The radius of destruction by grenade fragments f 1. Domestic weapons and military equipment. The position of parts and mechanisms in service circulation
The F-1 hand-held anti-personnel grenade was created to destroy manpower while on the defensive. Due to the long range of the fragments, it is thrown out from behind fortified positions, or from armored vehicles.
The designation F-1 comes from the name of the French F-1 grenade, which was delivered in 1915 to Russia. In addition to the French model, during the First World War, the English Limonka fragmentation grenades were also imported, which was the reason for the everyday name Limonka.
It is likely that these grenades of foreign developers served as the basis for the development of the F-1.
The scheme, according to which the Russian grenade was made, is extremely successful, and today it has not changed much. Only the fuse device was modified, which contributed to an increase in the performance of the F-1.
Despite the decent mass of a grenade, which is 600 g, a trained fighter is able to throw it 40 meters. With a radius of destruction of 30 meters and a potential area of localization of fragments of 200 meters, it is desirable to be in a trench, behind a wall, or in armored vehicles.
The F-1 design includes a shell made of SCH-00 grade cast iron (460 g), elliptical in shape (length - 11.7 cm; diameter - 5.5 cm) with a ribbed surface, in which 50-56 g of explosive (TNT) are placed , and a fuse is screwed on top. The ribbed surface of the shell is made in the form of cubes so that, on the one hand, this gives the grenade a certain ergonomics and simplifies its throw, and, on the other hand, serves as a matrix for the formation of about 1000 fragments weighing 0.1-1.0 g (fragments weighing more than 0.8 g = 4%) at explosion.
The model of F.V. Koveshnikov was originally used as a fuse. However, since 1941, for the F-1 grenade, A. A. Bednyakov and E. M. Vitseni created a more reliable and cheaper UZRG fuse, which, at the end of hostilities, was improved and was called the modernized universal hand grenade fuse or UZRGM.
In addition to the body, the fuse has: a detonator cap, followed by a slowing wick for delay (in the fuse of Koveshnikov - 3.5-4.5 seconds, in the UZRG - 3.2-4 seconds); and an igniter primer made of a copper cap, in which a shot composition is pressed in, closed with a circle of foil.
W apals UZRG and UZRGM. UZRG - an early fuse model (it was in service in WWII, replacing the Koveshnikov fuse). However, due to shortcomings, it was modernized (UZRGM) (in particular, the lever often did not fly out and, therefore, the firing mechanism of the fuse did not work). UZRGM on top of the fuse with a larger cutout - got rid of this problem.
The use of a grenade begins from the moment when the antennae are bent, blocking the exit of the checks. Clamping the lever, the grenade is taken in hand, the pin is pulled out and a throw is made at the target. Under the buoyant force of the fuse spring, the lever flies off to the side, releasing the drummer. After 3.2-4 seconds, the grenade explodes. At the time of the explosion, it is necessary to hide behind a barrier in order to avoid injury from shrapnel.
The striking factors of a grenade is the direct high-explosive effect of the explosion, leading to shell shock at a distance of 3-5 meters. At a distance of up to 30 meters from the epicenter, there is a high chance of injuring or destroying the enemy, although large fragments can cause damage at a distance of up to 100 meters with a low probability. The most common fragments are 1-2 gram grenade fragments, they have an initial velocity of about 700 m/s.
The best effect of F-1 is manifested in a closed room, which is associated with the localization of the room in the zone of the highest danger. At the same time, the probability of shell fragments ricocheting is high, and, in addition, the enclosed space significantly increases the high-explosive effect, causing shell shock and disorganization of the enemy.
The F-1 grenade acts as a “cheap and angry” means of setting up trip wires, which is explained by the long-term preservation of the grenade’s combat capability in environmental conditions and the extensive area of destruction by shrapnel. However, a delay of 4 seconds in a situation is an unfavorable factor that gives the enemy a chance to escape.
Two versions of F-1 grenades are produced: training and simulation and combat. The shell of the training-imitation grenade is black with vertical and horizontal white lines, its pin and lever segment are scarlet. In addition, there is a hole at the bottom of the shell. In combat performance, the F-1 is green, which can vary from dark to light tones.
