Works in production presentation. Production. Types of companies. Duration of economic activity
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Production is the basis of the economy. Work saves us from three great evils: boredom, vice, and want. Francois Voltaire
People's material needs are satisfied through the acquisition of various economic goods.
Classification of economic goods short-term long-term present benefits future direct indirect interchangeable complementary
Production is the process of creating economic goods (goods and services) to satisfy people's needs.
Historical types of production Natural production arose historically first. consumer and producer are usually the same. Commodity production is associated with the division of labor and specialization within production. leads to increased exchange processes not only in the form of donation, but also in the form of trade
Purpose and results of production Product is the result of economic activity, embodied in things and services. properties: use value, i.e., the ability to be useful, necessary for people, and exchange value, i.e., the ability to exchange for other goods. All goods, depending on their purpose, are divided into two groups: means of production (machines, work buildings, equipment); consumer goods (food, clothing). Services are economic activities that satisfy the personal needs of the population and society as a whole.
The difference between a product and a service A service does not have a material form. A product is first produced and then consumed. A service, as a rule, is consumed directly at the time of its production.
Factors of production Economic resources are everything that is used in the production of goods and services. (factors of production) Natural resources (land, minerals, water, forests) Labor resources (people with their abilities to produce goods and services) Capital (money capital, means of production i.e. real capital) Information resources (knowledge necessary for economic activities)
The “three pillars” of production: labor (labor), objects of labor (land), means of labor
Labor Labor is the totality of a person’s physical and intellectual abilities, that is, the labor force that he uses in the production process. Labor indicators productivity, effectiveness. Labor productivity is the amount of products produced per unit of time, and intensity is the employee’s energy expenditure per unit of time. Features of labor mobility of labor uneven qualifications inability to determine the quality of an employee when concluding a contract includes social, psychological, political and other aspects
Means of production include means of labor and objects of labor. Means of labor are the means by which people create the necessary goods (tools, machines, equipment, production facilities). Objects of labor are what people influence in the labor process; they form the material basis of the future product (natural raw materials, materials, energy) Features: limited, mandatory human participation, as well as dependence on objective climatic conditions.
Information resources The structure of the market is diverse; it includes scientific and educational institutions, media, storage facilities and a large number of intermediaries.
Economic resources are paid
Economic efficiency is obtaining the maximum possible benefits from available resources. Indicators of production efficiency Labor productivity (average cost of products produced by one worker) Material intensity (consumption of natural resources per unit of production) Capital intensity (use of capital to produce products) Comparison of the cost of manufactured products with the cost of all resources used is called profitability
The division of the production process into a number of separate operations, stages, performed by different workers is called division of labor. The production of individual products based on the division of labor is called specialization.
Production possibilities are the maximum number of goods and services that can be simultaneously produced over a certain period of time, given resources and technology.
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Production: In the economic sense, the process of creating different types of economic product. The concept of production characterizes a specifically human type of exchange of substances with nature, or, more precisely, the process of active transformation by people of natural resources in order to create the necessary material conditions for their existence and development. One of the possible activities of an organization or individual aimed at creating a final product or service. A structured combination of factors of production to achieve a final product or service. A manufacturing plant is also called a "manufacture". Modern social production includes not only material production, but also the intangible sphere - the production of intangible goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, healthcare, consumer services, management, financing and lending, sports and etc.). The development of intangible production and the service sector depends to a decisive extent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and the amount of output.
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Production can be divided into the following areas (categories): Defense production - production of means of defense (protection) from enemies Agricultural production (and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - breeding of animal and plant products using the natural forces of nature; Industrial production (mining and manufacturing industries) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;
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Transfer of manufactured product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade
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Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art
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A company is a unit of entrepreneurial activity, legally registered and realizing its own interests through the production and sale of goods and services using various factors of production. The concepts of “firm” and “enterprise” are identical if the enterprise is an independent legal entity realizing its economic interests.
