Natural sources of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, coke. Their use as fuel and in chemical synthesis. Natural sources of hydrocarbons - Knowledge Hypermarket Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their practical use

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil , natural gas and coal . They form rich deposits in various regions of the Earth.

Previously, extracted natural products were used exclusively as fuel. At present, methods for their processing have been developed and are widely used, which make it possible to isolate valuable hydrocarbons, which are used both as high-quality fuel and as raw materials for various organic synthesis. Processing of natural sources of raw materials petrochemical industry . Let us analyze the main methods of processing natural hydrocarbons.

The most valuable source of natural raw materials - oil . It is an oily liquid of dark brown or black color with a characteristic odor, practically insoluble in water. The density of oil is 0.73–0.97 g/cm3. Oil is a complex mixture of various liquid hydrocarbons in which gaseous and solid hydrocarbons are dissolved, and the composition of oil from different fields may differ. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as oxygen-, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing organic compounds can be present in the composition of oil in various proportions.

Crude oil is practically not used, but is processed.

Distinguish primary oil refining (distillation ), i.e. separating it into fractions with different boiling points, and recycling (cracking ), during which the structure of hydrocarbons is changed

dov included in its composition.

Primary oil refining It is based on the fact that the boiling point of hydrocarbons is the greater, the greater their molar mass. Oil contains compounds with boiling points from 30 to 550°C. As a result of distillation, oil is separated into fractions boiling at different temperatures and containing mixtures of hydrocarbons with different molar masses. These fractions find a variety of uses (see table 10.2).

Table 10.2. Products of primary oil refining.

Fraction	Boiling point, °C	Compound	Application
Liquefied gas	<30	Hydrocarbons С 3 -С 4	Gaseous fuels, raw materials for the chemical industry
Petrol	40-200	Hydrocarbons C 5 - C 9	Aviation and automotive fuel, solvent
Naphtha	150-250	Hydrocarbons C 9 - C 12	Diesel engine fuel, solvent
Kerosene	180-300	Hydrocarbons С 9 -С 16	Diesel engine fuel, household fuel, lighting fuel
gas oil	250-360	Hydrocarbons С 12 -С 35	Diesel fuel, feedstock for catalytic cracking
fuel oil	> 360	Higher hydrocarbons, O-, N-, S-, Me-containing substances	Fuel for boiler plants and industrial furnaces, feedstock for further distillation

The share of fuel oil accounts for about half of the mass of oil. Therefore, it is also subjected to thermal processing. To prevent decomposition, the fuel oil is distilled under reduced pressure. In this case, several fractions are obtained: liquid hydrocarbons, which are used as lubricating oils ; mixture of liquid and solid hydrocarbons - petrolatum used in the preparation of ointments; a mixture of solid hydrocarbons - paraffin , going to the production of shoe polish, candles, matches and pencils, as well as for the impregnation of wood; non-volatile residue tar used to produce road, construction and roofing bitumen.

Oil refining includes chemical reactions that change the composition and chemical structure of hydrocarbons. Its variety

ty - thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming.

Thermal cracking usually subjected to fuel oil and other heavy oil fractions. At a temperature of 450–550°C and a pressure of 2–7 MPa, the free radical mechanism splits hydrocarbon molecules into fragments with a smaller number of carbon atoms, and saturated and unsaturated compounds are formed:

C 16 N 34 ¾® C 8 N 18 + C 8 N 16

C 8 H 18 ¾®C 4 H 10 +C 4 H 8

In this way, automobile gasoline is obtained.

catalytic cracking carried out in the presence of catalysts (usually aluminosilicates) at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 550 - 600°C. At the same time, aviation gasoline is obtained from kerosene and gas oil fractions of oil.

