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Multiple launch rocket system "Hurricane. Rszo "hurricane": description and characteristics Combat rocket artillery system hurricane

The multiple launch rocket system BM-27 MLRS "Hurricane" was created in the 60s of the last century under the guidance of the famous design engineer Ganichev A.N. During the passage of field tests, military equipment Hurricane showed maximum efficiency and reliability.

All positive qualities have been confirmed in the course of many years of operation in the Soviet, Russian and other armies around the world.

MLRS Hurricane

Chronology of the creation of the MLRS Hurricane

In 1960, the designers of the Tula plant, under the guidance of the famous Soviet engineer Ganichev A.N., began the development of a mobile multiple launch rocket system, the shells of which were supposed to use a large amount of explosive, have a longer flight range and an increased combat area.

The mobile combat complex Hurricane was supposed to have a high speed of transition from marching to combat mode. Also one of the requirements was the maximum speed of the combat vehicle, which was supposed to develop up to 70 km / h.

1960- the beginning of work on the project RZSO "Hurricane";
1967- the first tests of the prototype BM-27 Uragan;
1972- field testing and finalization of the jet system;
1975. - the beginning of mass production and adoption;
1991- Completion of production.

Tactical and technical characteristics (TTX) MLRS Hurricane

Dimensions

Mobility

Armament

Purpose of military equipment Hurricane

The Hurricane missile launcher is used to destroy various objects with a large impact area:

destruction of manpower;
lightly armored and armored vehicles;
artillery;
anti-aircraft units;
airfields;
command posts;
communication stations;
military industrial facilities;
strategic facilities.

Design

Military equipment Hurricane is located on the combat vehicle 9P140. The chassis of the vehicle is based on the Zil-135LM, has four-wheel drive and an eight-wheel drive base, which provides excellent cross-country ability on various types of soil. Two V8 Zil-375 engines are installed on the combat vehicle, the total power of which is 360 hp. from.

Together with the RZSO BM-27 "Hurricane" are equipped with:

meteorological complex 1B44;
transport-loading machine;
mobile fire control system;
machine with mobile topographic survey;
rocket projectiles.

The transport-loading vehicle has a similar Zil-135 base and can charge and unload a rocket launcher. The vehicle is designed to carry 16 rockets that are loaded by a mechanical device.

Armament missile system Uragan

When the Uragan system was being developed, the characteristics of which needed to be improved compared to the BM-21 Grad, the task was to maximize the flight range, efficiency and impact area.

The Hurricane rocket launcher, the characteristics of which have improved significantly, has 16 tubes - guides that look like a rectangular shape. Guidance of the complex is carried out using electric drives or a manual mechanical drive.

BM-27 Hurricane, rocket launcher during salvo

When launched, the projectiles spin along their axis, which increases the accuracy and efficiency of firing. The system has several firing modes, a ragged volley and a volley.

With a ragged volley, the Uragan multiple launch rocket system, whose characteristics allow you to fire first 8 9k57 rockets with a pause of 0.5 seconds, and then another 8 rockets with a pause of 2 per second, deals a crushing blow to the enemy.

In salvo mode, the system releases the entire load in 8.8 seconds, making it one of the fastest in the world. Compared to the BM-21, the Uragan MLRS, whose firing range has been increased, has higher accuracy and combat damage.

Types of reactive ammunition 9k57

high-explosive fragmentation projectile Uragan;
cassette;
projectiles containing warheads and anti-tank mines;
projectiles with a detonating warhead.

Modifications



Developed for the Russian army, put into operation in 2016.	Developed for the Ukrainian army, put into service in 2010.
Dimensions
Mass combat position - 44 t.	Mass combat position - 21 t.
Length - 12.7 m.	Length - 9.2 m.
Width - 3 m.	Width - 2.7 m.
Clearance - 0.4 m.	Clearance - 0.37 m.
Mobility
Engine - YaMZ-846	Engine - YaMZ
Power - 500 liters. from.	Power - 400 liters. from.
Maximum speed - 70 km / h.	Maximum speed - 85 km / h.
Power reserve - 1,000 km.	Power reserve - 500 km.
Wheelbase - 8x8	Wheelbase - 6x6
Armament Hurricane (missiles)
Caliber - 220 mm / 300 mm	Caliber - 220 mm
Volley - 30/12 rounds	Volley - 16 shells
Firing range, minimum / maximum - 8 km / 120 km.	Firing range, minimum / maximum - 8 km / 35 km.
The maximum affected area is 672 km 2	The maximum affected area is 350 km 2
Crew - 4 people.	Crew - 4 people.

As a result of subsequent modifications of the performance characteristics of the Uragan MLRS, the Uragan-M1 combat vehicle was created. It has been upgraded for several types of rockets, 220 mm Hurricane and 300 mm Smerch. This modification increased the combat potential of the Hurricane complex, the performance characteristics of which really became deadly.

The Bastion-03 modification was developed in 2010 by Ukrainian designers, who transferred the multiple launch rocket system to the KrAZ chassis, which increased the complex's mobility.