Packing wooden boxes contain 20 grenades. In it, enclosed in two sealed cans, are the fuses of the UZRGM (10 units each). Before the battle, the cans are opened with a knife, which is also available in the boxes, and the fuses, in turn, are screwed into the grenades. The placement of grenades for long-term storage involves the removal of fuses.
The F-1 hand-held anti-personnel defensive grenade has existed for about 80 years, it is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, exported to Africa, Latin America, and exact analogues of the F-1 are produced in China and Iran.
Photos and information:
http://amurec.ucoz.ru/
http://f1zapal.by.ru/
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ф-1_(grenade)
It is very important for the infantry involved in the battle to have an effective means of dealing with the enemy. Such a tool is a grenade f 1. Its power, the radius of lethal action is amazing.
The prototype of this explosive device was created over a hundred years ago. The grenade is still in service with various armies, including the Russian one, thanks to the unique capabilities of this weapon.
The history of the creation of grenades
This simple, in its design, means of defense for an infantryman has traveled an interesting path. Its history begins in France.
It was here in 1915 that a grenade was created under the designation F1.
In our country, during the first war, I mean the World War, of course, it was improved.
They invented a new fuse of the Koveshnikov system.
But the main changes took place during the Soviet era.
- In 1939, they invented, based on the French model, their own F-1 grenade. The developer of the explosive device, engineer Khremeev, left the same principle of operation. However, he simplified and made the body more perfect.
- The next stage in the improvement of the F-1 refers to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. It was at this time that the designer E. M. Viceni created a simpler, more reliable and perfect fuse. At the same time, he was safer than before.
- During the Second World War, namely in 1942, a “unified fuse for hand grenades” was also developed, which later became universal for several types of grenades.
After the war, the fuse was modernized and its modifications UZRGM 1, 2 are used in F-1, in RG-42, as well as RGD
Grenade device
F-1 fragmentation, anti-personnel grenade, designed to be thrown from cover. As can be seen from the photogravures, the appearance of the device has not changed significantly over the course of a century.
The body of the grenade is so perfect in its design that there was no need to change anything in it.
The device of a hand grenade is very simple:
- the explosive device consists of a metal body (steel cast iron), oval in shape with ribs, so that after it explodes, as many fragments as possible are formed;
- a fuse of the UZRGM type, in which, in comparison with the UZRG, the design of the striker has been changed, which makes it possible to minimize the failure of the weapon during use;
- an explosive mixture is TNT or trinitrophenol (dry picric acid), there are options when the explosive has a mixture composition. In this case, the basis, as a rule, is pyroxylin (nitrocellulose).
That is, a grenade contains only three main parts: body, fuse, explosive.
In this simplicity, the main advantage is reliability.
Specifications
The performance characteristics (TTX) of the F-1 are summarized in the table, and present the following picture:
| Weight | 600g |
| Explosive weight | 60g |
| How far can you throw | 50-60m |
| The radius of expansion of lethal fragments of a grenade | 40-50m |
| How far away is it safe to be in an explosion? | 200m |
| Moderator burning time | 3-4sec |
| Number of fragments after it exploded | up to 300 |
| Length | 110cm |
The characteristics of the f1 grenade indicate that this explosive device is almost ideal for defensive operations. And also to use it in sabotage activities.
The radius of destruction allows you to inflict significant damage to enemy manpower.
The grenade is very effective when used in stretch marks, as a protective measure, if there is no possibility.
How the ignition works
The combat properties of a grenade largely depend on its fuse, and it consists of:
- checks, which is a metal ring, a pin from a piece of wire that passes through a hole in the fuse;
- drummer, a metal rod, it is pointed at one end;
- springs that actuate the drummer;
- trigger lever in the form of a plate, its purpose is to block the drummer after the pin is removed;
- capsule;
- moderator;
- detonator.
The scheme of action of the fuse of a hand grenade looks like this:
- after the check is removed, the drummer is held with the trigger lever;
- releasing the lever, and this happens during throwing, the drummer is activated and pierces the primer with a sharp end;
- the moderator ignites, after a few seconds the detonator fires, an explosion occurs.
The projectile fires with a delay to give the throwing soldier time to take cover. The technical characteristics of the f1 grenade allow you to effectively hit the enemy.
Why Lemon?
Regarding the slang name of lemon, there are several versions of their origin:
- because of the external resemblance to a lemon;
- there is an opinion that not only the F-1 was taken as the basis of the domestic grenade, but also the English development of Edward Lemon, from here, by the name of the creator and the name.