The splitting of hydrocarbons in the presence of aluminosilicates proceeds according to the ionic mechanism and is accompanied by isomerization, i.e. the formation of a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with a branched carbon skeleton, for example:

CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

cat., t||

C 16 H 34 ¾¾® CH 3 -C -C-CH 3 + CH 3 -C \u003d C - CH-CH 3

catalytic reforming carried out at a temperature of 470-540°C and a pressure of 1-5 MPa using platinum or platinum-rhenium catalysts deposited on a base of Al 2 O 3 . Under these conditions, the transformation of paraffins and

petroleum cycloparaffins to aromatic hydrocarbons

cat., t, p

¾¾¾¾® + 3H 2

cat., t, p

C 6 H 14 ¾¾¾¾® + 4H 2

Catalytic processes make it possible to obtain improved quality gasoline due to the high content of branched and aromatic hydrocarbons in it. The quality of gasoline is characterized by its octane rating. The more the mixture of fuel and air is compressed by the pistons, the greater the power of the engine. However, compression can only be carried out up to a certain limit, above which detonation (explosion) occurs.

gas mixture, causing overheating and premature engine wear. The lowest resistance to detonation in normal paraffins. With a decrease in the chain length, an increase in its branching and the number of double

ny connections, it increases; it is especially high in aromatic carbohydrates.

before giving birth. To assess the resistance to detonation of various grades of gasoline, they are compared with similar indicators for a mixture isooctane and n-heptane with different ratio of components; the octane number is equal to the percentage of isooctane in this mixture. The larger it is, the higher the quality of gasoline. The octane number can also be increased by adding special antiknock agents, for example, tetraethyl lead Pb(C 2 H 5) 4 , however, such gasoline and its combustion products are toxic.

In addition to liquid fuels, lower gaseous hydrocarbons are obtained in catalytic processes, which are then used as raw materials for organic synthesis.

Another important natural source of hydrocarbons, the importance of which is constantly increasing - natural gas. It contains up to 98% by volume of methane, 2–3% by volume. its closest homologues, as well as impurities of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, noble gases and water. Gases released during oil production ( passing ), contain less methane, but more of its homologues.

Natural gas is used as fuel. In addition, individual saturated hydrocarbons are isolated from it by distillation, as well as synthesis gas , consisting mainly of CO and hydrogen; they are used as raw materials for various organic syntheses.

Mined in large quantities coal - inhomogeneous solid material of black or gray-black color. It is a complex mixture of various macromolecular compounds.

Coal is used as a solid fuel, and is also subjected to coking – dry distillation without air access at 1000-1200°С. As a result of this process are formed: coke , which is a finely divided graphite and is used in metallurgy as a reducing agent; coal tar , which is subjected to distillation and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol, etc.) are obtained and pitch , going to the preparation of roofing roofing; ammonia water and coke oven gas containing about 60% hydrogen and 25% methane.

Thus, natural sources of hydrocarbons provide

the chemical industry with diverse and relatively cheap raw materials for organic syntheses, which make it possible to obtain numerous organic compounds that are not found in nature, but are necessary for man.

The general scheme for the use of natural raw materials for the main organic and petrochemical synthesis can be represented as follows.

Arenas Syngas Acetylene AlkenesAlkanes

Basic organic and petrochemical synthesis

Control tasks.

1222. What is the difference between primary oil refining and secondary refining?

1223. What compounds determine the high quality of gasoline?

1224. Suggest a method that allows, starting from oil, to obtain ethyl alcohol.

Dry distillation of coal.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained mainly from the dry distillation of coal. When coal is heated in retorts or coking ovens without air at 1000–1300 °C, the organic matter of coal decomposes to form solid, liquid, and gaseous products.

The solid product of dry distillation - coke - is a porous mass consisting of carbon with an admixture of ash. Coke is produced in huge quantities and consumed mainly by the metallurgical industry as a reducing agent in the production of metals (primarily iron) from ores.

The liquid products of dry distillation are black viscous tar (coal tar), and the aqueous layer containing ammonia is ammonia water. Coal tar is obtained on average 3% of the mass of the original coal. Ammonia water is one of the important sources of ammonia production. Gaseous products of dry distillation of coal are called coke gas. Coke oven gas has a different composition depending on the grade of coal, coking mode, etc. Coke gas produced in coke oven batteries is passed through a series of absorbers that trap tar, ammonia and light oil vapors. Light oil obtained by condensation from coke oven gas contains 60% benzene, toluene and other hydrocarbons. Most of the benzene (up to 90%) is obtained in this way and only a little - by fractionation of coal tar.

Processing of coal tar. Coal tar has the appearance of a black resinous mass with a characteristic odor. Currently, more than 120 different products have been isolated from coal tar. Among them are aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as aromatic oxygen-containing substances of an acidic nature (phenols), nitrogen-containing substances of a basic nature (pyridine, quinoline), substances containing sulfur (thiophene), etc.