Combat use

Afghan war 1979-1989. - widely used by the Soviet army;
Afghan conflict 1993-1998- used by the Russian army;
Chechen war 1994-2009- used by the Russian army;
South Ossetia 2008. - used in the conflict by the Russian army;
Civil war in Ukraine 2014- used by the Ukrainian army;
Syrian civil war 2016-2017- was used by the Russian army in the liberation of Palmyra.

Machine evaluation

Advantages

high combat performance;
large affected area;
mobility of the complex;
high permeability;
ease of operation;
the use of a large number of different types of shells;
autonomy.

disadvantages

For all the years of operation of this self-propelled artillery mount, no shortcomings were identified.

Video about MLRS BM-27 "Hurricane"

In everyday consciousness, defense technologies are usually associated with the cutting edge of science and technology. In fact, one of the main properties of military equipment is its conservatism and continuity. This is due to the enormous cost of weapons. Among the most important tasks in the development of a new weapon system is the use of the backlog on which money has been spent in the past.

Accuracy vs Mass

And the guided missile of the Tornado-S complex was created exactly according to this logic. Its ancestor is the Smerch MLRS projectile, developed in the 1980s at the Splav NPO under the leadership of Gennady Denezhkin (1932-2016) and since 1987 has been in service with the Russian army. It was a projectile of 300 mm caliber, 8 m long and weighing 800 kg. He could deliver a warhead weighing 280 kg to a distance of 70 km. The most interesting property of the "Smerch" was the stabilization system introduced into it.

Russian upgraded multiple launch rocket system, successor to the 9K51 Grad MLRS.

Prior to this, missile weapons systems were divided into two classes - guided and unguided. Guided missiles had high accuracy, achieved through the use of an expensive control system - usually inertial, supplemented by digital map corrections to improve accuracy (like the American MGM-31C Pershing II missiles). Unguided missiles were cheaper, their low accuracy compensated for either by the use of a thirty-kiloton nuclear warhead (as in the MGR-1 Honest John rocket) or by a salvo of cheap, mass-produced munitions, as in the Soviet Katyushas and Grads.

"Smerch" was supposed to hit targets at a distance of 70 km with non-nuclear munitions. And in order to hit an area target at such a distance with an acceptable probability, a very large number of unguided missiles in a salvo was required - after all, their deviations accumulate with distance. This is neither economically nor tactically profitable: there are very few targets that are too large, and it is too expensive to scatter a lot of metal in order to guarantee coverage of a relatively small target!

Soviet and Russian multiple launch rocket systems of 300 mm caliber. Currently, the MLRS "Smerch" is being replaced by the MLRS "Tornado-S".

"Tornado": new quality

Therefore, a relatively cheap stabilization system was introduced into the Smerch, inertial, working on gas-dynamic (deflecting gases flowing from the nozzle) rudders. Its accuracy was sufficient for a salvo - and each launcher carried a dozen launch tubes - to cover the target with an acceptable probability. After being put into service, the Smerch was improved along two lines. The range of combat units grew - cluster anti-personnel fragmentation units appeared; cumulative fragmentation, optimized to destroy lightly armored vehicles; anti-tank self-aiming combat elements. In 2004, the 9M216 Excitement thermobaric warhead entered service.

And at the same time, fuel mixtures in solid-fuel engines were improved, due to which the firing range increased. Now it is in the range from 20 to 120 km. At some point, the accumulation of changes in quantitative characteristics led to a transition to a new quality - to the emergence of two new MLRS systems under the common name "Tornado" continuing the "meteorological" tradition. "Tornado-G" is the most massive machine, it will have to replace the "Grads" that have honestly served their time. Well, the Tornado-S is a heavy machine, the successor to the Tornadoes.

As you can understand, the Tornado will retain the most important characteristic - the caliber of the launch tubes, which will make it possible to use expensive older generation ammunition. The length of the projectile varies within a few tens of millimeters, but this is not critical. Depending on the type of ammunition, the weight may “walk” slightly, but this is again automatically taken into account by the ballistic computer.

Minutes and again "Fire!"

Most noticeably in the launcher, the method of loading has changed. If earlier the transport-loading vehicle (TZM) 9T234-2, using its crane, loaded 9M55 missiles into the launch tubes of the combat vehicle one at a time, which took a quarter of an hour for the prepared calculation, now the launch tubes with Tornado-S missiles are placed in special containers , and the crane will install them in minutes.

Needless to say, how important the reload speed is for the MLRS, rocket artillery, which must bring down volley fire on especially important targets. The shorter the intervals between volleys, the more missiles can be fired at the enemy and the less time the vehicle will remain in a vulnerable position.

Well, and most importantly, the introduction of long-range guided missiles into the Tornado-S complex. Their appearance was made possible thanks to Russia's own global navigation satellite system GLONASS, which has been deployed since 1982 - another confirmation of the colossal role of technological heritage in the creation of modern weapons systems. 24 satellites of the GLONASS system, deployed in an orbit with a height of 19,400 km, when working together with a pair of Luch relay satellites, provide meter accuracy in determining the coordinates. By adding a cheap GLONASS receiver to an already existing missile control loop, the designers received a weapon system with a QUO in units of meters (exact data, for obvious reasons, are not published).