In the military environment, there is another name "fenyushka", in France the name of a hand-held fragmentation grenade is "pineapple", in Poland it is "tortoise".
Lemon and features of its use
There are some features of the storage of this projectile. They consist in the fact that the fuse and the case with the explosive in a wooden box are stored separately. The fuse is screwed into the grenade before the battle.
In the operating instructions, the article on the storage of fuses says that they must be in special sealed boxes. This is so that they do not corrode.
How to distinguish a training grenade from a combat one? In this sense, labeling is of particular importance. Combat grenades are painted green and dark green. And the grenade model is painted black.
This is done in order to visually immediately distinguish a combat grenade from an imitation grenade. And the latter, of course, is used in order to avoid accidents during the training of soldiers.
But not only on this basis can they be distinguished. The layout of the training grenade f 1 has a ring from the checks, as well as the lower part, the very tip of the lever, which must be pressed after removing the checks, is painted red.
Fighters must carry grenades in a special pouch designed for two shells. Or in the unloading, and transport pockets are also allowed. But in no case do not cling the shells to the belt for the rings of the checks.
Preparing and throwing a grenade
The characteristics of the F-1 require a responsible attitude to the process of preparing and throwing a grenade. Moreover, these shells are defensive, which means they require sophisticated skills in handling them.
- First of all, it is necessary to unbend the wire antennae that fix the pin so that it does not spontaneously fall out of the fuse.
- At the same time, the trigger lever is held with the right hand. Now you can pull out the check. In this position, the grenade can be held for a long time and even, if necessary, insert the pin back.
- Having chosen the moment, the grenade is thrown at the target. The trigger lever releases the striker, which activates the primer and an explosion occurs.
How long does it take for a grenade to explode?
The maximum time is 4 seconds.
The manpower of the enemy when using this type of explosive device suffers from being hit by shrapnel.
Real use in combat
In open areas, the high-explosive action (overpressure damage) of the F-1 is noticeable at a distance of 3-5 meters from the explosion site. The range of fragments (sure defeat) reaches 50, sometimes 70 meters.
The largest fragments can fly up to 200 meters from the epicenter of the explosion.
These features also dictate how the grenade can be used in combat:
- it is most effective in confined spaces, i.e., in rooms where the destructive power of fragments is maximum;
- indoors and the high-explosive action is amplified several times, which leads to shell shock, and also completely disorients;
- F-1 is very useful in organizing sabotage as the main element of trip wires, as well as for undermining vehicles, warehouses, etc.
Sometimes stretch marks are placed using two or more grenades.
And if you remove the moderator, then you can achieve one important advantage, that is, an instantaneous explosion.
The same effect will be given by grenades equipped with a mine fuse that acts instantly.
Advantages and disadvantages
The F-1 grenade has been in service with many armies for more than a dozen years. In the short term, and even in the distant, it is unlikely to be discontinued.
The reason for this is its undeniable advantages.
- Ease of manufacture and low cost of the material from which the case is made.
- A simple and reliable fuse that operates remotely and reliably.
- High damaging effect, especially in confined spaces.
The disadvantages of this projectile include too small fragments formed during the explosion. They have low destructive power.
The disadvantage of her fuse is that the retarder gives the enemy a chance to save, albeit a small one. The F-1 is a rather heavy projectile; not everyone succeeds in throwing more than half a kilogram of cargo far and accurately.
Offensive RGD grenades are a kind of analogue of the F-1. But they are twice as light as it, but there is also twice as much explosive in them. The RGD grenade has a fuse of the same type as the F-1.
Due to the smaller number of fragments, but the greater explosive action, it is used in offensive operations.
Another type is . Their advantage over F-1 is also in less weight.
In addition, the range of both RGD and RGN is of considerable importance - 15 - 20 meters.
The performance characteristics and the device of the F-1, RGD-5, RGO, RGN grenades and fuses UZRGM, UDZ are given.
Hand-held fragmentation grenades are designed to destroy enemy personnel with fragments in close combat (in open areas, in trenches or communications, when fighting in a populated area, in a forest or mountains). Depending on the range of the fragments, grenades are divided into offensive (RGD-5, RGN) and defensive (F-1, RGO).
Hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with fuses UZRGM (modernized unified hand grenade fuse) and UDZ (shock-remote fuse).
F-1 hand fragmentation grenade
The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to defeat manpower mainly in a defensive battle. You can throw a grenade from various positions and only from behind cover, from an armored personnel carrier or a tank (self-propelled artillery mount).
| Characteristics of the F-1 fragmentation grenade | |
| Grenade Type - Defensive Grenade weight - 600 gr Igniter type - UZRGM Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 200 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 7 m |
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| F-1 grenade device | |
| The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse. The body of the grenade serves to place an explosive charge and fuse, as well as to form fragments during a grenade explosion. The body of the grenade is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves. In the upper part of the body there is a threaded hole for screwing in the fuse. When storing, transporting and carrying a grenade, a plastic plug is screwed into this hole. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments. |
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Hand fragmentation grenade RGD-5
The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy manpower in the offensive and in defense. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various positions when operating on foot and on an armored personnel carrier (car).
| Characteristics of the fragmentation grenade RGD-5 | |
| Grenade type: offensive Grenade weight - 310 gr Bursting charge weight - 60 gr Igniter type UZRGM Moderator burning time - 3.2-4.2 sec Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 25 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 5 m |
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| RGD-5 grenade device | |
| 1 - fuse tube with cuff 2 - cap with insert 3 - tray with insert |
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The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body with a tube for a fuse, an explosive charge and a fuse.
The body of the grenade serves to place an explosive charge, a tube for a fuse, as well as to form fragments during a grenade explosion. It consists of two parts - upper and lower.
The upper part of the body consists of an outer shell, called a cap, and a cap insert. A tube for the fuse is attached to the upper part with the help of a cuff. The tube serves to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the bursting charge in the case. To protect the tube from contamination, a plastic stopper is screwed into it. When preparing a grenade for throwing, instead of a cork, a fuse is screwed into the tube.
The bottom of the body consists of an outer shell called a sump and a sump liner. The explosive charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.
F-1 and RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with a modernized unified fuse for hand grenades (UZRGM).
Unified hand grenade fuse modernized UZRGM
The fuse of the UZRGM grenade (modernized unified fuse of a hand grenade) is intended for the explosion of an explosive charge.
The percussion mechanism serves to ignite the primer-igniter fuse. It consists of a tube of the percussion mechanism, a connecting sleeve, a guide washer, a mainspring, a striker, a striker washer, a trigger lever and a safety pin with a ring.
The tube of the percussion mechanism is the basis for the assembly of all parts of the fuse.
The connecting sleeve serves to connect the fuse with the grenade body. It is put on the lower part of the tube of the percussion mechanism.
The guide washer is a stop for the upper end of the mainspring and directs the movement of the striker. It is fixed in the upper part of the tube of the percussion mechanism.
UZRGM device
It consists of a percussion mechanism and the fuse itself.
In official use, the drummer is constantly in the cocked state and is held by the fork of the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the tube of the percussion mechanism by a safety pin. Before throwing a grenade, a plastic stopper is turned out and a fuse is screwed into its place.
When throwing a grenade, take it in your hand so that the trigger lever is pressed with your fingers to the body of the grenade. Continuing to press the trigger lever tightly, the ends of the safety checks are compressed (straightened) with the free hand, which is pulled out of the fuse with a finger by the ring. After pulling out the checks, the position of the parts of the fuse does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the drummer. The drummer under the action of the mainspring pierces the igniter capsule. The beam of fire from the primer ignites the moderator and, having passed it, is transmitted to the detonator cap. The explosion of the detonator cap initiates the detonation of the bursting charge. The explosion of the bursting charge crushes the body of the grenade into fragments.