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The simplest, oldest and most common form of economic organization is the individual (private) firm. In Russian legislation it is now called a business company with a single participant. The creator of such a company is its sole and sovereign owner. No one can tell him what he should do, and he is not obliged to share his net profit with anyone. Individual firms are usually small in size, since they are not able to raise the funds without which it is impossible to create a large business. Such firms most often operate in the trade and service sector, where the firm’s capital may be relatively small.
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Partnership In a general partnership, its participants: - engage in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership; - bear responsibility for his obligations with the property belonging to them; - manage the activities of the partnership by general agreement; - distribute profits and losses among themselves in proportion to each other’s share in the general (share) capital of the partnership (for example, a member of the partnership who contributed 20% of the share capital during its creation has the subsequent right to receive 20% of the net profit); - for the debts of the partnership, everyone is liable in full, and not in proportion to their share in the authorized capital.
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The concept of the type of production, the basis for their classification, the calculation of the coefficient of consolidation of operations.
TYPE OF PRODUCTION a set of organizational, technical and economic characteristics determined by the nomenclature, scale and regularity of production
Types of production Single Mass Serial
Unit production is focused on the production of piece goods of a varied and variable range for a specific purpose
Serial production - production of identical products in periodically repeating batches or series of a certain size
Mass production is the continuous production of a large number of similar products over a long period of time.
The operation consolidation coefficient characterizes the number of operations per one workplace per month on average.
Calculation of the coefficient of consolidation of operations (Kzo): Kzo – coefficient of consolidation of operations; Мд – number of names of parts assigned to the workplace; Mod – the number of operations assigned to a workplace. Kzo=Md*Mod
Mod= F pos. – useful fund of equipment operating time; Kzagr.opt. – optimal load factor (0.85); t pcs. min – minimum piece time from the technological process; a – coefficient taking into account losses for repair and adjustment of equipment; N – annual program.
T – number of working days per year; B – shift duration; T" – number of pre-holiday days; B" – number of hours of shortened pre-holiday days; S – number of shifts. F polo.about=(T*B-T"*B")*(1- a)* S *60
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Production Performed by Elena Bannikova, 10th grade student. Teacher Martsenyuk T.N. MAOU "Secondary School No. 99", Perm
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What's happened? Production is the process of creating economic goods (goods and services) to satisfy people's needs. In the history of mankind, it was production that formed the basis for economic development. At first, such a basis was agricultural production, then industrial production, from the middle of the 20th century. technological progress has turned science into the main driving force of economic development. Based on scientific achievements, products are created that do not exist in nature.
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Characteristics of production characteristics use various indicators: what is produced (for what purpose the goods are produced), in what quantity is produced (volume of production), the number of employed workers, the scale of production (from home production to national production), etc.
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Enterprises The main production cell where economic benefits are created is an enterprise (factory, farm, cooperative, etc.). Most enterprises in the economy are grouped by industry. An economic sector is a set of enterprises and organizations that produce homogeneous products or services.
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Industries Modern sectors of the economy were formed as a result of a long historical process: from fishing and hunting at the beginning of the historical path of mankind to modern agriculture and diversified industry.
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Groups of industries The first group includes industry, agriculture, construction, etc. The second group of industries includes, for example, education, medical care, art, scientific activity, transport and communications.
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Professions There is a disappearance of some professions and the emergence of others. At the beginning of the 20th century. Almost every village had a craftsman who made horse harnesses and saddles; in the city, the chimney sweep profession was once widespread. The development of technology has contributed to the emergence of more and more new areas of human activity, which are formalized into special industries (for example, computer science, biotechnology, etc.). One of the most popular professions in this century is the profession of a programmer.
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Goods and services. The goal and outcome of production is the product. Product is the result of economic activity, embodied in things and services. In the primitive community, the product was used for direct consumption, but over time, part of the created goods began to be intended for exchange through purchase and sale. the product of labor produced for sale is a commodity. It has two main properties: use value, i.e., the ability to be useful and needed by people, and exchange value70, i.e., the ability to be exchanged for other goods.