Rockets to battle!

How is the combat work of the Tornado-S complex carried out? First of all, he needs to get the exact coordinates of the target! Not only to detect and recognize the target, but also to “tie” it to the coordinate system. This task should be performed by space or aerial reconnaissance using optical, infrared and radio engineering means. However, it is possible that artillerymen will be able to solve some of these tasks on their own, without the VKS. The 9M534 experimental projectile can deliver the Tipchak UAV to the previously reconnoitered target area, which will transmit information about the coordinates of the targets to the control complex.

Further from the control complex, the coordinates of the targets go to combat vehicles. They have already taken up firing positions, tied up topographically (this is done using GLONASS) and determined in what azimuth and at what elevation angle the launch tubes should be deployed. These operations are controlled with the help of combat control and communications equipment (ABUS), which replaced the standard radio station, and an automated guidance and fire control system (ASUNO). Both of these systems operate on a single computer, which achieves the integration of digital communication functions and the operation of a ballistic computer. These same systems, presumably, will enter the exact coordinates of the target into the missile control system, doing this at the last moment before launch.

Imagine that the target range is 200 km. The launch tubes will be deployed to the maximum angle for the Smerch of 55 degrees - this will save on drag, because most of the projectile's flight will take place in the upper atmosphere, where there is noticeably less air. When the rocket exits the launch tubes, its control system will begin autonomous operation. The stabilization system will, based on data from inertial sensors, correct the movement of the projectile with gas-dynamic rudders - taking into account the asymmetry of thrust, gusts of wind, etc.

Well, the GLONASS receiver will begin to receive signals from satellites and determine the coordinates of the rocket from them. As everyone knows, the satellite navigation receiver needs some time to determine its position - navigators in phones strive to become attached to cell towers to speed up the process. There are no telephone towers on the flight path - but there is data from the inertial part of the control system. With their help, the GLONASS subsystem will determine the exact coordinates, and on their basis corrections for the inertial system will be calculated.

Not by chance

What algorithm is the basis for the operation of the guidance system is unknown. (The author would apply the Pontryagin optimization, created by a Russian scientist and successfully used in many systems.) One thing is important - constantly updating its coordinates and adjusting the flight, the rocket will go to a target located at a distance of 200 km. We do not know what part of the gain in range is due to new fuels, and what part is achieved due to the fact that more fuel can be put into a guided missile by reducing the weight of the warhead.

The diagram shows the operation of the Tornado-S MLRS - high-precision missiles are aimed at the target using space-based means.

Why add fuel? Due to the greater accuracy! If we lay the projectile with an accuracy of a few meters, then we can destroy a small target with a smaller charge, while the energy of the explosion decreases quadratically, we shoot twice as accurately - we get a fourfold gain in destructive power. Well, if the goal is not a point? Let's say the division is on the march? Will the new guided missiles, if equipped with cluster warheads, become less effective than the old ones?

But no! Stabilized missiles of the early versions of the Smerch delivered heavier warheads to a closer target. But with big mistakes. The volley covered a significant area, but the discarded cassettes with fragmentation or cumulative fragmentation elements were distributed randomly - where two or three cassettes opened side by side, the damage density was excessive, and somewhere insufficient.

Now it is possible to open the cassette or throw out a cloud of thermobaric mixture for a volumetric explosion with an accuracy of meters, exactly where it is necessary for optimal destruction of an area target. This is especially important when firing at armored vehicles with expensive self-aiming submunitions, each of which is capable of hitting a tank - but only with an accurate hit ...

The high accuracy of the Tornado-S rocket also opens up new possibilities. For example, for the Kama 9A52-4 MLRS with six launch tubes based on KamAZ, such a machine will be lighter and cheaper, but will retain the ability to deliver long-range strikes. Well, with mass production, which reduces the cost of on-board electronics and precision mechanics, guided missiles can have a price comparable to the cost of conventional, unguided projectiles. This will bring the firepower of domestic rocket artillery to a qualitatively new level.

The development of the M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system for the Soviet Navy was launched by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 13, 1972. This Decree set the development of the military air defense system 9K37 Buk. These complexes were unified by an anti-aircraft guided missile. The medium-range universal multi-channel ship complex "Uragan" was developed at the NPO "Altair", chief designer G.N. Volgin.

Anti-aircraft guided missile 9M38

The Uragan air defense system uses the 9M38 missile, universal for the ground forces and the Navy, created by the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau Novator under the leadership of chief designer L.V. Lyulyev. In the ground forces, 9M38 is part of the Buk air defense system.

Rockets 9M38 and its modifications (9M38M1 and others) are single-stage with a two-stage solid propellant engine. The missile is capable of maneuvering with an overload of 20 g. The maximum flight speed of the rocket is 1200 m/s.