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RGO fragmentation grenade
| Characteristics of the RGO fragmentation grenade | |
| Grenade Type - Defensive Grenade weight - 530 gr Bursting charge weight - 92 gr Ignition type - UDZ Scatter radius of lethal fragments - 150 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 12 m Average throw range - 20-40 m |
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| RGO grenade device | |
| 1 - a glass with a cuff 2 - upper outer and inner hemispheres 3 - lower outer and inner hemispheres |
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RGN fragmentation grenade
| Characteristics of the RGN fragmentation grenade | |
| Grenade Type - Offensive Grenade weight - 310 gr Bursting charge weight - 114 gr Ignition type - UDZ Moderator burning time - 3.3-4.3 sec Scattering radius of lethal fragments - 24 m The radius of the zone of effective destruction of manpower - 8 m Average throw range - 30-45 m |
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| RGN grenade device | |
| 1 - a glass with a cuff 2 - upper hemisphere 3 - lower hemisphere |
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Hand-held fragmentation grenades RGO and RGN are equipped with shock-remote fuse UDZ
Shock-remote fuse UDZ
Interaction of parts and mechanisms
Starting position
In the initial position, the drummer with a sting (3) and the plug with the primer-igniter (7) are held by the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the fuse body by a safety pin. The engine (11) with the primer-igniter (10) is displaced relative to the tip (13) and is held by the stoppers of the powder fuses (9), its spring (12) is in a compressed state. The sleeve (16) under the influence of the spring (14) compresses the load (17).
The position of parts and mechanisms in service circulation
| When preparing a grenade for a throw, the trigger lever is tightly pressed with fingers to the body of the grenade, the ends of the safety pins are straightened with the fingers of the free hand, then they are pulled out by the ring, while the position of the parts of the fuse does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the striker with a sting (3) and the bar (6). The plug (7) with the primer-igniter comes out of the socket of the fuse body. The drummer under the action of the mainspring (4) pierces the igniter primer (8) with a sting. The beam of fire ignites the powder-filled fuses (9) and the pyrotechnic composition of the self-liquidator retarder (18). After 1-1.8 sec. the powder compositions of the fuses burn out and their stoppers under the influence of the springs disengage from the engine (11). The engine under the influence of the spring (12) becomes in combat position. The long-range cocking mechanism prevents the grenade from detonating if it is accidentally dropped from the hand. |
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Interaction of parts and mechanisms when throwing and meeting a grenade with an obstacle (surface)
Of course, these are not really airplanes, and they cannot live without pilots, but ... Not pilots, but operators, and not airplanes, but rather airplanes. But with certain abilities and hidden abilities.
1. "Garnet-1"
A wearable complex for remote surveillance and relaying, designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo and video equipment. It is part of the "Gunner-2" complex of cannon artillery and MLRS divisions.
Designed in accordance with the scheme "flying wing" of composite materials.
Wingspan - 0.82 m.
Flight altitude - up to 3500 m.
The maximum flight duration is 75 minutes.
Range up to 10 km in line of sight.
Takeoff weight - 2.4 kg.
The engine is electric.
The complex "Granat-1" includes:
UAV Granat-1 - 2 pcs.
Ground control station - 1.
Transport backpack - 1.
A set of interchangeable payload modules - 1 set (photo and TV).
Catapult - 1.
Developer and manufacturer - Izhmash LLC.
2. "Garnet-2"
It is also included in the Gunner-2 complex of cannon artillery and MLRS divisions.
A wearable remote surveillance and relaying complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at any time of the day at a distance of up to 15 km.
Wingspan - 2 m.
Flight altitude - up to 3500 m.
Cruise flight speed - 65 km / h.
Maximum flight speed - 120 km / h.
The maximum flight duration is 60 minutes.
Range up to 15 km in line of sight.
Takeoff weight - 3.5 kg.
Launch - from an elastic catapult or from the hand.
Landing - parachute, automatic.
The engine is electric.
It differs from "Grenade-1" in a wider range of applications. The ability to use a thermal imager makes the complex less dependent on weather conditions and time of day.
3. "Garnet-3"
The next step in the ladder of development of reconnaissance UAVs. A mobile remote surveillance and relay complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at any time of the day at a distance of up to 25 km.
Wingspan - 2 m.
Flight altitude - up to 2000 m.
Cruise flight speed - 60 km / h.
Maximum flight speed - 120 km / h.
The maximum flight duration is 120 minutes.
Takeoff weight - 7 kg.
Launch - from a portable ground-based catapult.
The engine is petrol.
Tank capacity - 2 l.
Fuel consumption - 0.4 l / h.
4. "Garnet-4"
Transportable unmanned aerial complex aircraft type. It is part of the "Gunner-2" complex of cannon artillery and MLRS divisions. Designed for monitoring the underlying surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment on a time scale close to real, as well as radio monitoring of cellular networks.
Wingspan - 3.2 m.
Range - up to 100 km.