Coal tar is subjected to fractional distillation, as a result of which several fractions are obtained.

Light oil contains benzene, toluene, xylenes and some other hydrocarbons.

Medium, or carbolic, oil contains a number of phenols.

Heavy, or creosote, oil: Of the hydrocarbons in heavy oil, naphthalene is contained.

Production of hydrocarbons from oil

Oil is one of the main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Most oils contain only very small amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons. From domestic oil rich in aromatic hydrocarbons is the oil of the Ural (Perm) field. The oil of the "Second Baku" contains up to 60% aromatic hydrocarbons.

Due to the scarcity of aromatic hydrocarbons, “oil flavoring” is now used: oil products are heated at a temperature of about 700 ° C, as a result of which 15–18% of aromatic hydrocarbons can be obtained from the decomposition products of oil.

Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources
Receipt hydrocarbons from oil. Oil is one of the main sources aromatic hydrocarbons.

Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources. Dry distillation of coal. aromatic hydrocarbons obtained mainly from Nomenclature and isomerism aromatic hydrocarbons.

Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources. Dry distillation of coal. aromatic hydrocarbons obtained mainly from

Receipt aromatic hydrocarbons. Natural sources.
1. Synthesis from aromatic hydrocarbons and halo-derivatives of the fatty series in the presence of catalysis ... more ».

To the group aromatic compounds included a number of substances, received from natural resins, balms and essential oils.
Rational names aromatic hydrocarbons usually produced from the name. aromatic hydrocarbons.

Natural sources marginal hydrocarbons. Gaseous, liquid and solid substances are widely distributed in nature. hydrocarbons, in most cases occurring not in the form of pure compounds, but in the form of various, sometimes very complex mixtures.

isomerism, natural sources and ways receiving olefins. The isomerism of olefins depends on the isomerism of the carbon chain, i.e., on whether the chain is n. Unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.

hydrocarbons. Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature and play a very important role in human life. They are part of the food, and usually a person's need for energy is covered when eating for the most part precisely due to carbohydrates.

The H2C=CH- radical derived from ethylene is usually called vinyl; the H2C=CH-CH2- radical derived from propylene is called allyl. Natural sources and ways receiving olefins.

Natural sources marginal hydrocarbons there are also some products of the dry distillation of wood, peat, brown and black coal, oil shale. Synthetic ways receiving marginal hydrocarbons.

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Dry distillation of coal.

Coal tar is subjected to fractional distillation, as a result of which several fractions are obtained.

Light oil contains benzene, toluene, xylenes and some other hydrocarbons. Medium, or carbolic, oil contains a number of phenols.

Heavy, or creosote, oil: Of the hydrocarbons in heavy oil, naphthalene is contained.

Getting hydrocarbons from oil Oil is one of the main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Most species

oil contains only a very small amount of aromatic hydrocarbons. From domestic oil rich in aromatic hydrocarbons is the oil of the Ural (Perm) field. The oil of the "Second Baku" contains up to 60% aromatic hydrocarbons.

32. Synthesis, physical and chemical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons

1. Synthesis from aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty halo derivatives in the presence of catalysts (Friedel-Crafts synthesis).

2. Synthesis from salts of aromatic acids.

When dry salts of aromatic acids are heated with soda lime, the salts decompose to form hydrocarbons. This method is similar to the production of fatty hydrocarbons.

3. Synthesis from acetylene. This reaction is of interest as an example of the synthesis of benzene from fatty hydrocarbons.

When acetylene is passed through a heated catalyst (at 500 °C), the triple bonds of acetylene are broken and three of its molecules polymerize into one benzene molecule.

Physical properties Aromatic hydrocarbons are liquids or solids with

characteristic odour. Hydrocarbons with no more than one benzene ring in their molecules are lighter than water. Aromatic hydrocarbons are slightly soluble in water.

The IR spectra of aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily characterized by three regions:

1) about 3000 cm-1, due to C-H stretching vibrations;

2) the 1600–1500 cm-1 region associated with skeletal vibrations of aromatic carbon-carbon bonds and significantly varying in peak position depending on the structure;

3) the area below 900 cm-1 related to the bending vibrations of C-H of the aromatic ring.