The missile is equipped with a semi-active homing head, an autopilot, an active radio fuse, a fragmentation warhead, a dual-mode solid-propellant engine, as well as a turbogenerator and gas drives running on hot gas. Before launching a missile, a flight task is formed by the systems of self-propelled firing or launcher-loading installations. In order to maximize the use of the capabilities of the missile and expand the zone of destruction of the complex, additional information is used that is transmitted on board the missile through the radio correction line. To receive flight radio correction signals, the rocket has a special channel for receiving and processing the information received.

The missile is guided to the target by the method of proportional navigation according to the signals of a semi-active radar homing head, which has an on-board computer in its composition. Up to 3 missiles can be aimed at each target simultaneously.

The target is hit by warheads, which include an active-pulse radio fuse, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a system of contact sensors. The radius of the target destruction zone is 17m. Contact detonation of the warhead is used when firing at surface targets.

The anti-aircraft guided missile is supplied to the fleet in a fiberglass shipping container, fully ready for combat use without checks on the onboard equipment, and does not require routine maintenance for a long service life (up to 10 years) in all climatic zones.

Technical characteristics of an anti-aircraft guided missile

Mass of the missile warhead, kg 70
Rocket length, mm 5550
Rocket mass, kg 690

Launcher MS-196


	Launcher SAM M-22 © NPO "Altair"


	Antenna posts of the target illumination radar © NPO "Altair"

Launcher MS-196 (index MO 3S-90) - deck-guided, easel type with one launch beam and lower rocket suspension. A drum-type storage device with two concentric rows of vertically arranged rails designed to hold 24 missiles. The rate of missile launch from one launcher is 12 seconds. The weight of the launcher without missiles is 30 tons. The area of the cellar is 5.2 x 5.2 m, the depth is 7.42 m. The rate of missile launch is 12 s.

PU was developed by Design Bureau "Start" (former GKBKM - compressor engineering), chief designer A.I. Yaskin.

Control system

The Uragan shipborne anti-aircraft missile system does not have its own radar station for detecting targets, since, according to the designers, the creation of a detection system that duplicates the main general ship station will lead to unjustifiably large labor costs and weight and size characteristics of the complex. Therefore, the information "Hurricane" receives from the ship's three-coordinate radar detection and target designation.

The control system of the complex includes information display and fire control devices, a digital computer system, a target illumination system and a television sighting system. The radio searchlights of the illumination system are placed on the ship's superstructures in such a way that they can be used to the maximum extent simultaneously in any direction.

The ZR-90 ship control system functioned from the MP-700 ("Fregat-M") general detection radar installed on the mainmast. The coordinates of all detected targets were sent to the central post on the OI-5Ts device (aerial information multiplier). Searchlights for radar illumination of targets (OP-3), two extrapolators of targets (OI-14), a target distribution device (OK-10VP), televisions (OT-10), a fire control device (OK-10) and others - this is a rather complicated chain transmission of primary radar information to the missile itself. Theoretically, the control station was able to provide tracking of 24 targets and shelling 19 (if the ship had the appropriate number of teleoptic sights and spotlights), but in practice these figures were 12 and 6 targets, respectively.

The time of readiness of the complex from the cold state does not exceed 3 minutes. During the battle, the complex can operate in an autonomous mode or with centralized control from the ship's general air defense control systems.

"Hurricane" ensures stable operation at any time of the day, in any weather conditions and with sea waves up to 5 points.

Tests

In 1974-1976. the large anti-submarine ship pr.61 "Agile" was converted into pr.61-E (experimental) for testing the Uragan complex with the Fregat radar. The Volna anti-aircraft missile systems were dismantled from the ship, and a prototype of the new Uragan multi-channel air defense system was placed in place of the aft one. In the future, it was planned to install two of the same bow and upgrade at least four ships under this project. These plans were not destined to come true, and "Agile" remained the only frigate of Project 61 armed with the Uragan air defense system. And the "Agile" itself in 1990 was scrapped.

Adoption

SAM "Hurricane" armed with EM project 956. The lead EM project 956 "Modern" (serial number 861) was laid down in 1976, launched in December 1978, and in the summer of 1980 it passed acceptance tests in the Baltic, on December 25, 1980, an acceptance certificate was signed.

The Uragan air defense system itself was officially adopted only in 1983. By the middle of 1992, 15 EM pr.956 with this complex were put into operation.

The complex was installed on Soviet destroyers of the Sovremenny type (Project 956). From 1985 to the present, 16 ships of this class have been built, and after 2000, 2 destroyers will be built for the Chinese Navy.

On EM pr. 956, two launchers of the M-22 air defense system are installed, which are located respectively in the bow and stern of the ship directly behind the AK-130-MP184 artillery mounts. Missile ammunition - 48 pieces.

The maximum range of target destruction by the Uragan complex at an altitude of more than 1 km is 25 km, at an altitude of 25 m and below - 12 km. Firing zone - 360o. The maximum speed of targets hit is 830 m / s. The number of simultaneously fired targets (determined by the configuration of the complex) - up to 12 units.