Weight - about 30 kg.
Flight speed - 90-140 km / h.
The maximum flight altitude is 4000 m.
The maximum flight duration is 6 hours.
Landing - parachute, automatic.
Takeoff - catapult.
The engine is petrol.
Tank capacity - 15 l.
Fuel consumption - 2 l/h.
Payload: up to 3 kg, type: TV / IR / EW / camera.
5. "Orlan-10"
Tactical remote-controlled reconnaissance UAV. It can carry out target designation, panoramic and planned photo and video shooting of the area, be used with an electronic warfare system to suppress radio signals as part of the Leer-3 complex (cellular communication blocker within a radius of about 6 km). There is a variant of the complex for detecting and determining the location of sources of radio emission in the VHF-UHF ranges, their registration for subsequent technical analysis and automatic classification. It is used as a communication repeater for the radio range and mobile communications and the Internet.
It can also be used by civil organizations for geodetic surveys, including offline beyond radio visibility, which is convenient for observing extended objects in hard-to-reach areas.
It is produced in modifications "Orlan-10", "Orlan-10E" (export), "Orlan-10M" and other special modifications that differ in target loads.
It can be part of complexes, including 2-4 UAVs, a ground control panel with built-in technical training aids, and a remote antenna.
UAV "Orlan-10" in the basic configuration is equipped with a camera and a gyro-stabilized television camera, and the modular load system allows you to quickly change attachments depending on the task.
The Ground Control Station (GCC) allows you to simultaneously control 4 vehicles. Any of the devices can be used as a repeater for transmitting control signals to a remote UAV.
Wingspan - 3.1 m.
Takeoff weight - up to 20 kg.
Payload: up to 5 kg.
Range: 700-1000 km (according to various sources).
The communication range with a ground antenna is up to 100 km.
Maximum speed - 150 km / h.
Cruising speed - 80 km / h.
Ceiling - up to 6000 m.
The engine is petrol.
Non-stop flight time - up to 960 minutes.
Takeoff - from a catapult.
Landing - parachute.
In one flight, it can survey an area of up to 500 square meters. km.
6. Eleron-3
A reconnaissance complex designed to work at close range. Provides the possibility of round-the-clock monitoring using optical and electronic equipment. It can be used for border protection or surveillance of the territory, coast, railway or highway. Supports displaying object coordinates on the ground control panel via GLONASS or GLONASS/GPS.
Length - 0.635 m.
Wingspan - 1.47 m.
Maximum takeoff weight - 3.5 kg.
Payload weight - up to 0.5 kg.
Maximum speed - 130 km / h.
Cruising speed - 70 km / h.
The engine is electric.
Flight duration - up to 2 hours.
The maximum flight altitude is up to 5000 meters.
Range - up to 25 km.
The complex is equipped with a gyro-stabilized suspension of a replaceable modular payload: TV, thermal imaging camera, camera, electronic intelligence and jamming station.
The F-1 hand grenade ("lemonka") appeared in service with the Red Army in the 1920s. Having undergone a number of changes, F-1 grenades serve to this day.
Having inherited a wide variety of hand grenade samples from the Russian army, the Red Army in the 1920s began to select and develop samples for further production. The most suitable prototype for a defensive fragmentation hand grenade was the French F.1 model 1915.
FROM F-1 TO F-1
The French F.1, however, had an unreliable and not very comfortable fuse. The designer F.V. Koveshnikov managed to solve the problem of creating a new remote-action fuse. The fuse of his design was supplied with a shock igniter mechanism with a safety lever. Reduced from 5-7 to 3.5-4.5 seconds, the fuse deceleration time reduced the enemy’s chances of taking cover or throwing off a grenade. A cast-iron defensive grenade with a Koveshnikov fuse was put into service in 1928, and at first these were old French grenades - mass production and equipment of domestic corps was established only in the 1930s. In addition to the F-1 index, the grenade received the nickname "lemon". It apparently comes from the British Lemon grenade of the same 1915, with which the F.1 case also bears some resemblance. Like the F.1, the Lemon grenade (also known as the "English oval") was supplied to Russia during the First World War.
The F-1 grenade received index 57-G-721 from the Artillery Directorate of the Red Army. In 1939, engineer F. I. Khrameev modernized the grenade. With a change in the method of equipment, the body of the "lemon" lost the lower window, which was previously closed with a cast-iron cork.
