and in the northern part closer to May. Usually it is arid in nature, this is due to low rainfall and poor snow cover.

River floods and floods are observed only in the northern regions, where the snow melts quickly and intensively. Daytime temperature varies from +5°С to +15°С. In the northern part, daylight hours are significantly lengthened.

Summer

In the Far East, summer comes slowly, gradually. The first warm days fall at the end of May-beginning of June. The Pacific Ocean has a significant influence on coastal areas - sea and continental air masses form a warm summer monsoon. The average temperature in July here is +19°C.

In areas far from the sea, summer is hotter - the thermometer rises to +25..30°С. The coldest summer is on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands, where the temperature does not rise above + 15 ° C, rain and fog prevail. Often, strong downpours with winds, hurricanes and typhoons fall on coastal areas.

In the Magadan region, the time of white nights begins, when the duration of daylight hours can be more than 18 hours.

Autumn

August is the month of transition from summer to autumn. The average daily temperature during the month ranges from +8°С to +16°С. September in the Far East is characterized by rainy but moderately warm weather.

At the same time, the first snow falls in the continental regions. At the end of October-November, a permanent snow cover forms in most of the Far Eastern territory, rivers and lakes freeze.

Winter

Winter comes to the Far East at the end of November. The average temperature in January is about -22 °С.. -24 °С. The warmest and shortest winter in Primorye, Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island, the most severe - in the Magadan region and the Amur. In these places, January frosts can reach up to -50°С.

In Primorye, the snow cover is poor, while in Kamchatka and the Magadan region it can reach up to 3 meters in height.