Export

For export, the shipborne air defense system "Uragan" is offered under the name " Calm"At present, the Shtil complexes are supplied to China as part of the armament of the EM Project 956E, India - the frigate Project 11356, the Delhi-class EM.

Modernization

According to A. Pavlov, on EM pr. 956, starting with "Unrestrained", a modification of the Uragan air defense system - "Hurricane-Tornado" is installed. The new complex has doubled the range of destruction to 70 km ( most likely this is a typo, and the far border is no more than 40 km - approx. Bulletin of Air Defense), the lower boundary of the lesion is reduced to 5 m.

In the Western press, there was a mention of another modernization of the Hurricane air defense system - the Hedgehog. This complex is supposed to use a new universal missile 9M317 from the Buk-M2 land complex.

A. Pavlov "Destroyer" Modern "

A. Shirokorad "Rockets over the sea", magazine "Technique and Weapons" No. 5, 1996

A.V. Karpenko "Russian missile weapons 1943-1993". St. Petersburg, "PIKA", 1993

V.V. Kostrichenko, A.A. Prostokishin "Singing frigates". Large anti-submarine ships of project 61.

MLRS 9K57 "Uragan" is a Soviet multiple launch rocket system developed in the 70s. It is still used by the Russian army. The main task of this weapon is to defeat manpower and other enemy targets at distances from 10 to 35 km. The Uragan MLRS can be used to remotely lay anti-personnel and anti-tank mines.

The development of the complex was carried out by the Tula State Research and Production Enterprise Splav, in which another famous reactive system, the Grad, was previously created. The work on the creation of the MLRS 9K57 "Hurricane" was led by General Designer Ganichev.

In terms of its main characteristics, the Uragan significantly surpassed the B-21 Grad: it is more powerful, has a longer firing range and can use a wider range of ammunition, which increases the versatility of this weapon.

MLRS "Hurricane" is in service with several dozen countries of the world, he took part in many conflicts and more than once proved his high efficiency.

History of creation

In the mid-60s, the Soviet military received the excellent Grad MLRS, which at that time had no analogues in any of the armies of the world. However, the military needed another MLRS complex with slightly different characteristics: with a longer firing range and more powerful ammunition. Starting from 1963, the designers of the State Research and Production Enterprise "Splav" on their own initiative worked on the creation of such a MLRS. In 1967, a preliminary design of the system was prepared, bench tests of various components and firing of experimental rockets were carried out.

In 1972, field tests of the Hurricane and the refinement of the jet system began. At this stage, the designers were able to obtain the characteristics that the military demanded of them. The firing range of the new MLRS reached 35 km, its accuracy was significantly increased (it is 1.5 higher than that of the Grad) and the effectiveness of defeating the enemy. A volley of one launcher covered an area of 42 hectares.

The designers of "Splav" were the first in the world to create a cluster warhead for rocket munitions for MLRS. Since then, several types of cluster munitions have been developed for the Hurricane, in addition to ammunition with fragmentation submunitions, the rocket can be equipped with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines.

In 1975, the Hurricane was put into service, its production continued until 1991.

Afghanistan became the baptism of fire "Hurricane", the Soviet troops widely used this MLRS throughout the conflict. The Hurricane also participated in hostilities in Africa, the Syrian army used it against Israeli troops in the early 80s, and the Russian federal troops in both Chechen campaigns. MLRS 9K57 "Hurricane" was actively used by both sides of the conflict in eastern Ukraine.

Description

MLRS "Hurricane" is composed of the following components:

combat vehicle 9P140;
rocket projectiles;
transport-loading machine;
fire control complex;
meteorological complex;
educational equipment;
vehicle for topographic survey.

The main component of the Hurricane is the 9P140 combat vehicle, made on the basis of the ZIL-135LM vehicle with an 8x8 wheel arrangement. The artillery unit consists of sixteen tubular guides, which are combined into a single package. The guides are mounted on a rectangular platform - a cradle. The oscillating part is mounted on a rotating base, which provides azimuth guidance of the guides. Guidance is also possible with the help of a manual drive.

Aiming in the vertical plane is possible in the range from +6° to +55°. The horizontal guidance angle is from - 30 ° to + 30 ° from the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. Jacks are installed at the rear of the car, which increase stability when firing.

"Hurricane" is equipped with a panoramic sight and a gun panorama, there is a walkie-talkie and a night vision device.

The tubular guides have a U-shaped groove, with which the rocket is given a rotational motion.

Shooting can be carried out both in one salvo and in single shots. A variant of the so-called ragged salvo is possible, during which the first eight missiles are fired at an interval of 0.5 seconds, and the remaining eight at 2 seconds. The time of an ordinary volley is 8.8 seconds, and a “torn” one is 20. Shooting can be done from the cockpit or remotely. The firing range reaches 35 km, if the fire is fired at shorter distances, then special brake rings are installed on the head of the rocket.