Chemical properties The most important general chemical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons are

their tendency to substitution reactions and the high strength of the benzene nucleus.

Benzene homologues have a benzene core and a side chain in their molecule, for example, in the hydrocarbon C 6 H5 -C2 H5, the C6 H5 group is the benzene core, and C2 H5 is the side chain. Properties

benzene ring in the molecules of benzene homologues approach the properties of benzene itself. The properties of the side chains, which are residues of fatty hydrocarbons, approach the properties of fatty hydrocarbons.

The reactions of benzene hydrocarbons can be divided into four groups.

33. Orientation rules in the benzene nucleus

When studying substitution reactions in the benzene nucleus, it was found that if the benzene nucleus already contains any substituent group, then the second group enters a certain position depending on the nature of the first substituent. Thus, each substituent in the benzene nucleus has a certain directing, or orienting, action.

The position of the newly introduced substituent is also influenced by the nature of the substituent itself, i.e., the electrophilic or nucleophilic nature of the active reagent. The vast majority of the most important substitution reactions in the benzene ring are electrophilic substitution reactions (replacement of a hydrogen atom split off in the form of a proton by a positively charged particle) - halogenation, sulfonation, nitration reactions, etc.

All substitutes are divided into two groups according to the nature of their guiding action.

1. Substituents of the first kind in reactions electrophilic substitution direct subsequent introduced groups to the ortho- and para-positions.

Substituents of this kind include, for example, the following groups, arranged in descending order of their directing power: -NH2, -OH, -CH3.

2. Substituents of the second kind in reactions electrophilic substitution direct subsequent introduced groups to the meta position.

Substituents of this kind include the following groups, arranged in descending order of their directing force: -NO2, -C≡N, -SO3 H.

Substituents of the first kind contain single bonds; substituents of the second kind are characterized by the presence of double or triple bonds.

Substituents of the first kind in the overwhelming majority of cases facilitate substitution reactions. For example, to nitrate benzene, you need to heat it with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, while phenol C6 H5 OH can be successfully

nitrate with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to form ortho- and paranitrophenol.

Substituents of the second kind generally hinder substitution reactions altogether. Particularly difficult is the substitution in the ortho- and para-positions, and the substitution in the meta-position is relatively easier.

Currently, the influence of substituents is explained by the fact that substituents of the first kind are electron-donating (donating electrons), i.e., their electron clouds are shifted towards the benzene nucleus, which increases the reactivity of hydrogen atoms.

An increase in the reactivity of hydrogen atoms in the ring facilitates the course of electrophilic substitution reactions. So, for example, in the presence of hydroxyl, the free electrons of the oxygen atom are shifted towards the ring, which increases the electron density in the ring, and the electron density of carbon atoms in the ortho and para positions to the substituent especially increases.

34. Substitution rules in the benzene ring

The rules of substitution in the benzene ring are of great practical importance, since they make it possible to predict the course of the reaction and choose the correct path for the synthesis of one or another desired substance.

The mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions in the aromatic series. Modern research methods have made it possible to largely elucidate the mechanism of substitution in the aromatic series. Interestingly, in many respects, especially at the first stages, the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in the aromatic series turned out to be similar to the mechanism of electrophilic addition in the fatty series.

The first step in electrophilic substitution is (as in electrophilic addition) the formation of a p-complex. The electrophilic particle Xd+ binds to all six p-electrons of the benzene ring.

The second stage is the formation of the p-complex. In this case, the electrophilic particle "pulls out" two electrons from six p-electrons to form an ordinary covalent bond. The resulting p-complex no longer has an aromatic structure: it is an unstable carbocation in which four p-electrons in a delocalized state are distributed between five carbon atoms, while the sixth carbon atom passes into a saturated state. The introduced substituent X and the hydrogen atom are in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the six-membered ring. The S-complex is an intermediate whose formation and structure have been proven by a number of methods, in particular by spectroscopy.

The third stage of electrophilic substitution is the stabilization of the S-complex, which is achieved by the elimination of a hydrogen atom in the form of a proton. The two electrons involved in the formation of the C-H bond, after the removal of a proton, together with four delocalized electrons of five carbon atoms, give the usual stable aromatic structure of substituted benzene. The role of the catalyst (usually A 1 Cl3) in this case

The process consists in strengthening the polarization of haloalkyl with the formation of a positively charged particle, which enters into an electrophilic substitution reaction.