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Market The product turned into a commodity under certain historical conditions. First, there was an economic isolation of people in the manufacture of any product, then a need arose for the exchange of the results of their labor between product manufacturers. This is how commodity production arose: As it develops and a surplus of products appears, a commodity economy is formed, and the useful products created in it rush to the market to satisfy customer demand. Under slavery and under feudalism, the production of things as goods was limited, since the economy was mainly subsistence. Gradually, the mass production of goods for the market becomes a prerequisite for the development of capitalism and makes commodity production the most progressive form of organization of the economic life of society. In the modern world economy, commodity relations dominate.
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Services Services are economic activities that satisfy the personal needs of the population and society as a whole. A service, unlike a product, does not have a material form, but this does not make it any less significant.
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Data. Beginning of the 21st century characterized by the accelerated development of the service sector around the world. In Western Europe, the working population today works in this area. Services account for approximately 50% of all consumer spending. This area of activity is also growing in Russia, especially in the context of the development of market relations (for example, insurance, banking services, etc.). The service sector is turning into the main sphere of social production, which has a significant impact on the level of economic development of the country and the well-being of the population.
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Factors of production. To produce economic goods, a combination of nature, man, and technology is necessary. The main groups of resources used in the production process are called factors of production (from the Latin Factor - doing, producing).
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Factors Land as a factor of production is the natural resources used in production: land itself (arable land, location of industrial buildings and structures), minerals, forests, water, flora and fauna of nature. Labor is the so-called “human capital”: physical and mental effort, abilities and skills, health and qualifications of workers. Man is able to set the means of production in motion, he revives them, without him they are dead. Capital as a factor of production is the means of production created by people: buildings and structures, machines and tools, equipment. Entrepreneurial ability is a factor that links together other production resources. It allows you to make the best use of resources in order to obtain high results (more products and better quality). This is a combination of energetic activity of entrepreneurs, their organizational and economic innovation (search and implementation of new ideas, technologies) and willingness to take risks when organizing their business.
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Information In the second half of the 20th century. Another source of wealth became obvious - information: the one who owns information owns the world. Information [from lat. information - explanation, presentation) - a resource used in economic processes. As a product of mental activity, information is, first of all, knowledge, information, communication, data used in the process of analysis and development of economic decisions, in management, etc. Information is so important in a modern society experiencing an information revolution, a resource that, in the opinion economists, deserves a special place among the factors of production
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Productivity One of the important indicators of the efficiency of resource use is the productivity of these resources (labor productivity, soil fertility, conveyor productivity, etc.). Productivity refers to the number of goods and services produced per unit of productive resources used. Productivity growth can be expressed either as an increase in output using the same amount of inputs, or in maintaining the same output levels while using fewer inputs.
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Specialization The concept of “division of labor” is closely related to the concept of “specialization”. Specialization is the concentration of activity in relatively narrow areas, production operations or types of products. In a subsistence economy, there was no division of labor and specialization between workers; all necessary products were jointly produced and consumed However, people noticed that some workers were better at doing one thing, while others were better at doing another. Manufacturers began to focus their efforts on the production of those items that they were able to produce best. They sought to improve their skills, producing more and more products per unit. time, i.e., working more and more productively. Thus, specialization in the performance of work arose, as a result of which there was a need for the exchange of results of activity between producers. It was specialization and division of labor that caused the separation of various occupations from each other and the emergence of professions.
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Economy The modern economy is so specialized that none of us provides ourselves with all the necessary benefits. Everyone does one thing, and then exchanges the results of their labor for the results of the work of others. Specialization exists not only between workers, but also between enterprises, economic sectors, and countries. Thus, an example of specialization in a school is the teaching of the basics of science by subject teachers. Individual countries may specialize primarily in the production of a certain range of goods and services: Uzbekistan grows and processes cotton. Georgia produces grape wines, Türkiye is famous for its tourism and recreation. Specialization and division of labor allow production to be concentrated in the hands of the most efficient workers. Such an organization of production leads to an increase in labor productivity, which helps to better meet the needs of each person and society as a whole.
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