The ZIL-135LM car is equipped with two eight-cylinder engines with a capacity of 180 hp. from. every. The power plant is located behind the cab. The wheels of the rear and front axles are steerable, the machine is equipped with a tire inflation system.

A similar chassis is also used for the transport-loading vehicle. It can carry up to 16 rockets. Loading can be carried out without special training, at any sites, its time is 15 minutes. The transport-loading machine is equipped with a crane, a tray with a rammer, cargo trolleys, docking devices, electrical equipment and an alignment mechanism.

The simplest and most used type of rockets for the Uragan MLRS is the 9M27F with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. The ammunition consists of a warhead and a rocket part. In the head part there is a warhead and a fuse, in the rocket part there is a solid propellant engine and stabilizers. They (like the "Grad") have the shape of a sector of a cylinder and are revealed after the departure of the rocket from the guide.

Rocket MLRS "Hurricane" 9M27K has a cluster warhead, it contains thirty fragmentation elements. They are located in five sections of six pieces around the axis of the projectile. Each such element is equipped with its own stabilizers and contains 350 ready-made submunitions with high penetrating power.

"Hurricane" became the first multiple launch rocket system that could be used for remote mining of the area. At a given height, the warhead of the rocket is opened by a powder charge, and the warheads are dispersed over a certain area. The fuse of each mine is blocked by a deceleration system, which turns off after a time after the ammunition has landed. After that, the mines are on combat duty.

As combat elements, the Hurricane missile can carry anti-tank contact mines (explodes only after hitting them) and mines that react to the magnetic field of a combat vehicle. The latter have cumulative notches and can penetrate tank armor.

Also, the warhead of the missile can be equipped with PFM-1S anti-personnel mines (312 pieces). This mine has a plastic body and a small wing designed to disperse ammunition over a large area. In shape, they resemble a butterfly or a petal. Such mines were widely used by the Soviet troops in Afghanistan, the civilian population, especially children, suffered greatly from them.

The rocket projectile can also be equipped with a volumetric detonating warhead.

Specifications MLRS 9K57 "Hurricane"

Below are the performance characteristics of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system.

Characteristics of the combat vehicle
Number of guides	16
Weight charged with calculation, t	20
Weight without shells and calculation, t	15,1
Elevation angle (firing zone), deg	+6…+55
Maximum guidance speed for electric drives, deg/s	3
Minimum guidance speed for electric drives, deg/s	0,2
Full salvo time, s:
at a constant pace	8,8
at a broken pace	20
Firing range, km:
maximum	35,8
minimal	5
Time, min:
transfer from traveling to combat position	3
loading	14
preparation for emergency relocation	1,5
Chassis	Zil-135LM
Chassis weight, t	10,6
Dimensions, m:
in the stowed position	9.63x2.8x3.23
in combat position	10.83x5.34x5.24
Maximum speed, km/h	65
Power reserve, km	570
Fording depth, m	1,2
Calculation of peace / war time, people	4 (6)

Ammunition Specifications

Characteristics of rockets
Index	MS type	Weight, kg	MS mass, kg	Length	Firing range, km
9M27F	high-explosive fragmentation	280	99	4833	10-35,8
9M27K	cassette, fragmentation	271	89,5	5178	7,5-35
9M27K2	anti-tank mining	271	89,5	5178 If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

In connection with the ongoing clashes in different countries of the world, TV screens constantly broadcast news reports from one or another hot spot. And very often there are alarming reports of hostilities, during which various multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) are actively involved. It is difficult for a person who is in no way connected with the army or the military to navigate in a wide variety of all kinds of military equipment, so in this article we will tell a simple layman in detail about such death machines as:

Tank-based heavy flamethrower system (TOS) - Buratino multiple launch rocket system (rarely used, but very effective weapon).
Multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Grad" - widely used
The upgraded and improved "sister" of the MLRS "Grad" - jet (which the media and the townsfolk often call "Typhoon" because of the chassis used in the combat vehicle from the "Typhoon" truck).
The volley fire system is a powerful weapon with a long range, used to destroy almost any target.
Having no analogues in the whole world, unique, causing reverent horror and used for total annihilation, the Smerch multiple rocket launcher system (MLRS).

"Pinocchio" from an unkind fairy tale

In the relatively distant 1971, in the USSR, engineers from the "Design Bureau of Transport Engineering", located in Omsk, presented another masterpiece of military power. It was a heavy flamethrower system of volley fire "Pinocchio" (TOSZO). The creation and subsequent improvement of this flamethrower complex was kept under the heading "top secret". The development lasted 9 years, and in 1980 the combat complex, which is a kind of tandem of the T-72 tank and a launcher with 24 guides, was finally approved and delivered to the Armed Forces of the Soviet Army.

"Pinocchio": application

TOSZO "Pinocchio" is used for arson and significant damage:

enemy equipment (with the exception of armored);
multi-storey buildings and other construction projects;
various protective structures;
living force.