Addition Reactions Benzene hydrocarbons react with great difficulty

decolorize with bromine water and KMnO4 solution. However, under special reaction conditions

connections are still possible. 1. Addition of halogens.

Oxygen in this reaction plays the role of a negative catalyst: in its presence, the reaction does not proceed. Hydrogen addition in the presence of a catalyst:

C6 H6 + 3H2 → C6 H12

2. Oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Benzene itself is exceptionally resistant to oxidation - more resistant than paraffins. Under the action of energetic oxidizing agents (KMnO4 in an acidic medium, etc.) on benzene homologues, the benzene core is not oxidized, while the side chains undergo oxidation with the formation of aromatic acids.

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels - oil and

gas, coal and peat. Crude oil and gas deposits arose 100-200 million years ago

back from microscopic marine plants and animals that turned out to be

included in the sedimentary rocks formed at the bottom of the sea, Unlike

that coal and peat began to form 340 million years ago from plants,

growing on dry land.

Natural gas and crude oil are usually found along with water in

oil-bearing layers located between layers of rocks (Fig. 2). Term

"natural gas" also applies to gases that are formed in natural

conditions as a result of the decomposition of coal. Natural gas and crude oil

developed on all continents except Antarctica. the largest

natural gas producers in the world are Russia, Algeria, Iran and

United States. The largest producers of crude oil are

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.

Natural gas consists mainly of methane (Table 1).

Crude oil is an oily liquid, the color of which can

be the most diverse - from dark brown or green to almost

colorless. It contains a large number of alkanes. Among them are

straight chain alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with the number of atoms

carbon five to 40. The industrial name for these cycloalkanes is numbered. AT

crude oil, in addition, contains approximately 10% aromatic

hydrocarbons, as well as a small amount of other compounds containing

sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

Table 1 Composition of natural gas

Coal is the oldest source of energy known to

humanity. It is a mineral (Fig. 3), which was formed from

plant matter during metamorphism. Metamorphic

called rocks, the composition of which has undergone changes in conditions

high pressures and high temperatures. The product of the first stage in

process of formation of coal is peat, which is

decomposed organic matter. Coal is formed from peat after

it is covered with sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary rocks are called

overloaded. Overloaded precipitation reduces the moisture content of peat.

Three criteria are used in the classification of coals: purity (determined by

relative carbon content in percent); type (defined

the composition of the original plant matter); grade (depending on

degree of metamorphism).

Table 2 Carbon content in some types of fuel and their calorific value

ability

The lowest grade fossil coals are lignite and

lignite (Table 2). They are closest to peat and are characterized by relatively

characterized by a lower moisture content and is widely used in

industry. The driest and hardest grade of coal is anthracite. His

used for home heating and cooking.

In recent years, thanks to technological advances, it is becoming more and more

economical gasification of coal. Coal gasification products include

carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and nitrogen. They are used in

as a gaseous fuel or as a raw material for the production of various

chemicals and fertilizers.

Coal, as discussed below, is an important source of raw materials for

aromatic compounds. Coal Represents

a complex mixture of chemicals, which include carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen, as well as small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur and other impurities

elements. In addition, the composition of coal, depending on its grade, includes

varying amounts of moisture and various minerals.

Hydrocarbons occur naturally not only in fossil fuels, but also in

in some materials of biological origin. natural rubber

is an example of a natural hydrocarbon polymer. rubber molecule

consists of thousands of structural units, which are methylbuta-1,3-diene

(isoprene);

natural rubber. Approximately 90% natural rubber, which

currently mined all over the world, obtained from the Brazilian

rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, cultivated mainly in

equatorial countries of Asia. The sap of this tree, which is latex

(a colloidal aqueous solution of polymer), collected from incisions made with a knife on

bark. Latex contains approximately 30% rubber. Its tiny pieces

suspended in water. The juice is poured into aluminum containers, where acid is added,

causing the rubber to coagulate.