MASS RELEASE
The production of hand grenades expanded dramatically during the Great Patriotic War with the involvement of small and medium-sized enterprises both in the rear and in front-line cities. So, in Moscow, a number of factories made F-1 grenade cases, fuses for them were made by the Moscow Prosthetic Plant. Semashko, plant EMOS organization of the blind. Vladimir gramophone factory. The report of the First Secretary of the Moscow and the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, A.S. Shcherbakov, dated December 6, 1941, stated, in particular: “... Moscow occupies a special place in the production of hand grenades ... The brake plant and NATI did not complete the tasks for the F-1 grenade ... we can drastically increase the production of hand grenades, especially lemons. .. The work of equipment factories in November was limited by the lack of explosives. Therefore, along with increased imports, the production of explosives was organized at a number of Moscow chemical plants. The increase in production was also limited by the lack of fuses. This has given rise to a number of new proposals.
In particular, in the same 1941, the Moscow engineer Charushin (also referred to in the documents as "Chashnikov") proposed the design of a grating fuse using non-deficient materials. Charushin's fuse provided a slowdown of 3.8-4.6 s, the usual F-1 grenades equipped with surrogate explosives were used. In besieged Leningrad, surrogate explosives created on the spot, including ammonium nitrate, were used to equip the F-1. The enterprises of the besieged Sevastopol by November 1941, among other ammunition, produced 50 thousand F-1 grenades. In the rear Kirov and the region, the F-1 grenade was made by the Kirov Aggregate Plant, union workshop No. 608. The list goes on. In 1942, a universal fuse of the UZRG system of E. M. Viceni and A. A. Bednyakov, which was easier to manufacture and handle, was adopted.
F-1 was adapted for this fuse (UZRG was also used with offensive grenades RG-42 and RGD-5).
GRENADE DEVICE
The F-1 grenade consists of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse. The body with wall thickness up to 10 mm is made of cast iron with an external notch. The screwed hole for the fuse was closed with a plastic stopper during storage (wooden stoppers were also used during the war years). The fuse of the UZRG includes an impact mechanism with a safety lever and a pin with a ring and the fuse itself, including an igniter cap, a moderator and a detonator cap. The drummer is pre-cocked. The fuse is worn separately and screwed into the body opening before use. After removing the checks, the drummer is held by a lever pressed against the body with the palm of the thrower. When thrown, the lever is separated, the lowered drummer breaks the primer-igniter, which transmits a beam of fire to the retarder composition. The latter, after burnout, initiates a blasting cap, which causes the detonation of the bursting charge.
Since 1955, a modernized UZRGM fuse was installed with a low-gas, more stable retarding composition (instead of pressed black powder in the UZRG). Subsequently, the fuse was further upgraded and received the designation UZRGM-2.
When broken, the body produces 290-300 large heavy fragments with an initial velocity of about 730 m/s. The reduced area of fragmentation is 75-82 mg. The large radius of the lethal action of the fragments determined the nature of the grenade as "defensive", thrown from behind cover. According to experts, however, only 38-40% of the mass of the F-1 hull goes to the formation of lethal fragments, the rest is simply sprayed.
VETERAN OF "POCKET ARTILLERY"
In the troops, the F-1 grenade, in addition to the "lemon", was also given the nicknames "Fenyusha" and "Fenka". Thanks to the mass production of the F-1, they made up a significant proportion of the fragmentation hand grenades of the Red Army. The scale of the expenditure of grenades can be judged by the following figures: in the battles in Stalingrad from July 12 to November 19 \ 942, the Soviet troops, filed by the Main Artillery Directorate, spent about 2.3 million hand grenades, during the Battle of Kursk from July 5 to On August 23, 1943 - almost 4 million, during the Berlin operation from April 16 to May 9, 1945 - about 3 million. Not a single type of battle could do without hand grenades. Grenades were carried not only by shooters and machine gunners, but also by machine gunners, snipers, tankers, artillerymen, drivers, signalmen, sappers, and pilots. The crews of combat vehicles were taught to throw grenades through the upper hatches to hit the enemy in dead space. Grenades were also used as fragmentation mines.
Quite simple in production, "limonka" was produced in large quantities and remained mass for many years not only in the USSR, but also in a number of other countries.