MLRS (TOS) "Pinocchio": description

As multiple launch rocket systems "Grad" and "Uragan", TOSZO "Pinocchio" was first used in the Afghan and in the second Chechen wars. According to 2014 data, the military forces of Russia, Iraq, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have such combat vehicles.

The Buratino salvo fire system has the following characteristics:

The weight of the TOC with a full set for combat is about 46 tons.
The length of Pinocchio is 6.86 meters, width - 3.46 meters, height - 2.6 meters.
The caliber of the projectiles is 220 millimeters (22 cm).
For firing, uncontrolled rockets are used, which cannot be controlled after they are fired.
The greatest shooting distance is 13.6 kilometers.
The maximum area of destruction after the production of one volley is 4 hectares.
The number of charges and guides - 24 pieces.
The aiming of the volley is carried out directly from the cockpit using a special fire control system, which consists of a sight, a roll sensor and a ballistic computer.
Shells for completing ROSZO after volleys are carried out by means of a transport-loading (TZM) machine model 9T234-2, with a crane and a charger.
Manage "Pinocchio" 3 people.

As can be seen from the characteristics, just one volley of "Pinocchio" is capable of turning 4 hectares into a flaming hell. Impressive power, right?

Precipitation in the form of "Grad"

In 1960, the USSR monopolist in the production of multiple launch rocket systems and other weapons of mass destruction, NPO Splav, launched another secret project and began developing a completely new at that time MLRS called Grad. The introduction of adjustments lasted 3 years, and the MLRS entered the ranks of the Soviet Army in 1963, but its improvement did not stop there, it continued until 1988.

"Grad": application

Like the Uragan MLRS, the Grad salvo fire system showed such good results in combat that, despite its "advanced age", it continues to be widely used to this day. "Grad" is used to deliver a very impressive blow to:

artillery batteries;
any military equipment, including armored;
manpower;
command posts;
military-industrial facilities;
anti-aircraft complexes.

In addition to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Grad multiple launch rocket system is in service with almost all countries of the world, including almost all continents of the globe. The largest number of combat vehicles of this type is located in the USA, Hungary, Sudan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Germany, Egypt, India, Kazakhstan, Iran, Cuba, Yemen. Ukraine's multiple launch rocket systems also contain 90 Grad units.

MLRS "Grad": description

The multiple launch rocket system "Grad" has the following characteristics:

The total weight of the Grad MLRS, ready for battle and equipped with all shells, is 13.7 tons.
The length of the MLRS is 7.35 meters, the width is 2.4 meters, the height is 3.09 meters.
The caliber of the shells is 122 millimeters (a little over 12 cm).
For firing, base rockets with a caliber of 122 mm are used, as well as fragmentation high-explosive explosive shells, chemical, incendiary and smoke warheads.
from 4 to 42 kilometers.
The maximum area of destruction after the production of one volley is 14.5 hectares.
One volley is carried out in just 20 seconds.
A full reload of the MLRS "Grad" lasts about 7 minutes.
The reactive system is brought into combat position in no more than 3.5 minutes.
Reloading of the MLRS is possible only with the use of a transport-loading vehicle.
The sight is implemented using the gun panorama.
Manage "Castle" 3 people.

"Grad" is a multiple launch rocket system, the characteristics of which in our time receive the highest score from the military. Throughout its existence, it has been used in the Afghan war, in the clashes between Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh, in both Chechen wars, during the military operations in Libya, South Ossetia and Syria, as well as in the civil war in Donbass (Ukraine), which broke out in 2014 year.

Attention! The tornado is coming

"Tornado-G" (as mentioned above, this MLRS is sometimes mistakenly called "Typhoon", therefore, for convenience, both names are given here) - a multiple launch rocket system, which is a modernized version of the MLRS "Grad". The design engineers of the Splav plant worked on the creation of this powerful hybrid. Development began in 1990 and lasted 8 years. For the first time, the capabilities and power of the jet system were demonstrated in 1998 at a training ground near Orenburg, after which it was decided to further improve this MLRS.To get the final result, the developers over the next 5 years improved the "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon").The volley fire system was enlisted in the arsenal of the Russian Federation in 2013. At the moment, this combat vehicle is only in service with the Russian Federation "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon") is a multiple launch rocket system, which has no analogues anywhere.

"Tornado": application

MLRS is used in combat to crush targets such as:

artillery;
all types of enemy equipment;
military and industrial facilities;
anti-aircraft complexes.

MLRS "Tornado-G" ("Typhoon"): description

"Tornado-G" ("Typhoon") is a multiple launch rocket system, which, due to the increased power of ammunition, greater range and built-in satellite guidance system, surpassed its so-called "big sister" - MLRS "Grad" - 3 times.