Many other natural compounds also contain isoprene structural

fragments. For example, limonene contains two isoprene moieties. Limonene

is the main component of oils extracted from the peel of citrus fruits,

such as lemons and oranges. This connection belongs to the class of connections,

called terpenes. Terpenes contain 10 carbon atoms in their molecules (C

10-compounds) and include two isoprene fragments connected to each other

the other sequentially (“head to tail”). Compounds with four isoprene

fragments (C 20 compounds) are called diterpenes, and with six

isoprene fragments - triterpenes (C 30 compounds). Squalene

found in shark liver oil is a triterpene.

Tetraterpenes (C 40 compounds) contain eight isoprene

fragments. Tetraterpenes are found in the pigments of vegetable and animal fats.

origin. Their coloration is due to the presence of a long conjugated system

double bonds. For example, β-carotene is responsible for the characteristic orange

coloring of carrots.

Oil and coal processing technology

At the end of the XIX century. under the influence of progress in the field of thermal power engineering, transport, engineering, military and a number of other industries, demand has increased immeasurably and an urgent need has arisen for new types of fuel and chemical products.

At this time, the oil refining industry was born and rapidly progressed. A huge impetus to the development of the oil refining industry was given by the invention and rapid spread of the internal combustion engine running on petroleum products. The technique of processing coal, which is not only one of the main types of fuel, but, which is especially noteworthy, became an essential raw material for the chemical industry during the period under review, also developed intensively. A large role in this matter belonged to coke chemistry. Coke plants, which previously supplied coke to the ferrous metallurgy, turned into coke-chemical enterprises, which, in addition, produced a number of valuable chemical products: coke oven gas, crude benzene, coal tar and ammonia.

The production of synthetic organic substances and materials began to develop on the basis of oil and coal processing products. They are widely used as raw materials and semi-finished products in various branches of the chemical industry.

Ticket number 10

The main sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gases, and coal. Their reserves are not unlimited. According to scientists, at the current rate of production and consumption, they will be enough: oil - 30 - 90 years, gas - for 50 years, coal - for 300 years.

Oil and its composition:

Oil is an oily liquid from light brown to dark brown, almost black in color with a characteristic odor, does not dissolve in water, forms a film on the surface of the water that does not allow air to pass through. Oil is an oily liquid of light brown to dark brown, almost black color, with a characteristic odor, does not dissolve in water, forms a film on the water surface that does not allow air to pass through. Oil is a complex mixture of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, cycloparaffin, as well as some organic compounds containing heteroatoms - oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, etc. What only enthusiastic names were not given by people of oil: both "Black gold", and "Blood of the earth". Oil really deserves our admiration and nobility.

The composition of oil is: paraffinic - consists of alkanes with a straight and branched chain; naphthenic - contains saturated cyclic hydrocarbons; aromatic - includes aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and its homologues). Despite the complex component composition, the elemental composition of oils is more or less the same: on average 82-87% hydrocarbon, 11-14% hydrogen, 2-6% other elements (oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen).

A bit of history .

In 1859, in the US, in the state of Pennsylvania, 40-year-old Edwin Drake, with the help of his own perseverance, oil digging money and an old steam engine, drilled a well 22 meters deep and extracted the first oil from it.

Drake's priority as a pioneer in the field of oil drilling is disputed, but his name is still associated with the beginning of the oil era. Oil has been discovered in many parts of the world. Mankind has finally acquired in large quantities an excellent source of artificial lighting ....

What is the origin of oil?

Among scientists, two main concepts dominated: organic and inorganic. According to the first concept, organic residues buried in sedimentary rocks decompose over time, turning into oil, coal and natural gas; more mobile oil and gas then accumulate in the upper layers of sedimentary rocks with pores. Other scientists claim that oil is formed at "great depths in the Earth's mantle".

The Russian scientist - chemist D.I. Mendeleev was a supporter of the inorganic concept. In 1877, he proposed a mineral (carbide) hypothesis, according to which the emergence of oil is associated with the penetration of water into the depths of the Earth along faults, where, under its influence on "carbonaceous metals", hydrocarbons are obtained.

If there was a hypothesis of the cosmic origin of oil - from hydrocarbons contained in the gas envelope of the Earth even during its stellar state.

Natural gas is "blue gold".