Characteristics:

The weight of the fully equipped MLRS is 15.1 tons.
Length "Tornado-G" - 7.35 meters, width - 2.4 meters, height - 3 meters.
The caliber of the shells is 122 millimeters (12.2 cm).
MLRS "Tornado-G" is universal in that, in addition to the basic shells from the MLRS "Grad", it is possible to use new-generation ammunition with detachable cumulative warheads filled with cluster explosive elements, as well as
The firing range under favorable landscape conditions reaches 100 kilometers.
The maximum area subject to destruction after the production of one volley is 14.5 hectares.
The number of charges and guides - 40 pieces.
The sight is carried out using several hydraulic drives.
One volley is carried out in 20 seconds.
The deadly machine is ready to go within 6 minutes.
Shooting is carried out using a remote installation (DU) and a fully automated fire control system located in the cockpit.
Crew - 2 people.

Fierce "Hurricane"

As happened with most MLRS, the history of the Hurricane began back in the USSR, or rather, in 1957. The "fathers" of the MLRS "Hurricane" were Ganichev Alexander Nikitovich and Kalachnikov Yuri Nikolaevich. Moreover, the first designed the system itself, and the second developed a combat vehicle.

"Hurricane": application

MLRS "Hurricane" is designed to break targets such as:

artillery batteries;
any enemy equipment, including armored;
living force;
all kinds of building objects;
anti-aircraft missile systems;
tactical missiles.

MLRS "Hurricane": description

The first time "Hurricane" was used in the Afghan war. They say that the Mujahideen were afraid of this MLRS to the point of fainting and even gave it a formidable nickname - "shaitan-pipe".

In addition, the Uragan multiple launch rocket system, whose characteristics command respect among soldiers, has been in clashes in South Africa. This is what prompted the military of the African continent to produce developments in the field of MLRS.

At the moment, this MLRS is in service with such countries as: Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Czech Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Poland, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Yemen, Kyrgyzstan, Guinea, Syria, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Slovakia.

The "Hurricane" salvo fire system has the following characteristics:

The weight of the MLRS fully equipped and in combat readiness is 20 tons.
The Hurricane is 9.63 meters long, 2.8 meters wide and 3.225 meters high.
The caliber of the projectiles is 220 millimeters (22 cm). It is possible to use shells with a monolithic high-explosive warhead, with high-explosive fragmentation elements, with anti-tank and anti-personnel mines.
The firing range is 8-35 kilometers.
The maximum area of destruction after the production of one volley is 29 hectares.
The number of charges and guides - 16 pieces, the guides themselves are able to rotate 240 degrees.
One volley is carried out in 30 seconds.
A full reload of the Uragan MLRS lasts about 15 minutes.
The combat vehicle goes into combat position in just 3 minutes.
Reloading the MLRS is possible only when interacting with the TK-machine.
Shooting is carried out either using a portable control panel, or directly from the cockpit.
The crew is 6 people.

Like the Smerch volley fire system, the Uragan works in any military conditions, as well as in the case when the enemy uses nuclear, bacteriological or In addition, the complex is able to function at any time of the day, regardless of the season and temperature fluctuations. "Hurricane" is able to regularly participate in hostilities both in the cold (-40°C) and in sweltering heat (+50°C). The Uragan MLRS can be delivered to its destination by water, air or rail.

Deadly "Smerch"

The Smerch multiple launch rocket system, whose characteristics surpass all existing MLRS in the world, was created in 1986 and put into service with the USSR military forces in 1989. This mighty death machine to this day has no analogues in any of the countries of the world.

"Smerch": application

This MLRS is rarely used, mainly for total annihilation:

artillery batteries of all types;
absolutely any military equipment;
manpower;
communication centers and command posts;
construction sites, including military and industrial;
anti-aircraft complexes.

MLRS "Smerch": description

MLRS "Smerch" is in the armed forces of Russia, Ukraine, UAE, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Algeria, Venezuela, Peru, China, Georgia, Kuwait.

The Smerch salvo fire system has the following characteristics:

The weight of the MLRS in full configuration and in combat position is 43.7 tons.
The length of the "Smerch" is 12.1 meters, the width is 3.05 meters, the height is 3.59 meters.
The caliber of shells is impressive - 300 millimeters.
For firing, cluster rockets are used with a built-in control system unit and an additional engine that corrects the direction of the charge on the way to the target. The purpose of shells can be different: from fragmentation to thermobaric.
The firing range of the Smerch MLRS is from 20 to 120 kilometers.
The maximum area of destruction after the production of one volley is 67.2 hectares.
The number of charges and guides - 12 pieces.
One volley is carried out in 38 seconds.
A complete re-equipment of the Smerch MLRS with shells takes about 20 minutes.
The Smerch is ready for combat exploits in a maximum of 3 minutes.
Reloading of the MLRS is carried out only when interacting with a TK-machine equipped with a crane and a charger.
The crew is 3 people.

MLRS "Smerch" is an ideal weapon of mass destruction, capable of operating in almost any temperature conditions, day and night. In addition, the shells fired by the Smerch MLRS fall strictly vertically, thereby easily destroying the roofs of houses and armored vehicles. It is almost impossible to hide from the "Smerch", the MLRS burns out and destroys everything within its radius of action. Of course, this is not the power of a nuclear bomb, but still, the one who owns the Tornado owns the world.

The idea of "world peace" is a dream. And as long as there are MLRS, unattainable ...