Our country ranks first in the world in terms of natural gas reserves. The most important deposits of this valuable fuel are located in Western Siberia (Urengoyskoye, Zapolyarnoye), in the Volga-Ural basin (Vuktylskoye, Orenburgskoye), in the North Caucasus (Stavropolskoye).

For natural gas production, the flowing method is usually used. In order for gas to start flowing to the surface, it is enough to open a well drilled in a gas-bearing reservoir.

Natural gas is used without prior separation because it undergoes purification before being transported. In particular, mechanical impurities, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and other aggressive components are removed from it .... And also most of the propane, butane and heavier hydrocarbons. The remaining practically pure methane is consumed, firstly, as a fuel: high calorific value; environmentally friendly; convenient to extract, transport, burn, because the state of aggregation is gas.

Secondly, methane becomes a raw material for the production of acetylene, soot and hydrogen; for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons, primarily ethylene and propylene; for organic synthesis: methyl alcohol, formaldehyde, acetone, acetic acid and much more.

Associated petroleum gas

Associated petroleum gas, by its origin, is also natural gas. It received a special name because it is in deposits along with oil - it is dissolved in it. When extracting oil to the surface, it separates from it due to a sharp drop in pressure. Russia occupies one of the first places in terms of associated gas reserves and its production.

The composition of associated petroleum gas differs from natural gas - it contains much more ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains such rare gases on Earth as argon and helium.

Associated petroleum gas is a valuable chemical raw material; more substances can be obtained from it than from natural gas. Individual hydrocarbons are also extracted for chemical processing: ethane, propane, butane, etc. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are obtained from them by the dehydrogenation reaction.

Coal

Reserves of coal in nature significantly exceed the reserves of oil and gas. Coal is a complex mixture of substances, consisting of various compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The composition of coal includes such mineral substances containing compounds of many other elements.

Hard coals have a composition: carbon - up to 98%, hydrogen - up to 6%, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen - up to 10%. But in nature there are also brown coals. Their composition: carbon - up to 75%, hydrogen - up to 6%, nitrogen, oxygen - up to 30%.

The main method of coal processing is pyrolysis (cocoation) - the decomposition of organic substances without air access at a high temperature (about 1000 C). In this case, the following products are obtained: coke (artificial solid fuel of increased strength, widely used in metallurgy); coal tar (used in the chemical industry); coconut gas (used in the chemical industry and as a fuel.)

coke oven gas

Volatile compounds (coke oven gas), formed during the thermal decomposition of coal, enter the general collection. Here the coke oven gas is cooled and passed through electrostatic precipitators to separate coal tar. In the gas collector, water condenses simultaneously with the resin, in which ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, phenol, and other substances dissolve. Hydrogen is isolated from uncondensed coke oven gas for various syntheses.

After the distillation of coal tar, a solid remains - pitch, which is used to prepare electrodes and roofing tar.

Oil refining

Oil refining, or rectification, is the process of thermal separation of oil and oil products into fractions according to the boiling point.

Distillation is a physical process.

There are two methods of oil refining: physical (primary processing) and chemical (secondary processing).

The primary processing of oil is carried out in a distillation column - an apparatus for separating liquid mixtures of substances that differ in boiling point.

Oil fractions and the main areas of their use:

Gasoline - automotive fuel;

Kerosene - aviation fuel;

Ligroin - production of plastics, raw materials for recycling;

Gas oil - diesel and boiler fuel, raw materials for recycling;

Fuel oil - factory fuel, paraffins, lubricating oils, bitumen.

Methods for cleaning up oil slicks :

1) Absorption - You all know straw and peat. They absorb oil, after which they can be carefully collected and taken out with subsequent destruction. This method is suitable only in calm conditions and only for small spots. The method is very popular recently because of its low cost and high efficiency.

Bottom line: The method is cheap, dependent on external conditions.

2) Self-liquidation: - this method is used if the oil is spilled far from the coast and the stain is small (in this case it is better not to touch the stain at all). Gradually, it will dissolve in water and partially evaporate. Sometimes the oil does not disappear and after a few years, small spots reach the coast in the form of pieces of slippery resin.

Bottom line: no chemicals are used; oil stays on the surface for a long time.

3) Biological: Technology based on the use of microorganisms capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons.

Bottom line: minimal damage; removal of oil from the surface, but the method is laborious and time consuming.